study of life classification - wadsworth.k12.oh.us
TRANSCRIPT
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Study of Life
Classification
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Biology 2011-12
The Amazing Diversity of LIFE!!!! • Diversity of Life
–There are so many different creatures on Earth
– Why are there differences?
• Unity of life
–All creatures have similarities
– Common characteristics
– Why are they so alike?
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Biology 2011-12
The Amazing Diversity of LIFE!!!!
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Biology 2011-12
Classifying Life
• The Tree of Life
– Organize creatures
by structure &
function
• How they are built
• How they live
– Organize them into
groups of closely
related creatures
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Biology 2011-12
Classifying Life
Bacteria
&
Archaebacteria
• 6 Kingdom system
– Prokaryotes
• No separate organelles in their cells
• Ex. Bacteria
• Ex. Archaebacteria
– Eukaryotes
• Separate organelles in their cells
• Ex. Protists
• Ex. Plants
• Ex. Fungi
• Ex. Animals
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
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Biology 2011-12
Classifying Life
Kingdom
Protist
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Plant
Kingdom
Animal
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Biology 2011-12
Classifying Life
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
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Biology 2011-12
Science History Moment
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
Swedish botanist
Took complex system and simplified
• Binomial nomenclature Every organism has two names (in Latin- WHY?):
— Genus name: noun
— Species name: adjective
• Published: Systema Naturae in 1735 Reclassified plants using his binomial system
(bi= two, nomial= name, two word naming)
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Scientific Names
• Standard Format Every scientific name begins with the genus
Genus is capitalized
Species name is lower case
Scientific name is underlined or in italics
• Examples — Homo sapien: “wise one” (human)
— Canis lupus: wolf
— Canis familiaris: family dog
— Ursus horribilis: “horrible bear” (grizzly)
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Organizing systems
• Making sense out of the differences
Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis
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Prokaryotes • Bacteria
– one-celled organisms
– microscopic
– no organelles
• have cell membrane
• have DNA
– most common form of life on Earth
– incredible number of different kinds
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Diversity of bacteria
rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!
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Diversity of bacteria • Pathogens
– cause disease (infections)
• Beneficial & necessary
– help in digestion
– help plants grow
– make foods
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Archaebacteria
• Ancient bacteria
– live in extreme environments
• high heat
• high salt
– the most ancient
creatures living
on Earth today
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Bacteria are EVERYWHERE • On plants & animals
• In plants & animals
• In the soil
• In the extreme cold
• In the extreme hot
• On the living
• On the dead
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Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
Domain Eukaryotes
Common ancestor
Protists
Simple Eukaryotes
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Biology 2011-12
General Characteristics
• Classification criteria
– Eukaryotes
– Not animal, plant or fungi
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Biology 2011-12
Protozoan Diversity
• A great variety in ways of life
– One-celled or many-celled
– Autotrophs (photosynthesis) or heterotrophs (have to eat)
– Asexual or sexual reproduction
– Can be pathogens or beneficial
– Stationary or mobile
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Biology 2011-12
How protists move:
• How protists move
– Flagellum
– Cilia
– Pseudopod
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Biology 2011-12
Protist predators
• Animal-like Protists
– Heterotrophs, predators
• Amoeba
• Paramecium
• Stentor Paramecium with food vacuoles stained red
Amoeba ingesting a Paramecium
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Biology 2011-12
Protist plants
• Plant-like Protists
– Autotrophs, photosynthesis
• Euglena
• Algae
• Diatoms
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Biology 2011-12
Protist parasites
• Parasitic & pathogen Protists
– Malaria
– Giardia
– Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Giardia
Trypanosoma
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Biology 2011-12
Protist diversity
• Beneficial & necessary Protists
– Phytoplankton
• Small algae + diatoms
• Much of the world’s photosynthesis
• Produces ~90% of atmospheric oxygen
– Zooplankton
• Heterotrophic protists
• Key ecological role at base of
marine food web
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Kingdom: Fungi
Eukaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
Domain Eukaryotes
Common ancestor
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Honors Biology 2011-12
General characteristcs Classification criteria
•eukaryotes
•heterotrophs - must feed off of others
• mostly multicellular except one-celled yeasts
• cell wall
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Honors Biology 2011-12
General structure Cells
•long thread-like cells
•multiple nuclei
•cell wall - made from chitin
just like crab shells
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Honors Biology 2011-12
How do fungi “eat”? Heterotrophs
• secrete digestive enzymes
• absorb digested material into cell - predators
+ paralyzing prey - parasites
+ feeding on living creatures - decomposer
+ breakdown dead remains
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Ecological role
Decomposers
• recycle nutrients
Symbiotic Relationships
- lichen +fungi + algae
+pioneer species in ecosystems
+ makes soil from bare rock
- mycorrhizae +fungi + plants
+enables plants to absorb more water
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth
• extends water absorption of roots
without mycorrhizae
with mycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Reproduction
Asexual
• budding in yeast
Sexual
• spores - spread by wind
spores on gills
mushroom gills on mushroom
fungus growing
in soil
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Human importance Food production
• bread
• beer, wine
Medicine production
• antibiotics
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Brain Busters 1. Identify the classifying criteria for fungi.
2. Do fungi cells possess cell walls?
3. What common structural feature do they share
with arthropods?
4. If you were a fungus, how would get your daily nutrition?
5. What is the ecological role of fungi?
6. What is a lichen and define symbiosis.
7. What are mycorrhizae?
8. Describe 2 modes of reproduction that fungi can do.
9. List 3 important uses of fungi by humans.
10. Is it safe to collect and eat mushrooms found in your
yard?
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Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: Plants
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Plants
General characteristics
• eukaryotes
• autotrophs, photosynthetic
• cell wall - cellulose
• not mobile
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Plant diversity
Mosses no water transport
system (pipes)
Ferns water
transport, no seeds
Conifers pollen &
seeds
Flowering plants flowers & fruit
seed plants
water transport system
colonization of land
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Mosses: Bryophyta
Characteristics • no water transport system
- no true roots
• swimming sperm
- need water to reproduce
• spores for reproduction
- no seeds
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Peat Bog: “peat moss”
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Characteristics • water transport system
- xylem & roots • swimming sperm
- need water to reproduce • spores for reproduction
- no seeds
Ferns: Lycophyta
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Ancient tree fern forests
Carboniferous forest – 290-350 mya Forests of ferns & mosses decayed into deposits of coal & oil
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Conifers: Gymnosperms Characteristics
• water transport system
- xylem, roots • seeds
- “naked” seeds in cone (no fruit) • pollen
- sperm that doesn’t have to swim
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Ancient conifers
ginkgo
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Flowering plants: Angiosperm Characteristics
• water transport system
- xylem, roots • flower
- specialized structure for sexual reproduction • pollen
- sperm that doesn’t have to swim • seeds within fruit
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Flowering plants
Anther
Filament Stamen
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Sepal
Petal
Ovule
4 rings of flower parts
• sepals
• petals
• stamens - male
• carpel - female
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Angiosperms: flowering plants
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Angiosperms: fruiting plants
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Angiosperms: fruiting plants
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Honors Biology 2011-12
The seed and plant embryo Seed offers…
• protection for embryo (new plant)
• stored nutrients for growth of new plant
seed coat
food for new plant
seed leaves
embryo (new plant)
“seed” leaves = first leaves of new plant
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Honors Biology 2011-12
The seed and plant embryo 1. Identify the classification criteria for a plant
2. Identify the four plant categories
3. What are the characteristics of the mosses?
4. What are the characteristics of the ferns?
5. What are the characteristics of the conifers?
6. What is meant by “naked” seeds?
7. What are the characteristics of flowering plants?
8. Identify the function of the fruit.
9. What adaptation allowed plants to grow taller?
10. What is the function of flowers?
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Any Questions??
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Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: Animals
Complex Eukaryotes
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Animal characteristics
Heterotrophs
• Must ingest others for nutrients
Multicellular
• Complex bodies
No cell walls
• Allows active movement
Sexual reproduction
• 2 parents needed
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Animal evolution
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms
insects spiders
starfish vertebrates
many-celled
Ancestral Protist
tissues
left-right symmetry
separate digestive system
segmented body internal skeleton
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Sponges/Porifera
Sponges
• No organized tissues
or organs
• Food goes in & waste
comes out same opening
food taken into each
cell separately
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Jellyfish/Cnidarians
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
• Tissues, but no organs
• Two cell layers
• Predators
- Tentacles surround
mouth opening
- Digested material
absorbed into cells
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Flatworms/Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
• Tapeworm, planaria
• Mostly parasitic
• Digestive tube
- Now have separate
mouth & anus
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Roundworms/Nematoda
Roundworms
• Digestive tube
- Have separate mouth & anus
• Many are parasitic
- Hookworm
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Mollusks/Mollusca
Mollusks
• Clams, snails, squid
• Soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
• Digestive tube
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Segmented worms/Annelida
Segmented worms
• Earthworms, leeches
• Segments are all the same
• Digestive tube
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Arthropods/Arthropoda
Spiders, insects, crustaceans
• Most successful animal group
• Segmented
- Allows jointed legs & arms
• Exoskeleton
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Arthropod Classes
Insects 6 legs, 3 body parts
Crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae
crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrimp
Arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts
spiders, ticks, scorpions
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Invertebrates: Echinoderms/Echinodermata
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
• Radial symmetry
• Spiny exoskeleton
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates
Vertebrates
• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
• Internal bony skeleton
- Backbone
- Skull-encased brain becomes brain & spinal cord
becomes vertebrae
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
becomes tail or tailbone
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates: Fish salmon, trout, sharks
450 mya
Characteristics
• Body structure
– Bony skeleton with outside scales
– Jaws & paired fins
• Body function
– Breathe with gills
– Two-chambered heart
– Cold-blooded
• Reproduction
– External fertilization
– External development in
aquatic egg
gills
body
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates: Amphibians / Amphibia lung
buccal cavity
glottis closed
Characteristics
• Body structure
– Legs (walk on land)
– Moist skin
• Body function
– Breathe with lungs & through skin
– Three-chambered heart
– Cold-blooded
• Reproduction
– External fertilization
– External development in aquatic egg
– Metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
frogs
salamanders
toads
350 mya
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates: Reptiles / Reptilia Characteristics
• Body structure
- Dry skin, scales, armor (shells)
• Body function
– Breathe with lungs
– Three-chambered heart
– Cold-blooded
• Reproduction
–Internal fertilization
–External development in hard-shelled egg
250 mya
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
embryo leathery shell
chorion
allantois yolk sac
amnion
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates: Birds / Aves Characteristics
• Body structure
– Feathers & wings
– Thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton
• Body function
– Very efficient lungs & air sacs
– Four-chambered heart
– Warm-blooded
• Reproduction
– Internal fertilization
– External development in hard-shelled egg
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
trachea
anterior air sacs
lung
posterior air sacs
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Honors Biology 2011-12
Vertebrates: Mammals / Mammalian • Characteristics
• Body structure
– Hair
– Specialized teeth
• Body function
– Breathe with lungs, diaphragm
– Four-chambered heart
– Warm-blooded
• Reproduction
– Internal fertilization
– Internal development in uterus
+nourishment through placenta
– Birth live young
– Mammary glands make milk
220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
muscles contract
diaphragm contracts
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Honors Biology 2011-12
1. What are the characteristics of animals?
2. What is an invertebrate?
3. What are the characteristics of sponges?
4. What are the characteristics of jellyfish?
5. What are the characteristics of flatworms
6. What are the characteristics of roundworms?
7. What are the characteristics of segmented worms?
8. What are the characteristics of arthropods?
9. What are the characteristics of echinoderms?
10. What are the characteristics of vertebrates?
11. Identify the vertebrate
a. scales, 2-chambered heart, gills
b. hollow bones, 4-chambered heart, efficient lungs
c. moist skin, breathe wing lungs and skin
d. internal fertilization, possess mammary glands
e. internal fertilization, scales, lay shelled eggs
Brain Busters