Sub-regional Economic Sub-regional Economic Cooperation : Implications Cooperation : Implications for Central Asia and South for Central Asia and South

CaucasusCaucasus

Mya ThanMya Than

Regionalism: ConditionsRegionalism: Conditions

Countries must haveCountries must have

1. Geographical proximity1. Geographical proximity

2. Cooperation of countries either in 2. Cooperation of countries either in economic, political or social fieldseconomic, political or social fields

3. Setting up a regional cooperation for the 3. Setting up a regional cooperation for the achievement of common purposesachievement of common purposes

Regional Economic Cooperation Regional Economic Cooperation & Integration& Integration

1.1. MembersMembers: Transnational economic region (or : Transnational economic region (or sub-region) established by 2 or more countries sub-region) established by 2 or more countries or territoriesor territories

2. 2. ObjectiveObjective: To promote free movement of factors : To promote free movement of factors of production & effective distribution of outputs of production & effective distribution of outputs

3. 3. MechanismMechanism: To gain from economy of scale: To gain from economy of scale

Economic Cooperation and Integration Economic Cooperation and Integration 6 stages from Economic Cooperation to Economic 6 stages from Economic Cooperation to Economic

IntegrationIntegration Harmonization: to adjust trade policies to minimize Harmonization: to adjust trade policies to minimize

discriminationdiscrimination Free Trade Area (FTA): to remove tariffs between the partners Free Trade Area (FTA): to remove tariffs between the partners

without adopting a common tariff policy without adopting a common tariff policy Customs Union (CU): FTA adopting a common tariff policy Customs Union (CU): FTA adopting a common tariff policy

against third countriesagainst third countries Common Market (CM): CU removing restrictions on factor Common Market (CM): CU removing restrictions on factor

movementmovement Economic Union (EU): CM coordinating their policies on fiscal, Economic Union (EU): CM coordinating their policies on fiscal,

monetary, etc.monetary, etc. Economic Integration: Extreme type of Economic Cooperation Economic Integration: Extreme type of Economic Cooperation

when policy matters and their implementation is governed by when policy matters and their implementation is governed by some supra-national agency some supra-national agency

Forms of Regional Economic Forms of Regional Economic Cooperation/IntegrationCooperation/Integration

FormsForms Free intra-Free intra- Common Common Free factor Common Free factor Common tradetrade trade policytrade policy mobilitymobility

monetary & monetary &

fiscal fiscal policypolicy

FTAFTA YesYes NoNo NoNo No No

Customs UnionCustoms Union YesYes YesYes NoNo No No

Common MarketCommon Market YesYes YesYes YesYes No No

Economic UnionEconomic Union YesYes YesYes YesYes Yes Yes

Free Trade Area (FTA)Free Trade Area (FTA)

DefinitionDefinition: Economic cooperation between two or : Economic cooperation between two or more countries within the region or outside the more countries within the region or outside the region by removing tariffs between partners region by removing tariffs between partners without adopting a common tariff policy.without adopting a common tariff policy.

Objectives of FTAsObjectives of FTAs Greater market access in goods and servicesGreater market access in goods and services Increased investment opportunitiesIncreased investment opportunities Reduction in Business costsReduction in Business costs

Formation of FTAs in Southeast AsiaFormation of FTAs in Southeast Asia

World TotalWorld Total 250 (2002)250 (2002)300 (2005) estimates300 (2005) estimates

East Asia TotalEast Asia Total 72 (2003)72 (2003)SignedSigned 2020Under negotiationUnder negotiation 2020Under studyUnder study 1919ProposedProposed 1313

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia 5151SignedSigned 1414Under negotiationUnder negotiation 2323Under studyUnder study 1212ProposedProposed 2 2

Building Blocks for FTAsBuilding Blocks for FTAs

Push factorsPush factors Competition for export markets in the face of increasing Competition for export markets in the face of increasing

FTAs in other regionsFTAs in other regions Rising of ChinaRising of China The end of the Cold War/Thawing of political tensionThe end of the Cold War/Thawing of political tension Obstacles in trade liberalization under GATT/WTO (eg., Obstacles in trade liberalization under GATT/WTO (eg.,

Doha Round)Doha Round)

Pull factorsPull factors Transformation of former command/controlled Transformation of former command/controlled

economies into market-oriented economieseconomies into market-oriented economies Increase or maintain market accessIncrease or maintain market access Promotion of economic or other types of cooperationPromotion of economic or other types of cooperation

Conditions for enjoying benefitsConditions for enjoying benefits

Trade liberalizationTrade liberalization Trade and Investment facilitationTrade and Investment facilitation Economic cooperationEconomic cooperation HarmonizationHarmonization

Impacts of East Asian FTAsImpacts of East Asian FTAsPositive impactsPositive impacts Trade creation effectTrade creation effect Improved terms of tradeImproved terms of trade Increase in economic welfareIncrease in economic welfare Trade diversion effect will be reducedTrade diversion effect will be reduced Increased business access to members’ marketsIncreased business access to members’ markets Economy of scalesEconomy of scales Competition enhancing effectCompetition enhancing effect FDI creation effect (among member countries)FDI creation effect (among member countries) Promotion of regionalizationPromotion of regionalization

Negative ImpactsNegative Impacts Extra-ASEAN trade expands faster than intra-ASEAN Extra-ASEAN trade expands faster than intra-ASEAN

tradetrade

Interdependence: Intra-Regional Trade Interdependence: Intra-Regional Trade (%)(%)**

19901990 19951995 2000200020032003

ASEANASEAN 18.018.0 21.021.0 22.822.822.322.3

ASEAN+3ASEAN+3 28.628.6 37.137.1 37.337.3 38.938.9

NAFTANAFTA 37.337.3 42.042.0 46.946.944.944.9

EU (25)EU (25) 65.265.2 65.265.2 64.664.666.166.1

Mercosur Mercosur - - - - 17 17 - -

* Total trade as % of their total world trade* Total trade as % of their total world trade

Stumbling Blocks for FTAs in East AsiaStumbling Blocks for FTAs in East Asia

PoliticalPolitical Different political systemsDifferent political systems Lack of strong political willLack of strong political will Territorial disputesTerritorial disputes Nuclear issue (PR Korea)Nuclear issue (PR Korea)

HistoricalHistorical Historical baggageHistorical baggage Visits to a War ShrineVisits to a War Shrine

Stumbling Blocks for FTAs in East Asia Stumbling Blocks for FTAs in East Asia (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

EconomicEconomic Different economic systemsDifferent economic systems Different development levelsDifferent development levels Different legal systemsDifferent legal systems Likely opposition from non-competitive sectorsLikely opposition from non-competitive sectors Two-speed ASEAN in terms of trade Two-speed ASEAN in terms of trade

liberalizationliberalization

TechnicalTechnical Spagetti Bowl effectSpagetti Bowl effect

Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

I. Economic GeographyI. Economic Geography1. Growth Triangle1. Growth Triangle(a) IMS-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore)(a) IMS-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore)(b) IMT-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand)(b) IMT-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand)

2. Growth Quadrangle 2. Growth Quadrangle (a) Golden Quadrangle (Yunnan-Laos-Myanmar-Thailand)(a) Golden Quadrangle (Yunnan-Laos-Myanmar-Thailand)(b) BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines)(b) BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines)Or (East ASEAN Growth Area)Or (East ASEAN Growth Area)

Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia (Cont’d) (Cont’d)

II. River-based CooperationII. River-based Cooperation

1. GMS (Greater Mekong Sub-regional Eco. 1. GMS (Greater Mekong Sub-regional Eco. Cooperation)Cooperation)(Cambodia, Laos-Myanmar-Thailand-Yunnan-(Cambodia, Laos-Myanmar-Thailand-Yunnan-Vietnam)Vietnam)

2. ACMECS (Cambodia-Laos-Myanmar-Thailand-2. ACMECS (Cambodia-Laos-Myanmar-Thailand-Vietnam) Or (Ayeyawady-Chao Phra-Mekong Vietnam) Or (Ayeyawady-Chao Phra-Mekong Eco. Cooperation Strategy)Eco. Cooperation Strategy)

3. MG-EC (Mekong Ganga Eco. Cooperation) 3. MG-EC (Mekong Ganga Eco. Cooperation) (Mekong Countries and India)(Mekong Countries and India)

Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Sub-regional Economic Cooperation in Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia (Cont’d) (Cont’d)

III. Cross-subregional CooperationIII. Cross-subregional Cooperation

1. BIMST-EC (Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral 1. BIMST-EC (Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral Technological Eco. Cooperation) Technological Eco. Cooperation) (Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Myanmar-(Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Myanmar-Nepal-Sri lanka-Thailand)Nepal-Sri lanka-Thailand)

GROWTH TRIANGLEGROWTH TRIANGLE

ConceptConcept: To link three areas with different factor : To link three areas with different factor endowments and different comparative advantages for a endowments and different comparative advantages for a larger region with greater potential for economic growth.larger region with greater potential for economic growth.

DefinitionDefinition: A sub-regional economic zone encompassing : A sub-regional economic zone encompassing geographically contigous areas of two or more countries geographically contigous areas of two or more countries in the economic integration process which involves the in the economic integration process which involves the flow of goods, services, investment and people. GTs flow of goods, services, investment and people. GTs also could be considered as “cross-border economic also could be considered as “cross-border economic zones”. zones”.

RationaleRationale: To exploit the complementarities of the : To exploit the complementarities of the geographically contiguous areas to achieve accelerated geographically contiguous areas to achieve accelerated economic development by means of enhancing economic development by means of enhancing competitiveness of participating areas and of promoting competitiveness of participating areas and of promoting their exports in the global marketplace their exports in the global marketplace

Types of Growth TrianglesTypes of Growth Triangles

1. Metropolitan Spillover into Hinterland1. Metropolitan Spillover into Hinterland(IMS-GT, IMT-GT)(IMS-GT, IMT-GT)

2. Joint Development of Natural Resources2. Joint Development of Natural Resources(GMS)(GMS)

3. Common Geo-political Interest3. Common Geo-political Interest (ASEAN before 1997)(ASEAN before 1997)

Sub-regional Eco. Cooperation Arrangements:Sub-regional Eco. Cooperation Arrangements:Growth Triangles and Other Cooperation ArrangementsGrowth Triangles and Other Cooperation Arrangements

GMS IMS-GT IMT-GT EAEG/ BIMP ACMECS BIMSTEC

Estb: 1992 1989 1993 1994 2004 1997

Popn:Mil 245 35 25 50 124 1,252

Area (sq.km)

2.3 mil 0.33mil 0.23mil 1.56mil 1.61mil 4.69mil

GNP ($bil)

226.7 29.6 31.8 27.8 14.0 64.1

Type Formal, state, natural

Formal, non-state, natural

Informal, state, natural

Informal, state, constructed

Formal, natural

Formal, state

Actors Govts:, ADB

Private Govts, ADB Govts, ADB Formal, natural

Formal, state

Objectives Infrstr,,trade FDI& devl.

Infrastr.Trade, FDI

FDI, eco.Develop.

Eco.Develop-ment

Infrastr.,Trade,FDI

Infrastr.,Trade.Tourism

Achieve-ments

Infrastruc,HydropowerNavigation managementtourism

Infrastr.FDI,jobs

Eco. Growth,HRD,Tourism

Joint-FDI &projects

Infrastr.,Trade,Loans from Thailand

FTA in2007

MOTIVATING FACTORSMOTIVATING FACTORS

Geographical Proximities/Existence of old trade routesGeographical Proximities/Existence of old trade routes Historical LinksHistorical Links Cultural Proximities and Ethnic TiesCultural Proximities and Ethnic Ties Economic ComplementaritiesEconomic Complementarities Thawing of Political TensionsThawing of Political Tensions Economic Reforms in Formerly Command/Controlled Economic Reforms in Formerly Command/Controlled

EconomiesEconomies Rising of China and India/Competition for Foreign Rising of China and India/Competition for Foreign

InvestmentInvestment Emergence of Regional and Sub-regional Groupings and Emergence of Regional and Sub-regional Groupings and

Trade BlocsTrade Blocs Fear of ProtectionismFear of Protectionism

Challenges and IssuesChallenges and IssuesPoliticalPolitical Different political systemsDifferent political systems Lack of political willLack of political will Territorial disputesTerritorial disputes

HistoricalHistorical Historical baggageHistorical baggage

Cultural Cultural Common ethnicityCommon ethnicity Common/similar cultureCommon/similar culture

Challenges and IssuesChallenges and IssuesEconomicEconomic Different economic systemsDifferent economic systems Different levels of developmentDifferent levels of development Different financial and banking systems and legal systemsDifferent financial and banking systems and legal systems Likely opposition from non-competitive sectorsLikely opposition from non-competitive sectors

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Degradation of environmentDegradation of environment

Cross-border IssuesCross-border Issues Illegal tradeIllegal trade Human traffickingHuman trafficking Drug traffickingDrug trafficking Spread of HIV/AIDS Spread of HIV/AIDS

Key Factors behind the Success of Key Factors behind the Success of Growth TrianglesGrowth Triangles

Economic ComplementarityEconomic Complementarity Geographical proximityGeographical proximity Political Commitment and Policy Political Commitment and Policy

CoordinationCoordination Infrastructure DevelopmentInfrastructure Development

GTs Complement the FTAsGTs Complement the FTAs GT as a form of regional cooperation provides competitive model to GT as a form of regional cooperation provides competitive model to

attract investment and technology as well as building block towards attract investment and technology as well as building block towards FTA.FTA.

GT as a starter, with relatively less rigid and formal cooperation GT as a starter, with relatively less rigid and formal cooperation structure as compared to FTA, is expected to be more innovative, structure as compared to FTA, is expected to be more innovative, flexible, and most importantly always ready to attend to the ever-flexible, and most importantly always ready to attend to the ever-changing needs of investors and alike.changing needs of investors and alike.

GT as a strategy promoted by those regional leaders keen on GT as a strategy promoted by those regional leaders keen on expanding “embedded exportism” and by global enterprises involved expanding “embedded exportism” and by global enterprises involved in international production see it as having a “facilitating effect” upon in international production see it as having a “facilitating effect” upon “open regionalism” championed in the Bogor declaration.“open regionalism” championed in the Bogor declaration.

GT has become a building block towards free trade arrangements GT has become a building block towards free trade arrangements since the changes that are manifested in the growth triangle strategy since the changes that are manifested in the growth triangle strategy provide supports for ASEAN’s FTAs and APEC’s free trade plans.provide supports for ASEAN’s FTAs and APEC’s free trade plans.

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)(IMT-GT)

What Is IMT-GTWhat Is IMT-GT

Early attempt at economic cooperation and integration in ASEAN.Early attempt at economic cooperation and integration in ASEAN.

Formally endorsed by all 3 governments’ heads of IMT-GT nations in 1993.Formally endorsed by all 3 governments’ heads of IMT-GT nations in 1993.

Expected to boost economic, social and cultural ties between their areas.Expected to boost economic, social and cultural ties between their areas.

The private sector is expected to drive the economic agenda & the The private sector is expected to drive the economic agenda & the development of the IMT-GT by supporting and facilitating its activities.development of the IMT-GT by supporting and facilitating its activities.

IMT-GT Joint Business Council (JBC) was inaugurated in 1995 as the IMT-GT Joint Business Council (JBC) was inaugurated in 1995 as the official vehicle to mobilize private sector participation.official vehicle to mobilize private sector participation.

ADB took initiatives to conduct a detailed feasibility study and formulated ADB took initiatives to conduct a detailed feasibility study and formulated the framework for cooperation.the framework for cooperation.

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand-Growth Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand-Growth TriangleTriangle

Goals of IMT-GTGoals of IMT-GT: :

Overall goal of the IMT-GT is to accelerate private sector-led Overall goal of the IMT-GT is to accelerate private sector-led economic growth in the IMT-GT region by:economic growth in the IMT-GT region by:

increasing trade and investment by exploitation the underlying increasing trade and investment by exploitation the underlying economic complementarities and comparative advantages;economic complementarities and comparative advantages;

increasing exports to the rest of the world by enhancing increasing exports to the rest of the world by enhancing competitiveness for exports and investment;competitiveness for exports and investment;

increasing the welfare of the people by creating employment, increasing the welfare of the people by creating employment, educational, social, and cultural opportunities in the IMT-GT educational, social, and cultural opportunities in the IMT-GT region; andregion; and

Encouraging the private sector to play a leading role, while the Encouraging the private sector to play a leading role, while the public sector facilities and supports as much as possible.public sector facilities and supports as much as possible.

IMT-GT: MembersIMT-GT: Members

IndonesiaIndonesia:: 1994: North Sumatera and Aceh1994: North Sumatera and Aceh 2005: Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatra Barat, Bangka Belitung, 2005: Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatra Barat, Bangka Belitung,

Riau,Kepulauan Raiu, Lampung, Sumatera Selatan, Kepulauan NatunaRiau,Kepulauan Raiu, Lampung, Sumatera Selatan, Kepulauan Natuna (The entire island of Sumatra is included in the IMT-GT)(The entire island of Sumatra is included in the IMT-GT)

MalaysiaMalaysia:: 1994: Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Selangor 1994: Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Selangor 2005: Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Selangor Kedah, Perlis, Perak, 2005: Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Selangor Kedah, Perlis, Perak,

Pulau Pinang, Selangor Melaka, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Pulau Pinang, Selangor Melaka, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, (Kuala Lumpur can also be considered as an IMT-GT market due to its (Kuala Lumpur can also be considered as an IMT-GT market due to its

location and proximity to Selangor)location and proximity to Selangor)

ThailandThailand:: 1994: Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, Songhla, Pattani1994: Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, Songhla, Pattani 2005: Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, Songhla, Pattani, Trang, Nakhon Sri 2005: Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, Songhla, Pattani, Trang, Nakhon Sri

Thammarat, PattulungThammarat, Pattulung Potential Consumer BasePotential Consumer Base: 100 million: 100 million

IMT-GT: Selected Economic IndicatorsIMT-GT: Selected Economic Indicators

CountryCountry Population Population (‘000)(‘000)

Area (‘000 Area (‘000 sq.km)sq.km)

GDP$ bil.GDP$ bil. GDP/GDP/

Cap$Cap$

IndonesiaIndonesia 219,142219,142 1,904,6001,904,600 (’92)109,481 (’92)109,481 (’04)261,267 (’04)261,267

573 1573 1,193,193

MalaysiaMalaysia 26,20726,207 329,800329,800 (’92) 53,454(’92) 53,454 (’04) 121,175 (’04) 121,175

2,846 2,846 4,6254,625

ThailandThailand 64,99464,994 513,100513,100 (’92) 89,391(’92) 89,391

(’04) 164,905(’04) 164,905 1,548 1,548 2,5372,537

IMT-GT: Selected Social IndicatorsIMT-GT: Selected Social Indicators

CountryCountry Literacy Rate Literacy Rate (’90)(’90) (’04) (’04)

Life Expectancy Life Expectancy (’98) (’04) (’98) (’04)

Fertility Rate Fertility Rate (Both Sex) (Both Sex)

(’99) (’03)(’99) (’03)

IndonesiaIndonesia (M) 89.6(M) 89.6 98.5 98.5 (F)(F) 78.7 78.7 97.6 97.6

62.6 62.6 66.7 66.7

66.5 66.5 70.7 70.7

2.5 2.12.5 2.1

MalaysiaMalaysia (M) 87.0 97.2 (M) 87.0 97.2 (F) 74.6 97.3(F) 74.6 97.3

69.7 70.0 7469.7 70.0 74.8 76.4.8 76.4

3.1 23.1 2..9 9

ThailandThailand (M) 95.6(M) 95.6 98.1 98.1 (F)(F) 91.2 97.8 91.2 97.8

66.0 68.0* 66.0 68.0* 72.0 72.0 75.0*75.0*

2.0 1.72.0 1.7

IMT-GT: Foreign Direct InvestmentIMT-GT: Foreign Direct Investment

CountryCountry 19951995 20032003 (95-03)(95-03)

IndonesiaIndonesia 4,3464,346 596596 38,38038,380

MalaysiaMalaysia 5,8155,815 2,4732,473 36,06236,062

ThailandThailand 2,0702,070 1,8691,869 31,92431,924

IMT-GT: Intra Subregional TradeIMT-GT: Intra Subregional Trade(US$Million)(US$Million)

CountryCountry 19981998 20042004 GrowthGrowth

(%)(%)

IndonesiaIndonesia 4,3694,369 12,80712,807 193193

MalaysiaMalaysia 4,9634,963 15,56515,565 214214

ThailandThailand 6,3576,357 16,67716,677 163163

The Public Sectors of the IMT-GTThe Public Sectors of the IMT-GT

Coordinating secretariat in each of the IMT-GT Coordinating secretariat in each of the IMT-GT countries;countries;

Coordinating the activities, plans & progress of Coordinating the activities, plans & progress of their respective ministries and government their respective ministries and government agencies involved in one way another with the agencies involved in one way another with the IMT-GT;IMT-GT;

Holding the annual Senior Officials Meeting Holding the annual Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) and Ministerial Meeting (MM) to take (SOM) and Ministerial Meeting (MM) to take stock of the problems & progress faced by the stock of the problems & progress faced by the IMT-GT; and others.IMT-GT; and others.

The Role of the Private Sector (JBC)The Role of the Private Sector (JBC)

The Joint Business Council (JBC) is the official The Joint Business Council (JBC) is the official representative body for the IMT-GT business community;representative body for the IMT-GT business community;

Created in 1995 with mandate from the IMT-GT Created in 1995 with mandate from the IMT-GT governments;governments;

Meeting three or four time a year on rotation basis;Meeting three or four time a year on rotation basis; Annual JBC meeting in conjunction with the annual IMT-Annual JBC meeting in conjunction with the annual IMT-

GT meeting with Senior Officers Meeting (SOM) and GT meeting with Senior Officers Meeting (SOM) and Ministerial Meeting (MM);Ministerial Meeting (MM);

Instrumental in guiding government policy in IMT-GT Instrumental in guiding government policy in IMT-GT countries in regard to IMT-GT, especially in the areas of countries in regard to IMT-GT, especially in the areas of trade and investment, people mobility, education & trade and investment, people mobility, education & training, tourism, cultural & sports linkages, agriculture training, tourism, cultural & sports linkages, agriculture and fisheries;and fisheries;

The Role of the Private Sector (JBC)The Role of the Private Sector (JBC)(cont’d)(cont’d)

Facilitated an estimated US$3.8 billion worth of Facilitated an estimated US$3.8 billion worth of projects between 1995-2005;projects between 1995-2005;

Mobilize private sector involvement in exploring Mobilize private sector involvement in exploring the many opportunities;the many opportunities;

Coordinate with the IMT-GT governments on the Coordinate with the IMT-GT governments on the issues of mutual concerns;issues of mutual concerns;

Acting as a channel for business information and Acting as a channel for business information and exchange of business opportunities;exchange of business opportunities;

Promote IMT-GT as an attractive investment Promote IMT-GT as an attractive investment destination for foreign investors; among others.destination for foreign investors; among others.

JBC’s AchievementsJBC’s Achievements

Enabling several thousands Indonesians & Thai students Enabling several thousands Indonesians & Thai students to undergo training in Malaysia;to undergo training in Malaysia;

Boosting the number of operators and frequency of Boosting the number of operators and frequency of marine & flight linkages within the IMT-GT;marine & flight linkages within the IMT-GT;

Enabling the “fiscal tax” on Indonesian citizens departing Enabling the “fiscal tax” on Indonesian citizens departing the country to be waived for those departing from any the country to be waived for those departing from any IMT-GT airports;IMT-GT airports;

Getting involved in reconstruction and rehabilitation Getting involved in reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts in tsunami-affective areas;efforts in tsunami-affective areas;

Boosting trade, investment & tourism; among others. Boosting trade, investment & tourism; among others.