structuralism
DESCRIPTION
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Virginia Woolf--€tG>-
niddl. de dd lr hctd tor i6p6rld [email protected] b.r*q tun ed wod6 Nh.tr rt,tcminin ftnd ol h.r ribo ss roydd a6sotut .4uatiry wirh drn ,nd rh. @uE oldiff.rlcca. Wer lEld lo. Bdic,l chmg.! rhd $ould or $atd dtu s wo6cn.srr6dm dd 6cn suppresed vdu6 bcgan ro .frd coMprios of pou, fdity, dd
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Course in General Linguistics
ARBOR
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I ClEpter IV
Linguistic Value
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Th. Romd{i. noven d Scnstr.d ns o*n t.0ction Two of dic don pmditrnt
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FDnth.IE c[ philosoph.r H.tui BerS$n ( 1859-1941) lE adopcd a pdiloso9hv of
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Bto\t on E@Akn and tk ihiloroptt .f An (1924) ed N't's on langtuq' datl
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iM ol L; Cont., tust"Ed bv [email protected] Brrton sd FEd Roriku ( l9l l ) On
s;sen s A,O Lovcjon 8.rs fl ona Row ti' Lnhtioni:nisl4r' md Anl
sutlnst,Th. A.tth4n fhzoO oJ B..sson t't9t1t
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1888-1965 41 4l'rJ I
TIE in0n.ftc of f. S. Elid i criticisn during rh. tist hrll of $. rwri.ih en-lury sd p.niculfl, LlE iDIDcrc nt ideo par6*A in Ttuditio, and th. Itulivklul?iLrr, war iJJmrs, Lit. Hulm s Ro@ticitu ond Cl8ticltu, tb Ny it nt6cr q ccnair crirical cnphrs in RonedcGa lanicularly tnc alt of sisindityitrd tfi. id.a llar a rdn is prineily an .xpE$ion of $. !.Mmlily of th. F.r Eliotaglcs &!l . gHl pcm always a$c*s its r.ldlon O in uorL of d.dl pet3 aniilnhE ed rhqt rhc pd. mu$ &lclop ! s.ns. of th. pE..Ddr* 6f th. p6! Thc p6.tis Dot .xpE$ing his Fuonaljty but inscad i mldiu H. i @nritually ilEnderinghirelalo tomlbins which is nor. riluabl..' Pehy is not a oning lilsc otehdio. but m .srp. fron emotion. sotu cdm.lialdr have r6us.d Eliot, oDitE bdt of snch rnaitr, of miipcric cold6s. Eliotl point, howlcr. b noc lik.rh. on. Kcdr. dal.s qjd his tcm nqdriv. ca?aDili4 Elior is sugg.sring rhat r $nol pttctial .,itldc., b ve Flwtd Bulousht eda ii ! .ondnion of r@.$6ncodpditi@ Eliot p!trvides *t{ muy Roouric criti.:s bd.d 10 n.el€t r cotlMfc lhc nedila in *hicl' the pdt nusr wort ud ha DoEstl th. s€alld Rmeti.yi$6 of qisinality .rd s.!f4rpE$ion,
Eti.N'. EMla ann En P.obLdt ir pnn&d b.low h..aus n .o dN .h. w[-reu Emida eboul dE objctiv. dddi&' shich cui6 Elid i cmam rorprblcns ol tne ncdjun inlo t dim$ior of disdcpEcric.. Th. r.m ir p.rhaFfiully n@ oyslitirg lnu usful, sin@ Eliofs d.fridon ofn ptuvid.r no cld sayofdd.miningeh.nu objeriv.coftlativc Gpe or in *hat it Eally co.rists,
E[oa3 lia ot ditical prelic. .mphdizs li. abilirt of the cndc to Mrl d!lireq' k{ brror hi-,J.fullyfdiFi'n.l} ftis an.nrio.
'o d. kr;d conm
vith lrsuag. had h€.n nisins iD nucb of tn. aidcism of Eliofr intudilr.
Elior\ critical woitJ ioclud. rrr Ja.r.n vaod (1920), Tr. Ut. of Poetry ohd th.Ut. d Cnticin (r93t). Alr stronse Godr lr9)1), E ert Anci.d o,n Modem(1916), Chtit'iaaiD ont CuhuE (19.10), J./zd.l EiJa}s rer .'1, (1950). e'j O,Po.rr, dnd Po.B (1951). On Eliot s.. F o. Mnnieis.n, fl,' ,{.Liv'n.n, d.f I stri,r. rcl .d. {r91'); lJ.nad Uasq, .4., T- s. Etiot, A S.t d.a Cnliqu. (1948):Mdd Bronb.r! n. C.iknn of,: S. fl,or.la{sjt Elizib€fi DEw' I S. Eli;i flr.D.:itnofEi! Poetrt(19!9):5.8ticy,T. S. Eliot and a ld.o oJtraanio (19&);lt*it Ftud. X S. Eli.t: A.nh.tic' arn gi'brt {1962\i HrEh Ka']IH, .d.,T. S. Eliot:A c.tl.ction oI oni.ot E tar, (1962)i NonntDp Fry.. I s. Eld (1963)i RocerKo).&i, \ S. Elidk sa.iol ctiti.kh (l97lI Alla MewbRt x 5, El@rl rnprBaruIm.ory of Paetry (911)i twh Ft.ed, T S- Eliat: Th. Cnft ot PrilDnph.r (1919),Bn^nb."Theott ana P.6aMIity (r979),Flwd lJrbb,I S. Eliot a the RtunticOincalTrulnioh(\gal):CtAiq 1^!,T. S. Eli.tond th. Poclict olLrerury itory
Tradition andthe Individual Talent
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n r ffib$ldoo or tsrtiE od i.g
@dY lhs ar*rid rd'rd b"sY
h* fMlnltioD bY $a ulit'! *hich
ind r bicn dchF r t]ln b'id' o
h ft.dlTnic lllurid brhich tr\' rF hn Ftrd dr
h !tuaid rloE h irrd.qtre b iL Tbn ir b ro 5p'&
11r Fi of vi.* ehich t s
;;tmdniisn.@
('!'d|'fu'ft.,@.?t.4.6'B|q
x i. d io ht plMtr .noriotrsi rlrc.no o$ Fqvor.d b, pdiculI.v.nb ii his rifc, rhar rhc pocr is in yuy@d|b|.6'n!d.sling'Hisp,nb. lihpL. or nd., ff nz! Th..odid ii ni, Fxry silt b.
ir lsy mpli lhiog bur nd vnh $. conplexity of rn
dm in lil.. ch..Nr, jr fd, of4cliEicity in pecy is :oi.l fa m* hmn .tuioB ro dpEtd ,ftlly in ln. 9ns pld tr [email protected] rh. pdv.6a Tn.bul.6i of tn. tocr h nd !o ,ind naw0* ordiE, orcs and, in wdkjis !i.n up i o psrry, ro.rpcs t4lii8l whici e rcr in {$zr mdions d rrl. and.mrim vhich h. be Bvd dp.rjcncql will 5d. hir ruma wll 6 the f.nili& b hin. cons.qu.idy, w mun b'Ikv. rh. .dion Edlldd iD truqunit'r i5 s in.xadf.dura F6 ir ir i.nn r ddion, n
'idrd. djsbdim of r6iig, nnquiliry. r G 3 o'c.nF-
6dr Dd r Dd rhing r$rins fhf, dEv.ry 3d mdb.r of*Fd.ms whjch to in pEcrisl bddiE F@ *odd id sn ro b.4Fi.n€s r :n: ir n IMdi.d *bicb dE d h!p!.! .6cioBly e of d.-lib.ndoD.T b.EdFitrB@ 04 @ollEr.4 odtn.yfu ly nd& in o e6Pb.c whichd[ n t! r p{siY..cddins upoD 6. .vid qlik rh. sbol. nor}. I}|rc i! 3 gsn d.d, in d. wririds
Hamlet artd His Problems
r.. ,;,i* i*. ** "a.io.a
ir,"r n",r?,,n phy is r',.prin{y probl.ln, sd smLt dE chr&
p.crzi tenFriim ford.t n6t dms.6ur 9p. of.dtic; L\. .riic *i$ i ftinnyhiclr ir Btully or $. Miv. sd.i bd whjch rhmsnsdha wrlar h @dv. pod.r.ris islrin diicirmistad. Tn6c niDdr on n fiod in llamld r vicdiotr! .rh-
in., ehoMdc orllrnl.t ! weflhq awho n:dr or Hmlcr r Cokddg.i sd p'r&bly tunnq of$.* h.n in widns $our Hrmld En.nb.rcd ihn his f6tb!.ir$ ra b nu'ly . voik of d, tlc hnd ol &dcinrhi aelhe rd c.l. dse prcduc.d, in nidns ol Hul.!n lh. mr nirl.lding kind p4slblc, Fo $.y bdn p6-
cddor ibmndr $c tuE phudbr. br rhl ,lb.ritudc.td.ir orla Bdld r& Shrr4p.@ F Nchrh.kffirl!.3i6 ?ild. w. rho d b. rhznlCul thn W{!r Pab dlt ior
'r\yo vi6 of N owo ti6a M.. ,. M. RobedoD DdPror6s Sbll of $c Univ6i.y of Minlst! h8y. isD.drnull66*s wbich.D b. prai&d fd novire in 6. orhedireliod.|l{l,sbnp.'omsl$d
th. rturuml .mrion. prcvid.d by rh.rE(
'c domii.d rd., il du. rd rhc r,o rrsr r Nrlq ot
nding tcliiss, h.vins r srfinity rh.dr iuFrficirrry cvidhr, h.vc com
rlois !r cai br ,tpridl by rr'd r.3p.rsiLh p.mr iir.utrdi' p*rry, To diyd inrcrc! rro r|r tnt ro rlr. Iery ir Ilodabh tm: tor ir *ould condro to r ji{( csnnliid otadual po.ry. so.d od bad. 11'm a. mdy peal. wh. rFpdilt rhe ?lp.ssion of sin.ft ?nodon in $e,.Dd rh.cis r hailr nuftb.r of p.opL *l'o cri rpp.oir& @noicrl
rn4 n an !rp..$iooof drr':iL,nr cmrioi. mrid rij.h is jB lif. tn k
Pc|ldhDD'fth'!funJ,da|lqiqF![rcJ1D*'a!'! ' ldd'Fr4 rn.hyrs.Er(&F,rdbrts6&dd!puhtuFd
of !qEy, *hich 'Br
b. r(W,Ns ed dr[&d. ti
III
66rn s i;6 e<6r.Fy ai Ml dm}a.- ant..
Thi *ry FDp.r.r ro hah d rh. fdnda.t nd,lhyiicsenysrichn,adsnfin nsdf ro,udhpddicrl6mtu.
po.n dd nd itr 'h.
hilrory of n\. po.r. !tis inFrqll Abd rh. Dd cod reh hi
rir.nriq rh? rab.d oI rh. .iids ot 6. ly.ri4nrh mdllsl e i..d!ridi' ohstuins fi n
rhcy trc* t.s .hour p.y.totog)t dan fr@ E.i(Hhlcr.riricq blr $.y @ rc@r ln spiri roSh.k6pqr'r d: od s ln.y iEnEd o rhr im.pdie of |no .fidi of 6. N,]otc dher $d o,rlE Imp.'r'ne or j. r.rdins chtui |]Ey wndd, tn rh.i. otd.tuhidi.n *ai ro rh. sd4r ordMrlic d in g.Dnt.
cu edt of 4 ri. vod. d, d c'Mr b. intr,.d:bft L din3 m InkDE: wstrdrDs b rdrd4 tn mhp,iro b olna wo,l, of f ;4d for'l cfp{edM" th. chiathk L rh. pa*nr.rior of,.l.velh tricd frBfilch $.E d4istroresuodbrno* MrRobdio! poinb oL v.'y partndty. how aidca hav.tuLn In lh.ir 'ld.rpruuon- of ddr., b, tgnflins *hdotr8rr r. B v.ry o5viod: d:r tdr.r i, : rm tiBdd, drln rF.kDG dE .fid ol
' ndd ot n
h. rurd dr of rh. wolr of hh F.dE** t r".r.r "rsh:rapaE ejll lppce r, o vcry diafftdrty ir, i6Ed ot
h!ry |nc vhol. dior of n. prry G de 6 sh*s@.,da*n. E p@ivc hir a@,., b b. rlFrpo6.lt !!o; huc[d* mhij *nich p.Ei* cvci iD dE fr.l fom.
wc tId tur drc es e olda plry by Tr,oms Ry46ar.r!"ddiury dr4nic (ifnd poclic) eni6 wtr. vs in.|l pDbrbnny $. Drh* of M ,liys ro di$inita 6 n.spqidr Iq.d! rnd Arn i ol F.va'hu: nd st t\isphy uG lrk w str !!4 fM lhFi4 ?"rug.d, ielf. flm rhl uk ar 3Kyd'3 ,loL! mu! [:E h.d br.d. rnd tbn I v.ahnr.rd iD Gtuy in sh|'rsFct lifdiE !fich b*nms .vjd.E or h.yitrs b€i t'r{al r6h rh! .i.ri.( ndrmo rh. re, phy. Frm 6.* dnern rh. .di6 Phy tn. md% *r r Eba tu Erod d d.rrr i sux!, B i' 11u Whh rrar.d\,rordy by rhr diftidtiy of e8iFrjrs I md@h rFturd.d by 3u2'ds; !d dd $. -nudr6r' of Hllt.r p.Lis.ld ln od..
'd dc.F 3trlpicreo, rd 3@6J y tn E
fiDr prlr or sbd.pqrq on s. othd hmd rh.E ir r IIErirc *bich n M inDotur tnr. dd orivdg.. bd whtch
piiin.d oo 3tunds of @$iry r.rp.di.rcy; bd rh?.fieror.\. rrdK i! ndrolult b ro sou* rtE riu:,u.Picior 'In. altEdoo ir dd mmpt c ddsh, [email protected] svi4ing, Furitmoq itd D vdbat parslcl, $doe b m. slen Tr4dr s b t.lv! io doubr $I tn
pre6 shrl6p.e *a m.rcr,,riii, rh. dr dtxyd. .dfihlly rh.d c ur.rptriFd Gn._$. polo !;rlfurdd rh. PoloniN n.yddo qn.Ff6 ehich $4 n rdl..rd&r rh.s *ad G id in rh. Ee n L of xy4 rdDd b.)md dr$. in tn. sqt. of sbrLrle tte MLRobdtm b.ti.v6 b b. RnB in rh. disirt phv of KvdEe*.d by r dird hDd, Fri|F Cir@D, bcrc Sh:t .-rFe buch.d $. plry.
^nd h. @nd
$ow of @m. dw r digrnrr pby "f
Kyd w. ik e:bl dE. Evds! prry!. ir rM lrtu or 6E d eh. rn.W$d of M. Robctunr .x6ii.rioD ir, * b.tj.vc. iFtnssbL: rhd sll,l.5FE,r r"r.r so f, r n ir shsr,!F@ r. n r pht d.:li4 eifi $. .fid or r mrh*k sdhnp.n br or ed 6.r shr6pd. wti $,bt. b ifterhi" di*
"*6stuny up(o, rh. "intubbt." h.roi,l
"rof rh! iotubbitiry rhd e b. no d@L{ so fr dlb
b.ing shrrapaEt nsrrpte., ,E plr, is md .dintyE mnric frilE. ln cr.nt *rr
'n. pt,y i: ,utjii, |;
d,4uruit a r id. or rh! dh6. of jj $. prry, r i. ,n,mtsr .d i! posibry fi. oE d *hjcfi sh*6Fe spq!mr p!n$ rd yd h. ba Ln il i! rDp.rrhoq.nd io.siGbr rca *hich .v6 l'rty Bidq ,h.uld t v. mi..n,Tna vdificlion n vd.bl.. u.6 litd ..Loot( rll.
'l@ ir
tu*r n*u. drd, / w'lk o .r dk d., or Fn bjsi .r:6
'n ad V cE ii.
sn, iD ny bd L\4 ks I kind of fishd,rThdsu|dnldn.nep' ' 'Up fiqn ny sbii.My o.gom sfd ahdt c, i. rh. drlrc'oltd I to 6nd od rh.B: bd my &drlFiry.rtd d.np:ckdi
'. or bir qul! h&F Frtod Bo& *qlnsrl , 6d
rhqlhr E Itr h D$uU. p6.ldd. w. o Mly iuiiir! Lfribriin! rh. pt y, wnh fi.r dld pDtondty [email protected] or "ir@6k t'ei.t rnd udishms v.dituajaM.6ut lN MN\E, b n @ion of aid* rflq yhjcb rol-iop rhc hgjc rK* *hjcb cbtmitu i\ coi.tua.Corre'6 my b. id s "fiEcd,g' s rozL4 bm n i{it]lA ont ud ct .po@ sn*..p<etstu @d. tud glb:bty n* p.opl. hr. rhNst! td.L'rwod.ordb.crue6.yrMdirin c*int.d{trErird n ineBdtr! beak n ir. ldr ofd, tr I. dc,r,rtu
n. gEnndr of trnk! frituE E d idn*diarlyobvjN. M. Rob.tudn L undebt.dty6at d'. lsrnri'l .ndioD ot .ha ptry ir rtr fdtins of. sro*!rd,!guiltyhdl*'tH!mt.f!lrd.i!rldoroEwlo
ffiffiffi
ffi*ffiffiffiffiffi
Lwing Babbitt_-erG,1_, -_
IE65-191t
Wdliog of th. Fr.rch no!.lisr Flaubdt, Bibbtu rcnrb, . Itc nd rho rhu3ltlrl! bcauty a r $int +an. !,ho dms noi Er.r bact bn qucn oa rhc .iquistu bsocdhic.l(ntd,willspcridhnlfclrio-litcrmbmcin8phanoms., Tnccnicnool Bibbiir. o.r ofthc 1E nijor figlEr mon! rh€ so-cdt.d Nd H@uisrr (rh. olhdws P l Em. Morc), tu hi8hl, oocalkdc md mij-Romeric, Brbbin fiic*.1h..!bnih& r.lisioN of d dd ,ciene $.r in hl view fluish.d in $c nin.|enlhcenr!.t.lr R.uti.ar onA RoMtuicitn tdwhich Rotuntic M.larcholris t*.n,h.&picls tne njneB n c.nrury as dc vicrin otlD unloly oeiagc bct@n RoMrj-cnm dd udlnarimnm; dE villlin of hn da. n j.u,rocqus Roussu,
Acco.di.g ro rh. .riric Malslh coslcy, de New Hu@istl .dva3r.n ..a rr.Fiical .riricilm oI IIc sd kr6 \hKn Esb utLoakly on d. prcp.iiron ltlat tMdiff.N ror !lor. in coipl.ritt oi oBmiation, bur in tind, iom rhe dimat tud In{bis hlppincs depend! up.n his @otnirion dd cultivado, ofrhrr clcmdt ir hjs b.ir!lijch kdkLi,(rn.ofhin ftjs d.h.nr. q hrLts / nry b. colt.d. lpFs in n;6 tt'. poMr of s.lf-Esrainr or d.corom. Prop. y apptid, it lcads to hDbd hoppi,nas. Thc hubL rh Rom,iricisn is rhar it subllnDld ror sclfdjsiptin. dd qo*''rm.r |ry Iltutingon rh. shm oI mool $d r.np.mcDl
Blbbinl olposition ro RbDmnci$n m, be coDpa€tl md conrasGd v'$ dErof Hdnq rho d@s nd inva!. .inicdl principt.s ro erpc$ I sinne disbne ft.Ncw c.iics, *ho llso sckr.ll, dGlik n Romudc 'er.cs, , re nc!.dncla ai.i-cal of dc N.s Hu6&isa, *hos. Iir.rary cndcisnr rh.y folnd ro b. nm, md rdc,riv., usurlly h.. e of ns cmphmis on cdicd conbnt and drm,l 6@ ot
Babbink tujor criricar *ol*r @ ut.tdt,a ond the Arenmn Cotks. i.],g.A),m. Nd I'oknih(1910), Manc\ aJ Mod.n French Cnticitu (r9)2). Rocedu annRtunticiffi(t9r9), Or B.irs CEatir. (1932), ndm. Sp@ith Charftt.ru,j Oth.r&sars, vnh
' Bibliosmphr ol
'!it Publiediant onn M rnna tu Hit Co|ct.d wo*,
(1940). For vi.*! on Babbin s NtudaF@sto. en,, EMitu a,n An.tu4(19J0); C. H, GEftaa ttr. C'irtq!. al E@inQq3O:Gds.Sz tys\nt e.r-n t rrudition at Bo, \t93r')i P E MoE, .Iridg Babbir!,,,znto t yi.a rU(1934),23--4qt5.Elior, TneHumuismof IritrsBab6itr and..Sc.ondTboushtAboIHuediso."J.r..r.dErra)rELd.(1950);R.pBlacldur.,Hun nismddslnboli. Imrgination in his ft. I;on ond it Eoneyanb(r9s5)iJ. D. ttev.l.r,lh. NN Eu@isn \r911)i,Tn@a R N.rj\, tnks a.bbijt: An tntelcttut Stkrr(l984): bd S. C. areda od S, R. Yeb'ou8h, rFus a,rrrr ( 1937).
Roman Jakobson,----*a@-
1896-1982 4d4l"r J ?
t.Yobsu's enty m. M.tcphoti. ord M.tdtnie Pol.t lllts''r.sttccqnpt'\i9oa EllIid5ltirs that oav .xisr b.rwn $c @s of Frchologicd lilSuisti's sd li'_
.td crnicnm. JaLob$; hrd rNkdsc of borh I'.td. H. h.F n rdnd l[' Ru$id
Fodtli3r m4ftn. .nd Lt.r ltr. PE!I. shsl of lingulric! bdi of shich @t
likoE 6 lirndM. tlt drnM . d I hgus.. t.tob3o bc8i4 eil! t di$lsid
of1tc El.lioshiD b.t\@ c1lphd rtd $Mvnv .nd rh. t*o pold tvp'! or !pb'"
i& ! bmjn didrt r iffccdns stdh H. rhd ob!.n.t dtd d' dididjd b't@t
Rommdckn ldl cdnm fica in rh. Ftltiv. dminm. oI muphor in nMtciso
dd nElonymy r Edism H. ss!68 $!t fidgl $.8 hs ben mBb dis$io or
F?uDhd, ih.c hs bcn link $d, of etonvmv Fd '
cd:i&Brid of tlE IsSug'
of rikn dd or p@,. $@ry ot fttonvmt L | @ssit lt in*sdgaiiod suh s
,rrobsdt. qidcnc In*uc.ics, od psvcholoSv @n[ib!tl ro o' doDd'
For a li3l ol tltobso'! Forn in pubticrti@s in Ru$id c !r'.lcrd En'cb' Ru'
ian Fotulin I lg65t,ft'.253_89. Fd r bibtiosnphv ot hit Publn'dd s oE
u.rnft Fd Rolla Jor;itud (19s6). ,alob$o i5 d* tuthor si$ MoFii Hdlc tnd
C. G. M-F m ot PEliniun t to SP..ct Adlttb lr952t tt]d vitlt rl t' d Funaa'
n rhkaf hrtut 11956)t d Piomtogy in R?ldjon b Pttrd"" in Nonul oIpt' .a,t'|9ilt.,n
"dW r^X,i*i Among nM.us worlt bv t*obse rvtilibl'
ir rrO"r * si,,i" r.,r-c. : A coad.a.d stdt, \1955\' S'k'I''! wtitinct ia
d; vohdd ( 196r tr i, s'dr I tn u.ftal Ad lrn tl' studt.t d ChA ltu3we'
t't I Alhatia nsitr, P"hHn a.A Hi' cdtotzt Mt'h (n lv15)'Sn L2'tuft: d sowtd
'"a i,ainc n. l91AI Tr. ttow ol las4s.ltgaot' RB:id and staek
i.-*,, ina"t Dit-tgat G tss'r't. xd taqws. i. ut.ntue (t9a1' sa
E;sEordst i., {lm. J,r,ts t App@ch to hnswS' l& 1976): a\dund' N'
wu{\ RoM JokDbtunl Sct.d.. of tas@s. (9'6)'
The Metaphoric andMetonymic Poles
Th. tuidl.rof $h.i B Nd@s tnd dirce td drot
rhd o$illt b.@D dt tM pol{ t}".s Jlr d.sib..
rr 'bt+rt ' | ldg.d Mi* H* rrtir.'@ b F,'&
Evcd foft ot rehrnc diiulblE 6
*.i. ..* d k* **q .iu'* or ,hrd rub.rirudd d fq onbindion rdd dnidid i.volvd r &tdidio' of cblin8uiitic oF
.ddN. vhit. th. hnd &h.36 rh. al' ity fd tunt'h_
lm 6. hirtrbv of ljnsundc uDi! ft' Fhtiot o{
ii;ilri'y i! reprcd in d. roffi dE al'don of @ri_guity i! rh. lrtur t}?. d rphai: M.hdF h dm b b'
nniLriN diedd, rd Mtrvnv b rh..tu8liv dd'
rn d4lMd ot . di*de o.Y rrc C@ rb!8
rN diddr *!dic uB: e bpic mt ldd to rdns
. hd ddgh in ir sifrlairv s rhd8h rhtit dtgoirv'
..' ,"' - , .t u. r..o,mic *"v fd cd s"irr' se
ev j.! i m{ .on&n.d 'ipr*iotr
h N6tnd so
alErv ltr rrhrd @ d edFd rrc!
^o! . . 'e. t ( ' .dorti.,-,-: .."
'.dv d,.h". I
mddenn-a*of .\![!tutdr" p'6m'[rv &Yd'
t.liyh,Flt mci! ivm b 0i' c{ 'rE
tm p{n6s os
!n r *h M*i FFholosol qL chih r o
fMr.d eiin sa @n $d bLt ro rM dt fid rer F
rlFd th.t oftr inb $.n hadr' lD fiis {p'nm r{o
.,i-'r" t,"pi'* r.ai*,i-' * -Ys$rv '!tud*
m
' 6rn* i! 'nknd.d.ids
s r $bqitrk 'f
da rcodprc_
*nr ,o ,t* *t"l* t" 't '.1"u-'*
Bt'@ bsdhs Im '
prot'r 3,r8ft rotru[n moc
cu.tly " -"r*.
n"* re DTc' *
bb.l.d lukri'ddw md PdlkaiL.To rh. lunul6 id m Bgotr* v*
'!dt dti d'
blL $. liRt @6 r P!trlY nm t
*o'd dq. h r ddbL onn6im !
lhl m h.nd. r pdirionrl riMdv .trudc) or[!ui' dd
d fi. dhs r knmu. idilritYTt .itr nimulutDlldueath' followios luBtrubv'
wrioni rh. tubloi) l!'j rh. t'rcryn'robrsd bftt
aDdq of teo wor& to EPhe m'ol m$iionil simbitv, rdl ir sdd'tor
'll rhc* Et9onqt
e linLd b tl* .dhulc bv *rutic timiltirv (6 con_
@o Mtuitnicn ctponet b dt ffi limulur {d r
rr,rlr lrkt d P"v4, @mbirc &ad.onus e 9olumdsiNlri,v * n t.jMut @ddgu't
ny rd coobsutrvr 'n
bdi $ot rpd rpdirion'l rd *_
mnriF*kdn& Idb'triit rod nilins kE{ rMr
lidu:l.rhjb! in p.e^'l *)L ful va'hn pdikuon'
h v.*'l d rh. itrtd.rion ol rh4 rs 'lc@nb
t
.:GirlD @mun .d Rnh rohrt fd rh' irdv of rhir
.iu-'i;i i. . t" m"a I ** p'nd' whkh cquic r
omFb; pcnlkrim b.rKn 'dj*
in aiblcii rtrv d 'r
ft w.q Fiu c tniL b 'om! 'i'nr
rh. Rsin tri hljuont Thii pori{k' r objdi( nt'
no oI *br m $. sv.n sp.a[ (w-'tv d I : '1*._
6rDErd., rnd Dhftologc++ ha or lh'r M nl'dm
cmiLntt md conuguitv, fln rpF:r{d '.*h 'n
dhd o
tm *FB-ri imPrcsiv. nn!' or Pdsihtt onturnt6
0 laiar I ri.i. I rhc r*o :.'!r{i'al Po'6 ftrv p'v
i,om pr.donr-" u hla in dr hmic 'tr
IL' ftrontnrc
r;@B \.c'..;Mmdr6"hi(h&'mr'r.ho'4 b.retr rh.*
'x<dmB In' pdmxv d rF trD_
DrN rr$ i" h.I'kmrY khml
;mhir hs b..r rtpcntd,, &s
; fi.i.nrlr '4liz.d 'rd
n i! th! F'd" dPrc' ol mdon'
lnv *htrh ud.rllo md xullv pl d'bflB rk *
dri.d Er'{k t }d, whkh b.longr D r iftnxiirv ss'
hd6 rh. d..liE of Rmodcnm 'nd
rht n* d !vn@!
nm &d n (l.l@d !o both. Follo*iry.L.t-'hI-.d..'k|k-'l '-mmy'.]ollydig'l*.rrcn th. ;d b
'lr nMdxc tnd IM
'h' chdrdb
,ft <dtr;in s. rid rim. H.nrmdorrvncdahcdB
oilr. h ti. e.E of ArN Krdij! luldd' Tulxov t di!'
dc rGmd n r{s.d otr th. hojias hddb!8: ud In w
drd P.r. 'h.
lrdd*hd'hjr d $' upFr lip_ oi _M
dd|d.R''eu*db]th.,ruadmrl. chMdd
'o whom rhrc r.dua b'lon&
Tl. d@rlk F&mtn|N of or d e Md ol
rh.c w 9.trd*t tr bv no hd"ooliEd h rtbd d
ftc tr. dilldid a.ud i' ng' !
'urr..j A eh.nr dmpk rm dk hl{trt
'f pein{r] L h
;;irddy ftrmytuc dimu'hn ot dbisd 'hd
tu
obi.d L @fonk! ino r s of rYc
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Victor Shklovsky---.a€>-
4d 4^!"1IE9J-1984
A primipal nodon ofl.Ed t, dF Russim Fomalist Nv.mcnt ce,t in dc l@-dcrt entury sd iht of l4arilbt&,im ln vidor shklovsttt .s, b.lo* tr. Lmpl|ys a Fi.ciFd rol.. D.fanilidiznlio is . d.vic. b ddtDv habnud c "tutooa[c"
Faption. s Bdis Eich.nhaun larc. d.sib.d it (s.c P Bm). Shtlowtv p@nE
thc noli@ s Ddt ol s llrel( on th.lhcods ofALxtn&i Pol.bnvt td oflhc RrsidSynbolkr mv.mr! in !.n.nl. In ple. or .nd6n ot lymbob dd inlgF a lncturdM. rld.lini4ctcEenBofpct - thin[nS in iesa -ShtloYllrv.ndoFfmalist! would ud) phd.tic dd lqic sttrctlE'a a.lt
'i fi. "chri.lcd,lic
dislribution of wl(!3 ... $c .h@ctctistic thought snlclud cootDuDdad trcm{ords," Cl@ty rh. sbifi Lrds lo lhc ddcturdist mov.m..( whicn finds ilt liMdirR!$i6FqmlismedddeloptrE [email protected]|oninUneuisti6'pllcululvlhe of IE Galldl Pr.8uc Scl@l All oI $c atlct!ft Siuovltt @iio$ @ttcd.fmjlieizltiod ir !d+ Tt. Esull h Fctt, is thc crp.ri.tr oftcs erisreno'sand FsFcliws. Pcr.y i3 dccriH s diflicull rcuafien.d, inp.d lm8!a3. 'i jl
ii ltt nul.d, loduds sFcn 'r ohiody il h "fonn d ' spdh Ev.t rt thn is
s..n.ccddins ro th notioA dd rh. EsuI n I Evdsl olour usud nod@ of pdtjc
Sh*lovsh s6 a found.r oa thc OTA1EZ smlp in Rusi4 which 0oDtislEd undlir cam undq rlurl ud Eps$iv. nrhck by ihc Shr.. Shklovstf *6 p.niolelv
an4tcd by tan TrobL, i. hir ljt .aruu ,nl ,Lwturio' (1924), . &cli@ of wh'ch
sM d o, ?92, tt. Dovc@t ws lh.n rt idded by @ of tu fonds aotir
Eclobtumithis.sv Tn ThorvoIthe Fon M.thod (I426).FPMkdb'rc
b.!lmil8 on p. 8OI, qh.c Shuovsty's dlv is djqscd. Shuovstv himsfEf.ncd fioe thedinns in pnm !n&r coMunist rulc dd .nSascd in othd litcdry
{d cir.nrric Edvniesi rnalu h€ vs sociLd witn thc sov.@t
shtlovsty'! witinss ,.e colldcd sd publhh.d in i ritsl. .ditjon 'n
Moscowin 19?3-1974 by KhDdo?n Lirta Se victq Edich, R\sian Fotulisn: Eitbrr'Do.,;'. av. .d, (19fl)r M. M. Bal'tin IP, N Mcd!.d.r], fl,. t rul Ma'lol itLitnry S.}.llonh ip (r91 q; @.ts bibliographic.l naldrial und.r in s.l.clim rrcn
Eicbchb$rr, pp. 8OO-OI. Th. Fomalisr hovcNnt h put in Ih. coLn of l!. ni,bryof Ru$id ric*rtcntichn by R A-Ste!,Rusi6 UteruryC tcifi: A Shnn nk'
nrt as lecnnlque
"An k $inbng itr inrgd. Inb muin, whi.h cv.i higlt*h.ol $u&n6 p,ftr, ir Nvdhdc$ $. ndiig p.inr to.llF ddn. pnibbsi* who is b.sindiikind or syr.mr c liten'y rh.6y. Thc ida, odgiDid inpcn 6y Potbtrya. ha ry&d wid'our im4crt 6ft * no
! snd ii peli.ulsmp€L-y, Por.bnyr Prir6rAidchc*hrrc, Po.try. 6 wll a ptos. h tar aid l06n6r r rl+ciil wJ of rhinkitg. ttd krowirg. ':
Pera i5 a sp.ciir *iy or fiiriry: tt is,,eisly. rwly of$iildns ln inrg6, r wry which p.mia ihd n son-mly cnkn .domy or ftnt!] .1104' a trt shnhMl6 fd ! $trrIiN of thc Eldiva d oJ thc p'Es "Adthdic fcli4 n $a dd{ b fik onody :thi! k hwth. r!&nicn! OByhi*aKnlitovttyJ vho indoubbdlvnrd rh. mds of Po&bntr !ftn vc$ rlme etuin9 !rd.nrood rad f.i$fully summ#za, $o id.d d nis ..!cn r.Por.bnyi md hk iu'dor di*ipl6 sffidd pdr'y ! specirl kjnd oi ti*ing-rhiilias by m.a* ot im'36i $cvr€l $.r nx purDo* or ims.ry i3 to n h chud qn@s
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ln dhs words:
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llle A!16. oridrg.ry in mdc d cd b. $di.d.v.nmrc x.mbl'| m.dic objer i Gully F..d.d s jr nwsd fdrh. f6r riru.cosot, i0 .CMrmdEvq,prc
vid.r rh. ao!*ing .limpld
Hft h. lpp'uh.d !d mE crBr,6ush.4 lrir.d d hq. d.h.d hq phftp. bdm widr nis fio3.ri od dr{€!d hjtu lf in .wry ud slswd borh htu cumiq ed hb meil
.Ard whr i' lhn y.' irv., nasnifienr scbbr?" rd n:viig rid rhjs, b. j!hF! b..r r
..wnar? an m, otp Nirir@virnr" 5h.
'HM, D ml ra ,., A:f iid rh. s.er&y ordirlty' iti!fi?d wiri Ns bcgimjnc. H.
''And uh.r ir rhir }!! h.v., d.@n Serokr-?" h. s'id b rh. o? wiy, hrviig ,Pp.o..t d h.r rsair r.d stup.d h6 tiShity by drMlq rd il rhc v.ry s. vly h. juoP.d b6L
''Ar if you do1 s, o$p N jfmvich!d$rd sololh4 . Rl rd oD ny d6t I
.Hm! Or di4 Det r ncurcl t4 [4 i.r'.nd $. r4ury rglin erndnd d.u dE oq
. AJd vhd n lhjr rlu i!8, insnpdbl.solokLl .. , I n id *Dd*d b qhd L\. $m-bty Yob shrh his lotrc. tugs my.
And rwr Hm$n ha 6. following ilr.djdo rpp.zd non b.D.nh hs bt@*,
fdic lrbjcb my aho b. pcsk! nsEft.ty *ilnrlE obvid. gipoe of t.rdii3 G .uy rm ln.i. (lws.
nirioD. H.G sru:l oBd d Er.md ro in h3 or lockbd lry,a tr quilli.l blr,! d bow .nd mq d d4, .ndmdtupit.j a h dE kg.nd ofshv}lr. ii *{ ct !ndiedDin @r d @gnn. htu *i4., *ho is .tksui$d a ! vd-
"R.mmb.r. skqor, do y0 dJlHoy @ linlr oE s:tr.d b dd fi,o iD dE 3brtYou Dd I bg.rh4 llmrimr phy.d wirr t n&-
Yd hld r iilv.r mdiBpik ,
'l$st*rt tBdql $d*oi zF& &
^d6Tr]v iq413|
I round nyalrd n jun nN Dd [Ei,Bur tan t ll h wilh n .var r d*.yr...s:yr srvlq. sn ol cnti.ovicr\"wlurr I didll pl.y *i$ )iD !r orrinspik6t ,
Tn i vairhr Mikrli.fiD: ..so hc 6y'Do ru Mdb.4 sbvy*i do Fr E.rr,Now nun y0 hoq tE rd I ros.rh6 tffid io
Mirc *a u irk-wl ot si:vf,And yoD6 . Pn or sotd?Bu. I jud nonEn.d n i i(rc nfl rnd rhc..
^nd I jur mi.'.n d n.vd rnd !rw.r!__!
rn r difidd vsiad oa dr l.s.nd s rind.lay ro nL
Hq. !r fddi&br. ..v.y vsilashrt
Aod tho .hc tdrs srvyor, .d otcodimvi.[R.ogni?.d hq gild.d nig. . . P
Bu &6mili{iarido n d only r khniq* or Icrotic nddlri khiiqE of .upn.hih-ir i' db rl*bsn and poinr of |]t dddt4. Ev.ry ndd. p'*nds b $oeib snbjcd ei6d by vanL ybicn rpcify c d.sibc i! boivhic[ dudns rh. cliig. do id sem 4pri..bt (h. 9F:''blIk ud vhil. lnd 'Ed -€d-ilt oEa ) tr by c6otodd bur iniurivc sunds c Twa brilti& rtrd it'a etj$ytovs / Did s md linbL jn rh? wlhc )a
Ev.r .mric ifrlgd id inr.nd.n s riddlo e d.fmi-li{iz.d c b6bi.i_ -rMi" "i@, &.t rD papure ifr-r3r' l|Erc k lcEnlly .oh.rliig .{6. 3ca rnd "bE1l]i3 uE 3u.ld*-rc!." Tn blliq@or .Lf&miliriz.ioi n rbsolucl, d4 in dc aid.'FaldlnrsFr ndf of dic rfiddorl. ,hi.n r b.:r !dorhs vild b.N6 (d ! d.vir. wirh r ditf.F.t !t6r td mn-Edsnjrid) do d eo8njz r mu.:'
1$!o$rra Etu{r,d.,rr,. ldry
sMdrr tu.prrr sMd*y n stq h
i6 E@'d [' k ei. d4 $6
.|$ud*, E R tuoi -rdrE, 6@4lu6Fb4i!fucqdku@eh[bLM
i -ft !rd' $ds'
-{;-,,,-*;;- fr'ffiffi1ll'ffiffi$$}ffi;.iffiffiffi*ffi*,mru$'m* .ir$'lm-'m'rs****l
l**S-ffit-lffi$:ffi
'*#*#n*+t***"uwH,#ffi**ffii$ffiffi r':*';r't*xm,gm'',r*
H{ snq *6 dlGd r{Y''LFor dE fiFr rift *' sn'wilrlllY bdgh@ rh. d'ljcat'
Prad ot I noEl *in su'h a nltr-
woE Puthrin Th. urul gdric hnsss' Dt P$trl.in rotr'
kmmruiA *8 rr. .r.!m' ivl' of D'nhsio: N hrft
rint {vk, b.cN* r *ftd hq'l ''F
drn(i, rd ,h.m w. .h'rd .*nb.
ruJidn r cmrmpolid oa th' wlsrirv d hB '\F4'
ii6. H. u!.d th! !.Pk tdslt€c a r 3p4 id ewa rd
doldsln! iknbon Jui a hit 'Dd
;d Ru$iM lddr itr$.itusrllv FEnch sp€'tr lk roF
dovr .rmDkr in rYdl,rd P.rd'
ru ni. r riu ."* ct''ttr;"i( Phmomdry t
unds woy. Rdsu lir.d,? rausnr3a
rDai b Rus'a hre ro P.roEtl 'h' logurg' d k pcc
d. ;r tr r* br-d.d * "h 'l.n -*;.nd. l&duo hB no* b<gM b 5ho
ft s.ordhldr(R.m6r.xllav'! E3j'dD mdM6:
s u*oun in d.nt bd s:lrh. in lhsu:g' d ntd6_
rN nEyixElr Md or brberd {rhkh sr!' ndb rF
s.ro-it c-"Cr. e"l -*"tv
M*im Oorrv L dris
in! lui dkud rom 'h.
old ljE:ry lr
.|d olldudirm ot Lsrov' tujdrv ePGi dd rs
d ;tul* iurc $*bv chr4.d Prvi*r"tr," I'*"
-l t-v oo*r'
^nd fin:ilv t 3Ms
"ra."*. t.,l uv Xl'l.u^'t.". *' 0 rcw d pm'drv
dlj( ;nssc hs .Nlg.d h 'rr
Lsh' or $c{ cldoF
m w @ d.lii. P'{4 4 bJ"'!
Mic s@h i laftd tp?.'tt ?@ ir ddinT t $ad-
-*@i.rr, *v. p'"Fr' .* s''dd*' 6t Pne ve PnPa
ir ! sodd.$ of Lh. rcMr? frnl' rvF of rh' t6 d_
*;o, or. .t',u t ,t u ai"u" *Bh'n'i rom dd rchr
ir,u* * ,r* s"*.t /"" .r - " E*
Ndcnnd.s, d. !.idon of ilo!' *ho u'g' s' ra or
aonomt ol rolnc .D!rs) s em'rhog which dits ir dd
tH$l*"t*F^f, #]#ir^4:Ti#.;;ffi.S'i"##.JilH*tri"i#{'il..ffi m'*lLt'"'""Y,*"t;r*ruru,xm
.*ndsl insu5h6F&tr( l 'ngugcg
'dbk ror r. Fatkn or
'ni $m Sp'rd ! d.$ptd o
rhyuh wdld sd b bc tbslurcly iNocle
,Br e tlc kY i. @ivi's '
sn'r of r:4int
orr$sios. mu$ LdP urc fru$bs cdt 6 M
6. 'Mt
ndd ot em. B nd LnNjis wED
tEh nrY @tr o ft ni'd in RMis uir_
rus.ddrcuLrid mu' tEP iG 9ripd$v6 u_
N;--sh h c"3"i- ft r"' *iry 'l'!*
teii!. And s. rh..oftu$io'6 ttu s c0a
odd. $r bodv n:J husbrd r f@ bv rdjur'
.$s $. c'irb* EiE 'r
rd '"'h
6E"siN a
t;"rvrr,br- & 'n'&.i.,ny
lrus'a hjddry dommi' ir*,?dd bY at'rF&Ds u' n'
" """iil.ffi:::.-.n;
ran,.f ft "j'dEl"" 'r
L't b6 ot pdr'ltd FG
!i. InNis.. h nr Pl,hip"v o/ sDk sF@ rdd d'
[l:,ili.li:',*HFS1"J:H*];r"ilHiu l' ms$.m@bdtof$nd$d edins os.
". ed rlo .d ft wr hr
nullm n dllJ@c A.4 iD r'!. ir i
nEr;{ wirJmt iL $d b dmh drins u Didd s
v@rion it rm dis rd lh' rdri!! E e* uon
36dlv. ItB rhc lhtrhD s Fd ir 6 ihFd lroml
'jnr .i@nu
'h irvrhn or pdrv n o* T!'! n -d'
h ; v.r Dd r tinsl. .oluru or r c@r cde5 n:i": o
i.1rt n iB orcFr od.i Pc.e lnv M ! NidI lt"'d.Edd$hnAkmflrotYi'diz *hs'En6'
h..n d.de rd 5u.h in.dpt a Dd ordt (1fur pmdoi
Itr h. d6rv oflhv m lL R obu6 rhd $' lvM'uril
*irr !d *orL rtr 'n
uliry $. ProblDlictun. rn. itv$m bd or dilordnii! tna thvllH r'
;'os; "bi.h dd h: Fdicr'd shdld $'ni'd'a
orrhrlhm bcom. I f onEndon ir eo
a*'* r-*. -gt
..g.rlsg'"e'dlL\n { mm d.uil sG i mdtd b s r tur D-l
Claude L6vi-Strauss
AA AAS
I HF vo.rr , ro. . o{ 'u ' ru,
1". ,hrorolo8h,5, . r ,JJc L.Ltsst ' ru*, tp-I mrls,n, ' npo'r i . r r$t . 5r 'u.r i , r l Ani l ) i ( in I inSunt ics rnd rn
AnrhroDolos. Th. i ro, of , rud. , :o Dl in,hr@olo*. hke rhd ofr .d idoa, lr i "" , i ;6. ; ; [email protected] ih. di . r r r . i hr ! .br ro rhe prered,rc. l rurrrrd nrEurb rn thJr .$ iy n. crr tN.S. Trotrbdstoy thc fathd of *ructu61 lirsn;!ii6, but elsewhcrc in his writ'iolsiris E.tdi"and de So{$ate. vl|od.r it d2r'b., Livi-Stra!$ holds ihd the,d!oi oI eructumlist linguistics Bpescnts in rhl socialr.iencer d'c sane so(oi soluion lha nu.lsa. physis did in th. plrysisl ici.nc.s. TlE m.in ad'vanc€s nade by Troub.Bkoy, dc SAEsure, d al.! vcre to esxblisl th$e p.in-ciplcs: G) on. ntrs sbdy the uncon$ious infraslucturc oflinsuisric phenom-cna ath* rhan thc cohrious siuctulej (r) terms ar. not indeperdent cnrhies;on. m!$ study tfeir rehtions {or in S.u$urco trms "ditre'cnces"); (r) o&m$t 6r.blish rhc conepr of 3ysten and cln.idar tl€ $rucilrc o{ sy$c6s {!h.S.$sur.an .ftphrsis on synchronic linguistic! k) onc musr seck olt gcn.ralllss of structuc. Lavi'Sr.N ac(ps (hh prosrah.nd appli.s it, in 6. c$ayn stionea ,nd to Th. El.n.ntary Sttuctar.' of Kinship Gea9, trans. t969), lorh. qu.$ion of kinship. He holds in ih6€ works thr, lik. phon€hB in lin-s!isti6,ljnship ems *e cl.ncnte of hc.n'ng but.bd th. nc,nins idh.r.s inthc structur. of r€lations anons th. &rn. ra$d than
'o rh. t.ns as s'.h. ft.
iDDonance o{ rh. !i.lc on the m.tcm.l sid€, forqanpl€, is to b. unde6ioodo.ly h a hrger syn m of rclations anong fath*, morh*, siser, brotlid, and rhcincai sboo. To undd$and lhe avunculatc$c haie to sr.sp it as one r.l'iiotr inr sy$emati. whole.
!=st drphsn on rehti.naliry or di$eEndal st.ucnrc h,s had a con.
THE STRUCTURALSTIJDYOFMYTH
''!t wout.l &.m tht mlthol'siol*orl& nav. b.m 6uilr uP only b b'
sh.end .9n\ .nd .hd ncs wo'l{tt
w'. built tod thc tr.sD.n6'
-frrz Boas'
Ddpit $n. 't6t
demps ro '.new
th'm' tr
sEn! rhaddtusrhaP s.nrv ,.ns 'nrkoPdlogy hitrnd.ningly tom.d tom rtudtu in rh' hrd
oI Fliom. Ar !h. n6. imr, tnd pdadr b'€trF
lh. i;rd ol pof.$io.al &dtoPolosiss ht3
{i6dEw. t om prinitv. '.lision'
.ll tinds oI tnt_
E!6 wlo d.im io b.lonB ro othd anciplin's hav'
3.i&d d'h ooDotuturv ro mov.in,$.iebv toming
' in,o *.ir onu*. pt,v*-,nd *hrr w h:'1l.tr rr rqt.hn4 Thc Prclp..s lor th.3.r.n 6' 5toJv of
r.liBjo lMv. thur 6.!n undmincd in N' w'vs
Th. cxplanariot for rhn titu.tion I'.r to son' cx_
or rn 6in rpP'nld nh, d ot
^nIid F.uL'. 63, no t7o locbkr-
bsb.r,tJJl, .d_aa P'bl,,h.d rt 'h' ^''"'"Follddn S.d.t h n rproduc.d hs. kon rrrydld' "rrrcdr.' b' o:!d. L4q Srru4 ..tvnBnt
't6J bv
&i;3.;i* i.q nubl$h.* p(p'i"'.d bv pahkion d
,h [.s lnrodud'oi rcl:md T.i', 'Tddi'ioni or 'hrT1lonp,n n!. In'ltrE of BnEhcollhhD." M?d'ri
n,.sttu.t! lsunrolMr* ao9
lider.bl. i.llu.nc. on lirda.v dhicisd. It I rict"orc woithwhil' to cxamin'
r'is rrcat.*t ot z litoary rc't {{or iih, litderv t.xb and 6vrhs a" ditr'rnt'
ii."J I" i".. .+*" .t,,.4). t hB rx rm'nrtion oco' \ in colrabomhon wrh
ii"r?" l"i"o*" r'cr rC pp. ' trr
'6) in -chad's Bld'1tr'\'Lcs chrB '
i ' qa r) ;ra i, *"il,tlc i"
'E"e|nh in a iumbcr of collccdons se' la'qu" Dt'
;il.ftiou. of Livistau*! .onccpt ol qrucrur. on rh. eround th* his on_
c.DrioDlic; blr do6norimpD I 4nrcr.--i,,i"il",i".'L ut r i"i si,,qe' kanJn.d inro tnBlnh'r' snu'tuol Anth@
oJ* i n, s, ""*.
te"rl' l'riholost4,$' J rols |eba'68, F'n's re6t ff )i'i,Ai iaa rci'''*"; ry6'r PaR
"dd Hi'toq t'e\!' rans tet3)i
it "
ue,i""ntt si*a't* "t
Ki"lhip ltele, ians. re6eli 'rti't6 TrcPiqsdr'".. .,"'.
';6r). S.. Ednu nd r"'n, cld'd. I dish'tsi E N Hevc! 3nd
i i;;* "d'.;
cbud. uuishaus: rn. Anth,o?oto|in o' H'to: hns ^Boon.: f;o, sy,',roh' roS,tu.tu,'hsd: Ldi Sha'ss in 4 ut'tury Tnditiod
r..i i. thc l..r thar tll. .nthoPolosiel ssdv ot G
licion wd nrt d by m.n l,tc Tylor, Fnz.r' ,nd
D;*h.,m.'*ho *.r. ptycholos'ellr odcnr.d rl'
rhough nd in a pqrion o L..p !p wilt rh. prcr
E$ oI .ivrholoQi€l rck:r.h ,nd ddrv r h.rr r'
.o*riul,m, tt'-o-., o- t.em viti*d bv
rh; o"6od.d esycholosrol .pldd wnic[ rh'v
!*d.. th.n bsn. Altbud tn.v sc lndoub!
.dly ngh' in 3'vrt fi.r imnnon b iiall.mrl
Drmss, th. w1y th.y firndl.d rh.* Enrin.d e
.dd. $2t t dncr.dit d ilEn .lt s.th.i Thn is
\mrcl to 6. rcsrct d. tina, .r Hdrn s pre
I foundly not.d in $ indldudiot to t podhtrholslh-!
-d v DubBh.d.'Dsv.holoFol inkryo_
lb.N rd. *,rhd..-. f.on 'h.
ii(ll.crull frdd
loilvrob.inroduedrsrin Inrlr6.ldofu fdivirv
|,hu; rddnB to th. mh.FnrJds or th' Pt(ho
; bsiel (+m1... lh. misu!. ol d<rivin8 cl.:r flr
'd.r . . . fmm vrgd..not ionr.
tD oLru. rh. lr,n.mrl ol ou loe,c b incldd'proc.$; *hi.h, whad.r lt.ir .PP.r.nr di6'r_
.n6, bclons b !h. em? Und o{ inellft.l op'n-
do.. 1n:ivc sft6p' ur m.d. b r.dua rh.m to
in:di.ulr. mouontl drivd, whi.h r6ult?,1 onlv
in hreF;ns ou: studt.t
olth. An krn FotLloa Seizq.v nres,,' r' rt lltl:Edwnd Blmd r,tor ('3,!-rr'rl, adnh :ndeoolod*: kns c.oc f,*' ('rtr
'e.'I ssih
;a;*ion. fto' or rt? Gorra !oq, 'd
dd
-n';n -*.iri.s, EmiL Du hdm, ('3r3-,t't
rr.n h stioto6;, |}'o' d rb. uddhn ron' otr.ipolr rr? rnd or|!' ftrL' tEdr'l'^. M. Hoon,l{d/orFrllildo
riir rwacn.$ oL badc annro
r.rd fron th. s,'n€ Lind oI n
aro CUUDE Lt&Sruu$
ol .ll fic cb.pt e oi .cligolr ,nrh'opo'ostpobrbly non. fits kri.d b rlr sm. .i.n! .s$di.r in .h. 6.ld ot mydoloey. From a 66r.ncdroinr olvn* lh. snua or rhtint very much ths
\
d. &toalh dil ard iir nvthol@v !
br r edrlyckim.d tfirt th. purpo(. of
' ro 'n!r.
th. myhorosBr ro ompl. hE Pr.'
in widdy diffR!!,E8!g!1
a.ioussn!. onwith rh.iofth.liiEunt in $cp'!_s.ic.t'6c $,8. n not.noud. As. manc( or ract w.n,yihurb! l.ddly fon orcdihtulty b anoth.r'lnft n r vry S@d r.rson {h/ n}th dnrordnpiy
'sc, for iBkna, Sn R.A. P:e.t, '$. Oieo or Lrn'sde, /o,ruJ o/wor,,t ri'rdrv I, No, :l[,NFlco,
'sJ'f";k i.nns.. "N"tur du ,ipr I'nsqi!'iqu..r {,rJr)t hd Chr|kr v h
struduqk ^r'ttuDntazy.
l^!.\se Bd6ilk. lEir,l'rftttrot. bodinoi: $ R'n^. i:$6.t,! En l
'Ihc Sbudnnt Stunt of il\rh A\\
l'trNsu( by nrrur., 6 n-.trhc16! distind lron,r.'orttt *o.
- A rcni'! d. b.intoduc.d n d s point 4E!
-ad
!al!q, Fom rhd point of-ric;n;ould tt plr..d in rh. s.mut ol linsunlic.xprcsions ri th. .M oPlorn. ro dd of Pct.v' in
!p;rs o! ,ll th. claims shi.h lllY. Dc.n m:d. topr6!c 6. conta.y, Po.try n . tind ollpeh vhi.n
cxntur br rMslrtcd .ic.p. :t rhc @* oI *riou!
dnbnio0r; shcics'hc mlrhiel v.ircolrhchlth
n Drcscd.d .ven thoud $c eotsr tisl.tion.
wlildd our is.dane ot lhc hnSr.sc rd tlt
slNr. or 16. p.ool. \'6er. n onsitrtd, . nvth is*il LIrae. mlrh by int rcad.t.ntwhcrc in th.!rnd. ks submnr. do.s not Ii. in i6 .tvl., ns
oiginrl music, or is syrrar. but id in. to'7 which
ihG Doin6 ri. rt:nt.d, r l.st s r
b th< Frtnch PdJrion, ir n:lllvs:1: qau.neorpr' Lpn.nina,,, mFryt'lk rns.:i:v.j!! I
*:x,ff iffi tr+'=,.#-"llltiiH+ffihu tollo*cq
'h. t,ddr ncvoluhon tr borh r F I
qd.n.rb.lonsm8'o th. pri-.s to rh.his'ornn- 'snd: nm.l.s prtr.n whichonb! ddd.d'n
'hconrhpor.ry Frctch soci.l $rucdE
'nd which
prcvid6 a.trc lor it int.rpr.titioD. .lcld from
;hnh o iiL! I"turc da.lo!-.ns. Michcl.t' lor
in{rnc.,ss r pohi.ill} nrind.d htrrcri:n H. dc
<nhs rh. Fnn.h Raohd,on thur: Tiri drv
a.rtthing N.3 losibl.. . . Furnrc ba:'n. Pr6c.r .., n i5, no doa tin , a sliDFc ol ciq-
niry. k E 'hndoublc{ru.tok
rlmsrih(hi{ori'
cal 'd 'historiril,
which dPhin( how mlth
wii[ Fd,inins b rhc r..ln of p,'oh'and crlling ]for in .xplmatjon is such, a3 {.ll xr b rhat oti,,e',. I" iii* ;, r, *p*"*a,
-' aGo b. 2d .b$-
tuc.ntity oni thid locl wnicn, tbousn n i.mainr
Ut-"ur.Ur,",r.n r"r,r"-, tiorftMqn tv ii rmk rhir qmEdon Inm M. i{dls! Pan l, tI Aaa'tu6 a.Ir dbhdiak \P\*.
"t tl, t' 27) lAr-l
norrin. byNrh6'! so @nFqud(6 wr]!!'rcY:
GJTti[liL. $a-n oi h"s..E. i' n'd. "p
oI.;;i-ot
'i"ii". (1r n6c rc'!nN!!!!]!
rhrll .c pc..d 'n
ords b i&nnt ,ndisolai? .hd. g.o$ mnsritu.nr uni6 6r myth.m.n
311 CuuDr Lfvr Snrlss
w. lnow rn3r th.,/ c.nnot b. found i6ons phoI ncm6, moryb.m6, or s.D.Dcs. bur only on .I hisfis l.%l; o6.eik nyt! rould b.co6e con-I ru{dsrh rn/ orherk nd ofsp..ch. Tr(rtor., tr.I rhoulJ lool ior rhcm on
'h. rrn(nft k\d. Thr
I onrr m.thod w.,c,n ross€$ 4 .his nas. is ro poI .c.tll?nhirkbyrrial and sror, uiins:r,.hecl\ 'h.
prin.ipl.s shichs.rv. rr a b?sis Iar lny Linrl of\ nrud!r.!.i.lysis, rconomy oiexphreioi! unity, oa tulurioni 3nd ibiliry io i.conjr.mr ihc shot.
tom.lnsm.ni, as rcll as lar.r sdg6 f.on p'.vi-
, Twa.onp:risr my h.lp o apl.in whd w.
t t us 6sr suppos ifi,i r(h..olosn! of.h? n!tuc coming tM ,00lh.! pl.n.! would on. dryiwh.n 3ll rhud,n lia. had dispF*d lron rh..arth,.xcavdconcolou!libnri6, Even itd.ye.r.ar 6r. igrcdni oa onr *ririns, ry sighr iuacJi. d.cipLding it-an unddkl'ng $iich *ould r..qlirc, ar som. .any drs.,
'h. dnov.ry $r rhc
ilphabe.. is *. 3re in rh. fi ,hirolpi!tinsn, rhonldbe r..,J l.od lsft io rigirand &om iop o bortom.HoBer(,lh.y would i@n disosr thr: wnol.carqo.y of books did ior 6! $. rsrl p?n rn-ri6. *ould he th. orchc*6:cor.s on lh. sh.lvsofln. muric diyirion. But 16, trying, *iihou. ru.-es, b d.ciphers.6r oneafi.r rh..ihd,lro'n $cdppddosn io rhc lo\{, fi€} $ould probihr, io
'ic. Llr rht sm. prhms ol ndk, kurtJ r
'n,€flri.nh.r in tull or in pd, or th* son. p3!.ds nlc srongly rubiiilce oi .arlnr onei..nc. rh. hyp.th6is, luhr rlllrcmr thosins:{.niiy, inn.,d ol being consiJ{.d in succ.sior,
i\'cr. to b. r$!ed rs on. omdd prft.n rad re.dt.s 1$hot.? By c.ring ai trh{ $r q ddorr,
an arl icv.L .r. 6.d. up ol rcl,.ionE and lh. tru.d'ft rae b.!w ou. sro$ nnis rrd !h. dh.*r.n,iB rn*pldn.d; s.ond, wc srill 6nd ou$lv.sin rh.r..lmof rno.ra.sibl.iimc,sinc.lh.n!n.b.r ot th. .rrdr @rcpond ro thc unloldins oI th.n ndv.. Thur rh.5p.c'6c.hrDd.r ol mylhotogi(rl tm?. rhich ,r w. hzv. srn i ho'h
's.G'bh:.d non{d.sibl., Itnchronic ,nd di.chronic, r.-nl'ff u.a.couni.d lor. Fton lhir spings r n.w hy,Fih.sin which mnsri.uB th. v.ry coe oI olr 3r8um.rt Th. iru. mnsrid.nt units ol: myrh tror th. jsolai.d r.l4ions but r!,dl.s.tsu.h tlt,D,. rd nn orly 6 brndld r$d rhek rlarionsc b. pri ro us. lnd 6mbis.d io a! ro trodue aoc.nins. Rel.tionr p.rtdning ro rh! sse buldtem:y.ppa! di!.hrcnielly ar Emor inr.rik, bursh.n E hir. iuce.ded i! grolping ifi.n iq.rh.r
, q. h.vc rcoBaniz.d our mytfi .c.ordins b a rioc' ..idnr of a n* natuc, @r6p6nJids io rh. prc,
r.q!nn. oI rll. initial hypdth6;, nr6.lr . Bo,dim.nrioml tid. r.Lr.or Nbich is ljmuli.noulydirchronic.nd synch.onic,.nd which,c@rdinglyint*rat r rh. chrld?dsiid oI l,,ak on ih. on.hMd)2nd iroic oi prrdir on ih. o$ri To prr ir in.vcn mor lingnnii. !.mr n n as thor8h 2 pho,nfr. scr..lNiys mid. ur ol,ll ns v rnb.
ld,"y "ourd d;;
'l:i - -.h.',,"...,., . ;"
/nanin8tul;mNr h. rc,d dhchroni.ally rlong on.larn ,hn n, p,sc rfrc p:s., rnd fron kh tolnshr-:nd rln.hronicrlly ilons d( orh& Itr. tlIrh. nor6 \iiircn v.rtislly Nling up on. 3ro*Uoositu.,i unn, rhar n, o!. buddt. or r.tr o.s.r Th. orher corFikon i! soDo hrt di6.rc.i !,rlu, !2k.2n obs.*{ isnorant ot ou. pLyins card!,lsirins lor r lons !'h. siih r fotun.{.ll.r, Helqourd kjo$ $mdinE of rttr vnrcD: rr, .sc,lphyri."l "ppsEna. soc'"1 ,i'd:r.n, crc., in
'hclsh. s3y r {. Lnow $mdh is oI rh. Jif..nrI tu1rur6 {ho5e m',dr n.
'ry ro stod}. ll. wo,ll
1 so ki.n rp $. saane! .nd r.ord in.m s cs ioI b. .bh to go 6v{ r!.n !.d 6:1. comprisdtu-arI N. do n+.n s. list n io mrrn{ellins ,nd rco.d it,
!lM.thdsdchm 6 ston ! hlv? pui r!. pd6ldI lgcc ih if th. n.n i,bngfii 1.d ii ri. nrdi,lldaih6l.ronim n.u6cidr, h. n.y b. rhl. ro relonrirud thr mturc of th. dal oI erds 6.ins us.d,Jd'a
'5, ftty.M or thiq-M snl6 .o.ding o
l.h aq m.d. !p ol fou: borolo8ou sB onsists/ins ot dr smc u.its (th. iidivn url ards) {irlbnly onc uryine {.1s.., lh. sii
a Now ior a onfttc cx.mpt of rh. mdhod *.\ propos. v.,hall uF rh. Ocdipls drth, xnicn ir
l ] vdr lrdn b d.,yoc. r d R .w'i. rhd .
.L
Tr. Sttudnnl studr ol Mtth Art
O.diplt hyd' hzsonly re,chcd urund.rlar. tomt.nd rhrowh lircr.ry krnsmuhion! .onenitlnorc vnh.shcdc rnd 60!rl prsauparion, r[.nsnh rc'isio$ or rnud ..cr, wh.rv.r ih.e h.yh.v. b..n. ar NC rhrl not ini.rprd dc o..lieurhy6 inlii.ral i&ms1dr.h le$ o(.r !..xplzndonlcptrblc to thc rp.cialk., Welimply *jsh billuirrle-and wnhour r.r.fiing ,ny .odcl$ionr wirhreipd to k-2 Eniin r..hniqu., whos. usr nriob.bly !.r l.sitinar. ih rhh padicolr. tsEnc.,owins ro 6c p.oblcba cd.m.n6indi.ated.bov..Th."dcBon.tdtion rlDuldnEaiocb.onc.iv.d,bot in t lds of wh,i rl. s.iorin m.:ns by rhiscm, b$ .i b.r in rerm ol wh.t irn..ni by rbc!rc6 pd,ldl.r, whos. lim G nor to a.fii.v. r mn-.r.F r6uk, bu. to .xpl.in, .s sucincrlr rs Fo*siblc, th. {undionins of in. n.cfirricJ ror uhi.6h. ir trying b $ll b ii. onloolc..
Tle 6yth *ill b. F.&d .s an or.l.trn soa*ould be ii n w.E unsiringly condd.fd A z mi-linor r.ri6i our Bs* is ro re-.s.blGh rbc.or€ramng.ma. San ior io$dc!, *. s.G conlronk,ilnh . rqu.nc. oI th. rypc: r,r,4,7,a,1,1,4,6,3,-1,4,t,7,31r,.,t,?i3 A.t,6ia...,rh.rsignfentbe,in3 io p!r all rht r's ros.rher, rrl ir. 1t, !h. tr, sc.i
. \0e sh.ll en.mDi io Edo.m .r. gEc lind oIoFcrason on rh. urd,put 6y,hi tryrns olr s3.dl
luru,/
'-AIT-rLdon, h.ro"ging to th. ram. mtum..$ibiron. commod f.riur. which ir ii our i$k todsov.r, For in$ane, all rh. .v.n6 solFd in d.6si c6lunn on rhl kfi h,E emcthirs ro do *ithblood r.laions *hich,rc ov...npha5iz.d, thr is,rr. nor. iodrar. th ih.y llbuld b., kr ut Fy,rh.n, rhr !h. n6r.o'unn tr. 4 n. coonon I?.,dt. rh. or.,atins of bloo.l r.Ltio,t. k i' o6rion'tnai
'hc lend coluF. .xpr6s6 rh. rd. 6ins,
htr inrcn d: td.ndtiry of blood khti t, tltthnd colunn ..t s r monn.m b.in8 rlain. A! toth. fond, 1 f.w Nordr ol cldic..ion .r red.d.Tl. i.markablc @nnot{ion of ifi. sulnan.s inocdipui faln.rlin. hil ofi.. be.n.o.ied, How
?v.r, linsuirb urullydific8,rd n, 3inc.brh.m rh.only*.yrodc6n..h.hcani'sot, rcnn i ro inv.}ri8,rc.ll rh..on..xr in which n rpp.aB, rnd p..ror.l n.m.q prei$ly b...us th.y .r. B.d rsru.h, ,r. nor 2ccorp:nnd by ,ny mnr.xi, wniin. o.rhod E propo€ ro aotto* 6. obj.ction dn-lpp..c,.ina th. ntrh n!.lf pbvid.s ns own 6n-r.xi Ti. sieni6ar& is ro ton8.r to br soustr jndr .kntuzl manins ol dch n.'n.. tu in rh; Gdlhr,ll rhc nan6 haE
' comnon t,tur.: AI.hc
hyFth.tic,lhc ing,r (*hj.h Dayveltr.hri, hy-porh.riol) rctu .. dilf.uhnt k v.rkihs ltdiztt
wh4 rhcn is .h. 'clatioflrhip
b.Nen rh. rqoolumm on rh. rishr? Column rhrec rcf.6 b nbn-r.d Irr drgon n : .lthontrn h.,ns whi.h har rob. rilL,l in o'd( rh,r mrntind b. born tom rh.E:nh; $.splinx b. nonn.r rnwrlting ro pcrhhn'.n b liva Th.l,$ unn r.prodnc., th. fiN oncwhich hrs @ do kjd th. d,b.rthahtu onrin oln,.nrind.tiie rh.hohs?6.rc ddlon. btD.f, ,wc hry thus lry thar rlc 6nEon L:iu,. .{ ti.$nd .n]Jnn n denitl of tb. d"tochthorc$ o.ieinot hai.'
'w. rrt no. hins ro b(om. iivotv.d *kh,Nirlift in:n rsuhd; rrit *ould [. ,rsunDroor ,,d
-.nne i3h$ oi or r,,. siia rh. ord,ru mrh R
L ion. 'h.
!h'[onh mruR ,( h.d b rh. slh,nimBhr rEn4.rn5hs, r. lhJtr(r b,lt! Enid.iv rhn. *koun 1n ,h. nrhft ksodi l3h. trt anr;keh ot rh. Erdh
'&lr.to'diD.o, L Ue,"A,,!",";-
ryait tLq. te4l, e. b3) No nrtu; how rnqrr,.m D.touni or m.L\od mry b. tid our ondu,onr
rh. pobto h d!?,h), i, r.,ir b ui,[n |h! hn onlnansrr Bubti5h.d,h. nnsor,hlsph,nr r l[.n.dft nrdibi,Em(tnrhloti hnrt.;o6Errho tr.Dc! dEp4yolnafrn:ino'h{$!diri!Dsloofadon orr tunn. h.iry {trh h rrd,on "t,h.,s,InE.rpD$ {hh r !h. h,nd!om. norc.nihy @n.pir .dbyDdournrh.ndorhqrork, . ( ; . ;d"ono:i! i{r'3 tolnd ; ,n Nd.d !r
'/dnh- ctrrio lid
a E $rll pn'rt od b.tN, q ltftd L'E o.dD;!nrd,* ou hB'.fnpk b({E o{ ,h. ,ni(,ns r;|e3K rnn kn b.xtrr &s..n cnrii $']6 oi rd+r.uRr
'housht :nd
'[n .f rtr. tu.bto In,lum. r,om
whohkh0.bo,lowdrh..rrmDt6rhnlo[o..rD Ererpd nlhdld b. nord r[n rhris,rcof,h.te[,,i.nkorhcd br D.rdi, o,ncidd s rMiorc!rNonh
^n.liqtr nl otoe (qh.,,ob.btr h;g. inb
o(). v. :n afdn4 on rh. on! h:nd. b .ih. "|.
h- "r 4pukiq qn.h ihon FhFnrt:!r-,""*
",.,_;."probhn" b 'h. rouns h(o. h( !ot6"inE Drob.
Ln-'hr n, i{ h. Epondr b 'h.
d":@ot fi. jb,<c{,u*_h. iitr Fnd ,n hB t d. u
onc R ro olumn No. T1.,nrb,tiry b snnr( Nokind! nt r.lJionshiF B o!.rrcm. tor Hrt.r f-pl,ed) by rlE rsenion thrt onkidicror' Eta.ion,rhips
"r. id.ntisl in,imucl as thc/,.6oth *lf-
conoadrtory in, sinilrrwlr Aldoust rbi il$i[a provniotul formularion of .hc srucor. aIdrthicrl rhoush!, n n su6ci.nt?r inl {.@.
q!!+d&t!!agp!:rAis!!rj9\.R.I ! IU mo . rh. ! , ih h4,odo wnh rh. ;Jelr:!-:!-i!g!,$rllls!:l!!-U!!!{ri,L
/,m:4Nr4'1ls Nrnh'hunoa Ge. ror in*,n...I:u.
lffi**#$;I
it.ttl r!,r ,hr rno*t.dc. ,hx.-i;;;68;;-
iii:ni.'.'##:ts8"*Sifi #*#*iii!i{!di!6 mtrF-n&*-F,inr.7 i;; ;i;.i'iTr*HffiS*#
bou,iturpn3 $on qhov t 6nf!r F*r uDo, hnf in.s rtF r c.r'r Mr). ni.9rh,;, on,i. o,n(n:i4 rdB ^d hoE -'b. <Iitd.prdtudn. qon:r" oth! Hopr hdDtr.rhn n, rphrlicnoaa.a.xR oa.ritr rorn3 (oDrn $n.b;ido,.d by h( muo jn dt!@mk or, dil6tuL nLsnrion. iur ralh.;*:;om bpr rnh xhafinh rh. w{&B iD,h. dd<n s rh.Morhsor^rinrtr. {hkh!h.*irhhotdrtrcmhunrr.
.in h. B,n(<tron,-orf, iidlh!rld dEnD(hnF htm,:h( \hKh rh. rdndr [,m w'lh rnfiitior
-.6|-h'.ii.n.H R'v"'j..'.rh.o-,b,5"--.;
snt. a.t<nqnr," FEE C.t,,bu, ttb@n. p!6th-.jor No. 3r, Amhopolosiol Sd.s, vol. II, No . tchi-.4o, ,eor,PP.rr : J rDdr. ] r , , L t^u. l
/ .r|ql!-e r.1rr! ru (ll.l.t:l") ' "
,rr r r.. .j i.rr) ro nr..cr rn r. At,t,,rt, .^,.",.,,,. ;,,,,
l. -*uffJliI reo r.mrk $oitd b. d:J. I rJ[{,F.. -
I h od.r ro 'n(lprtr,h.
,,y,t,, s. tr,r rnt..lpoi,r whid h$ soiin,j rh. aF.rrtr,, ud,l truw/mm.ly, 'hr
jn 'h.
edid {Ham.n4 { , ! , { r , r r t r/ ud,pB my'h, 3om. barc d.nmtr rr. tarrlr,,/ och r Joo*, Lttms kGda :nd o.j,n* | .,.,,,r
J hBown.) .s. Tf6.dmr do
"- " t r . , r . . , iI nan..or rh.frr'hrhhou!,rrh.y.in.n,ty b. i,raI srrcd. rh.6B' oi? r: nR cr( or:uroJ.nru.I tion (olumn thad
'rd rh. $cond I orhtr .rr
I oi dippl.dm$ kohhi tos). Ar rh. lrhc iinr| 'h.E
is romdtjns jisnfcrnr ,d .( Lldnnn(I sinft
'h.rhifr fbm r@t b hddnro b..or.trcd
| "rh rh. ihin nom.mo.Lhonous onsii ro *ll.
uoAtru(rod.
11, \t,\ tuatsh t, ![Mrth Ar5
. Our mdhod rhlr .t,mjn.r.s , probl.m wh,ch
h,r, e tar, b..n on. oi rh. hnn obsJctc( b rprogrcs or n') rhotqrst judi.s. nam.Jy! th. quatror th. t!. v.iriod, or rh. .,rrd on. On rh. (on,rarr, $. dc6.. tn. nrrn I @nsn.ins ot : iti wF!ons; or ro put r olhcNisci , myrh rciuiis rtr
-,ic,' t."g* tr 6 f.t, s *.h. A;.(,is*a_;i.
n ofir-d by .l. i:d 'fi{
orr i,,,.,p*,;,.. ;,"iik.
'nro icoLn' rh. Fkud,.n u5. or rh. O.d,ou.
hrA ind n .tn ntFpptiahr. o tr. Ahhoush;hcr(uo,n plobrm h:s ei(d ro b. lhnot2uro!1,.
'honv rrl,r bisddt jeprodud,on. tr
^ ni rh.
n.obkh or undenrnJing IEw ora on bc borntorh rmi l{ow n n th{ *. do nd. t,."c oDl, on.prort.,tor, bd a nothd phs i Grhs? ftecior,mrnnD sopl,(ks. ttrFrcld hinL* r,+.,ra*-jdud.d rno,B rh. (rcrd.d sunnj ofrh. O.d,pus. r1."
" p, ,
" i ' l *a *- * . . i "* t r . - . - ! " .
rhdtri. \(eods.
At thn poi$ th. obJ.ction 6ay b. niscd thar t[.u5k tr tDpo$ible ro p.rtom, sina e! cs, o,tv\o.k *nh lnown resiom. k it n6i posibta tna ;ne* v.rion mighr rl!( rh. picor.? fin is h.cnou8h
'ro Lrr m.m No \e6io6 n.zvr,Lbt.,bur
rh. orE.nm brcm6 lh.ochol$s@n r r ftr,so.abrr rar8. nuhbd haye ben rerd.d, L.r I63k. rhn p.inr d.rr bI2 coDp.rien. I irE f!tsn,to4 oi a rcon and i6 aiirng.m.nt Erc k ow,ro ur.onty .hrough ns rfl.ctio, in M oi.recphcd o._opposnc w.th, sc Jl,odd rh@Giely
rditror. oln :lhd M6nn r".b.. .i ;;;1'mzg6
shrd rourd pruyidc us wirh 1 [email protected].. Hos.E,, snoukt fi. @ mnrcR b.obuqu.r/ *r, rh. numb.r oi minor ihrs6 routdntuEc kry h,Jlt n.rdd6s, io( or fv. $chrn.8E huld v.ry likt siv. us, it nor onpl4 in-
I8t6 CUUDE LfvlSrMUs
fo.naiio., ar L2d, ru$.i.ni cov.t!s. s 'h3!
wr
{orld iEl suc thr no l1ry. Pic.. of tumnur. isni$ing in our,l.$riprion.
On lhc othtrhand, ir c.nnotb. ioo n!ongl,,.n-
made .! . .onp sn of.h. r.iuht wnh simil.tmythr in o$.r Pu.bb rnbq W.s..o md E2*.m.Fin.lln 1 !6! {35 lnd.d.ken witi Plain nvthol-osy.ID all c,se, ir m3 (ound $2r ih. rh.ory w.t
soundr liBhr vtslhrom,notonlyon Notrhln.'i_cin my$olosy, bur rle on. pr.viouny unnoti..dkind 6tlogialop.erion,6.on.ln.*! o {rr 6nlvin r *holly di(etnt .o.ftt!, Th. bulk oInd.'hlwhi.h ..eds
'o b. hr.dl.d Pr,..i.ll ly ar rh. ous.t
ol rh. $o!k n,kd n inpo$iblc to ..ier inro dc_iaili, ,nd *. shtrll hav. to limir ouGclva hr'. ro
'
A iinpiiF?d chln of rh. zuni .m.r8.ie nvth
phAt.d rh rll avail2bl. vri,nts slould b. hk.ninto :eou.i ll Fr.udtr!.onnrnb on th. o.dipuicomp!.x2rc r Fin ol .O.diPu5my'h,
'enqu6'.iioB sNh.5 whdha Ctrd'ing'svssion oirh.zuni
igin 6yrh should b. r.lained or dis.jid.d b.on. rrtlcvrnt. Tln. r no3 o8h
'rda \(ron.{
hich .ll th. othds r! bu! .opns or dil'ofnoni!Y.ry v.sion belonss to fie nyth.
- Tll. r.rson lor th. discotrdsing rcsulG in woikson si.rd myihology on fimlly b. did.AroodTfty r.m God nvo cau5.s. Fiat, comPfidvemtdolo$i! hre s.t.kd prclftrd krion) inq.:d ol urn! A.n all. S..ond, w. hn< *.n
'hrih. $rudr.l rnzlysir of o'.
'arian! or o,. mtth
b.ldn8ing o ott tih. (iD lome.!!es, cv.n o,'ri_l.s.) .lr.rdy reqliF No di6cn.ion5. wn.n
'eus syd.l vrti8ts oI th. s1n. myl| {o lle srm.
trib. or vill.e., rn. fnn. of i.lerenc? bao6$rhrFdir'sional,.nd as soon 2r vc rry io.nhrs.
ri.omp.rison,th.numb.r.tdim.rsidns r.qrn.di.cEl* undl it Irp*6 quir. inposibl. to ha.dl.th.m intuitiv.ln Th. cortusto t!'l pbiidda
I whidr . r!. ourcoo. al c.mparaiv. nvthologv' en b. .plain.a by th. ,!( d'ar nnh'dio.nsioftl
lah.r of r.i.!.ne rr. 6ftn isnortd o' *c !:ivelvr.pLcd by N& o. thr.e-di6.rsional on6. Ind..d,prcgrds i. omp.rttiv. myiholqy dep.nds l.r3dvon !h. @p?n!ion oi mlthenslici..s who ituldu.dcdll. ro.xp6r in synbols nulti dimensionilaLiiotu *hich dnnot b. h.ndled oth.n n.
To ch.c! thc rheory,'" i. xtt.mpt*!s nrd. kom
r9t1 to , rJ4 rowrd rn - [ ruanc
]n: l r6 is ofrll
'. known vrdons ol
'hc Zlii o,iAin :nd
d.rgdaoyrh, cusfiin8, r33l and r396isitv.'_$n, t9o4; rrsons, rgrj; Blnzdt9ti,1r Fuith{mor' 1 Prtlim'mry at npt rv:s
Lst Antsin a. fi.alz Pqtiq,. ds H11*' ituds,nf l 'onddsd.n8ft L 'gorg' tJr 'qr ,FP'e_r, ,:id ,eJr-,11.pt.:7-e. Innk {. du< hd! b itrmqR'.db!'dqly]IlPRutdy:n'hnrt<iurJ
r of Andiqi E hrclw,{dlmdlrFn{J33o'33') ,vnhinsroiD.c:,33r! od,na ifz!i, czdifr MFrr Bliouor Ao.dnn [,hnclos, r ]$ ,{niual R.Pori, \I:*iiFror D.c.: r3ed. M.C. skKlci, Tr' 2!'i r'di,'rnuE.u ol d6.ridi lthmiofl. rrd Aroual R<p.n,
mdh!ft, dnds.ic ihliry in'hlu. ot ld bt D. .6r (ong'rplrds (!sd ldtJ TNiB dwrcr)
,doPkd li igx.nrse
wnh'!c;, D.c-, rto.. EC ?:rcDr, n! oisinM{h oiz\ni: tod't il aqdnca fohtod,xx'cr"tez\. 9: L B!12A, )natt"diod to zni ci.mo4arl;. 5uR{ or
^m.noi E'hnoloax r7!h
^nnun R-
;ror;e ' -l ',
columb" ui,(R,ry c.^,nbu'iotr' 'oAn'hrcpoLos, rc. a', N.wYol,,cra lA! I
It
As ih. .n.n i'digtc, ilE PtobLb n rl]. dtmv_
ery of . lif.'dath m.diation- For tfi. rr.blo, rhis i3
6o..i.lly dificutq dEy und.6t3nd thr oriSin ot
hun.. laL in ed! of r. modcl ol pltnr lil€ (4.r
s.nc. tom tt. ddh).Tn.yrhirc r!,rheli.Isnhdt. an i.nt Gr..b. ..d n ir o.rhlt s. .bo* ii. O.dip$ mvth .s our frd .x_
rnolc, Bu' in theln.nen lndi,n.3,.'Ih. hishbt
for; o{pl,nrlir.n b bc round 'n
tsriculturt wli.h
n D.riodiol in n.or., ihar n, wlich @nd$ in an
d;d.ton bN..n lil and dcr{'. lt .hit is dn"(ed.d, fi. onr/dnion .pp.r6.lrwh.ir: Ag'
.;lNE prddd lood, ih.dorc lir.t bdt hunr
ine orovi;4 idd md r sid ar b Mrlrrc shth
s;;! ddrh. H.n( d. n. fi,e didlrmt $at'
6t h.rdlirs rh. p.ohled. ln rlE cuthins v?6!on'
rh. di$cutty r.volv6 .round :. opPositioo hc-
Nm rcriritiE yddinS.n imn.ddrc r.5uk lml'Ie( inswi ld,ood) lndrcnvi ' i . \ , i . ld inE. d. l ,v.d
Gruk-Jathhrrrob.o4.in'.s'rt d rc drhs,r
olEr. can .xi;!. Pmont r.rion shifs {lom nun!
ins r. isriculhE, shn. St venson\ t sion o!.r
Th. Sh!.t4t.t strdi ol MYth 8t7
*.. th. otid w.y.ou.d lrdnb.stownih, 'll
r di(er.nc.s 6.lren $.$ v.$ions o. b. risoF
oudv coii.laild snn rh.* bati.sdftr...Tr'u $. fir.d rcsios d.*rib. 6. sr.4 $r
wrq.d ht rh. rnc6torofrfi. Zuni:8:inn, mvlhi
ol;opul ion,rhc Xtrnals., bv 'nrcnunn8
into
rh. nliirnv? rign,6dnt vrrirrio
lr ) in rhl iri.ndlhiP or hcrilitv oI lhc sotlrt (1) in
,h. gdnsn8 of fin:l vidorv to o.. omp o. th.
od.r. {rl 'n
th. .f,.6fiion ot 'h.
svmbolic lu^c'
tior to tlt Kya.altw., d.sciih.d 5om.iim6 I
hu.ted (*h6. bowr !a truns wnh .nim2l tin'
.*) and $m.tiBcr .t s.rd.n f {wnoe bo*t tr'
cod,, \ dk4qEr. (rEt{,-
KrurE t &.'ft8d 'bE,E,F
{d6br &,dr
ei.,b!.* cod,.I rrJ.4 tF-,G,@
I ,rEv'4 !* l id Mr.
Sine fib.! srins (lsridlturc) n al{lvs sup..or b
,in.w nrins (hnntind, rd sinct (ro 1 r.!&r dtnt)
$. sodr 3llianc. is pr.fct$l..o i!.ir.ntase'cm'it lollos llsi in Cushinstv.siondoubtv unddoriv'la.d (hosnl.so&, rinR nnng)l
r lh.sk"cn;n 's,on,do'blv prirlced (IrrndlY
go&,6b.rrnngl,whil.Prsods v.6an..nlonr
us wifi an in(m.diity "iturnon (ln.ndrv sodt
hur si.c' $inBs, .ine o.n 6.gin bv b.i.g [ut'
Buru?lt ve4ion h ot !h. $n. tvP..s Cnrhing3
fdd . $ructuil point ot Yis. Ho*dd. ft dif'6
fom both Cushins! rid s'enron! iisn(h 'r
!h. hari eo .rphin ih. rn.l8.nn.ni ncd to ed. his pitilut @ndinon, whil'Bunz.l r v.sion d1l6 it rh. @n*qu.n& o{ . qll
iiom th! hrghd p.*.E-h.ne th. inv.n.d se
qum(c! olrh. m.:ni rbirrd to lor rh..m.B'nel
8r8 Cd!o. LfvLsrMU$
In borhCnrhins and srcvcnF., d.y3o{romphnrro rnimds; in Bunz.l, fdft han,n.h .o in$cc!ind lron ias.G to pl"nB-
Anons th. v.*.d lNblo rhc losi.,l:ppro.chdwlysr.nijnsth.eo.; ihcn2dinBpoi .ndrh.point of lriival 1r? sinpl.s, Dh.i.rs th. int.mcdi'{. $rd. ir char.ct.tiEd 6y inhiEuiry:
F..d hlk of 16,r ,r.z i, clll. inih'l .antodidion|IjntAm,lin ha.oenNbia4balinJ' th n tatio, ol
nt - d4td.Dchdion ar ,,o,, ,d..,
Ti. Iacr ttri conmdi.tion ,pp.16 in *E niddl. oIrh. dial6n.2l prq.s r..!16 in r doubl. k. oIdrc<uk prn, rhc pupoq o{ *hich r ro h.dDt
l.kR..n.onBcnn8trrns: l
]t hre. h.* ombinrtion.l vrli$G or 6. stn.I!n. on in diat rcnt ont xs {h.n.. th. wr' ,!trlbur. ol rh. .lownr, which hro giv.n rn. io so
Tl'c probl.h, of... r.s?rd.d ! insolobl., vi'-irh.s wkn n is sho*r rha lhc.lowi!-3lutuntwlo n?y *nh implniry m . .xesik uF of .sti_.ulruralpraiuds-h.v. th! t.nc IuDction ir r.l.-!io! to food prcductiot as thc w:l3o&. frhis
i lunction .ptc!E, ir th. dial.cti..l trca$, asot.kppihs tlJ. lto,ndci't d n$tna, t\tr is,nlnrins tor bcn in*ed ot lor.rim.ls ao( tuman
Som. crrtrl rnd Ett rn Purblos Foced rn.or[{ s1y arornd. llcy bqin bt naring th. id.n-riry oiitriting,.d cukiyadon (6r(6m 6biiin.dby C.m.'Fadr. sowi.s derd.acl.*r,.M lh.yk/ to dqivc bod liL rnd d.rh lrom ihd en!1|notion, llen, insci ol cxt(m. t m, bcinB limpi..nd int mcdi.ry on.s duplicr(d I imonB rh.vcn rn srouFs, th..rt€m. t rBs bcsm. dupli_c ed (i....'h! Bosi,r.Bof &t.rnPt.blo)whil. rsimpl. m.di:dna sn om6 ro th. loqround (rorin$rcc, d. PoshaiFnn. of rhc Zir), bur.ndoed*irh .quivocil dtdburc!, H.nc. th. .ntibuFt orrhk hcsiah ' cr b. dcdlc.d froh th? pla.c n oc-.upi., in $. tim. kqu.n.:iood $hci { ft. be
BinDing @uni. Cushir'8), .qnndl in th. 6iddl.(c?nkal P!.blo), bd .t rhc ..d (zia), aepr inSunEl'l v.*ion. qh.r. th. s.qu.nc. k r.v.E.d 6
oqlln.thod no. only has rh.
rro, /nqln ippli.nion ol 'hs
maho4 s. or hdybrnd,nd od Fii., lom v'nxb:so llrrli: A S'rucNd tldd\'
'dulo ed;d sunl.y DDnord kdr, cJhr r Bntrt. &etr;nol|). /nd Ho,or o/ rdkl Rrrr lNs Yo'r: ted.).PILJt'-.!8r.n&hildl l^dl
nain.d o lar a probl.nri. nsur., wny k it rh{6roo8hout Nodn Am.ricl hn roi. ; rsignldpr.cricrllr e.rywh... ro dh.r oyoc or i.vcn? ti rs. l.cp in nind
'h* m,'h'ol rhoustu :lw4r I
po8fts3 r'on 'h.
.q,En6i ot opporiionr k- I*.rd.h.n rdaludon, tll. cron lor th6. cho'es Ih..odd .1.r.. v. icd ont dsum. ih{ tso oF- ,ro . krns *idr n6 ior.rn.dia.y alw,r d.d io 6. /Igplk.d Sy vo .quivd.nr kms whnh rdBn oI ! ;thnd or. .s a mrdi,br; rlEn onc oi rhc tdlrr rc.ns,n<l th. n.diltor h.com. rphad br a nlw ri.d,rnd so on. Th$ w.hay. a n.di.rins nructur. o{
1\e Sr"dtttl Stklt ol Myth 8r9
UmLc.ssiul n.dhtor bdlc.n Edh rnd
Hdcrog.neous p:ir oi ncdjatoG(srandmod.r rnd gondchild)
S.hihonoBd.ous pair oi mdirton{t ds..Boy lnd Thown,twq)
vhil. rnons dc Pleblo (zuni) *. h2v. rh. cor.-
Suc.c$ful n.,li,tor bc$en E rh and
Sm'i-homq.nous prir of ocdro*(Uylrcwi ind Mas:ilcn.)
Horq.ncols p,ir ol fr.dirbB
O, $. orfi.r i&d, coRLiioro n2r .ppa. on 'horizonal di! {rhi. is m. .v.n on t[. li,guiriic
ldd; *. rh. mrnilold onnouiion oI rha @t t@ir T.s. laordin8 ro Paa6n!. @yot., mkt, *dr,d..). Cbyot (. o'.ion-at.r) ii i,rmkdnry bFlwed l.rbivoroui ..d edvorcui iun .s nirt besen sty ind E nh as s:lp b.Ma *.r $d €riolbG(slpisl*arcrop)!8mo.Dutb.s&DNild .nd oldv,Gd planq rs s:rmB b.sen'nrtu.c' an,j dltur"; I Etu* be.a yilt.s.
I md orbid.; d d 6h6 (or !@t) b.tu rco{
I Glqholt)andimnh(ii.h.souDd).ThGclinol\ ncd'arois, ir o.. r.y ell thm so, nor only 6'ox
\rfuhi on .rtir p.ns of NoRh Ad?ricin nythot-
losy $hr ln. DN-cod hay b. ar d. 'm..im:I th. c,ncMru ,nd rh. sj& al r3indE .nd b.
p.Bonifi.d ar ln Arft-Boy'i o. why ielps ,rc.tnn.prodnciry; or siy tll. crhc,Moth.r is 5$Fcu,.d $nh com smlr; .tc._bur k 1t$ poubtycodcsponds i. : unirrsl s:y of orsanizins d:ilyspftim.., S<, ior ins:nc., $. Frmcl {o. rlanismur {,4/,e, tum r!i'r ,.6,1,); rhe luck-brjnsinspo** aftnbui.d n' Eu.op. io
'.fcc (old she) dl
{h6 lki$ins c[ihn.y sw..ptj and omp3a rh.AD.ri€n Asi.Boy ct.l! fnh rhc lndcEurop..ncidd?r.lL: Eorh r. ph,llic fsder (n.di2io6 besc.r ftal. aid t m.lc); nr$.6 o{ !h. dd .nd .lEsaFq own a ol fDc ..jnsri rnd sirl
'ncdiabF
^ Tnc lrformulacd rrsumlnr G .r tollow,:
I ddon{.ring &im.k 3dlik.b.d5 o( pr.y {rhc),lqt animal iood), b($!),.r!.1$ lil.Iood plbr
lprcdueB (tfi.y do not kill w[rt th.r .:t), Or tolpli n oth.tuir., Pu?blo $ylc (Ioi Ptr.llo agticul.
lru{ j! nor. m.anirsful rhh nunii.s): nEns
J rr. ro s.rd.N ar b.,* oI llcy a( o hduvobus
Iririls. But i! is lto cl.ar ihar h.rbivoious ani-lnak nay bccalbd n6rto.ct r! ncdiabrs an rh.i a$lnprion rhar rh.y ft.lit. colledor:nd !arh.I d* (phni-iood €eij), shil? th.y c bc us.d is
I rDiod food tho!8n rhly ri. iot th.rs.lvs huirJ .a, Thur * hay h2v. n.di.bG o{ t6. n6. ordcr.I or $c sond od(, .nd 5o on, $h.rc crch r?m
I s.nd{s th. h.xr bt. doubh proe$ ol oppoli-\tion dnd con.larion,
ThnhndoIpd6,c b.Iollo*rd in d. mrrl!old8} ol tlE Pl,inq Nh.rc \@ h:y o.dq lhc dm {-
31o CUUDE kv.SrMUss
{ld.la$ nfryins inb hish clas); bur th.y 3r.inposnbl. to i.r.rFft throud Ec.r ditJuion, !sh4 h..r cont nd.d, sinc. Arl.Eoy&d Cind(ell:ft tynn.diel 6ur i.v.ftd in .r..y d.iiil {whil.ih. botrow.d On,l.r.l,3 bl. in Am.rio-ZuniTlrL.y-Cid-k prnllcl ro rhc proroiype). Hence
s.: 6nil.
osdricprnllll.nc$hh, pr?s?nrsinDli,n.oudtiand whil€ rh. toinr ol d.parrr. 16 on.nrihlrtormuLrcJ in erru ol , !prc. r.tc{!r (sky rndE,nh), thh was n.v.dde$ idlli.ntcon..ivcd inr..ms ot, rim. rcld.nr(6ritlhe me$i!h crls, !rs'tlr djo*uri dd..nd). rh.(tuc rh.losicoi myrlcontro^6 us siih tr dotrblc, r.ciprocilexching. ottun.:ionr ro whi.h R shall rrlrn 5ho(lr
^*or onl) can w.r..trnr forth.lmbiguouschs
rcd of.h! iii.k"er, but w. lan dso undcFrandr,'odqprorefty of n,ydi.rl figur.s rhc *orld ov.r,mm.ry, thr lh. srn.sod ir.ndokd wirh conrl-dicio.y .nribuks-for in*nc., hr 6xy b. 3edand D,l !! rheiam.iin,r Ilwc conp.rc rh.vrn-
Tfin blicrl famryor! n p"didltlJ, ine(csins,dnc. arth.opologiss ac ake.dy acq$ini.d wiih non $b oth.r l4?k-6*t, in r.s3rd b rh. probl.noI $. p..li4 ordd anDns h.ru, id second, iosllit d1i, wfter hs ellcd g?,.r,lh.d a.hang. inth. 6.ld oi Linship, 3y rNerizi.s n d$ an th.l.vcl ot nirhic.l rhoughr, *. tuy 6nd oud.lv.r in zb.n.r posiiion to rppni5. it! br!n iDpoa,n.c i!
tsar,"&r r4rr nobod), lild [.r
r ant or d.l ropinyd ol thc orisin ofShahko, w.
'my odc. ih.m in krmr of (he iolloeing eructor:
(Ilrsiuwu: :) = (Muyi.s$,!: Masrnwu) q(sn3h!o: Muyinswu) = {y: Masauwu)
wh.r. : r.d ), repasent lrbinary valu$ otu'spoDdiog ro rh. fur thrin $. No txn.m." vari-ans thc sod M:sauwu, whil. app.r'ing
'lon.i:ih.r ihen assciai.d Nnh oorh( god, .s ;n !1risDtnro, orbei.g.bstr., ai i. vrnrnt thr.q *ill r.-rain5 i.riinsicrll/ a rclariv. vrlu.. I. vd i o.e,Mrarwt (alon.) k .l.pid.d 3r helpitrl ro m.olindGhoughnoi3shelptulr.h.ouldbe),.ndinv.FionIour, htrmtul ro 6an!n (thorsh not a h.rmirl ash. could b.), His ol. ir rhus d.6n.d-ai lex$ im-
' pli.nly-in cobt.* with rdi{ rcle shich isp.sibl. bui !ot!p.ci6cd andshich ir rcpres.nr.dller by rh. valu.s:and ),. ln vesioi so, on rheolhcr lrnd, Mltiigv( ii .ebdvely nore nrlplulihrn Masmw!, .nd in v.sion riree,SLalalo noreh.lptul ih"n Muyingvu. W. find an idrn.ic?l kdesNhcn oderins ihe K.E$n vrriMBl
(lo,h.iy2!*i: ,) n {L.r: Posh.iy ki) =(PoJhaiyrki: Tiamoni) = (),r PoshdFnli)
nipp.d oI us-adrhrn wktr
T Tius' lil. Ash-Boy and C; s.lh, .hc rick*.r
I is i m.diroi. Sine hisned;ri,rgnndion o.cnpi.s
1! po.itio. hiltuay b.N.dr rEo polir rcms, h.
lnln idin sodhiis o{ rh* dmtny-u'ndt
Fn ihbisuols and .quirccrl chri,dci But th.irn&$..69!Eis noi th.only 6nc.iv1bl! torm ol
cdi.rion;:om. !,y.hl sed tu be.ntircly devo&do ih. tas& oI.xh.0rins allrh. po$ibl.soldnhs
rll? pobl.n ol bridsing ih. gip brs.n ,?o andr.. ro nrf<, r comprnson b.Nr.n r +crlianB of fi. zuri rnogcna fryth provides us
*iin 1&ri6.l m.d;a;ns d.vic, .ach ol which Btn,.r.6 dr. nur o!. bt 1 proc$ of opposnion and
n.$ith > di6o.i > fticl*.r > bn*tralb.inA > siblidgpair > frfi.d couple >srrn'lnoth..s!...lctild > iou.iernsonp > h.d
It cusbrs! e.rrion, .hn dirldi. G .$ociftdenh r chans? lmh l spitill diB.nsion (m.dhiiotrhd.m Sly $d Erah) to 1 ftmponl dim.nsian(hdi{ion bNcr sumhc..nd*ink,thris, b.-scn bidh .nd ddd). Bu! *hilc th. ,hitr n b.irgn"& troh sp3e io ti6., th. linrl $l ion (rhd)rci.tudncer sp.e, sin.. a diad consth ol2 di,
i!$tupologic.l *udi., ,n'l o siy. n . noie jn-.l!5iv. droEtic2l inr.rpra{io,-
Finth wh.n *. hrv. ru(r.J.d r. o,Rrn..erwhol?seri.!of!:ftns
'nb r tr;nd otp.;h!Fi;n
gtouPr w. ar h. pcnion to iormuld. rh? lxw oIthtsrcup. tioushn ij not posibt. afufie pr..nrsas. b mF. doser rh,n.n app'orimr.6htrh-ilon *hich will edainly n..d io L. r.6ned rn th.lurur, n se.ft rhr..v.rr nr.h (6n5id.r.d .s rhc4sr.3it. ot all n vrriub) cotr$tonds ro r lormul, oi th. ioll.win8 ryp.:
F.(,): F,{b) eF"(6): F-,(y)
H.e, wnh eo chs. , 3nd ,. b.inssiv.n 2s wctlr! No n'nciio.s, r r.d 1, .i th.s. ftins, n is resuh.d rhar r rchtios o{.qnivrl.ne .xi$ 6.e..ntso siE.tiotu denDe'l r.sp.crivel), bI3n inv4sionol irr6 .nd reldrto,J, u.d.r No condni.ns: {r)drit on. ..ro b. r.ph.ed by iB opposn. 1i. dcrbov. rordrh , and , - r)i (:)ll)rt an inv.aionbd n,dr b.N..n dE fu'.rto' !,1u. zrd th. tern,rtl. ot Mo .l.m.n6 (2bove, ), and ,).
'th. sttud,tol Stedy ol Mtth atr
build up rhr...dimdriotrrl mod.h .nrbling on.toomp&rh.v,ijantrsderi .!6q.Jsrr..rc,6s.rv 3rd llir in torn r.qun6. $.ciour wo.k,ifi 6p, 1 mmmodiryp,diculrdy unav3il.bl.h We$,ern Enbp. now .yr Fufth.i6or., ar mn .3$. tr3me.i r.I!r.nc. b.com6 nutd-dim.nsionrl{sfiich o.cu6 at an rdy msc, s has b€.i droqnlbov.) ih. board sy*.n h,s ro b. r.pLc.d by pcrionied ced! shi.l in tud r.qtrt? laM .quip-
.IraEf4gllrks mrv $n. T mmrusiqo.
ITbn formul.licom.siishty rignidcadv6.nE
recall th:i Fr.d ensid.ad rhn i@ tdrna: l2n!Jnor on., .s it e @rhonly $id) r. neft$ary inord{ b aen..ir. lh. idividurt myfi in which in.nGE .orrn$, By tying ro .pply dr iormtrta torh. drr,/sis of th.s. .ruhr' {rnd .$umi.s lhrrh.y.oq6pond o condnion: r,nd: r.sp.clivcty)w. ihould n6r only b. abl. ro provide r nor. pG.cn. .rd sobus forbulnion of rh. s.n.ric Lw orth. Dyrh, bur sc Bould lind ouc.tvs; in rl,.
-,"rdsn.d posnion oldd.lorinssidc b/ !d. rherhropological hd rlE Frycfiolqicat asp.c6 of rh.rhcory; qc misht,ho t*d n io th.tabonro,yandsubjcct n.odp.nh.nbl v.ri6.2rion.
Ar rhir poinr n f.ru unfonuo.t ihrt wirh rh.limit d m.ans 3i dE di$osl oa frenci anrhrcro-
" logi.,l r.s.ar.h no iunh.r zdvan.. en hc n.d.. Ir
1 should b! .nphrD.d 'hr
rhe H5k ot rnrlvziirI nl'holosisl ln(;tur, whrch is *r.ndy butr,,I ind or br.runs i' down
'nio rs rcnn,rutnr uniE,
j r.quir6r..mworland'.chnielh.tp.Ay.ritrnroi
I av.ns.leosd r.'rnirc..v.ral hu'dredcadsbb.
I pmrny ritF.d, To dnoq I sun bl.Fs.rnofr .ow. dnd mluhm ao. thos crrdi, spcirt drvner' ri. ncd.d, co.sGrins oI vcd.al boardi ,boui six
tcd lons ..d four and a half i..r iich, *h.r. cardscan b. pis.on.holed .nd nond ir $.i[.Ifl orJe b
, lh. :nss.rtr.b\,vu5: Th. lun!,o;ro rtDJ.r rh. rn'.turc .t rh. mrh
8' CuuD! Uv&SrMUst
\ d..Gt di{.r( vFu-nrn.li !r A. r'nd oI I mr& !h,n rh. end. TlEy rE .qurltr w.tl md..I ble n prh.{ *.ud rr!!.irc6$,hno. _ lbu,Rti, qur d,ftMr tbn 36e rn lh. sm.I-I994.::!5r+g-*!Ef !!l!!gltq!I9!4
r*'v R Mt b. ub ryrh.rft!tulo.idl. r*ql.rjiyf .h.,4cfltlurrpilBt bnr h rh. N. . plldg or.nk in nrt,| a in ri.E, rnd rhr
tuE ol k rhreg *'yi ilE!d!!d rhm Etl dnhrJmyth.Gn6i iry.qutt wli rhc iem $rem. *nh h ,to.hn bsn F pFh't
'n prcv.mr ti.., nd in .n .lt.!.d prcs6 ot mr!
|h. fr.ld or rfthnoloxr: vll{ @16 . rkl * sF- ;rd. bd in rh. dnffd oa w .H b et dr nrior o. ,@n. u n nd lhl 6. tur d. ir b.ir.r n.r rprlr ir undss.d.nd und$8iiS psrB
404hs T
Roland Barthes----=t@-
l915-1980
Stntutisd L !$aid.d in linsuislici wilh lha tm. ol ftrdiDtnd d' sN$uE
tud in drhmDotosy wnn tnd ol Cltud. lJvi S|JaN\. Anong lir.rary aiti'r Fhoprtr'. *r *,it*. * ro * ia..tili.d * n nrucnr.ikn d rh.r of Roltnd BJdFs'
. Dndili;s wiE ot .rcmd4 itrflucnc. To 16. B.'rn.d cal@ k ro Rad 0F hic
@ ol Fffich mri.is lrcn rhcNralisn snd *niotosv inro rhc posBhctoralist "'.
d.'bcsiminq o( whicb ir oh.n id.dtifi.d w n J.cqls D.rid' 3 6itiqu'a ol SrulrFrnd I; s;birtn.rirta, ft. shcu rl'.r Allivitv r.F.nR r
'jiv PfiM
oi Baihd wtrt i. qhich tE €G fonh etuin $ocnlrlie p.ircipl.s, Pdioldlt rb'
cmohsis on 6MioN dti4rhd substucd objdt a such. Educ'd totundid 4
itm in st of Elslios, rhus .hpha3izins diff@. d dE alinod "spe'b.Mtr obieds mdd rh.n Lhc objsts $.m\.lv6 ln Burh.r vision dt chduralism
dc .mr,hsis i3 @ d. cEdivc tr _cmrnctiv. @vitv .ndlalv produdi* of
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