studijní opora a1 - vsem
TRANSCRIPT
1
Studijní opora VŠEM (edice elektronických publikací – ke stažení pro kombinované studenty) - struktura
Kurz A1 Cíl kurzu: Cílem kurzu je poskytnout studentům dostatečný vědoostní základ v oblasti gramatiky anglického jazyka, který je nezbytný pro rovíjení komunikačních dovedností v angličtině. Základní literatura:
HAUER, T., MAŠEK, J.: General English, Book A1, Third Edition, VŠEM, Praha 2009, ISBN 978-80-86730-49-3.
Studijní opora VŠEM.
Studijní literatura:
MURPHY, R.: English Grammar in Use with Answers and CD-ROM, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-O-521-53762-9.
REDMAN, S.: English Vocabulary in Use, Pre-intermediate and intermediate, Book and CD-ROM Pack, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-O-521-61465-8.
Rozšiřující literatura:
MC CARTHY, M., O’DELL, F.: English Vocabulary in Use Upper-Intermediate with CD-ROM, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-O-521-67743-1.
Doplňující literatura:
Překladové a výkladové slovníky všeobecné slovní zásoby.
Internetové odkazy: http://www.vsem.cz/e-learning-anglicky-jazyk.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/ http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/index.htm http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=63 Struktura kurzu: Probírané gramatické okruhy:
1) Present simple x present continuous 2) Past simple x past continuous 3) Present perfect simple x present perfect continuous 4) Past perfect simple x past perfect continuous 5) Expressing future: will x going to x present continuous 6) Subject x object question 7) Reported speech, conditional mode, conditional sentences 8) Modal verbs, passive voice, articles, a few vs. a little, many vs. much, a lot of 9) Possessive pronouns, relative pronouns, bare infinitive
2
10) Adjectives, adverbs, irregular plural formation Přílohy:
Č. 1 Exceptions when adding -s Č. 2 Exceptions when adding -ing Č. 3 Exceptions when adding -ed Č. 4 State verbs Č. 5 Review of all the tenses – example sentences, use, signal words Č. 6 Key
3
Chapter 1 Present simple vs. present continuous
Goals and Outcomes
In this chapter you will learn to use different present tenses.
Introduction
Read the following text and underline all the verbs in present tense (simple or continuous). Try to summarize what you already know about these tenses – their forms (positive and negative sentences, questions etc.) and usage.
Mary and Joe are in a clothes shop at the moment. They are looking at some jeans. Joe only has one very old pair of jeans. So he wants to buy a new pair of jeans now. Right now, he is trying on a pair of blue jeans. “These jeans fit very well”, he says. “But they do not suit you”, Mary replies. “Try on another pair”. “What do you think?”, he asks Mary, when has tried on another pair. “Great! How much do they cost?”
Structure summary
a) Form
Present simple
Verb to be:
subject Verb form + - ? I am (‘m) am not Am I you/we/they are (‘re) are not (aren’t) Are you/we/they he/she/it is (‘s) is not (isn’t) Is he/she/it
Other verbs:
subject Verb form + - ? I/ you/we/they work Do not (don’t) work Do you work he/she/it Works Does not (doesn’t)
work Does he work
+ See appendix no. 1: Exceptions when adding –ing.
Present continuous
4
form of 'be' + -ing (present participle)
subject Verb form + - ? I Am (‘m) working Am not working Am I working You/we/they Are (‘re) working Are not (aren’t)
working Are you working
He/she/it Is (‘s) working Is not (isn’t) working
Is he working
+ See appendix no. 2: Exceptions when adding –s.
b) Use
PERMANENT ACTION
=
PRESENT SIMPLE
TEMPORARY ACTION
=
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Colin plays football every Tuesday. (= in general, always)
Look! Colin is playing football now. (= right now, temporarily)
Bob works in a restaurant. (= it is his job) Jenny is working in a restaurant this week. (= only for a limited period of time)
Signal Words PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
always, every ..., often, normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then
at the moment, at this moment, today, now, right now, Listen!, Look!
+ See appendix no.4: State verbs
Exercises
Actions happening regularly vs. at this moment, right now
1.1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets (present simple or present continuous).
1. James (live) __________________in a little village.
2. He (be) ___________________in his last year at school.
3. After school, James (want) ______________to become a banker.
4. So this week, he (do) _____________a practical course in a bank.
5. There (be) _________________a bank in a nearby town, but James (have) ____________to take the bus to get there.
6. The bus (leave) ____________at 5.30 in the morning and (return) ________________at 8.15 in the evening.
5
7. James (not / like) _______________to spend so much time in town before and after work, waiting for the bus.
8. Therefore, this week he (stay) ______________with his aunt, who (live) __________________in town.
9. James usually (wear) ____________________jeans and t-shirts, but while he (work) _______________for the bank now, he (wear) ________________a suit and a tie.
Permanent vs. temporary actions
1.2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets (present simple or present continuous).
1. Sue (be) _______________a student from South Korea.
2. She (live) _________________in Seoul and (study) ______________medicine.
3. At the moment, however, Sue (live) ________________in London.
4. She (do) _____________________a six-month practical course in a London hospital.
5. In five days, Sue (go) ______________back to South Korea because the next term at university (start) ____________________in ten days.
6
Chapter 2
Past simple vs. past continuous
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn to speak about events that happened or were happening in the past.
Introduction
Read the following text and underline all the verbs in past tense (simple or continuous). Try to summarize what you already know about these tenses – their forms (positive and negative sentences and questions, any exceptions etc.) and usage.
Tom got up hungry, and sauntered hungry away, but with his thoughts busy with
the shadowy splendours of his night's dreams. He wandered here and there in
the city, hardly noticing where he was going, or what was happening around him.
Structure summary
a) Form
Past simple
Regular verbs
Verb + -ed (past participle)
Irregular verbs
• see the 2nd column of irregular verbs tables = the past participle (e.g. I spoke)
subject Verb form + - ? I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they you came You did not
(didn’t) come Did you come
+ See appendix no.3: Exceptions when adding -ed.
Past continuous
Was/were + –ing (present participle)
7
subject Verb form
+ - ? I/he/she/it was working was not working Was he working You/we/they were working were not (weren’t)
working were you working
+ See appendix no. 1: Exceptions when adding –ing.
b) Use
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
Actions in the past that happened one after another:
She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.
Actions in the past that happened at the same time:
Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.
Only mentioning:
Colin played football yesterday.
Emphasizing progress (an action was taking place at a certain time):
Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.
COMBINATION
If a new action happened in the middle of another action (PAST SIMPLE = the new action, PAST CONTINUOUS = the action already in progress):
While I was sitting in a meeting, my mobile suddenly rang. + See appendix no. 4: State verbs Signal Words
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS First, then, if When, while, as long as
Exercises
2.1 Put the verbs in brackets into past simple
1. The receptionist (welcome) ____________the guests and (ask) _________________them to fill in the form.
2. The car (break) ________________down and we (have) ___________________to walk home.
3. He (wake) ______________up and (look) __________________at his watch.
4. My father (come) ___________________in, (look) ________________around and (tell) ___________________me to tidy up my room.
8
5. Martha (turn) _______________off the lights and (go) ________________to bed.
2.2 Put the verbs in brackets into past continuous
1. The boys (swim) _______________while the girls (sunbathe) _____________________.
2. As long as one group (prepare) ___________________dinner, the others (collect) _________________wood for their campfire.
3. While the parents (have) _____________breakfast, their children (run) _______________about.
4. While Tom (read) _____________, Amely (watch) ______________a documentary on TV.
5. Nobody (listen) __________________while the teacher (explain) _______________the tenses.
2.3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous). Both the verbs in each sentence are either in past simple or in past continuous.
1. Marvin (come) _____________home, (switch) ________________on the computer and (check) ____________his emails.
2. The thief (sneak) ________________into the house, (steal) _______________the jewels and (leave) ______________without a trace.
3. While we (do) ____________a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie) _____________on the beach.
4. He (wake) ______________up and (look) __________________at his watch.
5. While we (travel) _______________ around Europe, our son (prepare) ______________for the final state exam.
2.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous).
1. We (wait) ________________for Jane, when suddenly Louis (come) __________________around the corner.
2. I (cycle) ________________through the park, when I (hear) __________________a strange noise.
9
3. He (pass) ___________________her a message when the teacher (look / not) ___________________.
4. I (fall) ______________asleep while I (watch) ____________________TV last night.
5. When Mike and Jane (paint) _____________________the walls, their dog (knock) ________________over the paint pot.
6. Tom (break) ___________________his leg when he (play) ___________________ice-hockey.
7. The phone (ring) ________________when I (sit) _____________________on the toilet.
8. I (jog) ___________________in the park, when two squirrels (cross) _________________my way.
9. Robert (fall) __________________off the ladder when he (pick) ___________________cherries.
10. When we (travel) ________________around Ireland, we (meet) _________________some very nice people.
2.5 Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous).
A: »What (do / you) __________________yesterday at 8 pm?«
B: »I (sit) _________________in the pub with Sam. Why?«
A: »I (drive) __________________to the sports centre at that time to play squash with a few friends. As we only three players, I (try) ____________________to ring you to ask if you would like to come as well. But I (reach / not) ___________________you at home.«
B: »Why (ring / not / you) ____________________my mobile?«
A: »I actually (want) ________________to ring your mobile, but by accident I (dial) ________________William's number. He (do / not) __________________anything special at that moment and really (like) ________________the idea of playing squash with us.«
10
Chapter 3
1) Present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous
2) Present perfect simple vs. past simple
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn to make a distinction between events that are referred to by present perfect tenses in English (either simple or continuous). You will also revise the differences between the present perfect tense and simple past.
1) Present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous
Introduction
Read the following text and underline all the verbs in present perfect tense (simple or continuous). Try to summarize what you already know about these tenses – their forms (positive and negative sentences, questions etc.) and usage.
A: I have been calling you for half an hour. Where have you been? And why are your clothes so dirty?
B: I have been tidying up the shed in the garden.
A: Have you found a box with old photos there? I have been looking for it for ages.
B: I have not discovered it yet, but I have been working on that for a long time yet. I have just come in to eat something.
A: I have not cooked anything yet because I have been talking to our neighbour.
Structure summary
a) Form Present perfect simple
Have/has + -ed (past participle)
subject verb form + - ? I/you/we/you/they You have
come/worked You have not (haven’t) come/worked
Have you come/worked
11
he/she/it He has come/worked
He has not (hasn’t) come/worked
Has he come/worked
+ See appendix no. 3: Exceptions when adding –ed.
Present perfect continuous
Have/has + been -ing (present participle)
subject verb form + - ? I/you/we/you/they You have been
working You have not (haven’t) been working
Have you been working
he/she/it He has been working
He has not (hasn’t) been working
Has he been working
+ See appendix no. 1: Exceptions when adding –ing.
b) Use
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The action is completed, or we emphasize the RESULT: I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
We emphasize the DURATION of an action: I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)
RESULT (a completed action led to a desired result) I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
UNWANTED SIDE EFFECT (the action had an unwanted side) Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)
PERMANENT ACTION/SITUATION James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
TEMPORARY ACTION James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)
+ See appendix no. 4: State verbs. Signal Words
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS how often, ... times how long, since, for
Exercises
3.1 What is emphasised? Choose the correct option.
12
1. I have cooked dinner. a) emphasising that dinner is ready now b) emphasising how I have spent my time
2. She has been reading a book. a) emphasising that she has read the book completely b) emphasising how she has spent her time
3. He has closed all the windows. a) emphasising that all windows are closed now b) emphasising how he has spent his time
4. I have tidied up my room. a) emphasising that the room is tidy now b) emphasising how I have spent my time
5. We have been swimming. a) emphasising, that we are not swimming anymore now b) emphasising how we have spent our time
3.2 Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect simple.
1. One can see through the windows again. Jane (clean) ________________them.
2. We can watch the film now. Michael (connect) ________________________the DVD player.
3. The room looks much nicer now. I (hang) ___________________________up some pictures.
4. Can I go outside? I (already / do) _________________________my homework.
5. I am not hungry. I (eat / already) ____________________________something.
3.3 Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect continuous.
1. I (play / not) _______________________the computer for half an hour, only for about 5 minutes.
2. We (run / not) _______________________for 40 minutes yet - there are still 10 minutes left.
3. You are absolutely sunburned. You (sit) ________________________________in the sun too long.
4. Freddy is completely wet. He (wash) ____________________________the dog.
13
5. My eyes are red because I (cut) ___________________________onions.
3.4 Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present perfect simple or present perfect continuous).
A: (you / play / ever) _______________________________tennis?
B: I (play / only) __________________________tennis once or twice. And you?
A: I (learn) _________________________tennis for two years.
B: (you / take) ______________________part in any competitions yet?
A: I (participate) _______________________in four contests this year.
B: (you / win) _______________________any prizes so far?
A: No, I (win / not) _____________________anything yet. I'm not that good yet. (you / enter / ever) ________________________a contest?
B: I (swim) ________________________for seven years and I (receive / already) __________________________some trophies.
State vs. dynamic verbs
3.5 Use the verbs in present perfect continuous, if possible. If it is not possible, use the present perfect simple.
1. We (know) _______________________them for 15 years.
2. They (watch) ____________________________TV for 3 hours.
3. We (work) __________________________for 7 hours without a break.
4. How long (you / learn) _________________________English?
5. She (prepare) _____________________________dinner for two hours.
2) Present perfect simple vs. past simple
Introduction
Read the following text and underline all the verbs in past simple and present perfect simple. Try to summarize what you already know about the difference between these tenses, concerning the situations when they are used.
A: Did you go to the cinema last night?
B: Yes. I was there with Sue and Louis. Have you been to the cinema recently?
A: I last went to the cinema two weeks ago.
B: So you have not seen the new action film yet.
14
A: No, unfortunately not. Did you enjoy it?
B: Oh, I really loved it. But Sue did not like it - too much action!
Structure summary
a) Form
Past simple
- See Chapter 2
Present perfect simple
- See Chapter 3 a)
b) Use1
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE
The action has just, already, not yet
happened. How often an action has
happened till now:
I have just phoned Mary.
The action happened at a CERTAIN
TIME IN THE PAST
I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.
How often an action has happened
TILL NOW (there is a connection with
the present situation):
Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been
to Canada twice.
A certain event in the past:
He went to Canada last summer.
Emphasis on RESULT (a past action's
consequence in the present):
I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I
actually want to express that I have a new bike
Emphasis on ACTION:
I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in
the past.)
1 In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in
the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk
about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.
Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can
normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect.
15
now.)
Signal Words SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Yesterday, ...ago, in 1990, the other day, last...
Just, already, up to now, until now, till now, ever, (not) yet, so far, lately, recently
Exercises
3.6 Put the verbs in brackets into past simple.
1. Tom (move) _______________________ to this town in1994.
2. My friend (be) _______________________in Canada two years ago.
3. Last week, Mary and Paul (go)_____________________ to the cinema.
4. (they/spend) _____________________________their holiday in New Zealand last summer?
5. I (see) ____________________________an interesting film yesterday.
3.7 Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect simple.
1. I (just / finish) __________________________my homework.
2. Mary (already / write) ______________________five letters.
3. I (not / be) __________________________to Canada so far.
4. But I (already / travel) __________________to London a couple of times.
5. (you / ever / see) _________________________a whale?
3.8 Put the verbs in brackets into past simple or present perfect simple.
1. My friend (be) ________________________to Edinburgh three times.
2. Some years ago he (study) ________________________English there.
3. Last month he (visit) _________________________some friends in Edinburgh.
4. Unfortunately, I (can / not) ___________________________go to Edinburgh with him.
5. This is a pity. They are my friends, too, and I (see / not) ___________________________them for ages.
16
3.9 Put the verbs in brackets into past simple or present perfect simple.
1. My friends (visit) _____________________________the Grand Canyon National Park last year.
2. I (be / never) ______________________________to the Grand Canyon National Park.
3. But they (show) ___________________________me lots of wonderful pictures when they came.
4. And yesterday I (buy) ___________________________a book about the Grand Canyon.
5. I (read) ____________________________30 pages already. It's really interesting.
17
Chapter 4
1) Past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous
2) Past perfect simple vs. past simple
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn to make a distinction between events that are referred to by past perfect tenses in English (either simple or continuous). You will also revise the differences between the past perfect tense and simple past.
1) Past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous
Introduction
Can you feel a difference between these two sentences?
When I last went to Moscow, they had renovated St Basil’s Cathedral.
X
When I last went to Moscow, they had been renovating St Basil’s Cathedral.
Structure summary
a) Form
Past perfect simple
Had + -ed (past participle)
subject verb form + - ? I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they You had
come/worked You had not (haven’t) come/worked
Had you come/worked
Past perfect continuous
Had + been -ing (present participle)
subject verb form + - ? I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they You had been
working You had not (haven’t) been working
Had you been working
18
b) Use
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Stress on the completion of a situation or activity or its effects: I had worked hard and the report was now finished. (emphasises the result)
Stress on the continuity or duration of a situation or activity: I had been working hard, so I felt I deserved a holiday. (emphasizes the activity)
+ See appendix no.4: State verbs. Exercises
4.1 Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect simple
1. (they / lock)_____________________ the door before they left?
2. (they / know)______________________ about the disaster before they saw it on TV.
3. The landscape in this area (look)_______________________ wonderful before the floods came.
4.2 Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect continuous
1. She (study)_______________________Spanish for 2 years when she came to our class.
2. George resigned last week. He (work)______________________________ for our company for 12 years.
3. Peter gave up playing American football a few years ago. He (play)_________________________ since 1997.
4.3 Choose the correct option
1. I arrived at the exam late. When I _____ (arrive) they _____ (do) the test for half an hour.
a) I arrived at the exam late. When I arrived they were doing the test for half an hour.
b) I arrived at the exam late. When I arrived they had been doing the test for half an hour.
c) I arrived at the exam late. When I arrived they had done the test for half an hour.
2. Jack _____ (wash) his car when it _____ (start) raining.
19
a) Jack had been washing his car when it started raining.
b) Jack washed his car when it started raining.
c) Jack washed his car when it had been starting raining.
2) Past perfect simple vs. past simple
Introduction
Underline all the verbs in past simple and in past perfect simple. Could you
now explain why these tenses are used in these situations?
There was a horrible storm that night, but apart from that nothing scary happened. The
next morning, however, when the family came down to breakfast, they found the
terrible stain of blood once again on the floor. Washington cleaned it a second time, but
the second morning it appeared again. The third morning it was there, too, although the
library had been locked up at night by Mr Otis himself.
The second appearance of the ghost was on Sunday night. Shortly after the family had
gone to bed they heard a fearful crash in the hall.
Structure summary
a) Form
Past perfect simple
- See chapter 4
Past simple
- See chapter 2
b) Use
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE Before/up to a certain time in the past:
Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo.
Some time in the past:
Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went to the zoo.
Signal Words
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE First, then Already, up to then, before that day,
after
20
Exercises
4.4 Put the verbs into the correct tense. In each sentence, one of the verbs is always in past simple and the other one is in past perfect simple.
1. My friend (eat) _____________up all the biscuit we (bake)______________________.
2. The teacher (correct) ______________________the tests we (write)____________________.
3. I (give) __________________them some of the candies I (buy)_____________________.
4. My sister (see / not) ___________________the note that I (lay) ____________________on the kitchen table for her.
5. We (want) ____________________to watch a film that we (see / not) ____________________________before.
4.5 Four of the following sentences are correct. Three of them contain a mistake of verb form.
Your task:
- Write “OK” if the sentence is correct
- Write the correct verb form(s) of the incorrect sentences (past simple or past perfect simple). One or both the verbs in each sentence may be incorrect.
1. When he woke up, his mother had already prepared breakfast.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. We went to London because the Queen had invited us for tea.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. When she had started to learn English, she already studied French.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Jane had already read ten pages when her computer crashed.
_____________________________________________________________________
21
5. By the time he arrived at the pub, they ran out of beer.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I had knowed him for a long time before I met his family.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. They did not know where to meet because nobody had told them.
_____________________________________________________________________
4.6 Fill the gaps with the correct tense. Use past simple or past perfect simple.
The Pilgrims
In the 17th century, there (be) ____were_____lots of religious tensions in England.
King James I (not / allow) ___________________ (1) freedom of religion in England as
he (have) _______________________ (2)problems with certain religious groups in the
past. That's why during his reign some people (leave) ______________________ (3)
the country. In September 1620 for example, members of the English Separatist Church
(go) ______________________ (4) aboard on the Mayflower to emigrate to America.
Before their journey to America, they (live / already) ___________________ (5) in
Holland for a while. Now on the Mayflower, storms (make) _________________ (6) the
journey to America difficult. The Pilgrims only (reach) _____________________ (7)
America after they (sail) _____________________ (8) the Atlantic for 66 days.
Because of the delay, the Pilgrims (not / build) ________________________ (9)
enough houses and they (not / collect) _____________________ (10) enough food
when winter (begin) _____________________ (11). By spring, half of the 100 Pilgrims
(die) ______________________ (12) of hunger and cold. But then, in March 1621, the
Pilgrims (meet) _______________________ (13) the friendly Wampanoag. One
member of the Wampanoag, Squanto, even (know) _____________________ (14)
English because several years before he (spend) _______________________ (15)
some time in Europe. The Wampanoag (show) ______________________ (16) the
Pilgrims how to hunt and fish. They also (give) ________________________ (17) the
Pilgrims seeds to grow corn and beans. After the Pilgrims (harvest)
________________________ (18) the food in autumn, they (celebrate)
________________________ (19) their good harvest with the Wampanoag. This event
is known today as the first Thanksgiving.
22
Chapter 5
Expressing future: will vs. going to vs. present continuous (vs. present simple)
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn how to refer to events set in the future.
Introduction
Read the following dialogue. It is an interview with a person charged with a marketing campaign. Underline all the verbs where the person refers into future and answer the following question:
Is the person talking about spontaneous decisions or about carefully planned actions?
A: What are you going to change in the next campaign?
B: We are going to start the campaign earlier. And we are going to focus on a specific target group.
A: Which target group are you going to reach?
B: Housewives aged 30 to 40.
A: How are you going to get these prospects to buy our products?
B: The campaign is going to make clear that these products can make life a lot easier for the housewife.
Structure summary and use
WILL GOING TO PRESENT
CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE
SPONTANEOUS decision in the MOMENT OF SPEAKING: Oh, your bag looks heavy! Wait, I will help you.
INTENTIONS, PLANS for the future: The Government is not going to lower the taxes.
Future ARRANGEMENTS: action already arranged for the near future, something already planned (for example, it is already in your diary): What are you doing
An action set by a TIME TABLE or schedule, something that happens regularly: Hurry up! The bus leaves in two minutes!
23
tomorrow? Predictions based
on present evidence: Look at these big black clouds! It is going to rain.
Exercises
5.1 Complete the sentences with “will”
1. I (give) _________________you my business card.
2. Mister Carlisle (get) ____________________back to you in a minute.
3. We (fax) _______________________our order.
4. I (be) _______________________with you in a second.
5. If you fax your order immediately, we (send) ______________________the goods today.
5.2 Fill the correct form of “will” or “going to”:
1. A: Where are you going?
B: I ______ visit a customer.
2. A: Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this? B: Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.
4.3 Complete the sentences. Use present simple and present continuous.
1. I (be) _____________________very busy today.
2. At noon I (visit) ________________________my friend Tanya.
3. We (want) ______________________to have lunch together.
4. In the afternoon I (play) ________________________squash with Emily.
5. In the evening, I (meet) ____________________________Rob.
6. The film (start) __________________________at 8 pm.
5.4 Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present continuous).
24
1. Our train (leave) ______________________at 4:47.
2. A: What (wear / you) ____________________at the party tonight?
B: I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I (find) _________________something nice in my mum's wardrobe.
3. Hurry up! The conference (begin) ___________________in 20 minutes.
4. My horoscope says that I (meet) _________________an old friend this week.
5. JOKE: What does a blonde say when she sees a banana skin lying just a few metres in front of her? - Oh dear! I (slip) ___________________!
25
Chapter 6
Subject question vs. object question
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will revise the forms of questions in present simple and past simple. You should be able to distinguish between object and subject questions and use these structures correctly.
Introduction
Usually, students learn that in present simple, you need the auxiliary verb “do” or “does” to form a question and that in past simple we use “did” instead. But is it always true? Are all the questions formed this way?
Structure summary
OBJECT QUESTION SUBJECT QUESTION
Who did you see?
“who” = object
In Czech: KOHO jsi viděl?
(4. pád, předmět)
Who saw you?
“who” = subject
In Czech: KDO tě viděl?
(1.pád, podmět)
An object question asks about the object of the sentence.
You MUST change the word order of the question:
Frank saw an accident. ›
What did Frank see?
A subject question asks about the subject of the sentence.
Do NOT change the word order of the question:
An accident happened last week. ›
What happened last week?
The difference between object and subject question applies to questions in present simple or past simple.
Exercises
6.1 Choose the correct questions. You should ask a question about the word underlined:
1. I bought a newspaper this morning.
a. What bought you this morning? b. What did you buy this morning?
2. Something odd happened during the storm last night.
26
a. What happened during the storm last night? b. What did happen during the storm last night?
3. One of the students didn't do the final exam. a. Who didn't the final exam do? b. Who didn't do the final exam?
4. I wrote a romantic letter to one of the teachers. a. Who did you write a romantic letter to? b. Who wrote you a romantic letter?
5. Something disturbed me when I was working. a. What did you disturb when you were working? b. What disturbed you when you were working?
6.2 Make questions with “who” or “what”. In these questions, “who”/”what” is the subject:
Example:
Somebody broke the widow. › Who broke the window?
1. Something fell off the shelf. › What ______________________________?
2. Somebody wants to see you. › Who ______________________________?
3. Somebody took my umbrella. › Who ______________________________?
4. Something made me ill. › What _________________________________?
6.3 Make questions with “who” or “what” (subject or object):
Example:
I bought something. › What did you buy?
Somebody lives in this house. › Who lives in this house?
1. I phoned somebody. › ___________________________________?
2. Something happened last night. › __________________________?
3. Somebody knows the answer. › ____________________________?
27
4. Somebody did the washing up. › ___________________________?
5. Jill did something. › _____________________________________?
6. Something woke me up. › ________________________________?
7. I met somebody. › ______________________________________?
8. Somebody has got my pen. › ______________________________?
6.4 Read the following text. Some pieces of information are missing there. Create questions to ask about the missing components: Example:
1. Who bought a new car last week?
(1)_____ (who) bought a new car last week. It is a beautiful new Cadillac. He bought the car because (2) __________ (why). My father has driven a Cadillac for many years. (3)_____ (who) says it's the kind of car that people respect. In fact, (4)_______ (who) have always driven Cadillacs. I remember that (5)________ (who) used to drive a Cadillac. When my (6) _____ (who) first met Elvis, he saw that he was driving a (7)________ (what). It was then that my father decided to buy a (8) _______ (what).
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
28
Chapter 7
1) Reported speech
2) Conditional mode
3) Conditional clauses
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn what happens with the grammar tenses and other words in a sentence if we are paraphrasing what someone else said in the past. Furthermore, you should be able to express hypotheses in English.
1) Reported Speech
Introduction
Compare the two sentences, say how they differ and try to explain why:
Ann: “He had an accident yesterday.”
X
Ann said he had had an accident the day before.
Important rules
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement (a), question (b) or request (c).
a) Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
• pronouns • present tense verbs (3rd person singular) • place and time expressions • tenses (backshift)
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH (NO BACKSHIFT)
REPORTED SPEECH (BACKSHIFT)
“I will speak English.” He says that he will speak English.
He said* that he would speak English.
29
Backshifts
If the tense of the main clause is the past simple, then in reported speech, the tenses (the verb forms) have to “shift backwards” – in the following way – see the table:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Present simple Past simple Present continuous Past continuous Past simple
Past perfect simple Present perfect simple Past perfect simple Past continuous
Past perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous going to was / were going to will
Conditional I (would) Conditional I (would)
In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into
reported speech.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH today that day now then
yesterday the day before … days ago … days before last week the week before next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there this that
these those
b) Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
• pronouns • present tense verbs (3rd person singular) • place and time expressions • tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
• transform the question into an indirect question • use the interrogative or if / whether
30
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Why don’t you speak English? He asked* me why I didn’t speak
English. Do you speak English? He asked* me whether / if I spoke
English.
* tense of the introductory clause
Exercises
7.1 Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a statement or a question and whether you have to change the tenses or not.
1. She said, "I am reading now." → She said that ___________________________________________________
2. He said, "I know a better restaurant." → He said that ____________________________________________________
3. She said, "I woke up early yesterday." → She said that ____________________________________________________
4. He said, "I will ring her tomorrow." → He said that _____________________________________________________
5. He said, "I will clean the car." → He said that _____________________________________________________
6. She said, "I don't know whether they are here." → She said that ____________________________________________________
7. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me. → He wondered ____________________________________________________
8. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me. → She asked me ___________________________________________________
9. "Have you been shopping?" he wanted to know. → He wanted to know _______________________________________________
2) Conditional mode
Introduction
Read the following sentences and translate the underlined expressions into your mother tongue.
You should go and meet your friend at the station!
Could you wait for me or not?
Would you be so kind and bring it for me, please?
31
Structure summary, important rules, forms
The conditional mode is used to talk about an action that might take place. It is expressed by means of the following verbs: would, could, should.
Conditional I. (in present)
+ - ? He would be talking. He would not be talking. Would he be talking? They could come They couldn’t come Could they come? The train should be leaving now.
The train shouldn’t be leaving now,
Shouldn’t the train be leaving now?
Conditional II. (in past)
+ - ? He would have talked. He would not have talked. Would he have talked?
Exercises
7.2 Put the verbs into the correct form (conditional I simple) using the verb “would”, “could” or “should”, according to the meaning of the sentence:
1. They (walk) ______________________to the station.
2. He (tell) _________________________you the truth.
3. I (go) ___________________home.
4. They (watch) ________________________a scary movie if they were allowed to.
5. You (not / say) _________________________that.
7.3 Put the verbs into the correct form (conditional II continuous), use the verb “would”:
1. He (work) ________________when the accident happened. But that day he went home earlier.
2. If the storm had not frightened them, the kids (sleep) __________________all night.
3. If I had not sent them outside, they (sit) _______________________in front of the computer all day.
4. If he had won the race, he (celebrate) ______________________three days in a row.
5. If he had not had to go home, we (play) __________________________chess all night.
32
3) Conditional sentences
Introduction
Look at the following three sentences and label the underlined verb forms (say how these tenses are called): If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Structure summary
Conditional sentences are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if = subordinate clause) is fulfilled. There are three types of conditional sentences.
Conditional Sentence Type 1
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (starting with “if…”)
We will catch the bus… = will
…if we hurry up. = present simple
= It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (starting with “if…”)
I would get fat… = conditional (would)
…if I ate cake. = past simple
=It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (starting with “if…”)
We wouldn’t have been so annoyed… = would + present perfect
…if we had had better weather. = past perfect
= It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Exercises
7.4 Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I) by putting the verbs into the correct form:
33
1. If you (send) _________________this letter now, she (receive) ______________________it tomorrow.
2. If I (do) ______________________this test, I (improve) _______________________my English.
3. If I (find) _______________________your ring, I (give) _____________________it back to you.
4. Peggy (go) ____________________shopping if she (have) ____________________time in the afternoon.
5. Simon (go) ____________________to London next week if he (get) ____________________a cheap flight.
7.5 Complete the conditional sentences (type II) by putting the verbs into the correct form. Use conditional I with “would” in the main clause.
1. If we (have) ___________________a yacht, we (sail) ____________________the seven seas.
2. If he (have) ______________________more time, he (learn) ______________________karate.
3. If they (tell) ______________________their father, he (be) ______________________very angry.
4. She (spend) ____________________a year in the USA if it (be) ______________________easier to get a green card.
5. If I (live) ______________________on a lonely island, I (run) _____________________around naked all day.
7.6 Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct form. Use conditional II with “would” in the main clause.
1. If you (study) __________________________for the test, you (pass) ______________________it.
2. If you (ask) ___________________me, I (help) __________________you.
3. If we (go) ____________________to the cinema, we (see) ____________________my friend Jacob.
4. If you (speak) ______________________English, she (understand) ______________________.
5. If they (listen) ____________________to me, we (be) ___________________home earlier.
7.7 Complete the conditional sentences with the correct form (mixture of types I, II or III):
34
1. If I ___________________stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
2. If we'd seen you, we ____________________________happy.
3. If we ________________________him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he _________________________the tools.
5. If you drop the vase, it ________________________.
6. If I hadn't studied, I _______________________the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I ________________________a driving licence.
8. If she _______________________him every day, she'd be lovesick.
9. I _________________________to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
10. We'd be stupid if we __________________________him about our secret.
35
Chapter 8
1) Modal verbs
2) Passive voice
3) Articles
4) A few vs. a little, many vs. much, a lot of
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will revise your knowledge of modal verbs, passive voice, articles and consequences of the fact that some nouns of English are countable, while others are uncountable.
1) Modal verbs
Introduction
Read the following four sentences. In what way are the first three of them different from the fourth one?
He can speak English.
He may speak English.
He must speak English.
X
He wants to speak English.
Structure summary, important rules
Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should etc. They express an ability, permission, wish etc. to do something.
Rules to remember:
• Infinitive without “to” (can, must x to swim, to work)
• No –s added to the 3rd person singular (he can x he swims)
• No auxiliary verb used to form questions (Can he swim? X Does he want to swim?)
negation Substitute* (used to form different tenses)
can cannot, can’t to be able to
36
could could not, couldn’t may may not to be allowed to might might not must (have to) Do not need to, do
not have to (x you must not = you are not allowed to)
to have to
should Should not, shouldn’t
* (I may / can / must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses (they can only be used in present simple). That's why we need to know the substitutes to these modal verbs.
Exercises
8.1 Use the following words to create correct sentences.
1. you - may – know it _________________________________________________________________
2. he - plan – leave soon _________________________________________________________________
3. we - could – postpone the meeting -?
_________________________________________________________________ 4. they - want – apologize for their mistake
_________________________________________________________________
5. it – must – be somewhere here _________________________________________________________________
8.2 Choose the correct substitute for each modal verb:
1. I can swim. → I _________________swim.
2. You must meet my best friend. → You ___________________meet my best friend.
3. I must get up early. → I ____________________get up early.
4. They may stay up late. → They ________________________stay up late.
5. You must not sleep → You __________________________sleep.
8.3 Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense, use its substitute.
37
1. You (must) _________________get up early tomorrow.
2. Children (may not) ___________________watch the film last week.
3. He (not / can) _______________________see me tomorrow.
4. She (must) ______________________stay at school yesterday afternoon.
5. (may / you) _______________________go to the disco yesterday?
2) Passive voice
Introduction
Underline all the verbs in passive voice. Try to analyze how this form of verbs
is formed, and in which cases it is used instead of active voice.
When the American, Mr Otis, bought Canterville Castle, everyone told him that this was
very foolish, as the place was haunted. But Mr Otis answered, “I come from a modern
country, where we have everything that money can buy. And if there were such a thing
as a ghost in Europe, we would have it at home in one of our museums.”
A few weeks later, on a lovely July evening, Mr Otis, his wife and their children,
Washington, Virginia and the twins, went down to their new home. When they entered
the avenue of Canterville Castle, the sky suddenly became dark and a spooky stillness
was in the air.
Mrs Umney, the housekeeper, led them into the library of the castle, where they sat
down and began to look around. Suddenly, Mrs Otis saw a red stain on the floor just by
the fireplace and said to Mrs Umney, “I am afraid something has been spilt there.”
“Yes, madam,” said the old housekeeper in a low voice, “blood has been spilt on that
spot.”
“How terrible,” said Mrs Otis; “I don't want any blood-stains in my sitting-room. It must
be removed at once.”
The old woman smiled and answered, “It is the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville,
who was murdered on that spot by her husband, Sir Simon de Canterville, in 1575. Sir
Simon disappeared seven years later. His body has never been found, but his ghost still
haunts the Castle. The blood-stain is a tourist attraction now and it cannot be removed.”
“That is all nonsense,” said Washington, the eldest son of the Otis family, “stain
remover will clean it up in no time,” and he took a bottle of stain remover out of his
pocket and cleaned the spot. But as soon as the blood-stain had disappeared, a terrible
flash of lightning lit up the room and a fearful peal of thunder made the whole building
shake.
38
Structure summary
a) Form
Be (in a particular tense) + -ed (past participle)
Examples of Passive (both forms can occur in any tense, the following table is not a complete review of the forms)
Tense Subject Verb Object Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita. Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita. Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita. Past continuous Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita. Will + have + past participle
Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita. Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence • the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) • the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or
is dropped)
b) Use
• Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
(The focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.)
• Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
39
Example: A mistake was made.
(In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).)
Exercises
8.4 Complete the sentences (active or passive voice). Use present simple:
1. He (sell) _______________cars. 2. The blue car (sell) ______________________. 3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) __________________than in winter. 4. She (call) ___________________her grandparents every Friday. 5. The letters (type) ______________________ nowadays.
8.5 Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1. He opens the door. - ________________________________________________ 2. We are setting the table. - ____________________________________________ 3. Does the police officer catch the thief? - _________________________________ 4. I can answer the question. - __________________________________________ 5. You should open the window. - ________________________________________
8.6 Decide whether to use the active or passive voice.
The Fellowship of the Ring (be) ____is______the first book of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, which (set) _________________ (1) in a fictive world, Middle Earth. It (tell) ____________ (2) the story of Frodo, a hobbit, and a magic ring. As the story (begin) ________________ (3), Frodo (give) ______________ (4) a magic ring. The wizard Gandalf then (tell) __________________ (5) him of the Rings of Power and of Sauron, the Dark Lord, who (make) ______________________ (6) the Master Ring rule all other Rings. Gandalf (advise) ______________________ (7) Frodo to leave home and keep the ring out of Sauron's hands who already (send) _________________ (8) his Black Riders in search for it. Frodo's ring (give) ___________________ (9) Sauron the power to enslave Middle Earth.
3) Articles
Introduction
Since articles do not exist in Czech, it is the area of grammar that the Czech learners of English often find difficult to learn. In this chapter you will revise the most important rules concerning the use of definite and indefinite articles in English.
Important rules, use
INDEFINITE ARTICLE – “A” OR “AN” DEFINITE ARTICLE – “THE””
40
- Only used with singular countable nouns
A car, an apple, a university, an hour
- Used with both countable and uncountable nouns, in singular as well as in plural
Used when talking about things for the first time:
I saw a beggar near the bus stop.
Used when talking about things that have already been mentioned or when it is clear what we mean:
I saw a beggar near the bus stop; the fellow came to me with outstretched hands.
Can I talk to the manager? (The listener knows which person is meant.)
Exercises
8.7 Complete the sentences using a/an/the: 1. We enjoyed our holiday. We were staying in a hotel and _________hotel was very
nice. 2. Where‘s Tom?' ‚He‘s in _____________bathroom. 3. Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to _____________city centre? 4. Amanda is _____________student. When she finishes her studies, she wants to
be _______________journalist. She lives with two friends in ___________flat near ____________college where she is studying. ___________flat is small but she likes it.
5. Peter and Mary have got two children, ________boy and _________girl. __________boy is seven years old and ____________girl is three.
4) A few vs. a little, many vs. much, a lot of
Introduction
Translate the following expressions into your mother tongue:
A little yoghurt – a few students
Much water – many magazines
As you can see, there are different ways to express the same thing in English. Could you explain why?
Important rules
COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS - Can be singular or plural
A car, cars - Can only be in singular, are not
used with indefinite article Milk, information
Expression of quantity: A few
Expression of quantity: A little
41
Many a lot of, lots of - universal
Much a lot of, lots of - universal
Exercises 8.8 Choose the correct answer.
1. I have got ______________ stamps that you can use. a) A little b) a few
2. I have got _______________ time. Do you want to talk? a) A little b) a few
3. There was too ______________ noise, I could not hear anything. a) Much b) many
4. I write ________________ emails every day. a) Much b) many
5. They only gave me _________________ information. a) A little b) a few
42
Chapter 9
1) Possessive pronouns
2) Relative pronouns
3) Bare infinitive
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will learn how to use possessive pronouns in English. You will also be able to decide whether “who”, “which” or “that” should be used in a particular sentence.
1) Possessive pronouns
Introduction
Complete the table (write the Czech translation of the English pronouns). Did you notice anything interesting?
ENGLISH CZECH my, mine
your, yours his
her, hers its
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Important rules
Possessive pronouns used WITH NOUNS
Possessive pronouns used INDEPENDENTLY
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
My younger brother, their telephone number
“The coat is mine”, “Which car is yours?”
Exercises
9.1 Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns:
1. Where are (you) ___________friends now?
2. Here is a postcard from (I) ______________friend Peggy.
43
3. She lives in Australia now with (she) ______________family.
4. (She) _______________husband works in Newcastle.
5. (They) _______________company builds ships.
9.2 Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.
1. This book is (you) ______________.
2. The ball is (I) ______________.
3. The blue car is (we) ______________.
4. The ring is (she) ____________.
5. We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they) ____________.
2) Relative pronouns who, which, that
Introduction
Look at the following expressions and try to formulate the rule yourself.
The film which (that) I like
The news which (that) is unhappy
The man who (that) I know
The tourists who (that) come here every year
Important rules
WHO WHICH THAT - Used for humans
only: People who live next door
- Used for inanimate objects only:
There is no programme tonight which you might like.
- Used both for humans and inanimate objects:
I like people that smile a lot. This is the key that opens the garage.
Exercises
9.3 Complete the sentences by putting “which” or “who” into the open spaces. “That” is always possible. Jack Adams, (1)____________was the man Janice had spoken to on the phone, found his seat and sat down. The plane in (2) ____________he was travelling was about to land in Zurich, Switzerland. The woman (3) ____________was sitting next to him had just fastened her seat-belt. She looked for a moment at Jack, (4) ____________was
44
looking out of the window. There was something about him (5) ____________reminded her of another man she had once known.
3) Bare infinitive
Introduction
Read the extract of a song by John Lennon and underline the verb in infinitive you can find there. Is there anything special about it? “When I find myself in a time of trouble, mother Mary comes to me, speaking words of wisdom, let it be.” Important rules
After certain verbs like watch, see, hear, let, make and help, infinitives are used without to - e.g. We heard her sing a song.
But in passive versions of these structures the infinitive is used with to – e.g. She was heard to sing a song.
Exercises
9.4 Four of these sentences are correct. The other three contain a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write OK. If there is a mistake, correct it.
1. They made me wait.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Let me to do it.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. I saw her light the lamp.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. She was made to pay back the money.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. We watched them to play.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. It is nice of you to help me organize the party.
45
_______________________________________________________________________
7. He was helped lift the box.
_______________________________________________________________________
46
Chapter 10
1) Adjectives vs. adverbs
2) Irregular plural formation
Goals and Outcomes
In this charter you will revise how adverbs are formed. You will also realise that to create a plural form of a noun can be more complicated than just adding an –s to the singular.
1) Adjectives vs. adverbs
Introduction
What do the following words have in common? Where will the learners of English have a problem then?
mentally hard fast strongly friendly well physically
Important rules and exceptions
REGULAR FORMATION OF ADVERBS (BY ADDING –LY TO AN ADJECTICVE),
EXCEPTIONS
IRREGULAR FORMATION OF ADVERBS
• Slow – slowly, Correct – correctly • silent e is dropped in true, due,
whole (true → truly) • y becomes i (happy → happily) • after ll only add y (full → fully) • Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective +
-ally (fantastic → fantastically, BUT exception: public-publicly)
Good →well Deep→ deep Hard→ hard Late→ late Fast → fast Friendly = adjective Daily = adjective etc.
Exercises
10.1 Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb
1. Joanne is happy. She smiles __________________.
2. Her English is fluent. She speaks English __________________.
3. The painter is awful. He paints _________________.
4. She is a good dancer. She dances really ________________.
47
5. This exercise is simple. You ______________have to put one word in each space.
2) Irregular plural formation
Introduction
What do the following words have in common? Where will the learners of English have a problem then?
Bars fish babies people teeth days flies
Important rules and exceptions
REGULAR FORMATION OF PLURAL (BY ADDING –S TO SINGULAR), EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING
IRREGULAR FORMATION OF PLURAL
• Student – students, car – cars
• after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding -es (a box - two boxes)
• y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s (a city - two cities)
• But: y after a vowel is not changed (a boy - two boys)
• After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco) (a tomato - two tomatoes)
Person – people Child – children Man – men Woman – women Sheep – sheep Fish – fish Foot – feet Tooth – teeth etc.
+ uncountable nouns do not occur in plural (information, hair, milk, money etc.)
Exercises
10.2. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural).
1. They ate some (tomato) ____________________.
2. We have to buy new (furniture) ____________________.
3. I need to wash my (hair) ___________________.
4. The Milfords have a lot of (money) ___________________.
48
5. How many (people) ___________________were at the cinema with you?
6. In this hotel, (family) ___________________are very welcome.
7. Those (man) ____________________seem to be very tired.
49
Appendices
Appendix no.1
Exceptions when adding -s : • For can, may, might, must, do not add s.
Example: he can, she may, it must
• After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes
• After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry - he worries but: play - he plays
Appendix no.2
Exceptions when adding -ing: • Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing
• After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting
• After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English)
• Final ie becomes y.
Example: lie - lying
Appendix no.3
Exceptions when adding -ed:
when the final letter is e, only add d.
Example: love - loved
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: admit - admitted
final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel - travelled
after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel)
50
Example: worry - he worried
but: play - he played
Appendix no.4
The following verbs (state verbs) are usually only used in simple forms (not in continuous tenses).
• state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit Example: We are on holiday.
• possession: belong, have Example: Sam has a cat.
• senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He feels the cold.
• feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Example: Jane loves pizza.
• brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I believe you.
• Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says.
51
Appendix no.5
Review of all the tenses – example sentences, use, signal words
TENSE + - ? USE SIGNAL WORDS Present simple
+: He speaks. -: He does not speak.?: Does he speak?
action in the present taking place once, never or several times
permanent actions
action set by a timetable or schedule
always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
Present continuous
+: He is speaking. -: He is not speaking.?: Is he speaking?
action taking place in the moment of speaking
action taking place only for a limited period of time (temporary actions)
action arranged for the future
at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Past simple +: He spoke. -: He did not speak. ?: Did he speak?
action in the past taking place once, never or several times
actions taking place one after another
action taking place in the middle of another action in the past
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, …)
Past continuous
+: He was speaking. -: He was not speaking.
action going on at
when, while, as long as
52
?: Was he speaking? a certain time in the past
actions taking place at the same time
action in the past that is interrupted by another action
Present perfect simple
+: He has spoken. -: He has not spoken.?: Has he spoken?
putting emphasis on the result
action that is still going on
action that stopped recently
finished action that has an influence on the present
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present perfect continuous
+: He has been speaking. -: He has not been speaking. ?: Has he been speaking?
putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)
action that recently stopped or is still going on
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past perfect simple
+: He had spoken. -: He had not spoken. ?: Had he spoken?
action taking place before a certain time in the past
putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that dayif sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
Past perfect continuous
+: He had been speaking. -: He had not been
action taking place
for, since, the whole day, all day
53
speaking. ?: Had he been speaking?
before a certain time in the past
putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action
will +: He will speak. -: He will not speak. ?: Will he speak?
spontaneous decision
assumption with regard to the future
in a year, next …, tomorrow
going to
+: He is going to speak. -: He is not going to speak. ?: Is he going to speak?
decision made for the future
conclusion with regard to the future
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Conditional I simple
+: He would speak. -: He would not speak. ?: Would he speak?
action that might take place
if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)
Conditional I continuous
+: He would be speaking. -: He would not be speaking. ?: Would he be speaking?
action that might take place
putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action
Conditional II simple
+: He would have spoken. -: He would not have spoken. ?: Would he have spoken?
action that might have taken place in the past
if sentences type III(If I had seen that, I would have helped.)
Conditional II continuous
+: He would have been speaking. -: He would not have been speaking. ?: Would he have been speaking?
action that might have taken place in the past
puts emphasis on the course / duration
54
of the action
55
Appendix no. 6
Key Chapter 1 1.1 1) lives, 2) is, 3) wants, 4) is doing, 5) is, has, 6) leaves, returns, 7) does not like, 8) is staying, lives, 9) wears, is working, is wearing 1.2 1) is, 2) lives, studies, 3) is living, 4) is doing, 5) is going, starts Chapter 2 2.1 1) welcomed, asked, 2) broke, had, 3) woke, looked, 4) came, looked, told, 5) turned, went 2.2 1) were swimming, were sunbathing, 2) was preparing, were collecting, 3) were having, were running, 4) was reading, was watching, 5) was listening, was explaining 2.3 1) came, switched, checked, 2) sneaked, stole, left, 3) were doing, were lying, 4) woke, looked, 5) were travelling, was preparing 2.4 1) were waiting, came, 2) was cycling, heard, 3) passed, was not looking, 4) fell, was watching, 5) were painting, knocked, 6) broke, was playing, 7) rang, was sitting, 8) was jogging, crossed, 9) fell, was picking, 10) were travelling, met 2.5 A : were you doing, B: was sitting, A: was driving, tried, did not reach, B: didn't you ring, A: wanted to ring, dialled, was not doing, liked Chapter 3 3.1 1) a, 2) b, 3) a, 4) a, 5) b 3.2 1) has cleaned, 2) has connected, 3) have hung, 4) have already done, 5) have already eaten 3.3 1) have not been playing, 2) have not been running, 3) have been sitting, 4) has been washing, 5) have been cutting 3.4 A: Have you ever played, B: have only played, A: have been learning, B: Have you taken, A: have participated, B: Have you won, A: haven't won, Have you ever entered, B: have been swimming, have already received 3.5 1) have known, 2) have been watching, 3) have been working, 4) have you been learning, 5) has been preparing 3.6 1) moved, 2) was, 3) went, 4) did they spend, 5) saw 3.7 1) have just finished, 2) has already written, 3) have not been, have already travelled, 5) Have you ever seen 3.8 1) has been, 2) studied, 3) visited, 4) couldn't, 5) haven't seen 3.9 1) visited, 2) have never been, 3) showed, 4) bought, 5) have read Chapter 4 4.1 1) Had they locked, 2) Had they known, 3) had looked 4.2 1) had been studying, 2) had been working, 3) had been playing 4.3 1) b, 2) a 4.4 1) ate, had baked, 2) corrected, had written, 3) gave, had bought, 4) didn't see, had laid, 5) wanted, had not seen 4.5 1) ok, 2) ok, 3) When she started to learn English, she had already studied French. 4) ok, 5) By the time he arrived at the pub, they had run out of beer. 6) I had known him for a long time before I met his family. 7) ok 4.6 1) did not allow, 2) had had, 3) left, 4) went abroad, 5) had already lived, 6) made, 7) reached, 8) had sailed, 9) had not built, 10) had not collected, 11) began, 12) had died, 13) met, 14) knew, 15) had spent, 16) showed, 17) gave, 18) had harvested, 19) celebrated Chapter 5 5.1 1) will give, 2) will get, 3) will fax, 4) will be, 5) will send 5.2 1) am going to, 2) will 5.3 1) am, 2) am visiting, 3) want, 4) am playing, 5) am meeting, 6) starts 5.4 1) leaves, 2) are you going to wear, will find, 3) begins, 4) am going to meet, 5) am going to slip Chapter 6 6.1 1) b, 2) a, 3) b, 4) a, 5) b 6.2 1) What fell off the shelf? 2) Who wants to see me? 3) Who took my umbrella?, 4) What made me ill? 6.3 1) Who did you phone? 2) What happened last night? 3) Who knows the answer? 4) Who did the washing up? 5) What did Jill do? 6) What woke you up? 6) Who did you meet? 7) Who has got your pen? 6.4 1) Why did he buy the car? 2) Who says it's the kind of car that people respect? 3) Who has always driven Cadillacs? 4) Who used to drive a Cadillac? 5) Who met Elvis? 6) What was Elvis driving? 7) What did my father decide to buy? The whole text for reference: My Father bought a new car last week. It is a beautiful new Cadillac. He bought the car because he says it's the best car in the world. My father has driven a Cadillac for many years. My father says it's the kind of car that people respect. In fact, rich and famous people have always driven Cadillacs. I
56
remember that Elvis Presley used to drive a Cadillac. When my father first met Elvis, he saw that he was driving a pink Cadillac. It was then that my father decided to buy a Cadillac. Chapter 7 7.1 1) she was reading then, 2) he knew a better restaurant, 3) he had woken up early the day before, 4) he would ring her the next day, 5) he would clean the car, 6) he didn't know whether they were there, 7) why I hadn't phoned him, 8) where I had spent my holiday the year before, 9) whether I had been shopping. 7.2 1) could walk, 2) should tell, 3) should go, 4) would watch, 5) should not say 7.3 1) would have been working, 2) would have been sleeping, 3) would have been sitting, 4) would have been celebrating, 5) would have been playing 7.4 1) send, will receive, 2) do, will improve, 3) find, will give, 4) will go, has, 5) will go, gets 7.5 1) had, would sail, 2) had, would learn, 3) told, would be, 4) would spend, was, 5) lived, would run 7.6 1) had studied, would have passed, 2) had asked, would have helped, 3) had gone, would have seen, 4) had spoken, would have understood, 5) had listened, would have been 7.7 1) was, 2) would have been, 3) see, 4) had had, 5) will break, 6) wouldn't have passed, 7) had, 8) didn't see him, 9) will not go, 10) told Chapter 8 8.11) You may know it., 2) He plans to leave soon., 3) Could we postpone the meeting?, 4) They want to apologize for their mistake., 5) It must be somewhere here. 8.2 1) am able to, 2) have to, 3) have to, 4) are allowed, 5) are not allowed 8.3 1) must, 2) were not allowed to, 3) will not be able to, 4) had to, 5) were you allowed 8.4 1) sells, 2) is sold, 3) is eaten, 4) calls, 5) are typed 8.5 1) The door is opened (by him). 2) The table is being set (by us). 3) Is the thief caught (by the police officer)? 4) The question can be answered (by me). 5) The window should be opened (by you). 8.6 1) is set, 2) tells, 3) begins, 4) is given, 5) tells, 6) made 7) advises, 8) sent, 9) gives. 8.7 1) the, 2) the, 3) the, 4) a, a, a, the, The, 5) a, a, the, the 8.8 1) b, 2) a, 3) a, 4) b, 5) a Chapter 9 9.1 1) your, 2) my, 3) her, 4) Her, 5) Their, 9.2 1) yours, 2) mine, 3) ours, 4) hers, 5) theirs 9.3 1) who, 2) which, 3) who, 4) who, 5) which 9.4 1) ok, 2) Let me do it. 3) ok, 4) ok, 5) We watched them play. 6) ok, 7) He was helped to lift the box. Chapter 10 10.1 1) happily, 2) fluently, 3) awfully, 4) well, 5) simply 10.2 1) tomatoes, 2) furniture, 3) hair, 4) money, 5) people, 6) families, 7) men
