WATER.

WATER.Structure and processes within hydrosphere

WaterEarth is waterWater breakdownOceans -97.3% Frozen -2.1%Underground (aquifers) 0.6%Lakes and rivers 0.01%Atmosphere 0.001%

Distribution of Water on Earth

Properties of WaterCohesive sticks to itself

Adhesive sticks to other materials

High specific heat takes lots of energy to increase/decrease temperature

Properties of WaterWater is polarPolar likes polarOil is not polar oil does not mix

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uHsvLxu3GUProperties of WaterDensity = 1 g/mLMass/volume (room temp)Density is effected by temperature and salinityMost dense at 4CLeast dense - solid

Only substance to EXPAND when solid

Why is this a good thing?

Properties of WaterDensity influences ocean currents

Warm water flows from equator to poles

Cold water flows from poles to equator

Water CycleMovement of water in, on, and above earths surface

Constantly changing forms; ice, water, vapor

Water CycleFlows over the landRuns offInfiltratesEvaporates

Water CycleEvaporates moisture in atmosphere; forms clouds

Rain to Run off streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc

Rain to infiltration absorbed by vegetation, fills gaps in earth, becomes ground waterWater cycleWhich would allow water to flow through more easily?

Easiest2nd EasiestMost DifficultNotice the gaps!!!!Water CycleCreate mural of water cycleInclude the following:Run off, precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, condensation, and transpiration

Define each term on the back of your mural

Can be found on page 158-159 in blue Earth Science BookRiver BasinsAn entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributariesCharacterized by all runoff being taken to same outlet

WatershedsSmaller area of land that drains to a smaller stream, lake or wetland

Many smaller watersheds within a river basin.

Ground WaterGround Water: the water that lies beneath the ground surfacefilling cracks and pores in all types of rock

Source rain and snow that falls to the ground, some percolates down into the groundPorosity and PermeabilityPorous: a rock that holds much water

Permeable: a rock that allows water to flow easily through it

Impermeable: a rock that does not allow water to flow through it easilyThe Water Table

water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturationAquifersAquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easilysandstone, conglomerate, limestone, bodies of sand and gravel

Movement of GroundwaterPercolates into ground (downward)May travel down slopeMoves easily through porous rock and not through compacted rock or rocks w/o pores

Ground Water and FloodingGround becomes too saturated leads to flooding

saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water

Ground Water and Flooding

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-natural-disasters/landslides-and-more/floods/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDtBby7lJX0

Human Use of WaterWellsWell: cylindrical hole dug to penetrate aquifer within saturated zoneRecharge: addition of new water to aquifer

Balancing Withdrawal and RechargeNot balancing can result in:a regional water table dropping

the ground surface settling because the water no longer supports the rock and sediment

Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of groundwater, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years.

Balancing Withdrawal and RechargeTowns may use artificial recharge to increase rechargeWater is stored in infiltration ponds = increase the rate of water percolation into the ground

Groundwater Pollutionchemicals used for agriculture can find their way into groundwater

rain can also leach pollutants from city dumps into ground-water supplies

Groundwater PollutionMay affect water years from now May take a long time to reach water

Groundwater PollutionSaltwater Intrusion Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifersContamination of drinking waterSalt water is denser, as freshwater is leached, salt water can take its place

32Surface water PollutionNon-point pollution pollution from many sourcesSedimentation, stormwater runoff, etcNot easily traced

Point-pollution pollution from one sourceEasily traced and easily taken care of

Water TreatmentMost water that goes down drains in urbanized areas are treated Removal of sludge from waterVery toxic waste that we must dispose ofhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z14l51ISwg

Water TreatmentDrinking water from salt waterDesalination removal of salt from saltwaterTakes lots of energy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdxoS80xsSohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54T7hbR_R4

Conservation Measures1972 Clean Water Act restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters.1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act1975 Safe Drinking Water Act (groundwater and surface water)1987 Water Quality ActConservation MeasuresNeed to protect water sources for our futureIncrease population = increase need for waterIncrease population = increase pollution

Must take care of our water for our survival!Hydroelectric DamsBuild barrier in valley to retain freshwater

Water rises to the same level as top of barrier

Uses water flow to also generate clean electricity.

Hydroelectric DamsPositive effectsLong term large body of freshwater resourcePrevents water from reaching ocean quicklyProvides large areas with freshwaterClean electricityRecreationControl water flow less chance of flooding

Hydroelectric DamsNegative effects (down stream)Reduces water flowLess water for down stream individualsLess water for wild lifeLess nutrients carriedMigrating/reproducing organisms cannot pass damDam break = massive flooding

Hydroelectric DamsNegative effects (upstream)Displaces wildlife/destroys lower level environmentsFloods towns/homes below level of damStagnant water = decrease in water quality

Hydroelectric DamsMuch debate over building new power dams

Several dams being destroyed to allow natural flow

Energy/water crisis Are dams our answer??