SupernationalismSupernationalism Why Do States Why Do States

Cooperate with Each Cooperate with Each Other?Other?

Future of world’s Future of world’s sovereign states sovereign states challenged by challenged by globalization globalization

States are willingly States are willingly transferring authority transferring authority to regional to regional organizationsorganizations Established primarily Established primarily

through economic through economic cooperationcooperation

SupranationalismSupranationalism DefinitionDefinition

Growing trend to organize Growing trend to organize political and economic political and economic affairs at the international affairs at the international level rather than national level rather than national levellevel

Refer to entities in which Refer to entities in which three or more countries three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military economic, or military reasons.reasons.

Created so that states can Created so that states can collectively reach a collectively reach a common goal they may common goal they may not be able to reach not be able to reach independentlyindependently

IssuesIssues If a country threatens other If a country threatens other

states, supranational states, supranational organizations may impose organizations may impose sanctionssanctions

Punishments in the form of Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic economic and/or diplomatic limitslimits

Example: IraqExample: Iraq

Growth of Supranational Growth of Supranational alliances challenges alliances challenges conceptions of state conceptions of state sovereigntysovereignty

Often must give up some Often must give up some powerspowers

Example: European UnionExample: European Union Countries were reluctant Countries were reluctant

to give up their currencies to give up their currencies and covert to the Euroand covert to the Euro

Political and Military Political and Military CooperationCooperation

International and regional International and regional organizations were organizations were established primarily to established primarily to prevent a third world war in prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and the twentieth century and protect countries from a protect countries from a foreign attackforeign attack

Some examples:Some examples: League of Nations (post WWI)League of Nations (post WWI) United NationsUnited Nations Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact NATONATO ASEANASEAN European UnionEuropean Union African UnionAfrican Union

United Nations

Created at the end of Created at the end of WWII by AlliesWWII by Allies

Comprised 49 states in Comprised 49 states in 19451945

By 2007 had 192 By 2007 had 192 membersmembers

Three major increasesThree major increases 1955: liberated European 1955: liberated European

countriescountries 1960: 17 new countries 1960: 17 new countries

from Africafrom Africa 1990s: 26 former 1990s: 26 former

communist countries and communist countries and microstatesmicrostates

Today more than 200 Today more than 200 member statesmember states

Most extensive Most extensive supranational supranational organization ever organization ever establishedestablished

United NationsUnited Nations Members can vote to Members can vote to

establish a peace-keeping establish a peace-keeping forceforce Can request states to Can request states to

contribute military forcescontribute military forces

Plays an important part in Plays an important part in trying to separate warring trying to separate warring groups in Eastern Europe, groups in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and sub-Middle East, and sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa UN often lacks enough UN often lacks enough

troops to maintain peacetroops to maintain peace

Any one of 5 members of Any one of 5 members of permanent security permanent security council can veto peace council can veto peace operationsoperations

Tries to maintain Tries to maintain neutralityneutrality Difficult in many casesDifficult in many cases

Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina

Despite shortcomings Despite shortcomings represents a forum represents a forum where all states can meet where all states can meet and vote on issues and vote on issues without resorting to warwithout resorting to war

Regional Military Regional Military AlliancesAlliances

In addition to joining the In addition to joining the United Nations, many United Nations, many states joined military states joined military regional alliances after regional alliances after WWIIWWII Led to emergence of two Led to emergence of two

superpowers U.S. and superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

Era of Two SuperpowersEra of Two Superpowers Both U.S. and U.S.S.R. Both U.S. and U.S.S.R.

deployed forces into different deployed forces into different regions of the worldregions of the world

Balance of powerBalance of power Roughly equal strength Roughly equal strength

between opposing alliancesbetween opposing alliances

Both demonstrated they Both demonstrated they would use military power would use military power if neededif needed U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

Hungary, CzechoslovakiaHungary, Czechoslovakia U.S.U.S.

Dominican Republic, Dominican Republic, Grenada PanamaGrenada Panama

Military Cooperation in Military Cooperation in EuropeEurope

Post WWII most European Post WWII most European States joined one of two States joined one of two military alliancesmilitary alliances NATONATO

Designed to maintain a bipolar Designed to maintain a bipolar balance in Europebalance in Europe

Agreement between 16 statesAgreement between 16 states Prevent Soviet Union from Prevent Soviet Union from

overrunning West Germany overrunning West Germany and other smaller countriesand other smaller countries

Expanded to include former Expanded to include former Communist countriesCommunist countries

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Military agreement among Military agreement among

Communist Eastern European Communist Eastern European to defend each otherto defend each other

7 members in 19557 members in 1955 Provided Soviet Union with a Provided Soviet Union with a

buffer of allied states between buffer of allied states between it and Germanyit and Germany

disbandeddisbanded

Regional OrganizationsRegional Organizations Organization on Security Organization on Security

and Cooperation in Europe and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE) 56 members56 members

Includes U.S., Canada, and RussiaIncludes U.S., Canada, and Russia Founded in 1975Founded in 1975

Plays limited rolePlays limited role Forum for countries Forum for countries

concerned with conflictsconcerned with conflicts Especially in Caucasus and Especially in Caucasus and

BalkansBalkans

Organization of American Organization of American States (OAS)States (OAS) 35 states in Western 35 states in Western

HemisphereHemisphere Cuba was a member, suspended Cuba was a member, suspended

19621962 Promotes social, cultural, Promotes social, cultural,

political, and economic links political, and economic links among member statesamong member states

Africa Union (AU)Africa Union (AU) 53 Countries53 Countries Established in 2002Established in 2002 Replaced Organization of Replaced Organization of

African Unity (1963)African Unity (1963) Founded to seek an end to Founded to seek an end to

Colonialism and apartheid in Colonialism and apartheid in AfricaAfrica

New organization has New organization has placed more emphasis on placed more emphasis on promoting economic promoting economic integration in Africaintegration in Africa

China’s involvement? China’s involvement?

CommonwealthCommonwealth UK and 52 once British UK and 52 once British

coloniescolonies Economic and cultural Economic and cultural

cooperationcooperation

Economic CooperationEconomic Cooperation

Economic power is Economic power is becoming more becoming more important than important than military powermilitary power China, Japan and China, Japan and

Germany superpowersGermany superpowers Russia has slipped in Russia has slipped in

strengthstrength

Leading superpower Leading superpower not US or Russia but not US or Russia but the EU led by the EU led by GermanyGermany

Economic Economic supranationalismsupranationalism the integration of the integration of

three of more states three of more states for achieving for achieving collective economic collective economic goalsgoals

Example: European Example: European UnionUnion

European UnionEuropean Union Formerly known as:Formerly known as:

European Economic European Economic Community (1958)Community (1958)

Also called Common MarketAlso called Common Market European CommunityEuropean Community

Once more states joinedOnce more states joined

Established in 1958Established in 1958 Included: Belgium, France, Included: Belgium, France,

Italy, Luxembourg, the Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Netherlands, and West GermanyGermany

Designed to heal scars of Designed to heal scars of WWIIWWII

A European parliament is A European parliament is elected by the people in each of elected by the people in each of the member states the member states simultaneouslysimultaneously

Main goal is to promote Main goal is to promote development within the member development within the member states through economic states through economic cooperationcooperation

Became European Union in Became European Union in 19921992 Had economic, political, Had economic, political,

cultural, and judicial integration cultural, and judicial integration goalsgoals

The EuroThe Euro

Might become a military alliance Might become a military alliance as well in futureas well in future

Members of EUMembers of EU MembersMembers

Original countriesOriginal countries Belgium, France, Italy, Belgium, France, Italy,

Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Netherlands, West GermanyGermany

1980s- 12 countries1980s- 12 countries 2121stst century- 27 century- 27

countriescountries New member statesNew member states

Croatia is expected to Croatia is expected to become the 28th become the 28th member state of the EU member state of the EU on 1 July 2013 on 1 July 2013

There are five candidate There are five candidate countries: Iceland, countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro Macedonia, Montenegro Serbia and Turkey. Serbia and Turkey.

New World OrderNew World Order

During Cold War, During Cold War, world divided into world divided into pro-communist and pro-communist and anti-communistanti-communist World power was World power was

balanced in such a bi-balanced in such a bi-polar worldpolar world

Geopolitical Geopolitical transition has transition has occurred since fall of occurred since fall of Soviet UnionSoviet Union

EconomicallyEconomically Many superpowers Many superpowers

dominate the marketdominate the market United StatesUnited States European UnionEuropean Union ChinaChina

MilitarilyMilitarily United States United States

maintains superpower maintains superpower statusstatus

Increasingly challenged Increasingly challenged by terrorism and other by terrorism and other types of warfartypes of warfar

WHY HAS TERRORISM WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED?INCREASED?

Terrorism by individuals or Terrorism by individuals or organizationsorganizations

Terrorism is the Terrorism is the systematic use of violence systematic use of violence by a group in order to by a group in order to intimidate a population or intimidate a population or coerce a government into coerce a government into granting its demandsgranting its demands

Terrorists attempt to Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives achieve their objectives through organized acts through organized acts that spread fear and that spread fear and anxiety throughout the anxiety throughout the populationpopulation

Terrorists consider Terrorists consider violence necessary as a violence necessary as a means of bringing means of bringing widespread publicity to widespread publicity to goalsgoals

Terrorism by Individuals Terrorism by Individuals and Organizationsand Organizations

Term Term terrorterror first used first used during French during French Revolution 1793Revolution 1793

Today Today TerrorismTerrorism used to used to describe actions of describe actions of groups operating outside groups operating outside governmentgovernment

Distinguishing terrorism Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of from other acts of violence sometimes violence sometimes difficultdifficult

Terrorism against Terrorism against AmericansAmericans

1988: Pan Am Flight 1031988: Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, ScotlandLockerbie, Scotland Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on

the groundthe ground

1993: World Trade Center1993: World Trade Center Car bombCar bomb Damaged buildingDamaged building Killed 6, injured 1,000Killed 6, injured 1,000

1995: Oklahoma City1995: Oklahoma City Car bombCar bomb Killed 168 people in Federal Killed 168 people in Federal

BuildingBuilding

1996: Saudi Arabia1996: Saudi Arabia Truck bomb killed 19 US Truck bomb killed 19 US

Soldiers, injured more than Soldiers, injured more than 100100

Targeted American apartment Targeted American apartment complexcomplex

1998: US Embassies1998: US Embassies Both Kenya and TanzaniaBoth Kenya and Tanzania BombedBombed Killed 190, wounded 5,000Killed 190, wounded 5,000

2000: USS 2000: USS ColeCole Bombed while in YemenBombed while in Yemen Killed 17 US ServicemenKilled 17 US Servicemen

OthersOthers Ted Kaczynski – the unabomberTed Kaczynski – the unabomber

Killed 3 people, injuring 23 othersKilled 3 people, injuring 23 others

Pan Am Flight 103Pan Am Flight 103

World Trade Center 1993World Trade Center 1993

Oklahoma City 1995Oklahoma City 1995

1996 Saudi Arabia1996 Saudi Arabia

1998: US Embassies1998: US Embassies

2000 USS 2000 USS ColeCole

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001

WTC and Pentagon attackedWTC and Pentagon attacked Over 3,000 diedOver 3,000 died

93 on American Airlines Flight 1193 on American Airlines Flight 11 65 on United Airlines Flight 17565 on United Airlines Flight 175 2,605 at the WTC2,605 at the WTC 64 on American Airlines Flight 7764 on American Airlines Flight 77 125 at the Pentagon125 at the Pentagon 44 on United Airlines Flight 9344 on United Airlines Flight 93

Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda Responsible for most Responsible for most

attacks in 1990s, as well attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11as Sept.11

Founded by Osama bin Founded by Osama bin LadenLaden Saudi billionaireSaudi billionaire

Moved to Afghanistan in Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Unionagainst Soviet Union Called the fight a Called the fight a jihadjihad Recruited Muslim militantsRecruited Muslim militants

Returned to Saudi Arabia Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was after war ended, but was expelledexpelled

Moved to Sudan but was Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks expelled for attacks against American in against American in 19941994

Issued a declaration of Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 war against US in 1996 because of US support of because of US support of Israel and supporting Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchySaudi Arabian monarchy

Issued a Issued a fatwafatwa (religious (religious decree) arguing the decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against wage a Holy War against the U.S.the U.S.

Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda Means “foundation”Means “foundation”

Created in 1990 to Created in 1990 to unite unite jihadjihad fighters fighters Membership around Membership around

20,00020,000

Located in 34 Located in 34 countriescountries Several “cells”Several “cells” Most live in ordinary Most live in ordinary

society, called society, called sleeperssleepers

Implicated in several Implicated in several bombingsbombings Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Turkey,

Britain, Egypt, JordanBritain, Egypt, Jordan

Not a single unified Not a single unified organizationorganization Number unknown Number unknown

Use religion to justify Use religion to justify attacksattacks

Al-Qaeda cellsAl-Qaeda cells

CellsCells SpainSpain KenyaKenya

Jemmah IsamiyahJemmah Isamiyah Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Concentrated in Concentrated in

IndonesiaIndonesia Several bombingsSeveral bombings

Oct 12, 2002- killed 202Oct 12, 2002- killed 202 Aug 5, 2003- killed 12Aug 5, 2003- killed 12 Sept 9, 2004- killed 11Sept 9, 2004- killed 11 Oct 1, 2005- killed 23Oct 1, 2005- killed 23

State Support for State Support for TerrorismTerrorism

Several Middle East Several Middle East states have supported states have supported terrorism in recent years terrorism in recent years by:by: Provide sanctuary for Provide sanctuary for

terrorists wanted by other terrorists wanted by other countriescountries

Supply weapons, money, Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other and intelligence to other terroriststerrorists

Plan attacks using Plan attacks using terroriststerrorists

LibyaLibya Accused of sponsoring Accused of sponsoring

terrorists in 1986 bombing of terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclubGermany nightclub

US relations poor with Libya US relations poor with Libya since 1981since 1981

U.S. responded with air strikes U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghaziin Tripoli and Benghazi

Libyan agents planted bombs Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772as well as on UTA Flight 772

UN Sanctions followedUN Sanctions followed Libya “renounced” terrorism in Libya “renounced” terrorism in

20032003

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Civil war began in 1973 when Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrownking was overthrown

5 years later a bloody coup was 5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Unionled by Soviet Union Sent in 115,000 troops into Sent in 115,000 troops into

Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellionMuslim fundamentalists rebellion

Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992government fell by 1992

Taliban gained control over most Taliban gained control over most of the countryof the country

6 years of Taliban rule came to 6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US an end in 2001 following US invasioninvasion Went after terroristsWent after terrorists Taliban harbored bin LadenTaliban harbored bin Laden

Removal of Taliban unleashed Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of new struggle for control of AfghanistanAfghanistan Taliban were able to regroup Taliban were able to regroup

IraqIraq Saddam became president in Saddam became president in

19791979

Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988stalemate in 1988 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds

1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait Led to Operation Desert Storm Led to Operation Desert Storm

(U.S. led)(U.S. led)

Allowed to stay in power as long Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons programas he disabled weapons program

U.S. linked Saddam to Al-QaedaU.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda U.S. invaded in 2003U.S. invaded in 2003

Changed to a focus on a new Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs regime change after no WMDs foundfound

Iraq is divided into 150 tribesIraq is divided into 150 tribes Most Iraqis have loyalty to Most Iraqis have loyalty to

tribes not governmenttribes not government Ethnic groups split into Ethnic groups split into

regionsregions Sunni vs Shiite warSunni vs Shiite war

IranIran

Hostile with U.S. since Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution1979 revolution The pro-US shah was The pro-US shah was

overthrownoverthrown Ayatollah Khomeini Ayatollah Khomeini

proclaimed Iran an Islamic proclaimed Iran an Islamic RepublicRepublic

Rewrote constitution of Rewrote constitution of IranIran

Today US worried about:Today US worried about: Iran harboring and aiding Iran harboring and aiding

terroriststerrorists Building nuclear weaponsBuilding nuclear weapons

PakistanPakistan Created after Partition in Created after Partition in

19471947

War of Terror has spilled War of Terror has spilled into Pakistaninto Pakistan

Pakistan is multi-ethnic Pakistan is multi-ethnic statestate Overwhelmingly MuslimOverwhelmingly Muslim

Taliban controls border Taliban controls border with Afghanistanwith Afghanistan Rugged, mountainous areaRugged, mountainous area Hid bin Laden in PakistanHid bin Laden in Pakistan