Subject Index

abscesses, acute 103 -, sonographic pattern 77 adenocarcinoma, renal 13 ff. -, -, biopsy 15 -, -, calcification 21 -, -, causes 14 -, -, cytology 15 -, -, differential diagnosis 22 -, -, epidemiology 14 -, -, grading 24 -, -, metastases 26 -, -, morphology 16ff. -, -, multilocular cystic 22 -, -, paraneoplastic syndromes 15 -, -, prognosis 26 -, -, spread 25 -, -, staging 25 adenolipoma, CT appearance 164 adenoma, adrenal 44 -, -, black 46 -, renal 11 -, -, differential diagnosis 46 adenomas, adrenal venous sampling

163 -, CT attenuation values 163 -, hypertension in patients with bila-

teral cortical nodular hyperplasia 163

-, nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma 164

-, nonfunctioning adrenal tumors 163

-, primary aldosteronism 163 -, radionuclide scintigraphy 163 -, radionuclide techniques 163 adomal cortical scintigraphy, adrenal

lesions producing aldosteronism 184

-, dexamethasone suppression 184 -, etiologies of aldosterone excess

184 adrenal cortex, tumors 43 -, cyst 58 -, myelolipoma 58 -, nodular hyperplasia 46 -, tissue, heterotopic 1 -, tumors 42, 49ff. adrenal cortical scintigraphy, ACTH

stimulation 181 ff -, adrenal carcinomas 185 -, adrenal dysfunction 181 -, adrenal lesions 185 -, aldosterone secretion 181

-, androgens 181 -, bilateral nodular hyperplasia 183 -, cortisol 181 -, Cushing's syndrome 183 -, ectopic ACTH production 183 -, glucocorticoid-producing carci-

noma 183 -, hyperandrogenism 185 -, localization of adrenal cortical tu-

mors 181 -, manifestations of androgen excess

185 -, NP-59 accumulation 181 -, primary aldosteronism 185 -, radiocholesterol uptake 181 -, renin-angiotensin system 181 - , steroid hormones 181 -, tumor imaging 183 -, tumorous aldosteronism 185 adrenal cortical scitigraphy, clinically

silent adrenal masses 186 -, NP-59 uptake in silent adrenal

lesions 186 adrenal cysts 170 -, CT -appearance 170 adrenal glands 169 -, CT appearance 169 -, cysts 169 -, echinococcus 171 -, histoplasmosis 170, 171 -, hypoadrenalism 170 -, meningococcus 171 -, metastases 169 -, nonfunctioning adenomas 168 -, secondary neoplasms 168 -, tuberculosis 170 -, unusual primary tumors 169 adrenal glands in CT, adrenal ecto-

pia 156 -, inferior vena cava 156 -, left adrenal gland 156 -, normal location 156 - , right adrenal gland 156 adrenal imaging agents, cortical 174,

175 -, adrenergic tumors 176 -, guanethidine analogue 175 -, 131 I-m-idobenzylguanidine 176 -, 131 1-6 ,B-iodomethyl-19-norcholeste-

rol (NP-59) 174 -, 1311-19-iodocholesterol 174 -, LDL receptor 175 -, LDL receptor activity 175

-, LDL-derivedcholesterol 175 -, mechanisms of uptake -, metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG)

175 -,6,B-norcholesterol 175 -, norepinephrine 176 -, physical half-life of the radio label

175 -, radiolabeled cholesterol 175 -, receptor-dependent processes 175 -, 75selenium-labeled cholesterol

(Scintidren) 175 -,75seselenomethylnorcholesterol

174 -, single photon emission tomography

(SPECT) 176 - , steroid hormone biosynthesis 175 -, uptake of mIBG 175 -, uptake 1 mechanism 176 adrenal mass lesions in infants and

children, abdominal radiography 141

-, adrenal hemorrhage 144, 145 -, anatomy 143 -, angiography 142 -, aortogram 143 -, calcification 146 -, calcified adrenal hemorrhage 145 -, computed tomography 142 -, congenital adrenal hyperplasia 144 -, differential diagnoses 145 -, excretory urography 141 -, hyperandrogenism 144 -, imaging techniques 141 -, lesions of the adrenal glands 141 -, magnetic resonance imaging 143 -, neuroblastoma 146 -, normal adrenal glands 143 -, normal appearance in sonographic

144 -, posthemorrhagic calcification 146 -, pretreatment with 0(- and ,B-adren-

ergic blocking agents 143 -, radio nuclide imaging 142 -, retroperitoneal hemorrhage 144 -, ultrasound 141, 144 -, venous sampling for hormonal as-

says 143 -, Wolman's disease 146 -, xanthomatosis 146 adrenal medulla scintigraphy, bilate­

ral pheochromocytomas 187 -, catecholamine excess 186

270 Subject Index

adrenal medulla scintigraphy, cate-cholamine release and uptake 186

-, catecholamines 187 -, catecholamine-secreting tumor 186 -, epinephrine metabolites 187 -, extra-adrenal neoplasms 187 -, extra-adrenal tumors 187 -, intra-abdominal mass 187 -, intra-adrenal pheochromocytoma

187 -, metastatic pheochromocytoma

187 -, mIBG imaging 186 -, neuroblastoma 187 -, neurotransmitter hormone 186 -, norepinephrine 187 -, pheochromocytoma 187 -, plasma and/or urinary catechol-

amines 186 -, sensitivity of mIBG scintigraphy

187 -, sites of metastases 187 adrenocortical adenoma 182 adrenocortical carcinoma 182 adrenocortical syndrome, congenital

43 adrenocortical tumors, ultrasound

examination 148 adrenogenital syndrome 43 aldosteronoma 44, 45 anatomy 81 aneurysms, hereditary vascular mal­

formations 98 angiography 81 angiolipomas, central displacement of

the pelvis 95 -, phakomatoses 95 angiomas, angiography 98 angiomatosis with arteriovenous

shunts 98 angiomyolipoma 2ff., 96, 97, 121 -, diffuse 97 angiopericytomas 94 angiosarcoma, renal 6, 96 ascites in ultrasound 74

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 27 benign tumors of the kidney, multicy­

stic degeneration 95 -, pseudo tumors 95 bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, scan

pattern 183 bilateral tumors, invasion by tumor-

ous masses 89 black adenoma 46 bolus 92 bone metastasizing rerial tumor of

childhood (BMRTC) 34

carcinoid, renal 13 carcinoma, adrenal 46 -, -, differential diagnosis 48 -, -, grading 47 -, -, incidence 46 -, -, morphology 46 -, -, prognosis 49 -, -, secondary 49

-, -, spread 48 -, -, staging 48 carcinoma, pelvic, transitional cell

36 carcinoma, renal see adenocarcinoma,

renal cartilaginous islands, renal 1 chondrosarcoma, renal 9 clear cell carcinomas, preoperative

differentiation 94 -, transitional cell carcinomas 94 clear cell sarcoma, renal 34 compression of the collecting system

93 computed tomography of the adrenal

glands, adrenal adenoma 160 -, Gerota's fascia 154 -, methods of measuring adrenal

thickness 160 -, normal adrenal glands 155 -, perinephric space 154 -, reformatting axial CT images 153 -, study after bolus injection of con-

trast 154 -, technical factors 153 -, techniques of examination 153 computed-body-tomography 81 congenital mesoblastic nephroma 32 Conn's syndrome 44 cortical abnormalities, in CT 157 cortical carcinoma 149 CT absorption 85 -, normal boundaries 86 CT appearance, normal 81 -, -, anatomical relationships 81 -, -, anterior pararenal space 81 -, -, coronal projection 82 -, -, cortical zone 81 -, -, enhancement with contrast me-

dium 81 -, -, extraperitoneal space 81 -, -, Gerota's fascia 81,82 -, -, hilum 81 -, -, large vessels 81 -, -, medullar region 81 -, -, perirenal space 81 -, -, posterior parietal peritoneum

81 -, -, renal vein 81 -, -, retroperitoneal space 81 -, -, the posterior pararenal 82 -, -, topographical relation 82 CT enhancement values 85 CT findings, attenuation of the tu-

mor 91 -, calcifications 91 -, central necroses 91 -, detection of intrarenal tumors 90 -, hemorrhage 91 CT scanner 83 CT scanning, angiolipomas 95 -, areas of calcification 84 -, arterial perfusion 85 -, characteristics for cysts 95 -, complicated cysts 95 -, contrast 84 -, contrast injection 84

-, contrast medium in the collecting system 84

-, CT values 95 -, "cyst" mass lesion 96 -, cystic puncture 95 -, dynamic scan 105 -, dynamic scans 91 -, enhancement of the renal paren-

chyma 84 -, gantry position 83 -, general considerations 83 -, hemorrhages into cysts 95 -, hypodense mass lesion 97 -, lipomas 95 -, local infarction 95 -, native scan 84 -, normal attenuation 85 -, positioning of the patient 83 -, precontrast scan 84 -, second look scan 85 -, sequential scan (dynamic scan) 85 -, space resolution 83 -, topographic situation of the retro-

peritoneum 85 Cushing's syndrome (CS) 43 -, in CT 157, 161 -, ACTH-independent 182 -, ACTH-dependent 161, 182 cysts, adrenal 58 -, atypical 70 -, hemorrhagic 70 -, infected 70 -, multicystic dysplasia 70 -, septated renal 70 -, typical 70

detection of renal tumors 90 diagnosis of obstruction, cavogra-

phy 93 DSA, intravenous 93 dynamic CT, attenuation 84 -, columns of Bertini 84 -, enhancement of the cortical zone

84

embolization therapy 81, 93 embolotherapy, distribution of ra-

dioactive infarct particles 136 -, dosage 136 -, fractional embolization 134 -, homogeneity of distribution of in-

farct particles 134 -, hypervascular metastasis 135 -, location of seeds 136 -, oxygen tension in tumor tissues

136 -, recalculation of the dose rate 136 -, technique 134 -, tumor volume 136 embolotherapy of renal tumors with

1251, absorption of radiant energy 134

-, decay products 134 -, external radiation therapy 134 -, fractional infarction 134 -, interstitial radiation therapy 134 -, interstitial radioactive implant 134

-, lymphadenectomy 133 -, metastatic disease to lymph nodes

133 -, necrotic tumor elements 134 -, neovascularity of a renal cell carci-

noma 134 - , oxygenation of the tissues 134 - , radiation therapy 134 -, radiobiologic effectiveness of radia-

tion therapy 134 -, radiopharmaceutical 134 -, reduction of tumor volume 134 - , remission and or stabilization of

the metastases 134 -, resection of isolated metastases

133 - , stimulation of the host immune

mechanism 134 -, transcatheter embolization 133 -, 5-year survival rate 133 endometriosis, renal 1

feminizing syndrome 44 fetal rhabdomyomatous nephro-

blastoma 33 fibroma, renal 5 fibrosarcoma, renal 7 fibroxanthosarcoma, renal 8 focal lymph node metastases 90 functional scintigraphy of the kid-

neys, activity curve of the tracer 179

- , aldosterone 177 -, antidieuretic hormone (ADH) 177 -, bilateral hydronephrosis 178 -, cortical mass 180 -, defects 181 -, effective renal plasma flow

(ERPF) 177 -, filtration fraction (FF) 178 - , identification of functioning 181 -, instantaneous pulse input function

179 -, para-aminohippuric acid (P AH)

177 -, parenchymal transit times 180 -, perinephric abscess 179 -, primary mass lesions 181 -, radionuclide renal localization 180 -, radiotracer studies 176 -, radiotracer within the collecting sy-

stems 179 -, renal function 176 -, renal tubular function studies 177 -, specific radiopharmaceuticals 176 -, 99mTc-labeled DTPA 176 - , time activity curves 179 - , transit times 179 - , traumatic injuries 181 -, whole kidney transit times 180

ganglioneuroblastoma 49, 51 ganglioneuroma 49, 53ff.

hamartoma, renal 2 hemangioendothelioma, renal 6 hemangioma, renal 3

hemangiopericytoma, renal 7 hematomas, perirenal 78 -, sonographic appearance 77 hemoblastoses, renal involvement 9 histiocytoma, malignant fibrous -,-, renal 8 Hodgkin's disease, renal 9 hyperdense cysts, hypernephroma 106 -, cystic lesion 106 hypernephroid carcinoma see adeno­

carcinoma, renal

IBG studies, APUD tumor 189 -, carcinoid tumors 189 -, in Merkel cell tumors 190 -, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

(MCT) 189 - , multiple endocrine neoplasia type

syndrome 190 125I-embolotherapy, additional adju­

vant therapy 139 -, clinical results 136 -, dose rate to the infarcted tumor

137 -, downstaging the tumor 139 - , patients with osseous metastases

138 -, radon gold seed implant 138 - , remission of tumor activity 138 -, survival of patients 137 -, survival rates 136 -, transcatheter embolization 138 islands, cartilaginous, renal 1

juxtaglomerular tumor of the kidney 4

kidney, adenocarcinoma 13 -, adenoma 11 -, metastatic involvement 9, 23

leiomyoma, renal 1 leiomyosarcoma, renal 5, 94, 95 leukemia, renal involvement 5 level of confidence 86 lipomarenal 1, 96 lipomas 96 -, criteria for ultrasound 95 liposarcoma, renal 6 lymphangioma, renal 4 lymphatic leukemia, renal involve-

ment 9 lymphatic spread in ultrasound 74 lymphoceles, sonographic appea­

rance 78 lymphogranulomatosis, renal involve-

ment 9 lymphoma, renal involvement 9 -, lymphatic assessment 100 -, lymphography 100 - , paraaortal lymph nodes 100 - , paralumbar lymph nodes 100 -, precontrast scan 100

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), equipment 115

- , technique of examination 115, 143

Subject Index 271

malakoplakia, renal 23 malignant, fibrous histiocytoma,

renal 8 malignant lymphoma, renal involve­

ment 9 malignant renal disease, active speci-

fic immunotherapy 264, 265 - , allogeneic serum 262 -, antibody actions 259 -, antibody titer 261 -, antibody-dependent cellular cyto-

toxicity 259 -, antigenic determinants 263 -, antigenicity of malignant renal

cells 260 -, antitumoral effect of interferon

(IFN) 265 -, autochthonous tumorous tissue

260,262 -, autologous renal tumor cells 263 -, BCG stimulation 264 -, biology of 259 -, blocking antibodies 262 -, cell cultures from renal carcino-

mas 263 -, cell hydridization 260 -, cell-mediated cytotoxicity 261 -, cell-mediated hypersensitivity 262 - , cell-mediated immune reactions

259 -, cell-mediated immunity 261,262 - , cellular effector mechanisms 259 - , cellular hypersensitivity 262 -, conjugation of cytotoxic agents

263 - , 51Cr releace assay 261 -, cytotoxic activity of peripheral mo-

nonuclear cells 263 -, cytotoxic antibodies 261 -, cytotoxic reactions 262 - , dose-related side effects in IFN-

therapy 265 -, effector cells 261, 262 -, efficacy of xenogeneic immune

RNA 264 -, expression of differentiation anti-

gens 263 - , fetal kidney extracts 262 - , for immunotherapy 265 - , gamma interferon 262 - , host-tumor interactions 260 -, humoral immunity 260 -, hybridoma technique 263 - , hypernephroma plasma membra-

nes 262 - , IFN-gamma therapy 265 -, IFN-gamma treatment 266 -, immune parameters 264 - , immunization of patient 264 - , immunodiffusion 260 - , immunofluorescence 260 -, immunofluorescence (IF) 260 - , immunologic barrier 262 - , immunologic considerations 259 -, immunotherapy of RCC 267 - , interferon activity 265 - , interleukin 2 262, 263

272 Subject Index

malignant renal disease, late occur­rence following nephrectomy 259

-, leucocyte migration inhibition test 262

-, leukocyte migration techniques 261

-, life expectancy 265 ~, malignant potential of RCCs 263 -, microcomplement fixation techni-

que 261 -, microcytotoxicity assays 260 -, monoclonal specific antibodies

260 -, mononuclear cells 261, 264 -, natural killer (NK) cells 259 - , nonspecific immunostimulation

264 -, passive immunotherapy 264 -, pooled kidney 261 - , preparations of mononuclear cells

262 -, radioactive tracers 263 -, RCC 260 - , RCC target cells 260 -, sensitization of the tumor-bearing

host 259 -, sera 260 -, side effects of immunotherapy

266 -, specific antitumor activity by ribo­

nucleic acid (RNA) 264 -, specifically sensitized cytotoxic

effector cells (T cells) 259 - , spontaneous cytotoxicity 259 - , spontaneous regression of metasta-

ses 259 - , spontaneously developing tumors

260 - , stimulation of lymphocytes 261 -, surface antigens 261 -, survival rate 265 -, therapeutic perspectives 263 -, T-Iymphocytes 262 -, tumor associated antigens 260 -, tumor directed antibody forma-

tion 261 -, tumor immunity 261 -'--, tumor specific transplantation anti-

gen of RCC 260 -, tumor-associated antigens 263 - , tumor-directed antibodies 260 -, tumor-specific transplantation anti-

gen 259 -, xenogeneic immune RNA 264 malignant tumors of different histo-

logic pattern, angiopericytomas 94 - , extramedullary plasmocytoma 95 - , leiomyosarcomas 94, 95 - , oncocytoma 95 medulla, adrenal -, -, tumors 49 metastases simulating primary renal

carcinoma, CT images 94 - , metastatic spread 94 - , ultrasound examinations 94 mIBG studies, in Merkel cell tumors

190

morphology of adrenal glands, in CT 157

MRI, adrenal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma 127

- , angiomyolipoma 121 - , benign renal tumors 122 - , differential diagnosis 129 - , gadolinium in the evaluation of re-

nal masses 130 -, hemorrhage into a renal cyst 118 - , intravascular tumor thrombi 123 - , malignant fibrous histiocytoma

128 - , malignant us benign lesions 129 -, metastasis from renal cell carci-

noma 126 - , metastatic lymph 126 -, metastatic renal tumors 127 -, "milk of calcium" 118 -, polycystic kidneys 118 -, recognition of metastatic disease

125 -, renal abscess 118 - , renal cell carcinoma 122, 124 -, renal cell carcinoma with tumor

thrombus 125 - , renal hemorrhage 118 -, renal lymphoma 127 - , renal sarcoma 127 - , renal sinus fibrolipomatosis 122 -, renal-perirenal abscess 119 -, retroperitoneal lymph node metas-

tasis 126 -, small renal cell carcinoma 130 -, spatial resolution 126 -, staging and metastases 123 -, staging of renal cell carcinoma

123 -, subcapsular-perirenal hemorrhage

121 - , transitional cell carcinoma 126 - , tumor thrombous 125 - , T1 weighted images 124 -, T2 weighted images 125 - , xanthogranulomatous infectious

process 119 MRI-examinations, acute glomerulo-

nephritis 116 -, benign lesions 116 - , chronic hydronephrosis 116 - , chronic ureteral obstruction 116 -, corticomedullary demarcation 116 - , cysts 117 - , differences in signal intensity 116 - , hemorrhagic cysts 117 - , hydronephrosis 116, 117 - , "milk of calcium" 117,118 - , normal kidney 116 -, polycystic kidneys 119 -, renal edema 116 -, renal vein thrombosis 116 -, simple cysts 117 - , T1 relaxation times 116 MRI -investigations, perirenal he­

morrhage 120 - , subcapsular renal hemorrhage 120 multicystic dysplasia 70

multiple, endocrine neoplasias (MEN) 54

multiple myeloma, renal 9 myelogenous leukemia, renal involve­

ment 9 myelolipoma, adrenal 58 -, CT appearance 164

necrotic areas 93 nephroblastoma 23, 100, 103 -, behavior 35 -, cause 27 -, cavography 203 -, clinical manifestations 201 -, clinical symptoms 201 - , clinical TNM classification 202 -, cystic, partially differentiated 32 -, DSA 204 - , epidemiology 27 - , grading 35 - , histological types 31,32 - , incidence rate 201 -, metastases 31, 35 - , morphology 27ff. - , operative therapy 201 -, pathological distribution of Wilms'

tumors 201 -, pathology 201 - , rhabdomyomatous, fetal 33 -, sonography 204 -, spread 35 -, staging 35 -, staging system 201 -, tubular 32 - , variants 32 nephroblastomatosis 36 nephroma, congenital mesoblastic 32 nephroplastoma, computerized tomo-

graphy 202 - , intravenous pyelography 202 - , sonography 202 neuroblastoma 49ff., 101, 102, 147 -, adrenal 167 -, age groups 241 - , benign ganglioneuroma 166 - , biochemistry 243 -, catecholamines determination 243 - , cell lines 242 -, cell surface antigens 243 -, cell-mediated immunity 243 -, chemotherapy 246 -, chromosomal abnormalities 242 -, clinical symptoms 244 -, combined treatment modalities

247 -, cytogenetic abnormalities 242 - , density 100 - , diagnosis 246 -, differential diagnosis 245 -, electron microscopy 242 -, esthesioneuroblastoma 244 - , etiology 241 - , excretion level of catecholamine

metabolites 246 - , fetal hydantoin syndrome 242 - , fluorescence assay for intracellular

catecholamines 243

-, follow-up period 247 -, frequency 241 -, ganglioneuroblastoma 241 -, ganglioneuroma 241 -, grading 242 -, histologic grade of differentiation

42 -, hormone production 243 -, Homer syndrome 244 -, hydronephrosis 101 -, intracranial 244 -, intrathoracic neuroblastomas

245 -, intrathoracic primaries 244 -, malignant neuroblastoma 166 -, marrow aspiration 246 -, metastatic 149 -, myoclonus-opsoclonus-encephalo-

pathy 244 -, neurogenic tumor 102 -, oncogenic factors 242 -, paraneoplastic syndrome 244 -, paraneoplastic syndromes 244 -, pathologic anatomy 242 -, pheochromocytoma 242 -, radiographic examination 246 -, recurrence of tumor 247 -, ring appearance 100 -, serum ferritin 246 -, serum-ferritin 243 -, spinal cord compression 244 -, spontaneous differentiation

243 - , spontaneous regression 243 -, staging 246 -, staging procedure by CT 168 -, sympathicoblastoma 241 -, sympathicogonioma 166,241 -, teratogenic factors 242 -, therapeutic procedure 246 -, treatment 167 - , ultrasound examination 148 -, unusual primary tumor 244 -, vanilmandelic acid 243 -, x-ray findings 245 neuroblastoma sympathicum 241 Nicmann-Pick disease 147 nodular renal blastema 36

oncocytoma, renal 11, 95, 99 osteogenic sarcoma, renal 9

pancreatic pseudocysts 78 papilloma, pelvic 36 -, -, inverted 36 pelvic carcinoma, renal 36ff. peri- and paranephritic abscesses,

acute abscess 103 - , necrosis 103 - , so-called air pockets 103 perirenal lesions 77 pheochromocytoma 54ff., 151 APUDomas 189 -, characteristics of adrenergic

tumor 188 - , lesions other than adrenergic tu­

mors 188

pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland, nodular enlargement 150

- , ultrasound examination 150 pheochromocytomas, bilateral 167,

187 -, CT evaluation 165 - , ectopically positioned 166 - , familial 165 -, MEA I syndrome 165 -, MEA II syndrome 165 -, multiple endocrine adenomatosis

type I (Wermer's syndrome) 165 -, organs of Zuckerkandl 165 - , sensitivity of mIBG scintigraphy

187 -, Sipple's syndrome 165 -, sites of metastases 187 plasmocytoma, renal 9,95 polycystic disease, adult 72 -, diagnosis 73 -, honeycomb echo pattern 72 -, infantile and juvenile 73 -, kidney 73 -, microcysts 72 -, pepper and salt pattern 73 polyp, fibroepithe1ial 36 poorly vascularized tumors, chemical

analysis 92 -, cytologic analysis 92 prenatal Wilms' tumor, bilateral 225 - , clinically silent tumors 223 -, coincidence 224 -, cytostatic treatment 226 - , development 224 -, diagnosis 225 -, displacement of the intestinal loop

226 -, familiar disposition 224 -, fetal alcohol syndrome 224 -, fetal leukemia 227 - , grading 227 -, histologic differentiation 227 -, inborn immunopathies 224 -, inborn tumor 223 -, incidence of tumors 223 - , individualized therapy 226 - , large abdomen 225 -, long-term side effects 227 -, macroscopic extension 224 -, mutational process 225 -, neuroblastoma in situ 223 -, pathogenesis 223 -, prenatally malignant tumors 223 - , prognosis 227 -, radiation treatment 226 -, related disorders 226 - , scoliosis of the spine 227 -, spontaneous regression of tumors

223 -, spread into the maternal circula-

tion 224 - , staging 224, 227 - , therapy and complications 226 -, transfer of neuroblastoma cells

223 -, tumor nephrectomy 226 preoperative selective angiography 92

Subject Index 273

primary aldosteronism, scan pattern 183

primary aldosteronism (Conn's syn-drome) 161

adrenal cortical adenoma 162 -, and adrenal carcinoma 162 - , "idiopathic aldosteronism" 162 primary diagnosis, i.v. urogram 81 primary neuroblastoma, calcification

in CT 167 -, CT-evaluation 167 pseudotumorous mass lesions vs renal

tumor, differential diagnostic 103 - , inflammatory disease (nephritis,

carbuncle) 103 -, recent infarction 103 -, sequential CT 103 -, spontaneous hemorrhage 103 - , vascular lesions 103 pseudotumors of different origin,

acute hemorrhage of the kidney 95, 110

-, bilateral cystic mass lesion 107 -, cystic tumor 109 -, hypertrophied tail 106 -, intrarenal hemorrhage 109 -, intrarenal hematoma 111 -, nephritis 112 -, pancreas 106 - , protein-containing cyst 109 - , recurrent macro hematuria 110 -, space-occupying lesion 112 -, therapeutic embolisation 106 - , treatment with anticoagulants

106 punctate 92 pyelonephritis, xanthogranuloma­

tous 24

radiopharmaceuticals, adrenal corti­cal imaging 173

-, adrenal imaging agents 173 -, analysis of all three zones of the

adrenal cortex 173 -, catecholamine secretion 173 -, dosimetry of 174 - , gamma emitters 173 - , glomerular filtration 173 - , iodocholesterol 173 - , norepinephrine for chromaffin tis-

sue imaging 173 - , patterns of uptake 173 -, renal imaging agent 173 -, tubular secretion 173 renal angiosarcoma 6 renal involvement by hemoblastoses,

Hodgkin's disease 9 - , malignant lymphoma 9 renal leiomyoma 1 -, leiomyosarcoma 5 renal malignant fibrous histiocytoma

8 renal pelvis, adenocarcinoma 40 -, carcinoma 36ff. -, - , causes 37 - , - , epidemiology 37 - , - , grading 41

274 Subject Index

renal pelvis, carcinoma, prognosis 42

-, -, spread 42 -, -, staging 42 -, carcino sarcoma 41 -, fibroepithelial polyp 36 -, inverted papilloma 36 -, papilloma 36 -, squamous epithelial carcinoma 38 -, transitional carcinoma 38 -, tumors 36ff -, undifferentiated carcinoma 38 renal abscess, bacterial endocarditis

106 renal carcinoma, cystic poorly vascu­

larized 92 renal cell carcinoma, adjunctive

nephrectomy 198 -, advances in the chemotherapy

215 -, autoradiography 213 -, autotransplantation 197 -, Bench surgery 197 -, bilateral hypernephroma 210 -, chemotherapy 215 -, chemotherapy in hypernephroma

215 -, chromosome ploidy 209 -, chronic renal failure 196 -, clear 209 -, clinicopathological studies 214 -, collateral drainage of the left renal

vein 196 -, continuous infusion of cytotoxics

216 -, curative therapy 211 -, degree of differentiation 216 -, detection of low-stage tumors 198 -, direct spread 210 -, disseminated renal carcinoma 198 -, distant metastases 212 -, dosage tolerance of the neighboring

organs 214 -, dose-dependence of side effects

213 -, embolization 209 -, embolization of the tumor-bearing

kidney 194 -, enucleation of the tumor 197 -, enucleative surgery in renal cell

carcinoma 197 -, epidemiological study 209 -, extension of tumor thrombus 196 -, familial disposition 210 -, fate of patients 211 -, five-year survival rates 197 -, frequency of metastasis involving

lymph nodes 195 -, gastrointestinal tract 215 -, granular 209 -, histopathologic techniques 197 -, history of hypernephroma 209 -, hormone therapy 216 -, hypernephroma 209, 210 -, immunotherapy 198 -, improvement of the immunologic

response 194

-, incidence of disease in the lymph nodes 210

-, intestinal complications 215 -, introduction of ultrasound screen-

ing 211 -, involvement of the inferior 196 -, irradiation of the retroperitoneum

211 -, isodose pattern 215 -, late recurrence of the tumor 211 -, ligation of the left renal 196 -, limited lymphadenectomy 195 -, liver metastases are 210 -, local recurrence 211 ff -, long-term preoperative irradiation

212 -, lumbar nodes 195 -, lymph node dissection 195 -, lymph node metastases 213 -, lymph-node metastasis 195 -, lymphadenectomy performed 195 -, metastases of the brain 213 -, metastatic spread of hyperneph-

roma 210 -, microangiographic 197 - , mimicking Budd-Chiari syndrome

210 -, mixed cell types 209 -, morbidity 194 -, mortality 194 -, nonoperative treatment 209 -, of positive progesterone receptor

status 217 -, operative mortality 193 -, operative procedure 193 -, organ-preserving operation 196 -, organ-preserving surgery 198 -, overall survival rate 197 -, palliative nephrectomy 197 -, palliative radiotherapy 213 -, para-aortal lymph node involve-

ment 74 -, para-aortic 210 -, paracaval lymph nodes 210 -, partial nephrectomy 196, 197, 198 -, perinephric fat involvement 196 -, polychemotherapy 216 -, poorly vascularized 85 -, postoperative progesterone

therapy 194 -, postoperative radiotherapy 211,

212 -, preoperative embolization 193,

194 -, preoperative infarction 193 -, preoperative radiotherapy 212 -, preoperative renal artery occlu-

sion 194 -, pretherapeutic testing of cytoto­

xics 216 -, proliferation kinetics 209 -, prolongation of the radiosensitive

G 2 phaseof 217 -, pseudocapsule 197 -, pulmonary thromboembolism 196 -, radiation dosage 214 -, radiation fractioning 212

-, radiation tolerance 215 -, radiation tolerance of the liver

214 -, radical lymph node dissection 195 -, radical nephrectomy 195, 196, 198 -, radiogenic myelitis 214 -, radiosensitivity 211 -, radiosensitizing effect 217 -, radiotherapy 211 -, radiotherapy for hypernephroma

214 -, randomized prospective study of

preoperative radiotherapy 212 -, rate of DNA synthesis 213 -, remission rates 217 -, removal of the tumor thrombus

196 -, renal allotransplantation 197 -, renal blastema 209 -, renal congestive proteinuria 196 -, renal failure 196 -, renal parenchyma 197 -, renal tumors 209 -, response rate to chemotherapy

215 -, response to hormone therapy 217 -, retroperitoneal lymph node dissec-

tion 195 -, risk of local recurrence 212 -, short-term preoperative irradia-

tion 213 -, side effects to hormone therapy

217 -, signs of malignancy 209 -, skeletal metastases 210 -, slow-growig tumors 216 -, sonographic criteria 73, 74 -, spontaneous remission after tumor

nephrectomy 197 -, stabilizing effects of radiation

therapy 213 -, stage III 88 -, staging 133 -, staging of tumorous growth 82 -, surgical management of 193 -, surgical resection of the inferior

vena cava 196 -, survival after partial nephrectomy

197 -, survival expectancy 197 -, survival of patients with lymph

node metastasis 195 -, survival rates of pre- and post-

operatively irradiated patients 212 -, target volume 214 -, technique of biaxial rotation 215 -, thoracoabdominal approach 193 -, transcatheter embolization with ra-

dioactive infarct particles 133 -, transperitoneal approach 193 -, transverse subcostal incision 193 -, triad 211 -, tumor extension into the inferior

vena cava 195 -, tumor invasion 74 -, tumor invasion of the inferior vena

cava 196

-, tumor reduction 212 -, tumor regression 217 -, tumor remission rates 216 -, tumor thrombus 195 -, vascular pedicle 193 renal cell carcinoma stage III-IV, de-

marcation 87 -, extension of a large tumor 87 -, small rim of enhancement 87 renal cell carcinomas, biology 259 renal imaging agents, DMSA 174 -, dosimetry 174 -, DTPA 174 -, gamma emitter 174 -, GLH 174 -,OIH 174 -, renal clearance rates 174 -, 99mtechnetium-labeled radiophar-

maceuticals 174 renal mass, different zones of atte-

nuation 85 renal neoplasms, prognosis 90 -, cell carcinomas 90 renal tumors, classification 90 -, diagnostic procedure 79 -, hypernephroma 90 -, prognosis of survival by stages

90 -, staging 90 renomedullary interstitial cell tumor

5 retroperitoneallymphomas 100 rhabdoid sarcoma, renal 34 rhabdomyomatous nephroblastoma,

fetal 33 rhabdomyosarcoma, renal 34

sarcoma, renal, clear cell 34 -, -, rhabdoid 34 scintigraphic studies of renal and

adrenal function, abnormal func­tion 173ff

-, distribution of the radiopharma-ceutical 173 ff

-, functional status 173 -, high spatial resolution 173 -, localization of tumors 173 -, metabolism and pharmacology

173 -, radiodiagnostic probes 173 -, sensitivity of biochemical analysis

173 -, specific radiopharmaceuticals 173 -, target tissues 173 sonographic criteria of renal tumors,

ascites 74 -, involvement of the renal vein 74 -, lymphatic spread 74 -, mosility of the kidney 74 -, pleural effusions 74 -, renal sinus 74 spiro lactone bodies 44, 45 Stauffer's syndrome 15 syndrome, adreno-cortical, congeni­

tal 43 -, adrenogenital 43

-, Conn's 44 -, Cushing's 43 -, feminizing 44 -, Stauffer's 15

transitional cell carcinoma 98 tuberous sclerosis, angiomyolipoma

2 tumor embolization 81 tumor invading vena cava 93 tumor spread, blockade of large ves-

sels 93 -, neighboring structures 93 tumors, cytoplasmic content 90 -, extent of invasion 90 -, histological grading 90 -, invading neighbouring organic

structures 90 -, tumor spread 90 -, ultrasound 90 tumors of the collecting systems, bor-

derline signs 98 -, "cystic" lesion 99 -, "tumor vessels" 99 tumors of the pelvis 98

ultrasound, adenocarcinoma 75 -, adenomas 75 -, angiomyolipoma 76 -, calcified cysts 71 -, diagnostic accuracy 75 -, diagnostic problems 75 -, extrarenal lesions 78 -, hamartoma 76 -, hydronephrosis 71 -, hyperdense cyst 72 -, lymphomas 76 -,metastases 76 -, multicystic kidney 71 -,oncocytomas 75 -, pancreatic pseudocysts 71 -, parapelvic cysts 71 -, renal artery aneurysms 71 -, renal oncocytomas 75 -, seromas 78 -, transitional cell carcinoma of the

kidney 77 -, tuberous sclerosis 76 -, urinomas 78 -, Wilms' tumor 75, 77 ultrasound diagnosis, cysts 69 - , pansonography 69 -, real-time scanning 69 -, technique of examination 69

variation in adrenal shape in CT 159

Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome 147

Wilms' tumor 149, 223ff -, prenatal 223ff actinomycin therapy 253 -, adjuvant treatment 253 -, bilateral 255 -, bilateral nephrectomy 255

Subject Index 275

-, bilateral partitial nephrectomies 255

-, bilateral tumor 204 -, bilateral tumor disease 205 - , biopsies 204 -, chemotherapy 204, 253, 256 -, clinical stages 204 -, combination therapy 253 -, computerized tomography 202 - , CT examinations 103 -, diagnosis 251 -, diagnostic imaging 204 -, disease-free survival 254 -, dissection of the tumor vessels 206 -, en bloc dissection 204 -, extrarenal 206 -, follow-up of stages 207 -, heminephrectomy 205 -, histologic type 252 -, intraoperative complications 206 -, intravenous pyelography 202 -, i.v. urogram 103 -, long-term results 206 -, lymph node dissection 205 -, metastatic 256 -, metastatic disease 204, 255 -, national study staging system 252 -, national Wilms' tumor study

group 251 -, nonsurgical management 251 -, operative technique 204 -, operative therapy 204 -, partial nephrectomy 205 -, partial resection of it 204 -, patient treatment 254 -, postoperative irradiation 252, 255 -, postoperative radiotherapy 256 -, postoperative systemic therapy

253 -, postoperative treatment 207 -, pre- and post-contrast 104 -, preoperative treatment 204 -, prognostic factors 251 -, radiation therapy 252 - , radiotherapy 204 -, relapse-free survival rate 253 -, schedule for radiation and chemo-

therapy 253 -, second-look procedure 204 -, sonography 202 -, staging system 251 -, surgery 204 -, surgery of metastases 206 -, survival rates 251 -, therapeutic modalities 254, 255 - , therapy 252 -, treatment 204 -, treatment of recurrent disease 256 -, treatment protocols 207 -, tumor enucleation 205 -, tumor-free survival 251 -, vena cava 204 Wolman's disease 147

xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) 24, 103