Studying Earth Science

Chapter Three: Physical Science Connections

• 3.1 Types of Energy

• 3.2 Heat

• 3.3 Density and Buoyancy

Investigation 3A

• How is convection responsible for the movement of air through the atmosphere?

Convection in Earth’s Atmosphere

3.2 Heat and temperature

• Heat is a form of energy caused by the motion of atoms*.

• Heat is the sum of the kinetic energy of each atom in a sample.

3.2 Temperature

• Temperature is a measure of the average speed of atoms in a sample.

• A thermometer measures the average kinetic energy of the atoms in your body.

3.2 Summary of heat and temperature

• Which method is best for heating the pool?

3.2 How does heat move?

• Convection is the transfer of heat through the motion of gases and liquids such as air and water.

• Warm air tends to rise and cold air tends to sink.

3.2 How does heat move

• Rising warm air provides lift so that hawks can soar.

• When the rising warm air cools, it sinks back to the ground.

• It may get reheated.

3.2 Transfer by conduction

• Conduction is the transfer of heat by the direct contact of atoms and molecules in solids.

Trace the flow of heat energy in this picture.

1. Heat energy from the cocoa is touching the spoon and glass.

2. Heat energy warms the cold spoon, then leaves slowly to air.

3. Heat energy also warms the glass, then leaves quickly to air.

3.2 Transfer by radiation• The heat from the Sun

is necessary for life to exist on Earth

• Heat transfer by radiation occurs without direct contact or movement of atoms.

• Radiation is heat transfer through empty space.

A pot of water being heated by a campfire is warmed by the process of conduction, convection, and radiation!