student's laboratory book 2014-2015

7/23/2019 Student's Laboratory Book 2014-2015

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TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUCHAREST

GEOTECHNICS AND FOUNDATIONS DEPARTMENT

2014 - 2015

STUDENTS LABORATORY BOOK


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Table of contents

1 Soil grading. Sieving method (STAS 1913/5-85) .......................................................................... 3

1.1 Graphical representation: histogram, frequency curve, grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -

1/2004) ............................................................................................................................................... 4

2 Soil grading. Hydrometer method ( STAS 1913/5-85) .................................................................. 5

2.1 Grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004) ................................................................................ 6

2.2 Ternary diagram ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004) ............................................................................ 7

3 Soil indices ..................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Particle density (STAS 1913/3-76) ........................................................................................ 8

3.2 Bulk density assessement by mould method (STAS 1913/3-76) ....................................... 9

3.3 Density ratio ......................................................................................................................... 10

4 Consistency of soils ..................................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Natural moisture content (STAS 1913/1-82) ....................................................................... 11

4.2 Plastic limit assessment by soil cylinder method (STAS 1913/4-86) .................................. 114.3 Liquid limit by Casagrande cup method (STAS 1913/4-86) ............................................... 12

4.4 Liquid limit by cone method (BS 1377 Part 2 1990) ........................................................... 13

4.5 Results interpretation ........................................................................................................... 14

5 Permeability coefficient (STAS 1913/6-76) ................................................................................ 15

5.1 Constant head permeameter ................................................................................................. 15

5.2 Falling head permeameter .................................................................................................... 16

6 Oedometer compressibility test (STAS 8942/1-89) ..................................................................... 17

6 1 C i ttl t 18


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1 Soil grading. Sieving method (STAS 1913/5-85)

Dry mass of the sample: md= _ _ _ _ _ _

Dry mass of the sample, after washing on the 0.063mm sieve: m = _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Dry mass of the material that passed through the sieve when washed: mfine= _ _ _ _ _ _

mi[g] d [mm] ai [%] mp[%]

20

10

8

6.3

5

4

2

1.4

1

0.85

0.63

0.5

0.315

0.25

0.18


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Pag 4din 28



1.1 Graph ical r epresentation : hi stogram, f requency cur ve, grading curve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)

0.002 0.0063 0.02 0.063 0.2 0.63 2 6.3 20 63

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

d [mm]

mp

[%]

Argil

/ Clay

Praf / Silt Nisip / Sand Pietri / GravelBolovni

/ Cobbles

Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse


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2

Soil grading. Hydrometer method ( STAS 1913/5-85)

Dry mass of sample: m= 50g

Particle density: s=2.70g/cm3

Water density: w=1g/cm3

Hydrometer rod length: Lt=16.5cm

Hydrometer readability: div=1mmDistance from the bulb and the last mark: L sb=1.2cm

Bulbs volume: Vb=100cm3Area of the cylinders cross-section: dc=30cm2

Bulb height: hb=16.8cm

Vs=1000 cm3

1000t

H01005.01810d

r

ws

cortemp

ws

s

p R

mm

100

1.4R

RRRcor

5443.2T1118.0T109T109C243-5

t

tcorcortemp CRR

10001

cortempR

1

10

divR2LH

cortemp

t

c

s

br

d

Vh5.0HH

Time

Time

t(s)

Reading

R

Meniscus

correction

R

Corrected

reading (1)Rcor

Temperature

correctionCt

Corrected

reading (2)Rcortemp

(g/cm3)

H

(cm)

Hr

(cm)

d

(mm)

mp

(%)

Temperature

T(C)

15'' 15 1.4

30'' 30 1.4

1' 60 1.4

2' 120 1.4

4' 240 1.4

8' 480 1.4

15' 900 1.4

30' 1800 1.4

1h 3600 1.4

2h 7200 1.4

4h 14400 1.4

8h 36000 1.4

24h 86400 1.4


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2.1 Grading cur ve ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)

0.002 0.0063 0.02 0.063 0.2 0.63 2 6.3 20 63

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

d [mm]

mp

[%]

Argil

/ Clay

Praf / Silt Nisip / Sand Pietri / GravelBolovni

/ Cobbles

Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse Fin / Fine Mijlociu / Medium Mare / Coarse


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2.2

Ternary diagram ( SR EN 14688 -1/2004)

100 0

Sa

gr.Sa

sa.Gr

Gr

si.Sa

cl.Sa

sa.Si

sa.cl.Si

sa.si.Cl

sa.Cl

gr.si.Sa

gr.cl.Sa

gr.sa.si.S

gr.sa.cl.S

sa.gr.si.S

sa.si.Grsa.cl.Gr

gr.sa.Si

gr.sa.Cl

sa.gr.Si

sa.gr.Cl

si.Gr

cl.Gr

gr.Si

gr.cl.Si

gr.si.Cl

gr.Cl

Si

cl.Si

si.Cl

Cl

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15 10

Argila si Praf

(


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3 Soil indices

3.1 Particle density (STAS 1913/3-76)

Dry soil powderPyknometer

filled with water

Pyknometer

filled with water

and soil powderExcess water


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3.2 Bulk density assessement bymouldmethod (STAS 1913/3-76)

Computation dataMeasurement

unit

Sample no.

1 2 3

Mould mass m2 g

Mass of mould + soil m1 g

Inner volume of the mould (soil sample

volume)V0 cm3

=

g/cm3

Average density

g/cm3

V l i i ht kN/ 3


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3.3 Density r atio

Computation data

Measurementunit

Natural state Loosest state Densest state

Mould no.

Mould volume V cm3

Mould mass m g

Mass of mould + dry soil m1 g

m1 - m g

n = (1

)100 %

n average % n= nmax= nmin=

100

%

max min


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4 Consistency of soils

4.1 Natural moistur e content (STAS 1913/1-82)

Natural moisture content, w [%]

1 2 3

S l-


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4.3 L iqu id l imi t by Casagrande cup method (STAS 1913/4-86)

150

125

A

A

B B

60

A-A cross

section

B-B lateral view

Automated Casagrande cup

Moisturecontent[%]

Number of blows (log(N)) [-]

10 20 25 30 40 50

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3540

45

50

55

50 0

60.0

70.0

%

]


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4.4 L iqu id limit by cone method (BS 1377 Part 2 1990)

2

1

6

4

5

3

Moisture content [%]

0 20 30 40 50

10

15

20

25

30

35

10 60 70

Penetration[mm]


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Liquid limit, wL[%]

1 2 3

Sample no. -

Wet mass of sample, A g

Dry mass of sample, B g

% =

100 %

wL%average %

4.5 Resul ts interpretation

Natural moisture content, w [%]Liquid limit, wL[%]

Plastic limit, wP[%]

Plasticity index, IP[%] = wLwP

Consistency index, IC= (wL-w)/(wL-wP)

Consistency description


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5 Permeability coefficient (STAS 1913/6-76)

5.1 Constant head permeameter

=

=

P bilit


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5.2 Fall ing head permeameter

= = 2.3

c= _ _ _ _ _


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6

Oedometer compressibility test (STAS 8942/1-89)

Legend

1. Supporting frame

2. Body

3. Lever

4. Counter weight

5. Loading weight

6. Ram

7. Saturation cell

8. Micrometer

9. Porous stone

10. Soil sample

11. Loading plate

12. Confining ring

4

2

1

2

3

7

5

6

7

88

9

9

10

11

12

dinel=cm Aring=cm h0=cm


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6.1

Compression-settlement curve

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

10 100 1000

[%]

[kPa]


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Pag 19din 28



10 100 1000

e[-]

[kPa]

6.2 Compression-porosity curve

e0= av =

e = (1 e)100

e = e e av

[kPa] [%] [kPa-1]

12.5

25

50

100

200

300

500


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7 Oedometer consolidation test (STAS 8942/1-89)

Sample Time h =

h

h M =

mv =

1

M

100

50

1

4

0

log(t)t1 t2 t100

x

Consolidation

curve

A

B

C

t50x

[kPa] [mm] [%] [kPa] [kPa-1]

CLAY

10''

20''

30''

40''

1'

2'

4'

8'

15'

30'

1h

2h

4h

8h

15h

24h


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Pag 21din 28



7.1 Oedometer consoli dation curve

Cv= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm2/s

[%]

timp[s]


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8

Direct shear test (STAS 8942/2-82)

Legend

1. Supporting frame

2 d

4. Counter weight

di i h

7. Saturation box

8 i l

10. Dynamometer

i

13. Upper shearing

b

16. Porous stone

1 di l

51 1

34

12

611

8

9

10

2

7

13

8

129

1514

1516

17

18

7


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8.1 Test resul ts

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

T T T

(kN) (mm) (kPa) (kN) (mm) (kPa) (kN) (mm) (kPa)


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8.2 Mohr-Coulomb failure line

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

[kPa]

[kPa]


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9

Triaxial compression testUU (unconsolidated, undrained) (BS 1377/6,7,8)

Sample1 Sample2 Sample3

3= kPa - radial stress c= kPa

kPadeviator stress

1=3+ kPavertical stress

7

10

2

8

5

4

9

Legend

1. Pressure cell

2. Locking system of the pressure cell

3. Top port

4. Loading ram

5. Vertical load transducer

6. Pedestal

7. O

rings

8. Membrane

9. Top cap

10. Porous stone

11. Pore water pressure transducer

12. Back pressure and volume

controller

13. Draining water line

14. Cell pressure and volume

controller

1

3


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9.1

Failure line

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

[kPa]


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9.2

Stress paths representation i n MIT coordinates (s-t)

s=13

2

t=13

2

300

350

400

450

500

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

s= kPa

t= kPa

d= kPa


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Pag 28din 28



10 Results summaryborehole log

Grosimeastratului

/

Layerthickness

N.A.S./G.W.T

Stratificatia/Litho

logy

Denumirea stratificatiei /Layer material

Stut / Steel tube

Nr.proba/

Sample#

Adancimea/Depth

Granulometrie/Grading

Argila/Clay

Praf/Silt

Nisip/Sand

Pietris/Gravel

Bolovanis/cobble

0.002

0.063

2.000

63.00

Coef.deneuniformitate/

Uniformitycoeff

icient

Un(%)

Lim. Atterberg

Limitadecurgere

/

Liquidlimit

Limitadeframantar

e/

PlasticLimit

wL(%)

wP(%)

Indicedeplasticitate/

PlasticityIndex

IP(%)

Indice de consistenta/

Consistancy index

Curgator/Liquid

Pl.moale/Soft

Plconsistent/Firm

Plvartos/Stiff

Tare/Hard

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Umiditateanaturala/

Naturalmoisturec

ontent

w(%)

Greutatevolumica/

Unitweight

(kNm)

Porozitatea/Porosity

n

(%)

Indiceleporilo

r/

Voidsratio

e(-)

Graduldesatura

re/

Saturationratio

Sr(-)

Presiuneadeumflare/

Swellingpressure

Pu(kPa)

Coef.depermeabilitate/

Permeabilitycoefficent

k

(cms )

Indicii de compresibilitate/Compresibility indices

Moduledometric

/

Oedometermodulus

Efortdepreconsolida

re/

Preconsolidationstre

ss

Tasarespec.laumezire/

Settlementwhenmoist

Coef.deconsolidare/

Consolidationcoef.

Rezistenta laforfecare/

Shear strenght

Unghiuldefrecare

interna

Internal

frictionangle

Coeziune/

Cohesion

Cota fata de /

Elevation

with respectto

Pc(kPa)

M2-3(kPa)

im3(%)

cv(kPa-1)

()

c(kPa)

Nlovituri/Nblows

(-)

Pl.curgator/Verysoft

0

Borcan / Disturbed sample

Cotaterenului/

Groundlevel

0.00mdMN/mBlack

Sealvl

Unitatea Executanta a forajului / Drilling Company:

Amplasamentul / Site:

Fisa sintetica a f orajului / Borehole Summary:

Intocmit / Author:

Verificat / Checked:

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

-0.45 0.45

Umplutura si pamant vegetal / Debris

and topsoil0.45

-3.70 3.70

Praf argilos nisipos, galbui, cu

intercalatii cenusii, plastic moale /

Soft yellowish sandy silty clay, with

grey intercalations

3.25

-7.20 7.20

Nisip prafos la nisip, galbui, cu

intercalatii cenusii, mediu indesat /

Medium dense fine and medium

yellow silty sand to sand, with grey

intercalations

3.50

-10.00 10.00

2.80

2.00P2 236710 0 0 39 15 24 0.59 24 19.10 43 0.75 0.87 24.00 9

390-sat

26.10-?(cu)

15.40-c(cu)

4.00P3 8 4250 0 0 >15 26 13 13 0.29 22

6.00P4(SPT)

2 0 98 0 0

student's laboratory book 2014-2015

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