STRUCTURE COVERING

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1.1. List the structure covering methods.List the structure covering methods.

2.2. Describe structure covering methods.Describe structure covering methods.

Structure Covering

Roof installation Wall installation

Door installationDoor frame installation

Wide sheet roof

Small sheet roof

Roof InstallationRoof Installation

Small sheet roofSmall sheet roof

i) Plain tilesi) Plain tiles

Small sheet roofii) S-curve tiles

Small sheet roofiii) Interlocking tiles

S manifold tile

(15° minimum slope)

Double S manifold tile

(22.5° minimum slope)

Plain tile

(17.5° minimum slope)

Interlocking tile shapes. Installation of the interlocking tiles on timber roof structure.

Procedures of interlocking tiles roof cover installation at Procedures of interlocking tiles roof cover installation at roof frameroof frame

1. Lay felt layer over the roof frame rafters.2. Fix 25mm x 50mm battens size by nailing horizontally.

3.3. Battens distance from each centre is calculated according to Battens distance from each centre is calculated according to this formula.this formula.

Battens distance c – c = Tile length – lap 2 = 420mm – 120mm 2 = 360mm

4. Tiles slates are laid over battens and nailed. Start laying from the lowest batten

5.5. At the highest part of roof, ridge tiles are used to cover holes At the highest part of roof, ridge tiles are used to cover holes between the two roof parts.between the two roof parts.

Wide sheet roofWide sheet roofi)i) Grooved asbestosGrooved asbestosii)ii) Grooved zincGrooved zinc

Installation of grooved asbestos sheet

Wall InstallationWall InstallationWall characteristics:

Characteristics Description

Stability Walls construction should be strong and stable.Walls construction should be strong and stable.

Strength Walls should be able to support load, sustain stress Walls should be able to support load, sustain stress and compression load.and compression load.

Weather resistance

Walls should be able resist extreme cool and hot Walls should be able resist extreme cool and hot temperature as well as to prevent rain penetration.temperature as well as to prevent rain penetration.

Fire resistance Walls should be able to resist fire.Walls should be able to resist fire.

Sound absorption

Walls should be able to absorb sound.Walls should be able to absorb sound.

Procedures of brick wall constructionProcedures of brick wall construction

1. Mark brick wall location according to plan and peg signs.2. Build both ends simultaneously until their height reach three

or four brick layers. Ensure the end parts are laid vertically and evenly by using spirit level as well as gauge in the right position by using layer gauge.

3. Build walls between both ends until it is similar to the edge parts. Always ensure walls are constructed vertically and evenly as well as in straight line by using a stretched thread. Use pointing trowel for finishing bond.

4. Repeat step 2 and 3 until the wall work is completed.

Examples of brick wall bonding methodsExamples of brick wall bonding methods

Stretcher bond

English yard bondEnglish bond

Flemish bond

Door Frame InstallationDoor Frame Installation

Essential aspects during door frame installationEssential aspects during door frame installation

AspectAspect Purpose Purpose MethodMethod

Frame must be perpendicular

●The door will be easily installed●The door will be easily opened and closed

●Test using try-square●Install temporary struts at top angle and below part

Frame must be vertical and same level

●The door will be easily installed

●Test using spirit level at top of head, internal parts and in front of jambs●Install temporary struts

Strengthening frame position

●To acquire strong anchorage to the wall.

●Nail galvanized iron fish-tail clamp into the jambs behind the brick wall●Build horn or joggle at both end of head

Door InstallationDoor InstallationA door is installed to a door frame by using hinges.

Examples of door

Window Frame InstallationWindow Frame Installation

Procedures to install window frame Procedures to install window frame

1. Raise the window frame on top of constructed brick wall and test its flatness level using a spirit level. Accuracy is obtained when the air bubble moves to the centre of spirit level tube.

2. Make sure the window frame position is vertical. Install temporary struts to internal and external parts of wall so that window frame is fixed to its position.

3. Proceed bricklaying work at the left and right window sides until it reaches similar level as the head. Galvanized iron fish-tail wall clamps are installed to each four layer of bricks.

4. Build reinforced concrete lintel on top of the head. The purpose is to transfer imposed load from the wall above to the side wall.