structures of eukaryotic cells
DESCRIPTION
Structures of Eukaryotic Cells. Nucleus:. 1.-Brain of cell , the cells control center 2.-Surrounded by another membrane/nuclear envelope 2.- Contains DNA -has code for making all proteins/traits of cell 4.- Contains pores for items to move in and out. Nuclear Envelope: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 2: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nucleus: 1.-Brain of cell , the cells control center2.-Surrounded by another membrane/nuclear envelope2.- Contains DNA
-has code for making all proteins/traits of cell4.- Contains pores for items to move in and out.
![Page 3: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nuclear Envelope:-outside of nucleus, studded with pores
Nucleolus:-circular structure within nucleus-makes ribosomes
Nucleoplasm:-cytoplasm inside the nucleus
![Page 4: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromatin:1.-loosely coiled DNA found within the nucleus
-each human cell has 46 pieces of DNA2.-can tightly coil into a bow tie shaped “chromosome”
![Page 5: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromosomes are made up of genes.
Genes: -segments of DNA which code for specific proteins
These proteins determine our traits.
![Page 6: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ribosomes:
The cells “workbench”
Job: Makes proteins, in their linear form, by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on DNA’s code.
![Page 7: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins.
Found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
or
Free floating in the cytoplasm
![Page 8: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):-Known as the “cells subway system-Transports proteins around the cell
![Page 9: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The E.R is a made up of a series of interconnected, hollow channels.
Two types of E.R:
1. Smooth E.R.-has no ribosomes attached.-responsible for making new membranes for the cell
2.Rough E.R.-has ribosomes attached-helps with protein synthesis
![Page 10: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1.Proteins, made by the ribosomes2.Travel through the hollow channels of the rough ER into the smooth ER.
3. The end of the smooth ER pinches off around the protein forming a “transporting vesicle”
![Page 11: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4. Transporting vesicle transports the newly formed protein to the golgi body.
![Page 12: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Golgi Complex, Apparatus or Bodies
-a stack of flattened membranes clustered in one area.
-Made up of a collection of transporting vesicles.
![Page 13: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The golgi is known as the Fed-Ex man
Job: Collects, stores, modifies and packages materials
it receives from the transporting vesicles/ER and then deliver them to where they need to go. This is where a protein gets it 3D shape
![Page 14: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Example: Insulin production in a pancreas cell
![Page 15: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mitochondria:
1. -cell’s powerhouse2. -the place were the cell converts food and oxygen into energy.3. -found in all eukaryotic cells~plant-like and animal like.
![Page 16: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4. -site of cellular respirationsugar + oxygen ATP energy + carbon dioxide + water
Form of energy used by a cell to do “work”.
-12 to 1000 mitochondria per cell-plant cells have less than animal cells.
Why?-less active-require less energy
-Which cells in our body would have the most mitochondria?
-muscle cells ~ very active
![Page 17: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mitochondria are made up of 2 membranes:-outer membrane-inner membranes known as cristae.
![Page 18: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chloroplast:-Found only in plant-like cells-site of photosynthesis
Sun + CO2 + H2OC6H12O6 + O2
![Page 19: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CHLOROPLAST:-Trap energy of the sun and convert
it into sugars which can be stored by the plant or broken down in the mitochondria into ATP energy.
Plant store sugar in their fruits, stems, and roots.
![Page 20: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ROY G BIV
Absorbs: -all spectrums of light but green is reflected.
![Page 21: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lysosomes:
Nickname: Clean Up Crew or Suicide Sack
Job: Organelles which contain digestive enzymes made by the ribosomes and processed in the golgi.
Two Jobs:
1. Fuse to an old or damaged cell organelle, injects its enzymes into it and digest the old organelle .
![Page 22: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3.Lysosomes in an older or damagedCell breaks open and releases enzymes into theCytoplasm ~ digesting the cell from the inside out.
Example: lifespan
RBC’s 120 daysWBC’s 8 daysSperm 5 days
![Page 23: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lysosomes
![Page 24: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
LysosomesSee last page of note package:
Formation of a lysosome:
1. Ribosomes make a digestive enzyme2. Enzymes travel through ER3. Smooth ER pinches off and dig. enzyme is contained in a transporting vesicle.4. Transporting vesicle fuses with golgi5. Golgi modifies enzyme giving it a 3D shape6. Section of golgi moves away with enzyme inside it ~ now a lysosome.
![Page 25: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Vacuoles: Storage area for cell
Stores excess water, food or
waste.
![Page 26: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plant-like cells have 1 or 2 large central vacuole which stores excess water or sugars
Animals-like cells have many small vacuoles which store excess water and waste.
![Page 27: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plastids: specialized vacuoles in plants
Chloroplast: Stores chlorophyll
Leucoplast: Stores starch
Chromoplast: Stores color pigments
![Page 28: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
See last page:
Centrioles: used by animal cells to help with cell division
![Page 29: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Plant and Animal Cell Comparison
Plant cells have: Animal cells have: cell wall and membrane cell membrane chloroplast no chloroplast 1 or 2 large vacuole many small vacuoles No centrioles 1 pair of centrioles Has plastids No plastids Rectangular in shape Roundish in shape Small # of mitochondria Large # of mitochondria
![Page 30: Structures of Eukaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081511/56812a5d550346895d8dc990/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Comparison
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
-No nucleus -Has a nucleus-DNA in 1 circular loop -DNA in several linear pieces-Has no membrane bound organelles -Has membrane bound organelles
-both have cytoplasm-both have ribosomes
Ex/ Bacteria Ex/ all protist, fungi, plants and animals