striga asiatica: a driving-force for dissemination of ca systems based on stylosanthes guianensis in...
DESCRIPTION
Presentation from the WCCA 2011 conference in Brisbane, Australia.TRANSCRIPT
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Striga asiatica: a driving-force for dissemination of conservation agriculture systems based on Stylosanthes guianensis
in Madagascar
Dr. Olivier Husson
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Michellon, R.; Naudin, K.; Letourmy, P.; Enjalric, F.;
Penot, E., Séguy, L.
Moussa, N.; Randrianjafizanaka, M.T.;
Andrianaivo, A.P.
Raveloarijoana, N.
Rakotondramanana
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Striga in the world
Parasite of cereals
50 million hectares, 300 million people
Jeopardizes food security (Ejeta, 2007)
S. asiatica S. hermontica
Elusive wide-scale effective control
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Striga in Madagascar
South–West & Middle West
S. asiatica
Striga asiatica
700 - 1,100 meters a.m.s.l.
1,000-1,500 mm/year
6 months dry season
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Striga in Madagascar
“Medium” scale agriculture
Compacted soil, +/- degraded
Rice//maize
Field abandonment – Village migration
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Objective
Can we propose practical CA systems that effectively control striga?
YES WE CAN !!!
Striga : driving–force for CA dissemination
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Material and methods (1/3)
From 2002/03 TAFA/CIRAD Test of 4 CA systems
Rice//maize+ tillage
2 to 4 replicates200 m²
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Material and methods (1/3)
DMC systems : Direct-Seeding, Mulch-based Cropping systems
3 principles of CA
+ high biomass production by multifunctional cover crops
Muskwari sorghum
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Material and methods (1/3)
1. Rice + Stylosanthes // maize+ Stylo.
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Material and methods (1/3)
2. Rice // maize+B. ruziziensis + C. cajan
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Material and methods (1/3)
3. Rice // maize + cowpea
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Material and methods (1/3)4. Rice + Arachis sp // maize + Arachis
Arachis pintoï and Arachis repens
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Material and methods (2/3)
From 2004/05, extension programmesFAFIALA, ANAE, SD-MadMonitoring / Data base
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Material and methods (3/3)
2009/10 specific study on striga control: striga seeds and plants
Ø 12 cm cylinder x 4 rep.0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth0-12 cm and 24-36 cm from maize row
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Results (1/3)
Cropping system
Maize +
Average number of
striga seeds
(0-12 cm)
Average number of parasite striga plants (0-12 and
24-36cm)
(CA) Arachis pintoï 1.0 a 0.0 a(CA) Stylosanthes 1.5 a 1.0 a(CA) Brachiaria+Cajanus 4.5 ab 3.5 bc(CA) Cowpea 15.5 c 3.0 bc(CT) Tillage 8.6 bc 8.4 c
Mean values in each column followed by the same letter(s) are not different in Fisher pairwise comparison (least significant difference, p-value= 0.05).
Systems with Stylosanthes or Arachis control striga
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Results (2/3)
Systems with Stylosanthes produce more and more regularly than other systems
4275 kg/ha
1805 kg/ha
Recommended fertilization: 5t/ha manure + 50 N - 30 P – 40 K
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Results (3/3)
Rapid dissemination of systems with Stylosanthes
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Results (3/3)
Possibility to re-introduce rice and maize in the cropping systems with CA identified as a major factor of CA adoption (Sorreze, 2010)
Fastest rate of CA dissemination in Madagascar
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Discussion
Why DMC/CA controls striga (hypothesis)
Temperature control/conditioning
Triggering “suicidal germination”
N + C inputs
Favourable conditions for striga parasites
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Discussion
Stylosanthes based cropping systemsEasy to implement
Robust and resilient
Small scale, low input to mechanized, commercial agriculture
Easy to learn (progressive)
Flexible
Efficient Production
Weed control
60-70 % of CA systems in the area
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Conclusions
Farmers adopt CA/DMC systems as it is the only possibility they have to effectively control striga
Some CA/DMC systems actually control striga
CA/DMC systems based on Stylosanthes are practical, easy to implement and very efficient
Major constraint driving force for CA
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Website: http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Thanks for your attention !
http://agroecologie.cirad.fr/librairie-virtuelle
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Thanks for your attention !
Conservation agriculture :
100% of the winners did play !