Strands in the Study of Geography

(Final)End of Year Project: 05/22/14• Create a game about World Geography.

• Game will be played by classmates.

• Teams will be comprised of 4 members or less.

• Teams will have to create a playable game and promotional poster by due date.

Eight Strands of Social Studies

• History• Geography• Economics• Government• Citizenship• Culture• Science, Technology, and Society• Social Studies Skills

Social Studies Strand - History

• People, events, and issues from the past that – affect people presently – will continue to affect people in the future

• Explains how individuals and societies interact over time

Social Studies Strand - Geography

• Relationships among people, places, and environment that result in patterns on the Earth’s surface

• Meant to help people – Compete in a global economy– Make sure the environment stays healthy– Understand different cultures and how they live

together in the same planet

Social Studies Strand - Economics

• Meant to organize systems based on what is produced, what is distributed, and what is consumed

Social Studies Strand - Government

• Structures of power and authority

• Power is meant to provide order and stability

Social Studies Strand - Citizenship

• Requires that people understand their – Responsibilities as citizens– Rights as citizens– Ethical behavior

• People fully participate when they understand– Civic ideals– Citizenship practices– Basis for constitutional republics

Social Studies Strand - Culture

• How people develop, learn, and adapt cultures

• Meant to help people understand variety of human cultures in the community and around the world

Social Studies Strand – Science, Technology, and Society

• How people live, learn, and work - past, present, and future – based on their relationship with science, technology, and the environment

Social Studies Strand – Social Studies Skills

• Used to acquire, organize, and use information for problem-solving and decision-making.

• Meant to help people become better problem-solvers, decision-makers, and independent lifelong learners

Exploring Geography

• You should now understand what is meant by the following terms:– History– Geography– Economics– Government– Citizenship– Culture– Science, Technology, and Society– Social Studies Skills

Chapter 1:The Earth

Space The Earth is the third

planet from the sun and is a terrestrial planet.

Two types of planets:

Terrestrial planets (made up of rocky crusts)

Giant gaseous planets (more gaseous and less

dense)

SpheresHydrosphere- All of

earth’s water.

Lithosphere- The earth’s crust.

Atmosphere- The earth’s air.

Biosphere- The part of the earth that supports life.

LandformsThe four major landforms

are mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.

The seven most visible landforms are the continents:

Africa, Asia, Antarctica,Australia, Europe, North America, South America.

Water

• About 70% of Earth’s surface is water.

• 97% is saltwater and 3% is freshwater. Many parts of the world are already suffering from water shortages.

Climate

Climate and Weather

• Weather is what is occurring in one place during a short period of time.

• Climate describes long term weather patterns.

What Effects Climate?

• Latitude

• The Atmosphere

• Elevation

• Ocean/Wind Currents

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Latitude- Middle of Earth gets the most rays.

• The areas between The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receive the sun’s direct rays and are thus warmer. The farther you get from the middle, the colder it gets.

The Atmosphere and Climate

• The atmosphere keeps heat from escaping too quickly into space.

• This is key to life on earth.

Pollution and the Greenhouse Effect

• Pollution traps more of the Sun’s rays. Increasing the temperature.

Chinese Smog

Altitude/Elevation and Climate

• As you increase the elevation. The air thins out.

• This leads to two things: less air, colder temperatures.

Wind• The Coriolis Effect causes

prevailing winds to blow diagonally.

• These winds are the major trade winds of the world.

• They used to move ships. They still move climate and precipitation.

Ocean

• Ocean currents moderate the temperature. Making places less cold and less hot.

• Vacation time!

Examples

Forces of Change

Dynamism Inside Earth

There is extreme heat and pressure inside of the Earth. In fact, temperatures there reach 8,500 *F.

Magma is in the Mantle.

The Crust is a thin layer of rock that is about 2 miles thick. The crust is broken into plates that float on the upper mantle.

Plate Movement

• 500 million years ago, our continents were together in one supercontinent called Pangaea.

• The plates have since moved apart.

Internal Forces of Change

• The same forces that move the continents, also create mountains, islands, volcanoes and earthquakes.

Erosion

• Erosion is the wearing away of the Earth’s surface by wind, glaciers, and moving water.

• A terrible example would be the Dust Bowl that devastated America during the 1930’s.

Chapter 2The Human World

Culture

• The way of life of a group of people• Share similar beliefs and customs• Group of people with common

characteristics

Elements of Culture

1. History2. Language3. Religion4. Entertainment/Recreation5. Cultural Expression6. Social Classes 7. Social Groups8. Economic Activities9. Government10. Culture Regions

World Religions

World Culture Regions

Culture

• We are very familiar with culture because we see it everyday

Cultural Change

• Does culture stay the same?

• Internal and external factors are always changing cultures

• Internal: new ideas, lifestyles, & inventions• External: trade, migration, war

• Cultural Diffusion – The spread of ideas from one culture to

another

Cultural Diffusion

I. Agricultural Revolution – We used to be nomads (people that move from place to place)

• The invention of farming allowed people to settle in one place creating CIVILIZATIONS

Cultural Diffusion

• Cultural Hearths – centers of civilizations whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas

• Most influential – – Egypt– Iraq– Pakistan– China– Mexico

World Culture Hearths

Cultural Diffusion

• Trade – the development of civilizations allowed for the creation of technology– The invention of new technology gave way

to long distance trade and the spread of ideas

Cultural Diffusion

• Permanent Migration – the movement of people gives way to the movement of ideas

– Migrants carry their cultures with them, and their ideas and practices often blend with those of the people already living in the migrant’s adopted country

Cultural Diffusion

• Industrial & Informational Revolution– Industrial – the transformation of

economies led to social changes– Informational – globalization!

Exploring Geography

• Culture• Cultural Diffusion• Culture Hearths• Culture Region

Population

Population Growth

• Demographics – Tell you specific statistical information about

population• Example: El Paso is 72% Latino• Example: University of Texas at El Paso is 55% Female

Growth Rates• Death rate – the # of deaths per year for every 1000

people• Birth rate – the # of births per year for every 1000 people• Growth rate = Birthrate – Death Rate

– How much the population is growing by, total– Can be positive, more people being born than dying

• Negative Population Growth– When more people dying than being born– Death rate is greater than birth rate

• Zero Population Growth– When birth rate and death rate are equal

Population distribution Pattern of human settlement is uneven

People live where the following are availableFertile soilWaterClimate without harsh extremes Terrain that allows for human life

Areas where population is highly concentrated are typically metropolitan areas

**population density

How crowded a country or a region is measured by population density

Sparsely Populated Densely Populated

Not too much population in one

area

A lot of population in one area

Population movement• Human Migration – movement of people from

place to place

• Emigration – people move out of a place• Immigration – people move into a place

• Urbanization – when people move into cities or urban areas (areas with heavy population density) from rural areas (areas with lighter population density)

Push – pull factors

Push Factors Pull Factors

• Push factors – Things that push people to emigrate away from an area

• Pull factors – Things that pull people to immigrate to an area

Doubling time

• High birthrates and low death rates greatly increases population growth

• Doubling time – the number of years it takes a population to double in size– Usually occurs in developing countries

• Ex: Africa – 25yrs• EX: US – 300 yrs

C. Population pyramids (Age-Sex graph)

Useful tool to help you understand population characteristics of a country

Reveals a lot about a countries patterns of fertility, mortality, immigration and history

Population Pyramid

pyramid

• Usually seen in underdeveloped countries

• High birthrates• Young life

expectancy

Column

• Developed country

• Roughly the same birthrate and death rate

• What else can you interpret?

Column

• More females than males

• Low birthrate

Exploring Geography

• Literacy Rates• Per-Capita• Population Density• Population Distribution• Population Pyramids• Rural• Sparsely Populated• Standard of Living• Urban• Urbanization

Birth rate Cities Death Rate Densely Populated Developed

Country Developing

Country Emigration Human Migration Immigration Life Expectancy

Political and Governmental Systems

GOVERNMENT

• Institution through which a society –– Maintains social order– Provides social services– Ensures national security– Supports its economic well-being

Levels of Government

• Unitary System – Gives all key powers to the national or central

government• Federal System

– Divides the power of government between the national and state Government

Types of Government - Stems• Definitions of pieces of words

– Beginnings of words• “uni” – means “one”• “auto-” means “self”• “oli-” means “some or a few”• “mono-” means “one”• “demo-” means “many”

– Ends of words• “-cracy” means “ruled by or governing body”• “-archy” means “ruled by or governing body”

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Oldest and most common form of government

• Most autocrats receive power through inheritance or ruthless use of military or police control

• Suppress political opposition

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Ex: Absolute or Totalitarian dictatorships– One person seeks to control all aspects of social

and economic life– Government is not responsible for the people – People have no power to limit rulers’ actions; for

example:• Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany)• Benito Mussolini (Italy)• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Ex: Monarchy – King or Queen exercises the supreme power of

the govt• Usually inherit their positions• Absolute Monarchs: have complete and unlimited

power to rule the people• Constitutional Monarchs: share governmental powers

with elected legislatures or serve as ceremonial leaders

OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLE

• Small group holds power

• Group derives its power from – Wealth– Military power– Social position– Religion– And/or combination of these elements

• Suppress political opposition

OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLE

• Many times both dictatorships and oligarchies claim they rule for the people

• But only give the illusion and no actual commitment is made to support the people– Ex: Communist China

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• System of government where leaders rule with the consent of the citizens

• Latin (Demos=“the people”) + (kratia=“Rule”)• Government by the many not the FEW

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• Ex: Representative Democracies– People elect representatives with the

responsibility and power to make laws and conduct govt

– Called either:• Council• Legislature• Congress• Parliament

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• Ex: Republics (US & France)– Voters elect all major officials, who are

responsible to the people– Head-of-State – President

– Not every democracy is a republic• ie: United Kingdom – democracy with a

monarch

Exploring Geography

• By now, you should have definitions for the following terms:– Government– Oligarchy– Monarchy– Republic – Representative Democracy– Autocracy– Unitary System– Federal System

Economic Systems

By SHS Social Studies

• The financials of a country

• How you buy, sell, and/or trade goods for other stuff or currency (money)

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Three basic questions all economic systems must ask:

1.What goods and services should be produced and how many goods and services should be produced?

2.How should the goods and services be produced?

3.Who gets the goods and services that are produced?

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• There are 3 major types of economic systems

1. Traditional Economic System

2. Command Economic System

3. Market Economic System

a. Mixed Economy

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Habits and customs determine the rules for how you buy, sell, or trade things (economic activity)

• You behave based on customs and traditions– Ex: Hunter and gatherer – Today: Hunting and gathering practiced in few

parts of the world

TRADITIONAL Economic System

• The government owns or directs how goods are made (means of production) and controls the distribution of goods

• Means of Production – –Land–Labor –Capital (machinery, factories)–Business managers

COMMAND Economic System

• Hope: decisions made will benefit all of society and not just a limited few

• Intent: to distribute goods equally

• Problem: citizens have no voice in how tax money is spent

COMMAND Economic System

• Two types of Command Economic Systems–Communism–Socialism

• Communism – the government has complete and total control over the economic system–The fear……..that two free decision-making

businesses will not work for the people–Ex: Soviet Union

COMMAND Economic System

• Socialism – allows free enterprise alongside government-run activities

• Three main goals:1. Equal distribution of wealth2. Society’s control, through its government, of all major decisions about

production3. Public ownership of most land, factories and other means of production

Democratic socialism – people have basic human rights even though the government controls certain industries

COMMAND Economic System

• Individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce

• People decide what they will and will not purchase and what job they will hold

• Based on the idea of free enterprise or capitalism–Idea that private individuals or groups have the

right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference

MARKET Economic Systems

• No country in the world has a PURE market economic system, the next alternative is…..

• Mixed economies – one in which the government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions that affect the marketplace

• Government’s responsibility is to keep the economic system fair

MARKET Economic System

Exploring Geography

• By now, you should have definitions for the following terms:– Economic Systems– Goods and Services– Market Economic System– Mixed Economy– Command Economic System– Socialism– Communism– Traditional Economic System– Means of Production

Click on the links below for more information on each region.

PPT PaloozaMr. Donn

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and Excerpts

By SHS Social Studies DepartmentPart D

12:30 – 1:30 pm

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and Excerpts

1. Look at the map, chart, graph, political cartoon, or excerpt once, ask yourself “What do you see?”

2. Highlight, underline, or write down any key words, images, trends, legends, etc. that you understand (this will become your EVIDENCE)

3. Try to figure out what the author/artist is trying to tell the reader(s)/observers

4. Read the question and try to figure out what it’s trying to ask you

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and Excerpts

5. Answer the question in your own words (prior to looking at options)

6. Read your responses from D to A, allowing your mind to break from its usual routine

7. You should respond based on the BEST answer that is also based on your EVIDENCE and a little on outside historical evidence (that you remember)

Practice

• Let’s try #1 together

Analyzing and Image DON’T READ THE QUESTION YET!

– Ask yourself – “What do you see?”

Analyzing and Image Now that you’ve written down what

you see, read the question

1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the Great Plains —

Analyzing and Image Read the answers from D to A, eliminating

and “way off” answers

D. maintained contact with their neighborsC. developed new agricultural technologyB. adapted to their environmentA. utilized irrigation techniques

1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the Great Plains —

Analyzing the Image• The correct answer

is “B” because it doesn’t look very “neighborly” (D), it has nothing to do with agriculture (C), and it doesn’t look like there’s a lot of irrigation going on (A). It mostly shows how they adapt to the “plains” environment

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and Excerpts

• Analyze the following maps, charts, graphs, political cartoons and excerpts and answer them on your own.

• You will review the answers as a class once you have finished.