structure of solar radiation at high latitudes · structure of solar radiation at high latitudes...
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STRUCTURE OF SOLAR RADIATION AT HIGH LATITUDES
Teolan Tomson, Enn Mellikov1
Department of Materials Science, Tallinn University of Technology
Sun’s path in June month at different latitudes
@ 40o N
@ 60o N
Night time @ 40oN
Rome: 1524 kWhy-1; a 25o tilted collector loses 6 sunny hours per dayStockholm: 975 kWhy-1; a 45o tilted collector loses 10 sunny hours per day
Night time @ 60oN
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, Riga, 30 May−1 June
1. Tracking – why?Converted solar energy QC [@isotropic model of Gd]
Gb – beam commponent of the
irradiance Gb – diffuse commponent of the
irradianceT – exposition intervalt – current timekQ – incident angle modifier =τα (Θ )
Θ – incident angleΨ – apperture angleτα – transmitance absorbtance product
( ) ( )dttGdtktGQT
dT
bCψθ
θ,,, ∫+∫=
2
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Tsüklonite teekond
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Typical radiation conditions at high latitudes, correlation between direct and diffuse fractions of the irradiance
Relative duration,%
10,7
8,8
80,5
Blue-sky
Darkness
Variable
81,2
16,1
2,7
Relative energy, %
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- Ühendpooljuhtmaterjalide õhukesed kiled keemilistel ja elektrokeemilistel meetoditel, keemia ja tehnoloogia
- Ühendpooljuhtmaterjalide pulbrite moodustumine rekristallisatsiooniprotsessis, mehhanism ja kineetika - Õhukesekileliste ja pulbriliste pooljuhtpäikese-elementide keemia, füüsika ja tehnoloogia
Materjaliteaduslike uuringute suunad
EESMÄRK: uued ja odavad teaduslikult põhjendatud tehnoloogiad päikesepatareide valmistamiseks
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Monoterapulbrid
Monoterapulbrite eelised:
1. Iga pulbriosake on väike monokristall;
2. kitsas granulomeetriline koostis;
3. Homogeenne keemiline koostis ja lisandite jaotus
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Monoterakihtide eelised
• Materjalide ja seadiste odavad tehnoloogiad
• Võimalus valmistada seadiseid praktiliselt piiramatus pindalas
• Võimalus kasutada materjali praktiliselt 100%-liselt
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TUT heliodon
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TUT mirror box
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~
~
PPV (t)σPPV
XG {Σ (T, L)}
RL
U(t)=var
U(t)=const
PG ∞
Reasons to investigate dynamical behavior of the solar radiation
Due to τPV0 dynamic of a PV farm is assessed by the dynamical behavior of cloud’s shadows
1. Fatigue of materials under alternating radiation 2. Assessment of capacity of the (local) energy storage
unit3. Problems of the stability of frequency in (a weak) grid 4. Problems of voltage flicker for the local load
3
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Cumulus Humilis (field measurements)
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T. Tomson: Solar engineering in Estonia: Solar resource
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Fragment of the recording in conditions of (single-layer) Cumulus Humilis
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Automat to detect the fast alternating radiation
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Automatically recorded data of the fast alternating radiationThe largest increment (705 Wm−2s−1), recorded during summer season 2008
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Automatically recorded data of the fast alternating radiationDigitization of the recorded data (assessment of fronts)
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Eesti päikesetoitel mere-hoiatusmärgid
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5
12 3
4
6
g:100% r:10%l:20%
l:5%
u:~65%
1. Optical cover (glass, polycarbonat)2. Air gap (insulation gap)3. Absorber4. Back insulation (mineral wool)5 Mirror film6 Back cover (Al, plywood)
FPC- flat plate collector
g: irradiated 100%; r: reflected 10%; l: emitted losses 20%; u: useful liquid flow 65%; l Conducted losses 1.5%
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Efficiency curves I
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EVTC Evacuated tube collector
Heatpipe
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~60 ºC
~10 ºC
IT (h)
~60 ºC
~10 ºC
Gas, pellet orElectrical boiler
Circulation pump
Expansion tank
Mantel tank
Most common double loop DHW system
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Vändra haigla
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Keila SOS lasteküla
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Valga lasteaed
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Euroopa energiavarustus