subjective well-being related to satisfaction with daily travel
TRANSCRIPT
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Subjective well-being related to satisfaction with daily travelSebastian BernalB.S. Candidate in Management Engineering
Martín Rojas B.S. in Industrial Engineering
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Subjective well-being related to satisfaction with daily travel. Transportation, 38(1), 1–15, 2011.● Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad, Ph.D. in Psychology Gothenburg
University, senior lecturer at the Gothenburg University.● Amelie Gamble, Ph.D. in Psychology Gothenburg University,
research fellow at the Gothenburg University.● Tommy Gärling, Ph.D. in Psychology Stockholm University,
Professor emeritus at the Gothenburg University.● Olle Hagman, senior lecturer at Department of Sociology of the
Gothenburg University.● Merritt Polk, Ph.D. in Human Ecology Gothenburg University,
associate professor at the Gothenburg University.● Dick Ettema is Associate Professor of Research Methodology and
Urban Modelling at the Utrecht University, editorial board member of four journals.
● Margareta Friman, Ph.D. in Psychology Gothenburg University, researcher at the Karlstad University.
● Lars E. Olsson, Ph.D. at Center for Consumer Science, Researcher at Service Research Center at Karlstad University.
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Contenido● Problema
○ Estudiar el impacto al SWB (subjective well being o bienestar subjetivo) del ser por el transporte urbano diario en el área metropolitana del valle de aburra y otras ciudades de Colombia.
● Estado del arte○ Utility maximization theory○ SWB○ SWB en el transporte○ DRM - Day Reconstruction Method
● Método○ Encuesta
● Resultados○ Regresion lineal multiple
● Conclusiones
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Problema, ¿Porqué Felicidad?
● A partir de un interés en la felicidad, cómo se mide y que se ha hecho. Se decidió investigar una de las situaciones que, comúnmente más infelices nos hacen, el transporte urbano (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004).
● Al evaluar la felicidad, se hace sobre dos seres. El ser que experimenta, que plantea qué opinamos en la vida, y un ser que recuerda, que dice que opinamos sobre la vida (Kahneman & Riis, 2005).
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Experiencing Self vs Remembering Self.
● La diferencia más grande entre el experiencing self y el remembering self tiene que ver con el manejo del tiempo. Por ejemplo: Para el experiencing self, unas vacaciones de 2 semanas son el doble de mejores que unas de 1 semana. Para el remembering self le da igual, pues no hay memorias agregadas (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004).
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Estado del arte
1. DRM - Day Reconstruction Method2. Utility-maximization theory3. Subjective well-being (SWB)4. SWB en el transporte
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Day Reconstruction Method (DRM)
The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) is designed to collect data describing the experiences a person has on a given day, through a systematic reconstruction conducted on the following day (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004).
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Utility-maximization theory ¿RL?
● Is the dominant account of how travel-related choices of activity, destination and travel mode are made (McFadden 2001).
● Is used to assess people’s satisfaction with their travel (e.g. in cost-benefit analyses).
● Is derived from observed choices.● It is doubtful whether utility derived in this
way is a valid measure of travellers’ satisfaction,since choices are frequently made under constraints and lack of complete information.
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Subjective well-being (SWB) (1/3)
● SWB has been proposed as a measure of individuals’ benefits in a number of domains (Kahneman 1999)
● SWB expresses individuals’ cognitive and emotional well-being, directly measured by means of reliable psychometric scales. (Diener and Suh 1997)
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SWB (2/3)
Well-being can be understood as the perceived evaluation of the overall life environment or system. If the domain of this evaluation is reduced to a sub-system of each one’s life, happiness and well-being can be seen as depicted by the figure (Duarte et al., 2009).
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SWB (3/3)
● SWB consists of three components:○ Positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) of
immediate experiences■ Immediate self-reports of specific emotions or mood.
(Stone et al. 1999)■ Self-report rating scales:
● Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Watson et al. 1988) ● Swedish Core Affect Scale (SCAS) (Va¨stfja¨ll et al. 2002;
Va¨stfja¨ll and Ga¨rling 2007)○ A cognitive component of satisfaction with life as a
whole.■ 5-item Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener
et al. 1985; Pavot & Diener 1993)■ Single-item question (World Values Survey 2005)
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SWB en el transporte (1/3)
● SWB can be defined in the context of specific domains, such as work life, family life, and leisure. (Schimmack 2008)○ A specific form of domain-specific SWB is customer
satisfaction that focuses on goods or services that fulfil specific needs. (Oliver 2009)■ Travellers’ satisfaction is influenced by events
experienced when using a travel mode.(Ga¨rling, 2001) (Friman et al., 1998, 2001, 2004))
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SWB en el transporte(2/3)
● Commuting home from work is one of the least pleasurable activities during the day. (White and Dolan, 2009)
● Commuting over 2 h a day negatively impacts on life satisfaction (Stutzer and Frey, 2008)
● Women are more likely to be negatively impacted by commuting than men. (Roberts et al., 2011)
● Satisfaction with bus services depends on a variety of non-instrumental factors such as cleanliness, privacy, safety, convenience, stress, social interaction, and scenery. (Stradling et al., 2007)
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SWB en el transporte(3/3)
● Pedestrians evaluated their walking trips in terms of non-instrumental criteria, such as Crowdedness, air quality, presence of trees and flowers, presence of beggars, and type of pavement. (Stradling et al., 2007)
● SWB is affected by context-specific factors such as various forms of consumption as well as quality of public goods including commuting services. (Diener and Seligman 2004; Diener et al. 2009).
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Método (1/6)
● Se compartió el link de la encuesta a conocidos a través de chats, y se invitó a participar voluntaria y conscientemente.
● En la encuesta se les informo el propósito de esta, y el tiempo promedio de respuesta, 7 minutos.
● No hubo incentivos.● Se registraron 93 respuestas.
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Método (2/6)
● Información sociodemográfica○ Género○ Edad○ Nivel de educación○ Ciudad de residencia○ Propiedad de carro○ Hogar con o sin niños○ Estrato○ Tipo de residencia: urbana, rural y semi-rural.
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Método (3/6)
● Satisfacción con los viajes diarios○ Satisfaction with Travel Scale (STS)
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Método (4/6)
● Genio semanal○ Escalas de valencia y activación
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Método (5/6)
● Affective SWB○ Escalas de valencia y activación
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Método (6/6)
● Cognitive SWB○ Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
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Resumen de datos (1/5)
1. Número de actividades realizadas - Trabajo o estudio
2. Medio de transporte utilizado - Trabajo o estudio
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Resumen de datos (2/5)
2. Medio de transporte utilizado - Compra de alimentos
1. Número de actividades realizadas - Compra de alimentos
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Resumen de datos (3/5)
3. Satisfacción con los viajes diarios - Estoy completamente satisfecho con mi desplazamiento diario
0 totalmente en desacuerdo, 1 en desacuerdo, 2 ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo, 3 de acuerdo, y 4 totalmente de acuerdo
3. Satisfacción con los viajes diarios - No quiero cambiar nada respecto a mi desplazamiento diario
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Resumen de datos (4/5)
8. Satisfacción con la vida - Hasta ahora he alcanzado cosas importantes que quiero en la vida
8. Satisfacción con la vida - Si pudiera vivir mi vida de nuevo, cambiaría casi nada
0 totalmente en desacuerdo, 1 en desacuerdo, 2 ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo, 3 de acuerdo, y 4 totalmente de acuerdo
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Resumen de datos (5/5)
11. Nivel de educación
17. Estrato
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Regresión lineal multiple
● Satisfaction with Travel Scale [STS] and cognitive SWB range from 0 to 4, with higher values indicating higher STS and cognitive SWB.
● Weekly affective SWB, and global affective SWB range from -3 to 3, with negative values indicating negative affect and positive values positive affect.
● Genero: 1 Hombre, y -1 Mujer.● Propiedad de carro: 1 Afirmativo, y -1
Negativo.
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Resultados (1/4) n M SD 1. 2. 3.
1. Cognitive SWB 93 2,68045 0,79267
2. Global Affective SWB
93 0,442528 1,04665 0,583066
3. Weekly Mood 93 0,206896 1,060801 0,504068 0,754401
4. Satisfaction with Travel
93 2,085057 1,110471 0,465576 0,472458 0,522855
Cognitive SWB y STS: 0 totalmente en desacuerdo, 1 en desacuerdo, 2 ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo, 3 de acuerdo, y 4 totalmente de acuerdo.Global Affective y Weekly Mood: -3 triste, -2 insatisfecho, -1 deprimido, 0 contento, 1 satisfecho, y 2 alegre.-3 somnoliento, -2 pasivo, -1 apagado, 0 despierto, 1 activo, y 2 alerta
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Resultados (2/4)Variable Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Decisión
Cognitive SWB (Y) 1,742100583 0,270446351 6,441575 8,2E-09 No rechazo
Global affective 0,115356829 0,066616833 1,731647 0,087191 Rechazo
STS -0,15308049 0,070630392 -2,16735 0,033182 No rechazo
Weekly mood -0,06451616 0,075724542 -0,85198 0,396766 Rechazo
Carro 0,018795688 0,101863337 0,184519 0,854074 Rechazo
Género 0,177109785 0,073130103 2,421845 0,017704 No rechazo
Estrato 0,348607418 0,09741953 3,578414 0,000591 No rechazo
Adjusted R Square 0,408802426
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Resultados (3/4)Variable Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Global affective (Y) -0,424762791- 0,351935558 -1,20693 0,231014 Rechazo
Cognitive SWB -0,111221346 0,071223345 -1,56159 0,122333 Rechazo
STS 0,067903286 0,077064186 0,881126 0,380889 Rechazo
Weekly mood -0,000545248 0,081052441 -0,00673 0,994649 Rechazo
Carro 0,600358089 0,085325078 7,036127 6,05E-10 No rechazo
Genero 0,030674302 0,080655884 0,380311 0,704723 Rechazo
Estrato 0,395797425 0,110606939 3,578414 0,000591 No rechazo
Adjusted R Square 0,615010161
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Resultados (4/4)Variable Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Weekly mood (Y) -1,007717309 0,347941386 -2,896227211 0,004869 No rechazo
Global affective 0,15620066 0,072382372 2,157993112 0,033927 No rechazo
Cognitive SWB 0,073906077 0,079319978 0,931746067 0,354271 Rechazo
STS 0,000343355 0,083472365 0,0041134 0,996728 Rechazo
Carro 0,147043853 0,081497368 1,804277327 0,074951 Rechazo
Genero 0,022633288 0,122661232 0,184518675 0,854074 Rechazo
Estrato 0,636741936 0,090496083 7,036127038 6,05E-10 No rechazo
Adjusted R Square 0,602493261
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Conclusiones (1/2)
● El estrato y el género tiene efecto positivo sobre el cognitive SWB. La satisfacción con los viajes diarios, por el contrario tiene un efecto negativo sobre el cognitive SWB.
● El estrato y la propiedad de carro, tienen efecto positivo sobre el global affective SWB.
● El estrato y el global affective SWB, tienen efecto positivo sobre el weekly mood.
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Conclusiones (2/2)
● La población encuestada está satisfecha con las cosas que ha hecho en su vida, pero cambiaría muchas si la viviera de nuevo. Hay incoherencia.
● Los encuestados parecen estar satisfechos con su desplazamiento diario, pero cambiaran cosas de el.
● Para comprar alimentos, el medio de transporte estrella es caminando.○ Se puede atribuir a que en Medellín todavía las
distancias son cortas, o hay considerable oferta para alimentos.
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Gracias