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Stress Initialization in LSDYNA A short overview /SURI.BALA/LSTC

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Page 1: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Stress Initialization in LS‐DYNA

A short overview

/SURI.BALA/LSTC

Page 2: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Many problems today involve initialization of structures due to pre‐load

Some examples include the following (not to scale)

Bolt PreStress Gravity Initialization Interference

Introduction

Page 3: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

LS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides 

several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

This document will review all available methods to perform stress‐initialization 

followed by transient event

How can we simulate this in LS‐DYNA 

Page 4: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Available Methods to Simulate Pre‐Loads

1.

Restart Analysis

In this method, the stress‐initialization is performed first and the results at the 

end of this method is saved in a ‘restart’

file used later (using r=restart_file) 

by the next simulation.

2.

Sequential

In this method, all pre‐loads are quasi‐statically applied while the transient loads 

are zero. After the quasi‐static loads reach their maximum values, the 

transient loads are invoked

3.

Dynamic Relaxation

In this method a “pseudo”

analysis is performed quasi‐statically using either 

IMLPICIT or Explicit method

4.

Dependent Case Definitions

*CASE keyword allows to perform dependent or independent multi‐stage events. 

Dependent simulations will use the results (stresses, geometry and velocity) 

from earlier case using simple or full restart

Page 5: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

1. Restart Analysis

First Runlsdyna

i=first.k

runrsf/d3dump

Second RunLsdyna

i=second.k

r=runrsf

In this method, the pre‐load is simulated by a “first”

run.Node and Element history variables (displacements, stresses)  are 

stored in a binary file (runrsf

or d3dump) from the last state.

In the second run, the model is then mapped with the stored history 

variables providing the initial pre‐stressed state.

The second run could contain the exact model as the first (simple 

restart) or can be very different (full restart). Full restarts will require 

the use of *STRESS_INITIALIZATION keyword in the second input file.

Page 6: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

2. Sequential

In this method, the pre‐loads and the transient loads are applied to a 

single model. During the pre‐load, all transient loads are set to zero. 

After the pre‐loads reach their maximum value, the transient loads 

are then ramped

Transient loads involving INITIAL_VELOCITY will require special 

treatment such as using *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION to 

enforce zero velocity until the pre‐loads reach maximum value. This 

boundary definition is then “killed”

using a nonzero DEATH time

preload

transient load

Simulation TimeEnd of pre‐load(death time for prescribed motion)

Page 7: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Dynamic relaxation (DR) is a solution method originally implemented to 

perform quasi‐static simulation in a “psuedo”

time prior to transient analysis. 

Stresses and the geometry at the end of this “psuedo”

phase are 

automatically used in the transient analysis providing the desired “stress‐

initialization”

3. Dynamic Relaxation (DR)

Stress Intialization Transient Analysis

Pseudo Phase Transient Phase

D3PLOTD3DRLF

Page 8: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

DR can be run either in Explicit

mode or in Implicit

Mode. Both methods will use independent 

convergence criteria to determine if a quasi‐static 

response has been attained.  User can also terminate 

the DR phase which is mandatory when using Implicit 

solver

During the explicit DR phase, the ratio of the current to 

peak distortional energy (total energy minus kinetic 

energy due to rigid body motion) is monitored . When 

the ratio is less than a certain user‐defined value, the 

DR phase is assumed to be converged and is 

terminated

Graphical data during the DR phase can be requested 

using *DATABASE_BINARY_D3DRLF which will be 

output to D3DRLF file. This file is written in the same 

format as D3PLOT and can be easily read‐into any post‐

processing software

Dynamic Relaxation Supplemental Information

Current

Peak

Distortional Energy

Page 9: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

*CASE keywords allow the modeling of multiple independent or dependent 

simulations in one single file. This option is ideal to simulate

multi‐stage 

problems. To use this functionality, it is required to use a separate code 

named “LSCASEDRIVER”

that comes in Python or C language.

Independent simulations are those which do not use information (history 

variables) from the previous stage

Preloading information used during transient loading is a “dependent”

simulation. CASE keyword internally uses “restart method”

(method 1) but 

makes the invisible to the user. The user is required to use the

“r=restart”

in 

the command line argument used by the LSCASEDRIVER.

4. Case Controls

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 2

independent dependent

runrsf

Page 10: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

How do they compare

MethodSetup  and 

Post‐Process

Supports Multiple 

Solution Methods

Preload Results 

Reusability

Restart easy yes Yes

Sequential easy Yes No

DR easy Yes Yes

Case Controls easy Yes Yes

Page 11: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Dynamic relaxation (DR) is activated by setting a non‐zero (1 or 2) value for 

SIDR in the *DEFINE_CURVE keyword

The default value of SIDR (0) indicates that the curve is valid only for transient 

analysis. SIDR = 1 indicates the curve is used in DR Phase. SIDR

= 2 indicates 

the curve is used in both DR and Transient Phases

Getting Familiar with DR

Page 12: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

There are several parameters that are available 

to use DR feature

All the parameters are available in 

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION keyword

A good review of these parameters is essential 

to use the feature as expected

Page 13: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

NRCYCK specifies the number of cycles to check for 

distortional energy (non‐zero strain) ratio for 

convergence

This parameter is not used if the DR phase is run in 

IMLPICIT mode

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/NRCYCK

Page 14: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

DRTOL is the tolerance used to decide the 

convergence. When ratio of current to peak 

distortional energy is <= DRTOL, convergence is said 

to be achieved. Distortional

energy is total energy 

minus kinetic energy associated with rigidbody

motion

This parameter is not used if the DR phase is run in 

IMLPICIT mode. DR phase is also terminated If the 

convergence is attained earlier than DRTERM

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/DRTOL

Page 15: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

DRFCT is the dynamic relaxation factor used to 

damp the nodal velocities each timestep

This parameter is not used if the DR phase is run in 

IMLPICIT mode

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/DRFCTR

Page 16: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

DRTERM is the termination time for the “pseudo”

phase. By default, the termination for DR is 

determined by the convergence criteria DTOL. If 

DRTERM is non‐zero, the DR phase is terminated 

based on which criteria is reached first.

This parameter is used by both IMPLICIT and 

EXPLICIT. It is mandatory to be non‐zero if IMLPICIT 

is used in DR

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/DRTERM

Page 17: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

TSSFDR is the timestep

scale factor applicable only 

in the DR phase

This parameter is not used if IMLPICIT is used in DR 

phase

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/TSSFDR

Page 18: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

IDRFLG tells LS‐DYNA if the DR is active or not. Irrespective 

of SIDR flag in DEFINE_CURVE, DR can be turned off by 

setting IDRFLG=‐999. This is often a convenient way to 

suppress DR if multiple curves are used in DR. If IDRFLG=‐

1, DR is active and all timehistories

are output during the 

DR phase.

This parameter  is the only recommended way to invoke 

IMPLICIT solver (=5) in the DR phase.

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/IDRFLG

Page 19: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Few notes on Interference Fit

Interference fit between parts is best modeled 

using_INTERFERENCE

option to CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE 

or CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE

The interference is removed gradually by scaling the contact 

thickness ideally from zero to maximum value of unity. Scaling of 

the stiffness can be performed using DR or in the transient phase

It is best recommended to use one‐way and choosing the part 

that is penetrating as the slave. 

0

1

stiffness

slave

master

Page 20: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Interference keyword

For DR phase For Transient phase

Page 21: Stress Initialization in LS DYNA - · PDF fileLS‐DYNA is a general purpose finite element program and hence provides several methods to perform stress‐initialization in any simulation

Thank You !

[email protected]

http://www.lstc.com