striving for independence: africa, india, and latin …...chapter 30 sub-saharan africa, 1900-1945...
TRANSCRIPT
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Striving for Independence: Africa,
India, and Latin America, 1900-
1949
Chapter 30
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Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-1945
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Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes
Very few Europeans
Algeria, Kenya, S. Africa
Dominated economy
Benefited Europeans
Forced labor
Little pay
Poor health
racism
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Religious and Political Changes
During colonial period many Africans converted to ___; except in _____.
Islam spread through the influence of:
Contradiction of liberal views
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Nationalist movements
Blaise Diagne in Senegal
W.E.B. Dubois
Marcus Garvey
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The Indian Independence
Movement, 1905-1947
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The Land and the People
Land Fertile land led to increase in population
250 million to 389 million, from 1900 to 1941
Deforestation and declining amount of farm land per family
Classes Peasants, property owners, and urban
craftmen, traders, and workers
English
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Religion
Hinduism
Islam
Northwest and eastern Bengal
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British Rule and Indian Nationalism
Indian Civil Service
Manipulated the introduction of technology into India in order to protect the development of radical politics, and to maximize the benefits to Britain and to themselves.
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Indian National Congress 1885
Hindu
All-India Muslim League 1906
Muslim
British resisted industrialization
Jamshedpur in 1911
Pramatha Nath Bose
Jamseji Tata
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Increase in tension in 1918-1919
Flu influenza epidemic
Massacre of 10,000 protestors
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Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence
Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948) Lawyer
S. Africa
Indian National Congress
Ahimsa
Satyagraha
Quasi-religious aura
Political and public
relations tactician “Walk to the Sea”
Fasts/hunger strikes
Arrests
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India Moves Toward Independence
In 1920s the British slowly began to give Indians control. Education, economy, and public works
Taxes
Jawaharlal Hehru Support from wealthy
businessmen
World War 2 Division
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Partition and Independence
Pakistan
Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
Partition into two states
segregated
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The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940
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Mexico in 1910
Geography Numerous foreign invasions
85% land controlled by:
Majority of peasants were
Indian and mestizo
Resentment by poor Forced in wage labor,
debt, and relocation
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By 1910 General Porfirio Diaz had ruled for 30 years.
Modernization
Discrimination against nonwhite majority of Mexicans
Decline of standard of living
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Revolution and Civil War, 1911-1920
Mexican Revolution
Series of ambitious social classes
Constitutionalists
Est. 2 million casualties
Agrarian reforms
Social programs
Appealed to workers
and middle class
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The Revolution Institutionalized, 1920-1940
The Revolution lost momentum in the 1920s, but it had given representatives of rural communities, unionized workers, and public employees a voice in government.
National Revolutionary Party, Mexican Revolutionary Party President Lazaro Cardenas
No generals Redistributed land Government schools Expropriated foreign owned companies
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When Cardena’s term ended in 1940 Mexico was still a land of poor farmers with a small industrial base. Nonetheless, the Mexican Revolution had established a stable political system, tamed the military and the Catholic Church, and laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico.
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Argentina and Brazil, 1900-1949
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The Transformation of Argentina
Introduction of railroads and refrigerator ships transformed Argentina from exporter of hides to meat.
Oligarquia
Export agricultural goods
Import manufactured goods
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Brazil and Argentina, to 1929
Middle class
Exploitation of peasants after WW1
Industrialization
European and U.S. companies
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The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil
Authoritarian regimes
Brazil
Getulio Vargas
Import substitution industrialization
Beneficial to urban workers
Unequal distribution of wealth
Fascist state
Overthrown in 1954
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Argentina After 1930
In 1943 Colonel Juan Peron est government that modeled Nazi Germany
Populist dictatorship
Rapid industrialization
Lavish spending
Depleted capital gained
during war
Failure to create a stable
government
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Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: a Comparison
Mexico underwent a traumatic and profound social revolution. Argentina and Brazil remained under the leadership of conservative regimes that were devoted to the interests of the wealthy land workers and which were periodically overturned by military coups and populits demagogues.