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Supporting InformationArakaki et al. 10.1073/pnas.1100628108
sel a
llyh
poyr
aC
Monocots
Eudicots
early-divergingAngiosperms
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5. 541
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3 3.5
0.3 2
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1 8.1
Ma
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Fig. S1. Chronogram of Angiosperms. Divergence times were estimated with Multidivtime on a ML tree of 102 taxa and 83 chloroplast genes. Clade in orangeincludes additions to analysis by Moore et al. (1) to increase sampling in the Caryophyllales. Dots indicate placement of fossil constraints applied to datinganalyses. Bootstrap values are above the branches. The root is not shown.
1. MooreMJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE (2010) Phylogenetic analysis of 83plastidgenes further resolves the early diversificationof eudicots. ProcNatl Acad SciUSA107:4623–4628.
Arakaki et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1100628108 1 of 4
0 .04
Montia_howellii
Peresk ia_grandifolia
Selenicereus_hondurens is
Tacinga_funalis
Peresk ia_lychnidiflora
Ceraria_pygmaea
Talinum_portulacifolium
Lyallia_kerguelens is
Austrocylindropuntia_vestita
Neowerdermannia_vorwerk ii
Opuntia_humifusa
Alluaudia_comosa
Maihueniops is_subterranea
Anacampseros_coahuilens is
Echinocereus_chloranthus
Mollugo_nudicaulis_nav
Maihuenia_patagonica
Eriosyce_is layens is
Talinum_caffrum
Trichodiadema_barbatum
Gymnocalycium_denudatum
Lobivia_pentlandii
Corryocactus_brevistylus
Montia_diffusa
Anacampseros_vulcanensis
Talinum_arnotii
Az tek ium_ritteri
C laytonia_nevadensis
Anacampseros_papyracea
Sarcobatus_vermiculatus
Mollugo_verticillata_PAC
Claytonia_joanneana
Portulacaria_afra
Acanthocereus_pentagonus
Anredera_baselloides
Talinella_sp
Calandrinia_ciliata
Neoraimondia_arequipensis
Astrophytum_myriostigma
Copiapoa_solaris
Plinthus_cryptocarpus
Anacampseros_albiss ima
Peresk ia_sacharosa
Ferrocactus_latispinus
Quiabentia_verticillata
Browningia_chlorocarpa
Parodia_magnifica
Peresk ia_quisqueyana
Opuntia_phaeacantha
Alluaudiops is_marnieriana
Bougainvillea_glabra
Opuntia_quimilo
Ferrocactus_emoryi
Peresk ia_diaz_romeroana
Portulaca_amilis
Pharnaceum_incanum
Schlumbergera_truncata
Talinopsis_frutescens
Ceraria_fruticulosa
Talinum_spathulatumTalinum_paniculatum
Silene_latifolia
Didierea_madagascariens is
Stetsonia_coryne
Lewis ia_longipetala
Cistanthe_monandra
Copiapoa_bridges ii
Peresk iops is_aquosa
Portulaca_bicolor
Montia_linearis
Echinocereus_pectinatus
Maihuenia_poeppigii
Montiops is_gillies ii
Anacampseros_lanceolata
Phytolacca_americana
Grahamia_bracteata
Delosperma_tradecanthioides
Haageocereus_pseudomelanostele
Tephrocactus_articulatus
Drosanthemum_speciosum
Escontria_chiotilla
Claytonia_tuberosa
Cistanthe_paniculata
Psammotropha_quadrangularis
Delosperma_cooperi
Echinocactus_grusonii
Ceraria_longipedunculata
Calymmanthium_substerile
Portulaca_grandiflora
Claytonia_lanceolata
Peresk ia_nemorosa
Anacampseros_australiana
Mirabilis_jalapa
Montia_dichotoma
Peresk iops is_porteri
Thelocactus_leucacanthus
Montia_parviflora
Parodia_haselbergii
Delosperma_deilanthoides
Eriosyce_subgibbosa
Neopax ia_racemosa
Uebelmannia_pectinifera
Claytonia_caroliniana
Alluaudiops is_fiherenensis
Cistanthe_picta
Eriosyce_aurata
Anacampseros_marlothii
Stellaria_crass ipes
Ariocarpus_retusus
Portulaca_pilosa
Opuntia_dillenii
Peresk ia_bahiens is
Peresk ia_aureiflora
Echinocereus_pentalophus
Mollugo_verticillata
Pharnaceum_Goldblatt11511
Claytonia_arctica
Pycnophyllum_spathulatum
Harris ia_pomanensis
Mammillaria_plumosa
Alluaudia_procera
Claytonia_gypsophiloides
Phemeranthus_punae
Austrocactus_bertinii
Peresk ia_humboldtii
Anacampseros_telephiastrum
Chasmatophyllum_musculinum
Tephrocactus_turpinii
Adenogramma_glomerata
Peresk ia_bleo
Claytonia_scammaniana
Rhipsalis_floccosa
Corryocactus_tenuiculus
Nopalea_cochenillifera
Anacampseros_alta
Samaipaticereus_corroanus
Scleranthus_annuus
Anredera_ramosa
Anacampseros_karasmontana
Anacampseros_pis ina
Antimina_elevata
Anacampseros_gracilis
Delosperma_echinatum
Glischrothamnus_ulei
Phemeranthus_confertiflorus
Parodia_maasii
Coryphantha_radians
Rauhocereus_riosaniens is
Lewis ia_rediviva
Phemeranthus_napiformis
Peresk ia_portulacifolia
Claytonia_acutifolia
Peresk iops is_diguetii
Lewis ia_columbiana
Hatiora_salicornioides
Anacampseros_filamentosa
Opuntia_fragilis
Portulaca_eruca
Cereus_fernambucensis
Peresk ia_marcanoi
Montia_bostock ii
Zaleya_pentandra
Portulaca_fluvialis
Anacampseros_baeseckei
Didierea_trollii
C laytonia_ex igua_ex igua
Neopax ia_erythrophylla
Anacampseros_rufescens
Ceraria_sp
Claytonia_washingtoniana
Quiabentia_zehntneri
Claytonia_parviflora_grandiflor
Portulaca_cryptopetala
Armatocereus_godingianus
Echinocactus_platyacanthus
Bras iliopuntia_bras iliens is
Peresk ia_z inniiflora
Anacampseros_kurtz ii
C laytonia_ogilviens is
Acanthocalycium_glaucum
Anacampseros_subnuda
Anacampseros_retusa
Echinopsis_chiloens is
Glinus_lotoides
Claytonia_parviflora_parviflora
Peresk iops is_gates ii
Portulaca_oleracea
Trichodiadema_densum
Eriosyce_napina
Claytonia_megarhiz a_megarhiz a
Mirabilis_nyctaginea
Claytonia_cordifolia
Phytolacca_dioica
Parodia_ottonis
Talinum_lineare
Claytonia_umbellata
Thelocactus_bicolor
Claytonia_s ibirica_s ibirica
Rivina_humilis
Mollugo_pentaphylla
Pfeiffera_miyagawae
Turbinicarpus_schmiedickeanus
Coryphantha_palmeri
Montia_parvifolia
Agdestis_clematidea
Decarya_madagascariens is
Gisek ia_africana
Halophytum_ameghinoi
Peresk ia_weberiana
Trianthema_portulacastrum
Peresk ia_stenantha
Sesuvium_portulacastrum
Spinacia_oleracea
Portulaca_fulgens
Chenopodium_album
Peresk ia_guamacho
Matucana_intertex ta
Claytonia_palustris
Leptocereus_leonii
Mollugo_cerviana
Cylindropuntia_k leiniae
Hectorella_caespitosa
Mollugo_nudicaulis
Frailea_phaeodisca
Mammillaria_haageana
Parodia_buenekeri
Anacampseros_recurvata
Calandrinia_feltonii
C istanthe_mucronulata
Frailea_gracillima
Turbinicarpus_k linkerianus
Limeum_africanum
Micranthocereus_albicephalus
Portulaca_howellii
Copiapoa_laui
Talinum_triangulare
Montia_chamissoi
Escobaria_duncanii
Opuntia_microdasys
Talinum_aurantiacum
Hylocereus_peruvianus
Suessenguthiella_scleranthoides
Eulychnia_iquiquensis
Alluaudia_ascendens
Talinum_polygaloides
Pfeiffera_ianthothele
Pfeiffera_monacantha
Claytonia_saxosa
Ullucus_tuberosus
Phemeranthus_parvulus
Rhipsalis_teres
Talinum_caquaquiens is
Cistanthe_grandiflora
Austrocylindropuntia_subulata
Lewis ia_cantelovii
Lepismium_cruciforme
Montia_fontana
Browningia_hertlingiana
Claytonia_sarmentosa
Peresk ia_aculeata
Claytonia_perfoliata
Cistanthe_lax iflora
Ruschia_schollii
Oreocereus_cels ianus
Aridaria_noctiflora
Selenicereus_boeckmannii
Castellanos ia_caineana
Talinella_pachypoda
Echinocactus_sp
Lampranthus_blandus
Coleocephalocereus_fluminensis
Claytonia_virginica
Alluaudia_dumosa
Disocactus_amazonicus
Escobaria_roseana
Opuntia_decumbens
Parodia_microsperma
Talinum_fruticosum
Basella_alba
Phemeranthus_teretifolius
Blossfeldia_liliputana
Alluaudia_humbertii
C laytonia_arenicola
Phemeranthus_multiflorus
Ceraria_namaquensis
Calyptrotheca_somalens is
Weingartia_kargliana
Galenia_pubescens
Maihueniops is_glomerata
Anacampseros_arachnoides
Mestok lema_arboriforme
Alluaudia_montagnacii
Cereus_alacriportanus
Lophocereus_schottii
Portulaca_confertifolia
48
86
52
94
32
83
100
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68
96
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CACTACEAE
PORTULACACEAE
TALINACEAE
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
HALOPHYTACEAE
DIDIEREACEAE
BASELLACEAE
MONTIACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
AIZOACEAE
stem Cactoideae
stem Portulacineae
Fig. S2. Maximum likelihood phylogram based on sequences of nuclear PHYC and chloroplast trnK/matK genes for 295 taxa representing the Portulacineaeand outgroups. Black dots indicate placement of age constraints in secondary dating analyses. Numbers above the branches are likelihood bootstrapsupport values.
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18271410611
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36666
812011631
369
20126
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17662
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CACTACEAE
PORTULACACEAE
TALINACEAE
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
HALOPHYTACEAEDIDIEREACEAE
BASELLACEAE
MONTIACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
Fig. S3. Calibrated tree from Fig. 1, pruned to representative taxa for MEDUSA analyses. The number of species that each taxon in the tree represents isplaced alongside tip names. Outgroups were excluded from MEDUSA analyses because of lower representation of taxa.
Arakaki et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1100628108 3 of 4
Other Supporting Information Files
Table S1 (DOC)Table S2 (DOC)Table S3 (DOC)Table S4 (DOC)Table S5 (DOC)
Arakaki et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1100628108 4 of 4