study of oxygen depletion and negative heterograde formation in raystown lake, pa sharon simpson...
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![Page 1: Study of Oxygen Depletion and Negative Heterograde Formation in Raystown Lake, PA Sharon Simpson Juniata College Huntingdon, Pennsylvania Advisor - Chuck](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d085503460f949d97a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Study of Oxygen Depletion andNegative Heterograde Formation
in Raystown Lake, PA
Sharon Simpson
Juniata College
Huntingdon, Pennsylvania
Advisor - Chuck Yohn
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Raystown Lake
• Reservoir created by Raystown Dam
• Located in Huntingdon and Bedford Counties
• 27 miles long, 118 miles of shoreline
• 8,300 acre surface area
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Spring Oxygen and Temperature Profile
•Lake mixes completely in the spring.
•Mixing oxygenates the lower depths of the lake.
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DO
Temperature (°C) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L O2)
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Typical Oxygen and Temperature Stratification
•Lake stratifies in summer
•No oxygen inputs to the lower depths of the lake.
•Respiration consumes oxygen.
•Oxygen profile measures the health of the lake.
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Typical Oxygen and Temperature Stratification
Metalimnion
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
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The Two Issues
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Negative heterogradeAnoxia
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Research Questions
• What is the extent of the oxygen depletion?
• Where are the inputs of the oxygen depleting materials?
• What is the extent of the negative heterograde?
• Why is the negative heterograde forming?
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Oxygen Depletion
Hypotheses
• Input of oxygen demanding materials
• From where?
1. Recreational use
2. Sediment sliding
3. Stream input
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Research Design• Where are the low DO values?• Where is the highest rate of depletion?• Sampling sites
– 5 Main channel sites (sediment sliding)– 4 Sites near marinas and campgrounds (recreational sites)– 6 Sites in bays of tributaries (stream input sites)
• Sampling– Once a week, May to November– Temperature, DO, and % saturation with YSI DO meter– Readings every 1 m until the bottom or 29 m– Data collection completed within 1-3 day time span
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Sampling Sites
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C1 Raystown DamMile 0
July 13, 1998
I1 Snyder’s RunMile 2
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July 13, 1998
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C2Mile 6
R1 Seven Points MarinaMile 10.5
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R2 Seven Points MarinaMile 10.7
July 13, 1998
C3Mile 13
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I2 James CreekMile 14
July 13, 1998
I3 Trough CreekMile 14.8
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C4Mile 18
July 13, 1998
C5 Entriken BridgeMile 20
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R4 Lake Raystown ResortMile 21.5
July 13, 1998
I5 Shy Beaver CreekMile 21.8
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I6 Juniata RiverMile 24
July 13, 1998
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Rate of Oxygen Depletion vs Distance from Dam
Distance from Dam (miles)
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Rat
e of
Dep
letio
n (a
s sl
ope)
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
r = -0.93, p <0.00
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Concentration of Nitrates vs Distance from Dam
Distance from Dam (miles)
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Nitr
ates
(m
g/L
NO
3- -N
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
r = 0.88, p < 0.00
•Nitrates used as an indicator of nutrient concentrations.
•High nutrient concentration causes oxygen depletion.
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Conclusions
• The major source of oxygen depleting materials to Raystown Lake is at the input of the Juniata River.
• There was no difference in oxygen depletion among the three groups of sites.
• The oxygen depletion pattern is not uncommon for reservoirs (Cole 1990).
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Negative HeterogradeMetalimnetic oxygen minimum
Possible causes studied
1. Flow pattern of river into reservoir
2. Decomposition of suspended organic matter in the metalimnion
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Conductivity a marker of inflow depth
MM 24MM 27
Conductivity Profiles
Conductivity (mhos)
120 160 200 240 280 320 360
Dep
th (
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MM 18
Metalimnion
EpilimnionHigh conductivity values indicate depth of river inflow.
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Expected Seston Valuesif hypothesis is not true
Seston Profile at Mile 6
Concentration of Seston (mg/mL)
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Dep
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Seston Profile at Mile 6
Concentration of Seston (mg/mL)
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Dep
th (
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Depth of lowest dissolved oxygen concentration
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Conclusions
• The metalimnetic oxygen minimum is caused by a collection of organic material in the metalimnion.
• The presence of a metalimnetic oxygen minimum is not uncommon in reservoirs (Cole 1990).
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Acknowledgments• Raystown Field Station - Chuck Yohn
• Pfizer Corporation
• Emily Sowell, Huntingdon High School
• AJ Maurer, Juniata College
• Dr. Paula Martin, Env. Sci and Studies Dep. Juniata College
• Ken Culp, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
• Dr. I. David Reingold, Chemistry Department, Juniata College
• Dr. Elaine Keithan, Biology Department, Bucknell University