Students’ Interactions with Students’ Interactions with One AnotherOne Another

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Note---shift of focus from theNote---shift of focus from the

teacher to the teacher to the studentsstudents…….…….

Three partsThree parts to Chapter 6 to Chapter 6

Chapter Title-Students’

Interactions with One Another

Student diversityand Inclusion

Tracking and Ability Grouping

Cooperative Learning

andPeer Tutoring

Student Diversity and InclusionStudent Diversity and Inclusion

• Two current concerns with American education…..

Achievement gap between white and black students

Current high school graduation rate of minority students is unacceptably low

When educational reforms focus on cognitive rather than affective or social objectives, this is the result…..

Mandated performance objectives and testing programs Increase in course requirements/reduction in course options More rigorous grading and more homework More challenging curricula

Desegregation & MainstreamingDesegregation & Mainstreaming

Despite progress in many school districts, students are often still segregated

Research study in 2001 showed that minority students in the district showed better achievement when they received desegregated education

Recent attention has shifted to addressing these equity issues:

the need for multicultural awareness and fair treatment of different groups

The desire to elicit active participation by all students

Attempt to get beyond mere tolerance & promote positive, prosocial interactions among different groups of students

TrackingTrackingo Between-class grouping- assigning students

to classes that are homogeneous

o Grouping by ability- more elementary & middle schools

o Grouping by curriculum- more middle and esp. senior high schools….TRACKING

o Teachers who teach math & science which are subjects arranged in more of a hierarchy, like & see a need for tracking---teachers of literature & history (humanities) see the least need for tracking

Ability GroupingAbility Grouping

Reduces variations in achievement levelsTwo approaches:1) Structural approach- students’ diversity

reduced before instruction---students in 2 groups based on previous performance and taught separately

2) Situational approach- 2 groups are formed after instruction—whole class is initially taught together, then review & enrichment were provided to subsets as needed

**Research (Mason & Good 1993) proved that the situational model was more effective

Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other's learning (Johnson, Johnson, & Holubec, 1993).

Using Role CardsUsing Role Cards

While working in cooperative learning groups it is necessary for each member of the group to be assigned a task and be given a role. Once a decision has been made as to the number of groups and the roles that will be needed to perform the task, a set of role cards, similar to the ones below, should be constructed for each team member. Before roles are assigned, teachers should explain and model the task and the individual roles for students.

 

Task Structure and Incentive StructureTask Structure and Incentive Structure• In cooperative learning both the task structure

and the incentive structure affect the quality of learning.

Two structures need to be considered when planning cooperative learning activities:

• The task structure refers to the nature of the task—individual, cooperative OR competitive --are seen as the key elements in explaining why

cooperative learning works or not. • The incentive structure or reward structure—

individual, cooperative OR competitive--the reward structure is seen as the core element. (Also group or individual rewards need to be planned for).

5 Elements of5 Elements ofCooperative LearningCooperative Learning

• Team formation• Sense of positive interdependence• Individual accountability• Social skill instruction• Structure for lesson

THINK• Assign a topic.• Students think.PAIR• Students move to assigned partners.

“Please move to your partner that we assigned earlier.”

• Students discuss with partners.SHARE

• Teacher calls on students to share with class.“Student #4, Lauren, what did you and your partner say about how to best teach grammar in elementary schools today?"

THINK-PAIR-SHARETHINK-PAIR-SHARE

Managing student Managing student behaviorbehavior

• Assign partners to avoid issues of popularity.

• Change partners to allow students to experience each other’s communication styles.

• Require quiet think time.• Monitor discussions.• Ask students to share what their

partner said to emphasize that listening skills are important.

THINK-PAIR-SHARETHINK-PAIR-SHARE

Modification: Timed Pair ShareModification: Timed Pair Share• If you want to prevent one person from monopolizing

the conversation, set a time limit and students take turns talking.

Modification: RallyrobinModification: Rallyrobin• If the discussion is supposed to generate a list from the

pair of students, the students can take turns writing.

Modification: Think-Write-Pair-Modification: Think-Write-Pair-ShareShare

• Slows pace of discussion. All students write their ideas

so teacher can monitor the participation.

THINK-PAIR-SHARETHINK-PAIR-SHARE

Numbered Heads TogetherNumbered Heads Together

• Place students in groups of four.• Number students in each group 1 – 4.• Present information to students.• Require students to think about answer in

groups and develop a consensus.• Call on number 1, 2, 3, or 4, and ask any

students with that number to raise their hand.

• Call on one student or several students for answers.

Modification: Involving the ClassModification: Involving the Class• After student(s) present answer, you can call

on entire class to show agreement or disagreement. Every student must answer.

“Who agrees with this answer? Show me with a thumbs up if you agree or a thumbs down if you are thinking another answer is correct.”

And if you would like to ask for justification “Why?”

Numbered Heads TogetherNumbered Heads Together

JIGSAWJIGSAW Students are part of a learning group and research

team.

Students meet in their LEARNING GROUP and define goals.

Each student from the group joins a separate RESEARCH TEAM to research their part of the goal.

Students return to LEARNING GROUP to share results and teach group members.

The LEARNING GROUP shares with entire class.

• Teacher introduces a unit.• Students list topics to be investigated.• LEARNING GROUP chooses a topic. • LEARNING GROUP determines subtopics for

members to investigate.• Members prepare report on subtopic for

LEARNING GROUP.• Subtopics combined into information on

topic.• LEARNING GROUP presents their topic to

class.

• Coach learning groups into equitable distribution of subtopics and work-load.

• Listen to students as they respond to the reports presented by individuals. Encourage sensitivity and demonstrate examples of respectful disagreement. “I sense that you are displeased with your team-mate’s research. Talk to me about what you would have done with that subtopic. We’ll figure out how we can work with him.”

REVIEW COOPERATIVE LEARNING REVIEW COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODELS:MODELS:

Models Some Positive Behaviors Encouraged

Think-Pair-Share • peer communication• taking turns• quiet thinking• listening

Numbered Heads Together

• consensus building• collaborative sharing of information• representing a group

Jigsaw • collaboration with two groups• responsibility for dual roles

– as a teacher and learner

• coaching other team members

Group Investigation • shared responsibility• communication of ideas