Name _________________________________Unit 2 Review Guide: Ancient Mesopotamia

and Egypt1. Describe the geography of the ancient Middle East.Fertile Crescent:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mesopotamia:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mediterranean Sea: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Persian Gulf:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Asia Minor:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Syrian and Arabian Deserts:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Egypt and the Nile River:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How did geography affect the cultures/civilizations that

developed in the Fertile Crescent and Middle East? Flooding and irrigation projects: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Epic of Gilgamesh: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cities:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trade and cultural diffusion: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lack of natural barriers: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religion and afterlife: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cuneiform: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Astronomy and mathematics:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. How were the governments and societies of the Sumerian

city-states organized?Independent and rival city-states:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Roles and responsibilities of the kings/rulers: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hierarchy of social classes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impact of new technology: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individualism: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Roles and rights of women:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Religious rituals, ceremonies, and duties:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain the important accomplishments of Hammurabi and the early Babylonian Empire.

The codifying of laws in Hammurabi’s empire:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil law in Hammurabi’s Code:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Crime and punishment in Hammurabi’s Code:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hammurabi’s other accomplishments:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. What were the contributions of the Hittites and the Assyrians to early civilization?

Hittite CivilizationBenefits of ironworking technology:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Improvements on the horse-drawn chariot:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Assyrian CivilizationConquest and empire:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Well-ordered and structured society:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Learning and cuneiform:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Identify the major achievements of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon as well as Cyrus and Darius of Persia.

Nebuchadnezzar of BabylonRevival and expansion of the late Babylonian empire:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public works projects, the Ishtar Gate, and the Hanging Gardens:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cyrus the Great of PersiaConquests and tolerant policies:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Darius I of PersiaOrganization of the empire and government:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________System of roads and capital cities:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Money Economy:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What were the lasting and influential aspects of Phoenician civilization?

Impact of geography on Phoenician cities and society:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Manufacturing and trade:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explorations and colonies:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Phoenician alphabet:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What were unique aspects of the Persian religion as well as Judaism and Israelite culture?

Zoroaster of PersiaAhura Mazda vs. Ahriman: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Divine judgment and afterlife: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Judaism and Israelite culture:Monotheism:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Torah and covenant:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prophets and kings:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Laws and ethics:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Division, conquest, and the Diaspora:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. How did geography affect the development of ancient civilization in Egypt?

Agriculture: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Natural barriers:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gods and afterlife: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Art and architecture: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Writing and literature: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Science and mathematics: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. Identify and describe the characteristics of the Old, Middle,

and New Kingdoms of Egypt.Old Kingdom: Pharaohs, viziers, and bureaucracy: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Great Pyramids of Giza: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Collapse: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Middle Kingdom: Public works projects: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trade and conquest: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hyksos: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

New Kingdom: Powerful rulers and conquests: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Decline: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.Describe the important religious beliefs and practices of

the ancient Egyptians.Amon-Re: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Osiris, Isis, and Set: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Anubis, Horus, and the Eater of the Dead: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Book of the Dead and “The Negative Confession”: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mummification: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Great Pyramids of Giza: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Valley of the Kings and Tutankhamen’s tomb: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12.What was the social organization and structure of ancient

Egypt?Hierarchy of social classes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Daily life and work of the peasant farmers: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Roles and status of women:

Pharaoh

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Failed reforms of Akhenaton:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social fluidity in the New Kingdom:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13.What were the major contributions of ancient Egyptians to

learning and the arts?Hieroglyphics: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hieratic and Demotic scripts: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Medicine: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Astronomy: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mathematics: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Painting and sculpture: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Literature: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Tale of Sinuhe: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1. __________________________________________________________________________

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