04/09/23

Sustainability Checks:

Godfrey, S. van der Velden, M., Muianga, A. Xavier, A. 1 Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF

five year annual sustainability audits of

the water supply and ODF status in the

One Million Initiative, Mozambique

Introduction 1

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1. LOW WATER SUSTAINABILITY - UN Water GLASS (2012) indicates ODA for WASH increased in absolute terms by 3% from 2008 to 2011 to USD 7.8 billion (UN Water 2012) - only 7% of the overall investment was allocated to maintaining and sustaining existing infrastructure.

2. LIMITED INFORMATION ON SANITATION SUSTAINABILITY 1. WSP (2011) 90% of households in 53 Union Parashads in Bangladesh

owned and used a latrine 6 years after being declared ODF2. Chakma et al (2008) evaluated ODF under the Government of India

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and noted 79% of households continued to use latrines one year after being declared ODF

3. Pattanayak et al (2009) notes that increasingly donors and aid agencies have broadened their narrow focus on physical infastructure to sustainable service provision.

4. WaterAid (2011), who note in their Frameworks for Sustainability broader definition of sustainability which notes that to ensure lasting impact on the public health of beneficaries of water supply and sanitation services, a greater emphasis on the “service” component of service delivery is required.

Introduction 2

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1. SUSTAINABILITY CLAUSE Government of the Netherlands – UNICEF

partnership with aim of 90% sustainability of water supply and ODF communities 2 years post programme

Discussion on potential sustainability clause for 10 years post programme sustainability

1. GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS Government of Mozambique and Development

Partners SWAp (PRONASAR) enforces SWA High Level Meeting (2012) commitments to increase % of functioning rural water supply schemes from 50% to 70%.

Case Study

Government of the Netherlands –

Government of Mozambique

UNICEF

ONE MILLION INITIATIVE

90% Sustainability > 2 years post programme

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Case Study: ONE MILLION INITIATIVE

Case Study: The One Million Initiative

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Water & sanitation infrastructure examined

Boreholes with Hand Pumps (‘Water Points’)

Open Defecation Free (ODF) Communities (triggered by CLTS)

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Concurrent implementation monitoring Post-implementation

monitoring

Design of the Sustainability Check

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Sample Selection

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Primary Stratification:50% of target districts (18/2 = 9 districts)No

Province District

1 Tete Zumbo, Marávia and Changara2 Manica Manica, Mossurize and Machaze3 Sofala Dondo, Maríngue and Chemba

Statistical Frame adapted from Howard et al (2004) RADWQ

Secondary Stratification:Random selection of villages from district databaseSI=Tc/NWhere:SI is the sampling intervalTc is the total number of rehabilitated or new water sources and ODF communitiesN is the total number of applied districts

Year Total Number of Water Sources

Number of Districts

Sample Interval

Sample Size

2008 141 9 16 522009 205 9 23 52 2010 241 9 27 552011 535 9 59 522012 769 9 85 75

Data Collection

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TOOL 1 TOOL 2 TOOL 3 TOOL 4

Focus group discussion and semi-structured interview with the district administrator and government and non-government - INSTITUTIONAL INDICATORS

Physical inspection of the water supplies and meetings with the community water committees - SOCIAL, TECHNICAL, FINANCIAL INDICATORS

Physical inspection of the communities declared ODF - SANITATION

Household survey in 10% (max 35) of selected latrines in ODF households - SANITATION

Sustainability: Outcomes & Determining Factors

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Sustainability Check Report Card (2008-2012)

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*WC

=W

ate

r C

om

mit

tee;

OD

F =

Open D

efe

cati

on F

ree

Iyer et al (2006); SKAT (2007)

Muhkerjee et al (2003)

Hoko et al (2006)

Hoko et al (2006)

Data Scoring /Aggregation and Analysis

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The data collected for each sub group had a determined weightage - e.g. district with 3 communities and results of 10 % of insufficient, 40 % of satisfactory and 50 % of good :

2x10 % + 6x40 % + 8x50 % = 0,2+2,4+4 = 6,6

The composite of these indicators, were categorised into the following 5 percentage categories.  5 4 3 2 1

  Very Good

Good Fair Poor Very Poor

Percentage

>90% 76-90% 51-75% 51-75% <50%

The composite of these indicators, were categorised into the following 5 percentage categories.

Management Memo/ Audit Statement

• Annual external audit of constructed water points and open-defecation-free (ODF)communities

• Measure multiple dimensions of sustainability – technological, financial, socio-economic, institutional – ratings on five-point scale

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Sustainability Check Results

Overall 2008-2012(weighted)

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Sustainability Check Results

SANITATION

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Conclusions

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SC provides annual “snapshots” (not continuous) on the functionality and use of water and sanitation infrastructure and the ODF status of communities

SC is both an “interprogramme” and “post-programme” monitoring tool

SC has proven to be an effective bottleneck analysis instrument for achieving sustainability

Off the Shelf tools required to enable integration into PRONASAR and government systems using SMS/smartphone technology

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

UNICEF Mozambique•The WASH section•Dr. Sam Godfrey•Matteus van der Velden•Americo Muianga•Angelina Xavier

© UNICCEF Mozambique/2011/Rada