stresses preserved in crystals
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Stresses* preserved in crystalsMeasuring magmatic stresses with μXRD and Raman
Kenneth S. Befus (Baylor University) with collaborators Michael Manga (UC-Berkeley) and Miguel Cisneros (ETH)
*strain
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Forces matter. Maybe here too “crystals remember what the liquid and gas forgets.”
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Technological advances push petrology forward
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Synchrotron μXRD at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
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μXRD in Laue diffraction mode produces pattern of spots that relate to lattice spacing
Quartz from Tuff of Bluff Point, YellowstoneQuartz standardBefus and Manga (in review)
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Example measurement from Huckleberry Ridge Tuff quartz from Yellowstone caldera
100 μm
100 μm
Befus and Manga (in review)
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μXRD measures many crystallographic parameters. Here strain and orientation are shown.
Befus and Manga (in review)
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Convert strain to stress using Hooke’s Law and the elastic stiffness of quartz
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Huckleberry Ridge Tuff preserves a homogenous distribution of residual stress
Stre
ss (M
Pa)
Befus and Manga (in review)
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What forces make volcanoes eruption?
Befus and Manga (in review)
1. Shear during lava transport
2. Shear during conduit transport
3. Impacts during pyroclastic processes
4. Energic fragmentation, or lack thereof
5. Crystal-crystal impingement
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Test influence of pyroclastic processes using quartz from the Bishop Tuff, CA
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Pyroclastic processes do not modify residual stresses in the Bishop Tuff
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Test influence of surface emplacement using quartz from Summit Lake lava flow
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What forces make volcanoes eruption?
Befus and Manga (in review)
1. Shear during lava transport
2. Shear during conduit transport
3. Impacts during pyroclastic processes
4. Energic fragmentation, or lack thereof
5. Crystal-crystal impingement
X X
X
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Possibility #1: Force Chains in a crystal mush
Befus and Manga (in review)
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Possibility #2: Stresses during brittle fragmentation
Cordonier et al (2012)Wadsworth et al (2018)
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Timing of brittle fragmentation
Befus and Manga (in review)
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Raman thermobarometry: Imagine how the inclusion feels
Befus et al. (2018)
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Raman spectra of albite measured in a diamond anvil cell
Befus et al. (2018)
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Minerals display systematic wavenumber shifts with increasing pressure
Befus et al. (2018)
Befus et al. (2018)
Befus et al. (2018)
10 cm-1
10 cm-1
~2 GPa
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Guirard and Powell (2006)Kohn (2014)
Ashley et al. (2017)
The math part: elastic model to calculate entrapment conditions
Befus et al. (2018)
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Software to calculate any inclusion-host pair
Cisneros, Befus, Darnell (in revisions)
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In context of ~5000 combinations of solid mineral inclusion thermobarometry
Cisneros, Befus, Darnell (in revisions)
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Case study: Diamonds from the world’s last wild place (Guiana Shield, Guyana)
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Conclusions: Stresses in crystals
1. Solid mineral inclusion thermobarometry is approaching wide applicability.
2. Volcanic crystals preserve residual elastic stresses giving new insight to subsurface processes.
3. Exciting new technologies to apply to challenging geologic problems.