studentification and moral panic: when is a ‘student area’ a ‘student ghetto’? darren p....
DESCRIPTION
Studentification and Moral Panic: When is a ‘Student Area’ a ‘Student Ghetto’? Darren P. Smith University of Brighton, UK The 3 rd International Population Geographies Conference University of Liverpool 20 th June 2006. Structure of presentation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Studentification and Studentification and Moral Panic:Moral Panic:
When is a ‘Student Area’ When is a ‘Student Area’ a ‘Student Ghetto’?a ‘Student Ghetto’?
Darren P. Smith Darren P. Smith University of Brighton, UK University of Brighton, UK
The 3The 3rdrd International International Population Geographies ConferencePopulation Geographies Conference
University of LiverpoolUniversity of Liverpool 2020thth June 2006 June 2006
Structure of presentationStructure of presentation
Studentification in the UK: Studentification in the UK: backgroundbackground
Studentification in an Studentification in an international contextinternational context
Studentification and a changing Studentification and a changing contextcontext Dynamics of studentificationDynamics of studentification Perceptions of studentification are Perceptions of studentification are
not linked to distinct not linked to distinct concentrationsconcentrations
Empirical research:Empirical research: Leeds, North of England (Leeds, North of England (2001-2002)2001-2002) Brighton & Eastbourne, SE (coast) Brighton & Eastbourne, SE (coast)
England (2002-2003)England (2002-2003) National UK study > Department for National UK study > Department for
Education and Skills / Office of the Education and Skills / Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004-2006)Deputy Prime Minister (2004-2006) 6 case studies6 case studies
AustraliaAustralia Melbourne, Hobart (March/April 06)Melbourne, Hobart (March/April 06)
IrelandIreland Dublin, Galway, Cork (May/Aug 06)Dublin, Galway, Cork (May/Aug 06)
Canada (Ontario / Quebec)Canada (Ontario / Quebec) Kingston, Hamilton, Montreal, Toronto, Kingston, Hamilton, Montreal, Toronto,
Quebec City (June)Quebec City (June)
Part one:Part one:
Studentification in the UK: Studentification in the UK: backgroundbackground
What is studentification?What is studentification?
Termed coined in 1999Termed coined in 1999 Urban change with the hallmarks of Urban change with the hallmarks of
gentrification (Smith, 2002)gentrification (Smith, 2002) BBC Word of 2002BBC Word of 2002 Macmillan English Dictionary (2003)Macmillan English Dictionary (2003)
‘‘[Studentification is] the social [Studentification is] the social and environmental changes and environmental changes caused by very large numbers of caused by very large numbers of students living in particular areas students living in particular areas of a town or city’of a town or city’
Wikipedia (2005)Wikipedia (2005)
Working definition: Working definition: EconomicEconomic
Studentification involves:Studentification involves: the the revalorisationrevalorisation and and inflationinflation of of
property prices, which is tied to the property prices, which is tied to the recommodification of single-family recommodification of single-family housing or a repackaging of private housing or a repackaging of private rented housing to supply HMO for HE rented housing to supply HMO for HE students. students.
This This restructuringrestructuring of the housing of the housing stock gives rise to a stock gives rise to a tenure profiletenure profile which is dominated by private rented, which is dominated by private rented, and decreasing levels of owner-and decreasing levels of owner-occupation.occupation.
* Or purpose-built student * Or purpose-built student accommodation and knock-on accommodation and knock-on effects?effects?
Working definition: Working definition: SocialSocial
Studentification involves:Studentification involves: the the replacement or replacement or
displacementdisplacement of a group of of a group of established permanent residents established permanent residents with a transient, generally young with a transient, generally young and single, [middle class] social and single, [middle class] social grouping; grouping;
entailing new patterns of entailing new patterns of socialsocial concentration and concentration and segregationsegregation
Working definition: Working definition: CulturalCultural
Studentification involves:Studentification involves:the gathering together of the gathering together of
young persons with a young persons with a shared culture and shared culture and lifestylelifestyle, ,
and consumption practices and consumption practices linked to certain types of linked to certain types of retail and service retail and service infrastructureinfrastructure
Working definition: Working definition: PhysicalPhysical
Studentification involves:Studentification involves:an initial an initial upgradingupgrading of the of the
external physical environment external physical environment as properties are converted to as properties are converted to HMO. HMO.
This can subsequently lead to This can subsequently lead to a downgrading of the physical a downgrading of the physical environment, depending on the environment, depending on the local context’local context’
Student NumbersStudent Numbers
All All students students (UK)(UK)
LeedsLeeds NottinghamNottingham
1995-961995-96 1,720,0941,720,094 40,11140,111 44,68544,685
2004-052004-05 2,423,5902,423,590 60,42560,425
(+31,960)(+31,960)
59,61059,610
2001 GB Census wards2001 GB Census wards % student % student householdshouseholds
Dunkirk and Lenton (Nottingham)Dunkirk and Lenton (Nottingham) 24.024.0
Headingley (Leeds) Headingley (Leeds) 20.820.8
Crossgate and Framwelgate Crossgate and Framwelgate (Durham)(Durham)
17.417.4
Blean Forest (Canterbury)Blean Forest (Canterbury) 16.616.6
Loughborough Storer (Charnwood)Loughborough Storer (Charnwood) 16.516.5
Selly Oak (Birmingham)Selly Oak (Birmingham) 15.515.5
Elvet (Durham)Elvet (Durham) 15.215.2
Hanley West and Shelton (Stoke-Hanley West and Shelton (Stoke-on-Trent)on-Trent)
15.215.2
Netherthorpe (Sheffield)Netherthorpe (Sheffield) 14.514.5
St Clement`s (Oxford)St Clement`s (Oxford) 14.414.4
2001 GB Census 2001 GB Census wardswards
% total students% total students
Holywell (Oxford)Holywell (Oxford) 90.390.3
Keele Keele (Newcastle-u-L)(Newcastle-u-L)
82.282.2
Heslington (York)Heslington (York) 79.779.7
Elvet (Durham)Elvet (Durham) 76.376.3
St Nicholas St Nicholas (Durham)(Durham)
70.370.3
Carfax (Oxford)Carfax (Oxford) 68.268.2
Market Market (Cambridge)(Cambridge)
65.765.7
Newnham Newnham (Cambridge)(Cambridge)
64.064.0
Exaggeration?Exaggeration?
Student concentrations: Student concentrations: Ireland Ireland (source: 1996 and 2002 Irish census, using NIRSA interface)(source: 1996 and 2002 Irish census, using NIRSA interface)
DEDDED % students 2002 % students 2002
(% change 1996-2002) (% change 1996-2002)
% shared housing 2002 % shared housing 2002 (% change 1996-2002) (% change 1996-2002)
Dun Laoghaire - DublinDun Laoghaire - Dublin 61.6 (+5.4)61.6 (+5.4) 36.9 (-12.7)36.9 (-12.7)
Gillabbey C - CorkGillabbey C - Cork 49.5 (+0.3)49.5 (+0.3) 43.1 (+3.7)43.1 (+3.7)
Ballysimon - LimerickBallysimon - Limerick 45.2 (-1.9)45.2 (-1.9) 24.8 (-1.9)24.8 (-1.9)
Danagan - GalwayDanagan - Galway 43.1 (-1.4)43.1 (-1.4) 18.9 (-12.3)18.9 (-12.3)
Taylors Hill - GalwayTaylors Hill - Galway 40.7 (+13.8)40.7 (+13.8) 22.7 (+10.5)22.7 (+10.5)
Gillabbey A - CorkGillabbey A - Cork 37.6 (-0.7)37.6 (-0.7) 35.6 (+4.4)35.6 (+4.4)
Glahseen - CorkGlahseen - Cork 36.0 (+8.7)36.0 (+8.7) 22.2 (+5.2)22.2 (+5.2)
Bishopstown - CorkBishopstown - Cork 35.0 (-3.0)35.0 (-3.0) 26.6 (+3.4)26.6 (+3.4)
Gillabbey A - CorkGillabbey A - Cork 34.3 (0.0)34.3 (0.0) 22.7 (+3.0)22.7 (+3.0)
Effects of studentification (What about Effects of studentification (What about emotions / experential dimensions?)emotions / experential dimensions?)EnvironmentalEnvironmental EconomicEconomic SocialSocial
Increased on-street Increased on-street parking.parking.
Conversion of Conversion of family housing family housing into student into student residences residences (HMOs)(HMOs)
Purpose-built Purpose-built accommodation, accommodation, that is out of that is out of keeping with the keeping with the urban characterurban character
Poorer quality Poorer quality housing stockhousing stock
Increased Increased population density.population density.
Increase of squalorIncrease of squalor
House price House price inflation.inflation.
Changes in retail Changes in retail and entertainment and entertainment services.services.
Seasonal Seasonal employment (in employment (in shops, pubs).shops, pubs).
Demand for private Demand for private rented housing.rented housing.
Increase of anti-social Increase of anti-social behaviour behaviour
Increased levels of Increased levels of crime.crime.
Increased pressures Increased pressures on services.on services.
Decreased demand for Decreased demand for health and educational health and educational services.services.
Displacement / Displacement / replacement of replacement of established residents.established residents.
Increased competition Increased competition for private rented for private rented houseshouses
A Negative process!A Negative process! ‘‘Pubs have been converted to theme bars, Pubs have been converted to theme bars,
which often shut during the summer months which often shut during the summer months when students have returned to their homes. when students have returned to their homes. Fast-food takeaways and off-licences Fast-food takeaways and off-licences selling cheap alcohol dominate the shopping selling cheap alcohol dominate the shopping streets. Schools have seen their class sizes streets. Schools have seen their class sizes plummet as families move out of the area. plummet as families move out of the area. Inner-city factories have been converted into Inner-city factories have been converted into flats, as locals lose their jobs. House prices flats, as locals lose their jobs. House prices have also rocketed as landlords have have also rocketed as landlords have created a property boom and now people created a property boom and now people wishing to move house but stay in the area wishing to move house but stay in the area have found themselves priced out of the have found themselves priced out of the market’ (The Observer, 21/07/2002).market’ (The Observer, 21/07/2002).
A Negative process!A Negative process!
‘‘In the past three years, more than 8,500 In the past three years, more than 8,500 families have left. Last year 1,600 houses families have left. Last year 1,600 houses were converted to house students. Home were converted to house students. Home prices have risen by 50%, knocking first-prices have risen by 50%, knocking first-time buyers out of the market. Schools time buyers out of the market. Schools fear closure because of a shortage of fear closure because of a shortage of children in the area. Because students children in the area. Because students move on, there is an electoral roll-over of move on, there is an electoral roll-over of 52% a year in Headingley, compared with 52% a year in Headingley, compared with an average 8% in other Leeds wards’ (The an average 8% in other Leeds wards’ (The Guardian (11/10/2000).Guardian (11/10/2000).
Perceptions of studentificationPerceptions of studentification Moral panic (National HMO Lobby - 35 Moral panic (National HMO Lobby - 35
university towns)university towns) ‘‘Us and them’ languageUs and them’ language
‘‘Host’ community & ‘Guest’ communityHost’ community & ‘Guest’ community Class-based claims of ownership to space / Class-based claims of ownership to space /
place / services / resources - gentrifiersplace / services / resources - gentrifiers ‘‘Territorial wars’ & performances of power Territorial wars’ & performances of power
relationsrelations Intergenerational conflictIntergenerational conflict New forms of [mature] gentrification?New forms of [mature] gentrification?
Begs questions about:Begs questions about: Sustainable communties?Sustainable communties? Balanced communities Balanced communities Social mixing / diversity?Social mixing / diversity? The role of studentification / student The role of studentification / student
accommodation for urban regeneration?accommodation for urban regeneration?
Perceptions of studentificationPerceptions of studentification
When is the ‘demographic When is the ‘demographic imbalance’?imbalance’?
What is the tipping point / What is the tipping point / threshold?threshold?
When are concentrations of When are concentrations of students perceived as a problem students perceived as a problem by an established residential by an established residential community? community?
Perceptions of studentificationPerceptions of studentification
Postal (email) questionnaire survey Postal (email) questionnaire survey of all HEIs in UKof all HEIs in UK Response rate 62% (85% completed Response rate 62% (85% completed
by Acc. Officer)by Acc. Officer) Postal (email) questionnaire survey Postal (email) questionnaire survey
of local community groups within of local community groups within National HMO LobbyNational HMO Lobby 17 university towns and cities17 university towns and cities
6 case studies – follow-up 6 case studies – follow-up qualitative researchqualitative research Brighton, Canterbury, Leeds, Brighton, Canterbury, Leeds,
Loughborough, Manchester/Salford, Loughborough, Manchester/Salford, Nottingham Nottingham
Studentification in an Studentification in an international contextinternational context The ‘Student Ghetto’ in KingstonThe ‘Student Ghetto’ in Kingston
Perceptions of studentification Perceptions of studentification
in an international contextin an international context
Carlton in Melbourne Carlton in Melbourne Harmony between students and Harmony between students and
established residential communityestablished residential community
Studentification and a changing contextStudentification and a changing context Changing student populations & geographiesChanging student populations & geographies The ‘Growing Esteem’ vision (University of The ‘Growing Esteem’ vision (University of
Melbourne, 2006) Melbourne, 2006) 4 new student geographies:4 new student geographies:
College SquaresCollege Squares Private sector purpose-builtPrivate sector purpose-built Docklands & SouthbankDocklands & Southbank Residential hallsResidential halls
Community resistance to the manufacture of Community resistance to the manufacture of ‘student ghettos’‘student ghettos’
Perception of changes which are akin to Perception of changes which are akin to studentification within UK contextstudentification within UK context
STUDENTIFICATION – STUDENTIFICATION – CHANGING CONTEXTS (2)CHANGING CONTEXTS (2)
THE PROLIFERATION OF THE PROLIFERATION OF PURPOSE BUILT STUDENT PURPOSE BUILT STUDENT ACCOMMODATIONACCOMMODATION RELEASING HOUSING FOR RELEASING HOUSING FOR
AFFLUENT FAMILIES WITHIN AFFLUENT FAMILIES WITHIN THE CITY AND COUNTERING THE CITY AND COUNTERING THE ‘DRIFT’ TO THE THE ‘DRIFT’ TO THE COUNTRYSIDE (C-URB.)COUNTRYSIDE (C-URB.)
‘‘Marvellous Melbourne’? Marvellous Melbourne’? Any lessons and / or good practiceAny lessons and / or good practice
Funding of developments?Funding of developments? Planning / legal obligationsPlanning / legal obligations Aesthetics / building codes Aesthetics / building codes Design of internal space & services / external Design of internal space & services / external
spacespace Mixing of students / different student intakesMixing of students / different student intakes Marrying up with student experiences / Marrying up with student experiences /
lifecourses lifecourses Consultation with local communitiesConsultation with local communities Knock-on effects upon wider housing / retail Knock-on effects upon wider housing / retail
marketsmarkets Satisfaction levels of studentsSatisfaction levels of students Management of students – e.g. anti-social Management of students – e.g. anti-social
behaviour / pastoral carebehaviour / pastoral care Cost to students & the wider ‘student package’ Cost to students & the wider ‘student package’
(top-up fees / appeals of university / location?)(top-up fees / appeals of university / location?) Student retention & recruitmentStudent retention & recruitment
STUDENTIFICATION – STUDENTIFICATION – CHANGING CONTEXTSCHANGING CONTEXTS
THE GENTRIFICATION OF THE GENTRIFICATION OF STUDENT AREASSTUDENT AREAS
THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE DISPLACEMENT OF STUDENTSSTUDENTS
STUDENTIFICATION – STUDENTIFICATION – CHANGING CONTEXTSCHANGING CONTEXTS
DESTUDENTIFICATIONDESTUDENTIFICATION LeedsLeeds CoventryCoventry NottinghamNottingham