superior mediastinum by atiba, p · the mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic...
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SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUMBY
ATIBA, P.M
GROSS ANATOMY OF THORAX
ANA 202
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INTRODUCTION
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two pleural sacs. It contains most of the thoracic organs, and acts as a conduit for structures traversing the thorax on their way into the abdomen.
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INTRODUCTION
The mediastinum is divided into two parts by an imaginary line that runs from the sternal angleto the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5 vertebrae
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INTRODUCTIONSuperior mediastinum –extends upwards, terminating at the superior thoracic aperture.Inferior mediastinum –extends downwards, terminating at the diaphragm. It is further subdivided into the anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum and posterior mediastinum.
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Borders
The superior mediastinum is bordered by the following thoracic structures:
Superior – Thoracic inlet.
Inferior – Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
Anterior – Manubrium of the sternum.
Posterior – Vertebral bodies of T1-4.
Lateral – Pleurae of the lungs. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM 5
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ContentsThe superior mediastinum contains neural, vascular and respiratory structures passing from the adjacent regions of the neck and abdomen (via the inferior mediastinum).
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Great VesselsThe great systemic blood vessels of the heart lie within the superior mediastinum and their main branches arise before passing through the superior thoracic aperture.
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Arch of AortaThe three major branches of the aortic arch arise within the superior mediastinum:
Brachiocephalic artery – supplying the right side of the head & neck and the right upper limb.
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Arch of Aorta
Left Common carotid artery – to the left side of the head & neck.
Left Subclavianartery – to the left upper limb.
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Superior Vena Cava(SVC)The tributaries of SVC in the superior mediastinum are:
Brachiocephalic veins –draining blood from the upper body.
Left superior intercostal vein – collects blood from the left 2nd and 3rd intercostal vein. It drains into the left brachiocephalic vein.
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Superior Vena Cava(SVC)Supreme intercostal vein –drains the vein from first intercostal space directly into the brachiocephalic veins.
Azygos vein – receiving blood from the right posterior intercostal veins. The left intercostal veins drain first into the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins before joining the azygos vein around T7-T9. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM 11
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Nerves
Vagus Nerve
In the superior mediastinum, the vagusnerve has two distinctive paths:
Right vagus nerve – runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus.
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NervesLeft vagus nerve –enters the superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavianarteries. It descends anteriorly to the aortic arch, before travelling posterior to the left bronchus.
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Phrenic Nerve
From the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle, the phrenic nerves (roots C3, C4 and C5) enter the superior mediastinum lateral to the great vessels. They then descend anteriorly into the middle mediastinum, passing anteriorly to the hilum of the lungs.
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Other Nerves
Cardiac nerves –originate from the superior, middle and inferior cardiac ganglion and form the superficial and deep cardiac plexuses in the superior mediastinum.
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Other Nerves
The superior plexus sits between the aortic arch and right pulmonary vein. The deep plexus lies on the surface of the trachea at the point of bifurcation.
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Other Nerves
Sympathetic trunk– runs bilaterally to the vertebral bodies along the entire length of the vertebral column.
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Other Structures in the Superior MediastinumThymus
The thymus gland is the most anterior structure within the superior mediastinum. It sits flush against the posterior surface of the sternum and extends into the anterior mediastinum and can often reach into the neck.
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Other Structures in the Superior MediastinumTrachea
The trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi posterior to the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.
Oesophagus
The oesophagus ascends towards the pharynx, which it joins at the level of C6.
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Other Structures in the Superior Mediastinum
Thoracic duct
In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct passes to the left of the oesophagus on its path to the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavianveins.
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Other Structures in the Superior Mediastinum
Muscles
The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles originate from the posterior surface of the manubrium. They are part of the infrahyoidmuscle group of the neck.
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Other Structures in the Superior Mediastinum
The inferior aspect of the longus collimuscle also originates within the superior mediastinum.
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APPLIED ANATOMY
• Aortic arch and its anomalies
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Abnormal origin of great vessels
• Ectopic parathyroid glands in the thymus
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