strong motion, damage, and loss of wenchuan earthquake · the 1976 tangshan earthquake. 2˜strong...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of of WenchuanWenchuan
EarthquakeEarthquake
Zifa
WangInstitute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration
August 18, 2008
![Page 2: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Acknowledgement
This presentation uses a number of pictures and loss numbers aggregated based on the efforts of CEA field team after the earthquake, particularly from members of IEM. The numbers presented here are preliminary and the opinions expressed here are the personal ones of the presenting author and they do not necessarily reflect those of IEM and CEA.
![Page 3: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Contents•Historical Earthquakes in China•Strong Motion•Damage •Response and Reconstruction Efforts•Loss Estimation
![Page 4: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1�Historical Earthquakes in China
![Page 5: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
China is seismically active
![Page 6: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Distribution of
China Seismic Belt
The Distribution of China Seismic Belt
The Distribution of China Seismic BeltsThe Distribution of
China Seismic Belt
The Distribution of China Seismic BeltThe Distribution of China Seismic Belt
![Page 7: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Strong Earthquakes in the History of ChinaStrong Earthquakes in the History of ChinaTime Location M Death
1411 Tibet 81303 Shanxi 8 200,000
1654 Gansu 8 31,0001668 Shandong 8.5 50 , 0001679 Hebei 8 45,0001739 Ningxia 8 50,0001812 Xinjiang 8 581833 Tibet 8 51833 Yunnan 8 6,7071879 Gansu 8 30,0001902 Xinjiang 8.3 5,6501920 Taiwan 8 51920 Ningxia 8.5 235,0001927 Gansu 8 40,0001931 Xinjiang 8 3001950 Tibet 8.6 3,3001951 Tibet 81976 Tangshan 7.8 242,000
678
12345
91011121314151617181920 2008 Wenchuan 8.0 69,000+
No.
1556 Shaanxi 8.5 830,000
![Page 8: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1975 Haicheng Earthquake
1975 HaichengEarthquake
The first successful imminent earthquake prediction in human
history
The first successful imminent earthquake prediction in human
historyPublic NoticeThere will be an earthquake very soon, the film will be shown in the open air instead of in the cinema.
Xinhua
Cinema
![Page 9: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The 1976 Tangshan
Earthquake
![Page 10: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2�Strong Motion
![Page 11: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Earthquake ParametersTime�at 14�28�01, May 12, 2008
Location�Wenchuan
(31.0, 103.4)Magnitude�8.0 (Ms)Depth�19kmDeath�69�197 (July 10th, 2008)Missing:
18�377
Injury�374�176Loss: ~ 1 trillion rmb
(150b usd)?
![Page 12: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Earthtquake Rupture Process (IGS)
![Page 13: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Newly completed strong motion observation network�2000+ nationwide�211 in Sichuan Provicne)
![Page 14: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2008-8-25Stations which recorded the Wenchuan
Earthquake
![Page 15: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2008-8-25
Summary of strong motion observation
–
398 stations, 1191 records�–
19 stations within 100km from the epicenter, 34 stations within 200-300km from the epicenter�
–
12 stations within 20km from the fault, 11 within 20-50km from the fault, 22 within 50-100km from the fault;
–
120 records with PGA over 100gal;–
Closest fault distance is 0.74km at Qingping
Station, with
a PGA of 824.1gal–
Closest epicenter distance is 22.2km at Wolong, with a PGA of 956.7gal and 1.09km fault distance.
![Page 16: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wolong
Station (22.2km epicenter distance, 1.09 fault distance)
![Page 17: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Qingping, Mianzhu
Station�epicenter distance: 87.5km, fault distance: 0.74km)
![Page 18: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bajiao, Shifang
City ( ~150km epicenter distance, ~75km fault distance)
![Page 19: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fourier and Power Spectrum at Bajiao, Shifang
City
![Page 20: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
����������������(���)
![Page 21: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2008-8-25
�������������3�
�17 ��8.0�����PGA���������
![Page 22: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2008-8-25
�������������2�
�16 ��8.0�����PGA���������
![Page 23: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2008-8-25
�������������3�
�17 ��8.0�����PGA���������
![Page 24: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
������PGA���
����EW824gal
����NS289gal
����EW421gal
����EW957gal
����UD357gal
����NS519gal
����UD633gal
����EW287gal
![Page 27: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3�Damage
![Page 28: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
3.1 Structural Damage in a variety of forms
![Page 29: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Typical damage for a brick structure
![Page 30: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Damage to a dorm in Tumen
Middle School in Mianzhu
City
![Page 31: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tilted building toward right
![Page 32: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Complete destruction to buildings in the remote villages
![Page 33: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Collapse of an 8-story building in Beichuan
County
![Page 34: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Damage to a 2-story building in Beichuan
County
![Page 35: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Crushed bottom 2 stories and rotation of the building in Dujiangyan
City
![Page 36: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Complete destruction to school buildings in Hanwang
town in Mianzhu
![Page 37: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Collapse of the 1st
story in a dorm building of Xuankou
Middle School at Yingxiu
town of
Wenchuan
County
![Page 38: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Collapse of classroom building in Xuankou
Middle School of Yingxiu
Town in Wenchuan
County
![Page 39: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Damage to a classroom building at Jiuyuan
Middle School in Dujiangyan
City
![Page 40: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
A Standing structure in Hongbai
town of Shifang City
![Page 41: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Minor damage to an office building for
Beichuan
Tea Manufacturer in
Beichuan County
![Page 42: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Bailuzhen
Middle School in Pengzhou
![Page 43: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3.2 Damage to lifelines
![Page 44: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
3.2.1 Damage to road and bridges
![Page 45: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
•14 days after the earthquake, all roads to county center were repaired.• By June 14, all roads to 248 out of 254 towns were repaired.
Damage To Road Network
![Page 46: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Damage to a bridge in Beichuan
County
![Page 47: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Sliding of the bridge decks in Beichuan
County
![Page 48: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Collapse of Baihua
Bridge toward Yingxiu
![Page 49: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Damage to the roads to Yingxiu
![Page 50: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Collapse of small bridges deep in the mountains near Hongbai
town
![Page 51: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Damage to the pillar of Huilan
Bridge in Mianzhu
City
![Page 52: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Damage to a bridge in Mianchi
Town
![Page 53: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Road damage due to landslide near Yingxiu
![Page 54: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
3.2.2 Damage to water system
![Page 55: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Damage overview
•Damage• water plant:8426• pipeline:47642.5km
•By May 31st, 4080 plants were restored, and 21876km pipeline were repaired (less than 20 days)
![Page 56: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Damage to water system in Pengzhou
city
![Page 57: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Damage to Pipe Joint
Damage to PVC pipeline
Typical Damage types
![Page 58: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
3.2.3 Damage to electric system
![Page 59: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Damage to electric system (Sichuan province)
Type Total Damaged
500kV Station 18 1Line 41 4
220kV Station 94 13Line 337 46
110kVStation 351 66
Line 796 118
35kV Station 351 91Line 603 106
10kVCity net 5473 795
Rural net 5876 1700
![Page 60: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Destruction to Ertaishan
Station (220kV, near epicenter)
![Page 61: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
•
By June 10, 155 out of 171 35kv or above power stations were repaired and service was restored
•
2607 of 2769 10kv line were repaired•
Electricity service was fully restored
Restoration of partially damaged electric system
(Sichuan province)
![Page 62: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Out of the 17 completely demolished stations, 220kv Anxian, 220kv Dakang, 110kv Xiaoba, 110kv Yuanmenba
and 35kv
Jujiaya
are to be rebuilt. They are all scheduled to put into service by August 31, 2008
Restoration of partially damaged electric system
(Sichuan province)
![Page 63: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
3.2.4 Damage to railroads
![Page 64: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
���109��
Damage to railsBaoji-Chengdu
line 4 locations, Chengdu-
Kunming
line 4 locations, and Chengdu-
Chongqing
7 locations
Damage to Stations •
May 24, all major lines were repaired and service was restored
Damage to Railroads
![Page 65: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Damage to train tracks on a bridge near Yinghua
town
![Page 66: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Damage due to rolling stones (Shifang
City)
![Page 67: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Same bridge before the earthquake
Damage to Macaotan
railway
bridge near Hongbai town
![Page 68: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
3.3 Geotechnical damage
![Page 69: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Landslide on the left side of Beichuan
County
![Page 70: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Rolling stones on the right side in Beichuan County ( Beichuan
Middle School new site�
![Page 71: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Rolling stones in Gaochuan, Anxian
County
![Page 72: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Liquefactio
![Page 73: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Liquefaction in Pixian
![Page 74: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Quake Lake at Tangjiashan
![Page 75: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Mudslide �Jiufengshan,
Pengzhou�
![Page 76: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Fault Rupture near Beichuan County
![Page 77: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Rupture along a road to Beichuan
County
![Page 78: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Fault Rupture in Pingtong
town in
Pingwu
County
![Page 79: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
4. Response and Reconstruction
![Page 80: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Daily number of death, injury and rescued
![Page 81: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Emergency response personnel seen everywhere
![Page 82: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Tents were set up everywhere
![Page 83: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Water and food quickly delivered to rural areas
![Page 84: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Water supply response, restored < 20days
���������
�������������
�������
���������
![Page 85: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
•Merit of a centralized government•Medical, mental help•Supply for daily life needs•Monetary help
Emergency response
![Page 86: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
•National committee•National guidelines•Financial support•Engineering support•Local plans•Execution: 3 years of reconstruction, 5 years of improvement
Reconstruction
![Page 87: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
•No damage: inhabitable•Slight damage: inhabitable with possible future retrofitting•Medium damage: repair•Heavy damage: rebuild•Collapse: rebuild
Building evaluation
![Page 88: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Relationship of design earthquake with different level and average return period(suggested)
![Page 89: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Modified PGA Zonation(change building type for schools)
![Page 90: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Financial support•Central government: 70b•Local government: ~30b•Donations: ~ 50b
Total: 150b RMB, 20+b USD for 2008
![Page 91: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
5�Loss estimate
![Page 92: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Estimated intensity right after the event with a point source
![Page 93: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Damage ratio distributionTotal loss: 983 b (building only)
![Page 94: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
RMS/IEM
casualty estimate: 18,000~33,000 (building only, this number helped the government making
decisions to dispatch more troops )
![Page 95: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Distribution of field survey locations
![Page 96: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: Strong Motion, Damage, and Loss of Wenchuan Earthquake · The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. 2˜Strong Motion. Earthquake Parameters. Time˜at 14˜28˜01, May 12, 2008. Location˜Wenchuan](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc06afad00b34166e67f99f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Concluding remarks
We know little about earthquakesEffectiveness of seismic designEconomically effective structures for rural
areasDesign earthquakes for public facilitiesImportance of lifeline systemsWide spread issue with geotechnical failuresRisk diversification