Substance Abuse Trends in Maine State Epidemiological Profile 2015

Produced for Maine Department of Health and Human Services Office of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services

by Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. July 2015

Substance Abuse Trends in Maine State Epidemiological Profile 2015

THIS REPORT IS PRODUCED FOR THE MAINE OFFICE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES

COMMUNITY EPIDEMIOLOGY SURVEILLANCE NETWORK (CESN)

Produced by Hornby Zeller Associates, Inc. 373 Broadway South Portland, ME 04106 (207) 773-9529 www.hornbyzeller.com

http://www.hornbyzeller.com/

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 1

Consumption of Substances ............................................................................................ 1

Consequences Resulting from Substance Use and Abuse ................................................. 2

Factors Contributing to Substance Use and Abuse ........................................................... 4

Mental Health, Suicide and Co-occurring Disorders ......................................................... 5

Treatment Admissions for Substance Abuse .................................................................... 6

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7

Overview of Maine ......................................................................................................... 7

Purpose of this Report .................................................................................................... 8

Organization of the Report ............................................................................................. 8

Data Sources, Indicators and Selection Criteria ...................................................................... 9

Description of Data Sources .......................................................................................... 10

Consumption of Substances ................................................................................................. 15

Alcohol ............................................................................................................................ 16

Tobacco ........................................................................................................................... 22

Prescription Drugs ............................................................................................................ 25

Other Illegal Drugs ........................................................................................................... 28

Consequences Resulting from Substance Use and Abuse ...................................................... 33

Substance Use and Pregnancy .......................................................................................... 34

Criminal Justice Involvement ............................................................................................ 40

Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Alcohol .......................................................................... 48

Hospital Visits Related to Substance Abuse ...................................................................... 52

Overdoses and Related Deaths ......................................................................................... 55

Morbidity and Mortality................................................................................................... 63

Factors Contributing to Substance Use and Abuse ................................................................ 69

Availability and Accessibility ............................................................................................ 70

Perceived Harm ............................................................................................................... 79

Perceived Enforcement .................................................................................................... 84

Community and Cultural Norms ....................................................................................... 86

Mental Health, Suicide and Co-occurring Disorders .............................................................. 93

Mental Illness, Depression and Anxiety ............................................................................ 94

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Suicide and Suicidal Ideation ............................................................................................ 98

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Co-Occurrence ......................................................... 99

Treatment Admissions for Substance Abuse ...................................................................... 103

Need for Treatment ....................................................................................................... 104

Alcohol .......................................................................................................................... 105

Synthetic Opioids ........................................................................................................... 107

Marijuana ...................................................................................................................... 109

Heroin/Morphine ........................................................................................................... 111

Cocaine/Crack ................................................................................................................ 113

Methadone .................................................................................................................... 115

Benzodiazepines ............................................................................................................ 117

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 121

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List of Figures Figure 1. Percent of high school students reporting alcohol use in the past month: 20092013 .......................... 16 Figure 2. Percent of high school students who had five or more drinks in a row at least once in the past month: 20092013 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 3. Percent of adults ages 18 to 20 reporting drinking in past 30 days by type of drinking: 201112 and 201213 ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4. Percent of adults at risk from heavy alcohol use in past 30 days, by age group: 201112 and 201213. 19 Figure 5. Percent of adults reporting binge drinking in past 30 days, by age group: 201112 and-201213 ......... 20 Figure 6. Percent of Maine residents (age 18 and older) reporting binge alcohol use in past month, by age group: 200809 through 201213 ................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 7. Percent of high school students who smoked at least one cigarette during past month: 20092013 .... 22 Figure 8. Percent of high school students who used tobacco during past month, by tobacco type: 20092013 ... 23 Figure 9. Past month cigarette use among adults, by age group: BRFSS, 201112 and 201213........................... 24 Figure 10. Percent of high school students who have taken prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them in their lifetime and in the past month: 20092013 ............................................................................................. 25 Figure 11. Non-medical use of pain relievers among Maine residents in the past year, by age group: 200708 through 201213 ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 12. Misuse of prescription drugs among Maine residents in their lifetime, by age group: 201112 and 201213 ............................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 13. Percent of high school students who have used marijuana at least once in the past month: 20092013 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 14. Percent of Maine residents (age 18 and older) reporting marijuana use in past month, by age group: 29 Figure 15. Percent of Maine adults reporting marijuana use in past month, by age group: 201213 ................... 30 Figure 16. Percent of Maine residents (age 18 and older) reporting cocaine use in past year, by age group: 200809 through 201213 ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Figure 17. Percent of high school students reporting inhalant use (ever): 20092013.......................................... 32 Figure 18. Percent of women reporting alcohol and/or cigarette use during last trimester of pregnancy: 20082012 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 19. Percent of women who r