supplementary material - nzes

S1Mountier et al.: Fern and lycophyte range sizesMountier et al.: Fern and lycophyte range sizes

Supplementary Material

Appendix S1. List of New Zealand fern species for which data were compiled. Biostatus was one of three categories: endemic (e), native (n) or introduced (i). Conservation Status from de Lange et al. (2013) unless otherwise stated as NZPCN (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network: http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/, accessed 6 May 2014). Lower sections show species classed as “casuals”, and species which occurred only on outlying islands and were not included in this study. The symbol ‘-’ indicates that data on conservation status were unavailable. * Asplenium decurrens is a recent name change from A. northlandicum (Brownsey & Perrie 2016a). ** Hymenophyllum nephrophyllum is a recent name change from Cardiomanes reniforme (Brownsey & Perrie 2016b).__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Species Biostatus Conservation Status Family__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Adiantum aethiopicum n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAdiantum capillus-veneris i - PTERIDACEAEAdiantum cunninghamii e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAdiantum diaphanum n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAdiantum formosum n At risk, declining PTERIDACEAEAdiantum fulvum e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAdiantum hispidulum n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAdiantum raddianum i - PTERIDACEAEAdiantum viridescens e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEAnogramma leptophylla n Threatened, nationally vulnerable PTERIDACEAEArthropteris tenella n Not threatened TECTARIACEAEAsplenium appendiculatum subsp. appendiculatum e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium appendiculatum subsp. maritimum n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium bulbiferum e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium cimmeriorum e At risk, naturally uncommon ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium flabellifolium n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium flaccidum n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium flaccidum subsp. haurakiense e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium gracillimum n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium hookerianum n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium lamprophyllum e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium lyallii e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium decurrens* n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium oblongifolium e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium obtusatum n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium polyodon n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium richardii e Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium scleroprium e At risk, naturally uncommon ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium trichomanes n Not threatened ASPLENIACEAEAthyrium filix-femina i - ATHYRIACEAEAzolla pinnata i - SALVINIACEAEAzolla rubra n Not threatened SALVINIACEAEBlechnum blechnoides n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum chambersii n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum colensoi e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum discolor e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum durum e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum filiforme e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum fluviatile n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum fraseri n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum membranaceum e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum minus n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum molle e At risk, naturally uncommon BLECHNACEAE (NZPCN) Blechnum montanum e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum nigrum e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum norfolkianum n At risk, naturally uncommon BLECHNACEAEBlechnum novae-zelandiae e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum parrisiae n No information found BLECHNACEAEBlechnum penna-marina n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum procerum e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum triangularifolium e Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum vulcanicum n Not threatened BLECHNACEAEBlechnum zeelandicum e At risk, naturally uncommon BLECHNACEAE (NZPCN) Botrychium australe n At risk, naturally uncommon OPHIOGLOSSACEAEBotrychium biforme e Not threatened OPHIOGLOSSACEAEBotrychium lunaria n Threatened, nationally critical OPHIOGLOSSACEAECheilanthes distans n Not threatened PTERIDACEAECheilanthes sieberi n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEChristella dentata n At risk, naturally uncommon THELYPTERIDACEAE

S2 Mountier et al.: Fern and lycophyte range sizes

Cyathea colensoi e Not threatened CYATHEACEAECyathea cunninghamii n Not threatened CYATHEACEAECyathea dealbata Not threatened CYATHEACEAECyathea medullaris n Not threatened CYATHEACEAECyathea smithii e Not threatened CYATHEACEAECyclosorus interruptus n At risk, declining THELYPTERIDACEAECyrtomium falcatum i - DRYOPTERIDACEAECystopteris fragilis i - CYSTOPTERIDACEAECystopteris tasmanica n Not threatened CYSTOPTERIDACEAEDavallia tasmanii subsp. cristata e Threatened, nationally critical. DAVALLIACEAEDavallia tasmanii subsp. tasmanii e At risk, naturally uncommon. DAVALLIACEAEDeparia petersenii n Not threatened ATHYRIACEAEDeparia tenuifolia e Not listed ATHYRIACEAEDicksonia fibrosa e Not threatened DICKSONIACEAEDicksonia lanata subsp. hispida e Not threatened DICKSONIACEAEDicksonia lanata subsp. lanata e Not threatened DICKSONIACEAEDicksonia squarrosa e Not threatened DICKSONIACEAEDicranopteris linearis n At risk, naturally uncommon GLEICHENIACEAEDiplazium australe n Not threatened ATHYRIACEAEDryopteris affinis i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris dilatata i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris filix-mas i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEEquisetum arvense i - EQUISETACEAEGleichenia alpina n Not threatened GLEICHENIACEAEGleichenia dicarpa n Not threatened GLEICHENIACEAEGleichenia inclusisora e At risk, naturally uncommon GLEICHENIACEAEGleichenia microphylla n Not threatened GLEICHENIACEAEHistiopteris incisa n Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHuperzia australiana n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAEHuperzia varia n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAEHymenophyllum armstrongii e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum atrovirens n At risk, naturally uncommon HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum bivalve n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum cupressiforme n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum demissum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum dilatatum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum flabellatum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum flexuosum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum frankliniae n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum lyallii n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum malingii e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum minimum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum multifidum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum nephrophyllum ** e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum peltatum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum pluviatile e At risk, naturally uncommon HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (NZPCN) Hymenophyllum pulcherrimum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum rarum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum revolutum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum rufescens e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum sanguinolentum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum scabrum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum villosum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHypolepis amaurorachis n At risk, naturally uncommon DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis ambigua e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis dicksonioides n At risk, naturally uncommon DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis distans n Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis lactea e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis millefolium e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis rufobarbata e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEIsoetes alpina e Not threatened ISOETACEAEIsoetes kirkii e At risk, declining ISOETACEAELastreopsis glabella e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAELastreopsis hispida n Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAELastreopsis microsora n Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAELastreopsis velutina e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAELeptolepia novae-zelandiae e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAELeptopteris hymenophylloides e Not threatened OSMUNDACEAELeptopteris superba e Not threatened OSMUNDACEAE

Appendix S1. Continued.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


S3Mountier et al.: Fern and lycophyte range sizes

Lindsaea linearis n Not threatened LINDSAEACEAELindsaea trichomanoides n Not threatened LINDSAEACEAELindsaea viridis e At risk, naturally uncommon LINDSAEACEAELoxogramme dictyopteris e Not threatened POLYPODIACEAELoxsoma cunninghamii e Not threatened LOXSOMATACEAELycopodiella cernua n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodiella diffusa n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodiella lateralis n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodiella serpentina n Threatened, nationally endangered LYCOPODIACEAELycopodium deuterodensum n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodium fastigiatum n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodium scariosum n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELycopodium volubile n Not threatened LYCOPODIACEAELygodium articulatum e Not threatened LYGODIACEAEMacrothelypteris torresiana n At risk, naturally uncommon THELYPTERIDACEAEMicrosorum novae- zealandiae e Not threatened POLYPODIACEAEMicrosorum pustulatum n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAEMicrosorum scandens n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENephrolepis cordifolia i - LOMARIOPSIDACEAENephrolepis flexuosa n At risk, declining LOMARIOPSIDACEAENotogrammitis angustifolia subsp. angustifolia n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis angustifolia subsp. nothofageti n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis billardierei n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis ciliata e Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis crassior n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis givenii e Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis heterophylla n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis patagonica n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis pseudociliata n Not threatened POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis rawlingsii e At risk, naturally uncommon POLYPODIACEAENotogrammitis rigida e At risk, naturally uncommon POLYPODIACEAEOphioglossum coriaceum n Not threatened OPHIOGLOSSACEAEOphioglossum petiolatum n Threatened, nationally critical OPHIOGLOSSACEAEOsmunda regalis i - OSMUNDACEAEPaesia scaberula e Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEPellaea calidirupium n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPellaea falcata n At risk, declining PTERIDACEAEPellaea rotundifolia e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPhyllitis scolopendrium i - ASPLENIACEAEPhylloglossum drummondii n Threatened, nationally critical LYCOPODIACEAEPilularia novae-hollandiae n Not threatened MARSILEACEAEPleurosorus rutifolius n At risk, naturally uncommon ASPLENIACEAEPneumatopteris pennigera n Not threatened THELYPTERIDACEAEPolypodium vulgare i - POLYPODIACEAEPolystichum cystostegia e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum neozelandicum subsp. neozelandicum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum neozelandicum subsp. zerophyllum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum oculatum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum proliferum i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum silvaticum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum vestitum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum wawranum e Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAEPsilotum nudum n Not threatened PSILOTACEAEPteridium esculentum n Not threatened DENNSTAEDTIACEAEPteris comans n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPteris cretica i - PTERIDACEAEPteris macilenta e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPteris saxatilis e Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPteris tremula n Not threatened PTERIDACEAEPteris vittata i Recently naturalised PTERIDACEAEPtisana salicina n At risk, declining MARATTIACEAEPyrrosia eleagnifolia e Not threatened POLYPODIACEAERumohra adiantiformis n Not threatened DRYOPTERIDACEAESalvinia molesta i - SALVINIACEAESchizaea australis n Not threatened SCHIZAEACEAESchizaea bifida n Not threatened SCHIZAEACEAESchizaea dichotoma n At risk, naturally uncommon SCHIZAEACEAESchizaea fistulosa n Not threatened SCHIZAEACEAESelaginella kraussiana i - SELAGINELLACEAESticherus cunninghamii e Not threatened GLEICHENIACEAE






Sticherus flabellatus n Not threatened GLEICHENIACEAESticherus tener n Threatened, nationally critical GLEICHENIACEAESticherus urceolatus n Threatened, nationally critical GLEICHENIACEAEThelypteris confluens n At risk, naturally uncommon THELYPTERIDACEAETmesipteris elongata n Not threatened PSILOTACEAETmesipteris horomaka e Threatened, nationally critical PSILOTACEAETmesipteris lanceolata n Not threatened PSILOTACEAETmesipteris sigmatifolia n Not threatened PSILOTACEAETmesipteris tannensis e Not threatened PSILOTACEAETodea barbara n Threatened, nationally endangered OSMUNDACEAETrichomanes colensoi e At risk, naturally uncommon HYMENOPHYLLACEAETrichomanes elongatum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAETrichomanes endlicherianum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAETrichomanes strictum e Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAETrichomanes venosum n Not threatened HYMENOPHYLLACEAE “Casual” species Asplenium aethiopicum i - ASPLENIACEAEAthyrium otophorum i - ATHYRIACEAEBlechnum neohollandicum n Non-resident native, vagrant BLECHNACEAEBlechnum punctulatum i - BLECHNACEAECheilanthes lendigera i - PTERIDACEAECyathea cooperi i - CYATHEACEAEDavallia griffithiana i - DAVALLIACEAEDavallia mariesii i - DAVALLIACEAEDennstaedtia davallioides i - DENNSTAEDTIACEAEDryopteris carthusiana i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris cycadina i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris erythrosora i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris inaequalis i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris kinkiensis i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris sieboldii i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEDryopteris stewartii i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEEquisetum fluviatile i - EQUISETACEAEEquisetum hyemale i - EQUISETACEAEMarsilea mutica i - MARSILEACEAEMicrolepia strigosa i - DENNSTAEDTIACEAENiphidium crassifolium i - POLYPODIACEAEOdontosoria chinensis i - LINDSAEACEAEOnoclea sensibilis i - ONOCLEACEAEPellaea viridis i - PTERIDACEAEPlatycerium bifurcatum i - POLYPODIACEAEPolystichum lentum i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum polyblepharum i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEPolystichum setiferum i - DRYOPTERIDACEAEPteris dentata i - PTERIDACEAEPteris pacifica i - PTERIDACEAESelaginella martensii i - SELAGINELLACEAESelaginella moellendorffii i - SELAGINELLACEAE Species which occur only on offshore islands or are data deficient - not included in this study Arachniodes aristata n At risk, naturally uncommon DRYOPTERIDACEAEAsplenium chathamense e At risk, naturally uncommon ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium pauperequitum e Threatened, nationally endangered ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium shuttleworthianum n At risk, naturally uncommon ASPLENIACEAEBlechnum kermadecense e At risk, naturally uncommon BLECHNACEAE (NZPCN) Cyathea kermadecensis e At risk, naturally uncommon CYATHEACEAECyathea milnei e At risk, naturally uncommon CYATHEACEAELastreopsis kermadecensis e At risk, naturally uncommon DRYOPTERIDACEAENephrolepis brownii n At risk, naturally uncommon LOMARIOPSIDACEAENotogrammitis gunnii n Datadeficient POLYPODIACEAE__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Appendix S2. Descriptions of fern traits and characteristics used in this paper.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Variable Type of Levels or variable units Explanation__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ChromosomesPloidy Categorical 0,1 Polyploids are known to occur (1) or not (0)

ReproductionSpore colour Categorical 0,1 Brown (0) or green (1) (chlorophyllous) sporesHeterospory Categorical 0,1 Heterosporous (1) or homosporous (0)Dimorphism Categorical 0,1 Separate sterile and fertile lamina (1) or only one type of lamina (0)Indusium Categorical 0,1 Indusium present (1) or absent (0)

Morphology Plant size Continuous cm Maximum stipe length + maximum lamina lengthMean lamina area Continuous cm2 Calculated by assuming an oval shape to calculate area using lamina length and width dimensions

Rhizome and trunk structures Rhizome/trunk type Categorical 1,2,3 Climbing and either long or short creeping (1), erect or short woody (2), tall woody i.e. tree ferns (3)

Habitat Specialists Categorical 0,1 Habitat specialist (1) or generalist (0)

Habitat typesForest Categorical 0,1 Occurs in forest habitatOpen Categorical 0,1 Occurs in open habitatTerrestrial Categorical 0,1 Occurs in terrestrial habitatEpiphytic Categorical 0,1 Known to occur epiphyticallyRupestral Categorical 0,1 Prefers rocky habitat

DistributionGlobalregions Count 0-7 Numberofglobalregions(Australia,Pacific, Africa, North America, South America, Asia, Europe)Altitudinal zones Count 1 - 5 Number of the 5 altitudinal zones the species occurs in: Coastal, lowland, montane, subalpine and alpineBiostatusBiostatus Categorical n,i,e Native (n; not endemic), introduced (i), endemic (e)

Years since naturalised Discrete years 2014 minus the recorded year naturalised__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix S3. Linear mixed effects model AICc model comparison statistics showing the relationships between fern rangesizesandspecies’traits,distributionvariablesandbiostatusfor212species.DeltaAICc(ΔAICc)andAICcweights(AICcWt) were calculated in comparison to all other models in the set and an intercept-only model. The number of model parameters(K),theloglikelihoodofthemodelfittingthedatabetterthantheothermodels(LL),thevarianceexplainedbythefixedeffectsalone(R2fixed)andthefixedandrandomeffectscombined(R2 total) are given. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model K AICc ΔAICc AICcWt LogLik R2fixed R2 total__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Full 20 5020.77 0.00 1.00 -2488.19 0.37 0.39Distribution 6 5031.42 10.64 0.00 -2509.50 0.23 0.25Habitat 10 5044.85 24.07 0.00 -2511.88 0.21 0.27Biostatus 6 5066.44 45.66 0.00 -2527.01 0.08 0.11Intercept-only 4 5079.68 58.91 0.00 -2535.75 0.00 0.08Trait 11 5080.64 59.89 0.00 -2528.66 0.08 0.10__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Appendix S4. Boxplot showing the median and variability in range size measured as area of ecological districts occupied for native speciessharedonlywithcountriesinthePacific(n=4),onlywithAustralia(n=36),andthosesharedwithotherglobalregionsand/orwithmorethanoneregion(n=61).Boxwidthisproportionaltothenumberofspecies.

Appendix S5. Bargraph showing the mean range size (± standard deviation) for endemic and native species New Zealand fern species classedas‘Ofconservationconcern’(1;N=47)ornot(0;N=154).Speciesofconservationconcernbelongtooneofthefollowingcategories:Atrisk,declining(N=6);Atrisk,naturallyuncommon(N=30);Threatened,nationallyvulnerable(N=1);Threatened,nationallyendangered(N=3);Threatened,nationallycritical(N=7).Theconservationstatusoffourteenspecieswasunknownornotapplicable,e.g.,datadeficientspecies.Rangesizewasmeasuredastheareaofecologicaldistrictsoccupiedbyaspecies.


a. Traits

Appendix S6. Predicted relationships for unimportant variables included in the full model for the range sizes of 165 species. Model average predictions and their standard errors representing the effects of model sets (A) traits, (B) habitat, (C) distribution and (D) biostatus on range size (area of ecological districts occupied) for 165 New Zealand fern species. The three species with the largest fronds were: Cyathea dealbata, Ptisana salicina and Cyathea medullaris.


b. Habitat

c. Distribution


d. Biostatus

References

Brownsey PJ, Perrie LR 2016a. Asplenium decurrens Willd., an earlier name for A. northlandicum (Brownsey) Ogle. New Zealand Journal of Botany 54: 515–519.

Brownsey PJ, Perrie LR 2016b. Hymenophyllaceae. In Breitwieser, I., Heenan, P., Wilton, A.D., Flora of New Zealand – Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle 15. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press.

supplementary material - nzes

Documents