student mohammed abdulla desalination presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Mohammed Abdulla
Sunday, December 19, 2010
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Outlines
1. Salinity
2. Desalination Processes
3. Desalination Barriers.
4. Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant.
5. Useful Resources.
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1. SalinitySalinity
Concentration of salt in water measured in grams per liter or parts per thousand.
Fresh Water Brackish Water Saline Water Brine
Less than 0.5 g/l
Desalinated Water
0.5-30 g/l
Underground Water
30-50 g/l
Sea Water
More than 50 g/l
DesalinationPlants Rejection
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2. Desalination Processes
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2. Desalination ProcessesSeparationProcesses
Thermal
Multi Stage FlashMultiple Effect
Evaporation
FreezingHumidification-
Dehumidification
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis Electro-Dialysis
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2.1 Thermal Desalination
Water Vapor Water Steam
Gas phase of water. Water vapor at high pressure andtemperature.
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Heat added or removed and causes
change in temperature.
Heat added or removed and causes
change in phase.
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat required to raise a unit mass by a unit temperature at constant volume or
pressure (J/kg.°C).
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2.1 Thermal Desalination
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
A b s o l u t e S a t u r a t i o n P r e s s
u r e ( K P a )
Temperature °C
Liquid Water
Water Vapor
Water Saturation Pressure
Pressure at which water changes its phase at certain temperature.
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2.1.1 Multi Stage Flash
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2.1.1 Multi Stage Flash
(El-Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002)
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2.1.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation
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2.1.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation
(El-Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002)
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2.2 Membrane Desalination
(Reverse Osmosis)Osmosis (Natural Osmosis)
Water movement through a membrane from low salinity side to the high salinity
side.
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2.2 Membrane Desalination
(Reverse Osmosis)
Reverse Osmosis
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2.2 Membrane Desalination
(Reverse Osmosis)
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2.2 Membrane Desalination
(Reverse Osmosis)
Tampa Bay RO Desalination Plant, Florida, US, 2007
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3. Desalination Barriers Energy Consumption
Cost Scaling
Environment Impact
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3.1 Energy ConsumptionMulti Stage Flash & Multiple Effect
Evaporation (Thermal)Reverse Osmosis (Membrane)
10–
200 kWh/m³ 1–
10 kWh/m³
Steam Turbines Gas TurbinesSteam and Gas
TurbinesPower (MW) to Water (MIGD)
Ratio5 : 1 10 : 1 15 : 1
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3.1 Energy Consumption
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3.2 Cost
ElectricalEnergy
44%
Chemicals5%
Maintenance16%
Initial CapitalCost37%
Cost Analysis of RO MembraneDesalination Process
(Semiat, 2000)
Enrgy 60%
Chemical3%
Maintenance6%
Initial CapitalCost31%
Cost Analysis for MED ThermalDesalination Process
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3.3 Scaling What is scaling?
The accumulation of salt particles on the desalinationplant components.
How to minimize scaling?
Addition of chemicals, like Polyphosphate.
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3.4 Environmental Impact Energy consumption and carbon footprint.
Rejection of brine back into sea.
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4. Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination
Plant
(El-Nashar, 2008)
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5. Useful ResourcesFundamentals of Salt WaterDesalination, by El-Dessouky &
Ettouney Thermal analysis, mass balance, energy balance, efficiencies, ratios.
Desalination Research Progress, by Delgado & Moreno Renewable energies and desalination.
Multiple Effect Distillation of SeawaterUsing Solar Energy, by El-Nashar Solar desalination plant in Abu-Dhabi.