SUSTAINABILITY AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT

COST 355 (WATCH) WORKING GROUP 1

Christophe Rizet (rizet@inrets.fr)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 2

Defining our objectives

Freight and sustainability is large : Our proposal for this WG is to focus on global environment : energy consumption and GHG emissions.

INRETS input in this WG (Supply chain)

We should keep in mind the possible convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs.

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 3

Convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs

General objective of Watch : analysis of changes in behaviour for a better sustainability of transport

WG1 : freight, energy & GHG WG2 : car ownership and car use WG3 : National transport surveys

(travellers)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 4

Why energy consumption (& GHG) : World CO2 emission by sector

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1990 2000

Energy(+26%)

Indus &build. (-7%)

Road(+29%)

o. transp.(+25%)

o. activit. (-6%)

Source : IEA Kyoto

objective for EU : - 8% (2010/1990)

Next objective (IPCC) North : 75% (2050/1990)

Transport & Energy the big problems

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 5

GDP and Transport Growth : no decoupling in Europe (EU 15 ; source « EEA Signals 2004 »)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 6

Transport Emission of Air pollutants : mainly GHG (EEA 31 ; source : EEA Signals 2004)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 7

GHG Emissions in Europe : Kyoto objectives & 2001 situation

-13-8

-21

0 0

-21

25

13

-7

-28

-6

27

15

4

-13-8

50 2 5

0

1824

31

7

-44

4

3632

-3

-12

-2

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

. % p

ar ra

ppor

t à 1

990

.

Kyoto 2001

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 8

Reduction of GHG Emissions & the economy

What could be done to reduce significantly energy consumption in the transport sector without stopping the economy ?

Shippers Carriers Public authorities

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 9

Freight, energy & GHG : disaggregated observation

- 1 Vehicles - 2 Shipment (transport chains)

- 3 Shippers - 4 Supply chain

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 10

1 The vehicle approach

Necessary for any disaggregated approach

European projects : MEET, ARTEMIS

Simple model doesn’t exist for modes such as rail & waterways

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 11

Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from MEET Hickman 1997)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40

Poids total du véhicule [tonne]

Con

so. g

azol

e [

en l/

100k

m]

20 km/h

40 km/h

60 km/h

80 km/h

Euro 2

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 12

Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from Roumegoux 1995)

consommation selon le poids

y = 0,8921x + 10,015R2 = 0,9571

y = 0,674x + 16,196R2 = 0,9782

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

poids en tonnes

l./ 1

00 k

m

Route

Autoroute

Linéaire (Route)

Linéaire (Autoroute)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 13

2) Shipment & transport Chain

Per shipment, 2 new problems arise Assign part of the vehicle

consumption to the shipment Trace the shipment along the

transport chain (more than half the shipments use complex chains, with several vehicles)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 14

2) Energy efficiency per shipment : goe/tkm is very scattered

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000

consignment weight.

Uni

tary

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

.

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 15

2) Per shipment distances :on the network or straight line

Consumption related to distance

- covered on the network (goe/tkm)

- Straight Line (goe/tkmSL).

Differences come from- The networks- The places of

transshipment.0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ownaccount

H&R 1leg

H&R >1leg

Sea

Goe / tkm

Goe/tkmSL

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 16

3) Shippers logistical choices grouping shipments

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

sample1 sample2

Gep/Tkm groupés

non groupés Les consommations unitaires, en Gep/tkmVO par chaîne de transport, sont plus importantes- pour les envois groupés (50 gep/tkm)- que pour les non groupés (35)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 17

3) Shippers choices : weight and distance in the global grouping effect

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

goe

/ tk

mS

L

Sample1 Sample 2

Weight effect

Distance effect

Total grouping

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 18

3) Shippers : Just In Time & energyconsumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

goe/

tkm

maximum delivery time

1 week

2 - 3 w.

> 3 weeks

Is Energy efficiency (Goe/tkm) decreasing when delivery time increases ?

(NB : small sample, large confidence intervals)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 19

3) Shipper approach : INRETS survey

A first shipper survey in 1988 The new shipper survey (2004-

2005) designed to grasp energy consumption

With the objective of modelling freight demand and energy consumption according to the shippers logistical choices.

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 20

4) Energy consumption : the supply chain approach

Our input in this WG INRETS, UoW & CERTH With a cooperation from

companies

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 21

INRETS Supply chain : objective

Analyse the influence of the supply chain organisation type of retailers : Hypermarket or small shop origin of the sourcing Chain organisation : number and localisation

of the warehouses, logistical tools, ..)

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 22

Supply chain : method

Starting from the retailers 2 products are traced

Yogurt : flux tendus et chaîne du froid Textile : sourcing from Asia, magreb,…

2 agglomerations in France (Paris & Aix) plus Greece for yogurt (CERTH) & UK for textile (UoW)

We estimate energy consumption at each step with the operators

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 23

Supply chain yogurt

Estimating energy consumption (and GHG emission) per kg of yogurt all along the supply chain

Comparing these energy consumption per yogurt kg according to the characteristics of the supply chain

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 24

Yogurt Supply chain : the 9 steps of energy consumption

Farm Milk 4 Yoplait yogurt factory

4 Yoplait Warehouse

3 reefer truck

6 Retailer Warehouse

8 Retail shop Consumer

home

5 reefer truck

7 reefer truck9 Person. car

1 tank truck

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 25

Map : V. Guilbault

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 26

Map : V. Guilbault

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 27

Steps 1 (collecting milk from the farms) & 2 (yogurt factory)

Energy consumed in these steps have been estimated with one single company.

For collecting milk : total consumption of the fleet / tonage = 3.5 l. /t. of milk.

More milk is needed and bought with higher energy consumption :9.1 l. / t.

On average : 6 goe/ kg of yogurt For producing yogurt : 74 goe /kg

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 28

Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 3, 5 & 7 : road transport

Haulage Energy consumption / 100 km = f (total vehicle weight) Total weight = empty weight + load Count for empty distance

Reefer energy consumption = f (time) Energy consumption /kg yogurt =

Total consumption per travel / net weight

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 29

Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 4 & 6 : Warehousing

Determine the products ‘ equivalent to yogurt’ & their surface S in the warehouse

Estimate with the Warehouse manager Energy cons. of this surface / year (Es) tonage on this surface / year (Ts)

Warehouse energy / yogurt kg = Es / Ts

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 30

Yogurt Supply chain : Step 8 : retail shops

Energy for the yogurt surface in the shop general energy /m2 of surface + reefer for yogurt coolers (display units)

Retail energy /kg yogurt = Total ‘yogurt place energy’ / net yogurt weight sold An important step for energy

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 31

Yogurt Supply chain : Step 9 : customer travel

The main objective is to differentiate the shop types ; many problems arise

Temporarily our method is : Only car travels are counted, only 1 way Average distance & average purchase weight

(basket) are estimated with the shop managers and from national studies

Energy/ yogurt kg = energy of the average travel / average purchase weight

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 32

Yogurt Supply chain analysis

Comparing the consumption per step (retail shop, warehousing).

Relative importance of each logistical step in the total energy consumption of a supply chain : transport, warehouse, retail, last km.

Comparing the total energy consumption of the different types of supply chain.

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 33

Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2 & 3

WATCH general objective is to analyse changes in behaviour

WG1 is on freight : behaviour = logistical choices

we should also consider the possible evolutions of these choices

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 34

Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2

With WG2 ( car ownership and car use ) possible convergences on land use What type of retail shop (size &

location) is more energy efficient Influence of the town (size & density)

and Land use

C. Rizet 23/06/2004 COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting p. 35

Convergence with WATCH WG3

WG3 is on traveller national surveys. Freight analysis and surveys are late compared with traveller : How to observe « freight behaviour » ?

(several possible stakeholders for the shipment : more for the supply chain)

How to observe (or prepare an observation of) the changes in behaviour ?