straits -...
TRANSCRIPT
Mar
ine
Bio
div
ersi
ty a
nd
Co
nse
rvat
ion
Sta
tus
of
Mal
acca
S
trai
ts
Yu
sniI
khw
anS
ireg
ar
Dep
artm
ent o
f M
arin
e S
cien
ce, U
niv
ersi
ty o
f R
iau
, IN
DO
NE
SIA
Jun
e 9t
h-1
2th
, 201
5
Wit
h s
up
po
rt a
nd
co
llab
ora
tio
n w
ith
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
1)
Th
e I
NT
RO
Wo
rld
Ma
jor
En
vir
on
me
nta
l P
rob
lem
s
2)
Th
rea
ts t
o R
iau
, M
ala
cca
Str
ait
s, M
ari
ne
Eco
syst
em
Co
nse
rva
tio
nE
cosy
ste
m C
on
serv
ati
on
3)
Pro
pe
rtie
s a
nd
Va
lue
of
Bio
div
ers
ity
The
IN
TR
O
The
Wor
ld’s
Env
iron
men
tal C
halla
nges
Rea
son
1: W
orld
’s P
opul
atio
n E
xplo
sion
Une
qual
Wor
ld’s
pop
ulat
ion
Dis
trib
utio
n
Rea
son
2: T
he R
ise
of A
nthr
opoc
entr
ism
&
Lib
eral
ism
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
1)
Th
e I
NT
RO
Wo
rld
Ma
jor
En
vir
on
me
nta
l P
rob
lem
s
2)
Th
rea
ts t
o R
iau
(M
ala
cca
Str
ait
s) M
ari
ne
Eco
syst
em
Co
nse
rva
tio
nE
cosy
ste
m C
on
serv
ati
on
3)
Use
of
bio
div
ers
ity
me
asu
rem
en
ts
Co
nse
rva
tio
n I
nte
rna
tio
na
l’s
Ho
tsp
ots
Thr
eats
to
Ria
u(M
alac
ca S
trai
ts)
Mar
ine
Eco
syst
em
•L
and-
base
Pol
lutio
n
•Se
a-ba
se P
ollu
tion
•E
xplo
sive
Fis
hing
•E
xplo
sive
Fis
hing
•C
yani
dFi
shin
g
•In
shor
e M
inin
g (O
il, L
NG
, San
d, T
in)
•O
ver
Exp
loita
tion
(fis
hing
, log
ging
)
MA
RIT
IME
TR
AN
SP
OR
TAT
ION
FO
R C
RU
DE
OIL
AN
D O
IL P
RO
DU
CT
S
JAP
AN
(Sou
rce:
Tro
pica
l Coa
sts,
200
0)
Seg
ara
Ana
kan
Jaka
rta
Bay
Mal
acca
str
ait
Ria
u,
Mal
acca
St
rait
IND
ON
ESI
A A
T G
LA
NC
E
Tra
nspo
rtas
i
Fish
ing
Sate
lite
Wis
ata
Bah
ari
CA
GE
CU
LTU
RE
Wav
e en
ergy
Oil
Ref
inar
yR
iver
Indu
stry
Mar
ine
Eco
syst
em T
hrea
ts (
Stre
ssor
)
Dee
p se
a M
inin
g
Off
shor
e M
inin
g
Nav
igat
ion
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
Pre
sen
tati
on
ov
erv
iew
1)
Th
e I
NT
RO
Wo
rld
Ma
jor
En
vir
on
me
nta
l P
rob
lem
s
2)
Th
rea
ts t
o R
iau
(M
ala
cca
Str
ait
s) M
ari
ne
Eco
syst
em
E
cosy
ste
m
3)
Bio
div
ers
ity
me
asu
rem
en
ts
Co
nse
rva
tio
n I
nte
rna
tio
na
l’s
Ho
tsp
ots
Pro
pe
rtie
s a
nd
Va
lue
of
Bio
div
ers
ity
Va
lue
of
Bio
div
ers
ity
Pro
pe
rtie
s a
nd
Va
lue
of
Bio
div
ers
ity
Bio
div
ers
ity
Ho
tsp
ots
Bio
div
ers
ity
Ho
tsp
ots
Indo
nesi
a A
t Gla
nce
RIA
U
Indo
nesi
a at
Gla
nce
•L
arge
st a
rchi
pela
gic
coun
try
•St
retc
hing
acr
oss
3 tim
e zo
nes
•86
,700
km
2co
ral r
eef
(18%
of
wor
ld c
oral
ree
f)
•24
,300
km
2 m
angr
ove
area
•23
5 m
ilion
of p
opul
atio
n
Twel
ve I
ndon
esia
n M
arin
e E
co-r
egio
n
�IN
DO
NE
SIA
N S
EA
th
e H
igh
est
Ma
rin
e M
eg
a-
Bio
div
ers
ity i
n t
he
wo
rld
, 8
.50
0 f
ish
sp
, 5
55
sp
sea
gra
ssa
nd
95
0 a
sso
cia
ted
sp
ree
f fa
un
a
�T
hre
e t
ech
ton
icp
late
(E
ura
sia
; In
do
-Au
stra
lia
an
dP
asi
fic)
, m
ee
t In
do
ne
sia
, th
us
act
ive
Ch
ara
cte
rist
ics
of
Ind
on
esi
an
Se
a
an
dP
asi
fic)
, m
ee
t In
do
ne
sia
, th
us
act
ive
vu
lca
no
es
an
d e
art
hq
ua
ke)
�M
ajo
r se
a c
urr
en
t o
f P
asi
fiO
cea
n p
ass
thro
ug
h
Ind
on
esi
a t
o I
nd
ian
Oce
an
25
Mar
ine
Bio
dive
rsity
of
Ria
u M
arin
e C
oast
(Mal
acca
Str
aits
)
•C
oral
Ree
f
CO
RA
L R
EE
F C
ON
SER
VA
TIO
N I
N R
IAU
, IN
OD
ESI
A
Prop
osed
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
Con
serv
atio
n in
Ria
u
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
Con
serv
atio
n
CO
RA
L R
EE
F
FR
EE
NG
ING
RE
EF
30 –40 M
1-2
km
Mar
ine
Prot
ecte
d A
rea
In B
atam
, Ria
u (M
alac
ca S
trai
ts)
10
8°4
1'2
0"
10
8°1
6'0
0"
10
7°5
0'4
0"
4°16'00"
SK
AL
A 1
: 5
0.0
00
02
46
8K
m
LE
GE
ND
A :
PE
TA
ZO
NA
PE
NG
EL
OL
AA
NK
AW
AS
AN
KO
NS
ER
VA
SI
LA
UT
DA
ER
AH
UN
IT P
EL
AK
SAN
A R
EH
AB
ILIT
AS
I D
AN
PE
NG
EL
OL
AA
N
TE
RU
MB
U K
AR
AN
G/C
OR
EM
AP
PE
ME
RIN
TA
H K
AB
UP
AT
EN
NA
TU
NA
DIN
AS
KE
LA
UT
AN
DA
N P
ER
IKA
NA
N
Da
era
h T
am
an
Na
sio
na
l P
era
ira
n
da
n S
ua
ka
Pe
rik
an
an
Da
era
h T
am
an
Re
kre
asi
da
n W
isa
ta S
ela
m
4°16'00"
Ka
was
an I
Ka
was
an I
I
Zon
atio
n P
lan
MM
A o
f N
atun
a3°50'40"
SUM
BE
R :
CA
TA
TA
N H
ASI
L S
UR
VE
I :
Bak
au /
Man
grov
eD
arat
anD
atar
an L
ump
ur /
Mud
Fla
tPa
sir
/ San
dba
rR
ataa
n T
erum
bu /
Ree
f Fla
t
layo
ut b
y : F
erry
Elw
ind
1. D
ata
Cit
ra L
ands
at 7
ET
M t
ahun
20
03
2. P
eta
Ru
pa
Bum
i (B
AK
OS
UR
TA
NA
L)
3. D
ata
Sur
vei
(T
ahu
n 20
04
- 20
06
)
Da
era
h P
erl
ind
un
ga
n H
uta
n B
ak
au
da
n P
eri
ka
na
n B
erk
ela
nju
ta
n
Da
era
h P
erl
ind
un
ga
n T
eru
mb
u K
ara
ng
da
n P
en
ge
mb
an
ga
n E
ko
wis
ata
3°50'40"
10
7°5
0'4
0"
10
8°1
6'0
0"
10
8°4
1'2
0"
FAK
UL
TA
S P
ER
IKA
NA
N D
AN
IL
MU
KE
LA
UT
AN
UN
IVE
RS
ITA
S R
IAU
BA
DA
N P
EN
EL
ITIA
N D
AN
PE
NG
EM
BA
NG
AN
LIN
GK
UN
GA
N L
AU
T D
AN
PE
SIS
IR (
BP
PL
2P)
Ka
wa
san
IVK
awas
an I
IIK
aw
asa
n II
Ka
wa
san
I
Ka
was
an I
II
Ka
was
an I
V
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
MA
RIN
E P
RO
TE
CT
ED
AR
EA
CO
RE
ZO
NE
DP
LD
PL
DP
LD
PL
BU
FF
ER
ZO
NE
The
obj
ecti
ves
of M
PA
in R
iau
ZO
NA
TIO
N P
LA
N O
F M
PA
Kol
oni k
oral
(in
duk
cora
l)
Ana
kan
kara
ngS
ubst
rat b
eton
Pengik
ata
n I
Pengik
ata
n I
I
Nu
rser
y g
rou
nd
RE
EF
TR
AN
SP
LA
NTA
TIO
N IN
RIA
U
Sam
pel d
ileka
tkan
pad
a ja
ring
yang
terle
tak
pada
ker
angk
a be
si
Pengik
ata
n I
I
subs
trat
Ran
gka
besi
•Tr
ansp
lant
ed R
eef
•2
mou
nths
Ree
f.•
2 m
ount
hsR
eef.
SE
ED
ING
RE
EF
MO
NIT
OR
ING
RE
EF
MO
NIT
OR
ING
8 m
on
ths
RE
EF
0 m
on
th
RE
EF
Gro
wth
8 m
onth
) sa
ndy-
mud
•M
AN
GR
OV
E–
Gie
sen
(199
3)
: 2,5
mill
ion
Ha
–IN
TA
G (
1996
) : 3
,5 m
Ha
–Sp
aldi
ng d
kk(1
997)
: 4
,5 m
Ha
–A
WB
(19
99)
: 3,5
m H
a
•A
sian
Reg
ion
–32
-41
,5 %
(Sp
aldi
ng, 1
997)
of
wor
ld
World larg
est
(18
World larg
est
(18--2
323%
) %
)
Bra
zil
Bra
zil (1
,3
(1,3
juta
juta
Ha),
Ha),
Nig
eria (
1,1
N
igeria (
1,1
juta
juta
Ha)
Ha)
dan
dan
Aust
ralia
Aust
ralia
(0,9
7
(0,9
7 juta
juta
Ha)
Ha)
MA
NG
RO
VE
BIO
DIV
ER
SIT
Y
MA
NG
RO
VE
1.20
2 sp
vege
tati
on, 8
9 sp
,
2.5
sppa
lmae
,
3.19
jeni
spe
man
jat,
4.44
jeni
she
rb,
5.44
epi
fita
nd 1
sp
fern
5.44
epi
fita
nd 1
sp
fern
Man
grov
e zo
natio
n
MA
NG
RO
VE
Z
ON
AT
ION
1.M
uddy
soi
l, R
hizo
phor
am
ucro
nata
dan
Avi
ceni
am
arin
a.
2.Sa
ndy
subs
trat
eRhi
zoph
ora
styl
osa
dan
Sonn
erat
iast
ylos
ada
nSo
nner
atia
alba
3.W
ide
rang
e sa
linity
:
Avi
ceni
am
arin
a
•H
igh
salin
ity to
lera
nce
–A
egic
eras
corn
icul
atym
(20-
40%
o)
–R
hizo
phor
am
ucro
nata
&
Rhi
zoph
ora
styl
osa
(55
%o)
–C
erio
psta
gal(
60 %
o)
–L
umni
tzer
ara
cem
osa
(90
%o)
–B
rugu
iera
(um
umny
a<
25
%o)
–B
rugu
iera
parv
iflo
ra(2
0 %
o)–
Bru
guie
rapa
rvif
lora
(20
%o)
–B
rugu
iera
gym
norr
hiza
(10-
25 %
o)
•M
angr
ove
zone
–R
are
> 4
km
exc
ept i
n sh
allo
w e
stua
ria
can
18
km (
S. s
embu
lang
) da
n>
30
km
(Tel
ukB
intu
ni)
PEN
GA
RU
H P
ASA
NG
SU
RU
T
ZO
NA
SI M
AN
GR
OV
E(T
ide
tabl
e an
d U
ndat
ion
Fre
quen
cy)
AD
APT
AT
ION
AD
APT
AT
ION
AD
APT
AT
ION
AD
APT
AT
ION
�excre
te s
alts
from
the t
issu
e
excre
te s
alts
from
the t
issu
e
excre
te s
alts
from
the t
issu
e
excre
te s
alts
from
the t
issu
e
�hangin
g r
oot
hangin
g r
oot
hangin
g r
oot
hangin
g r
oot
syate
msy
ate
msy
ate
msy
ate
m�
Viv
ipar
Viv
ipar
Viv
ipar
Viv
ipar= ===
Kandelia
Kandelia
Kandelia
Kandelia, , , ,
Burg
uie
raB
urg
uie
raB
urg
uie
raB
urg
uie
ra, , , , ceri
ops
ceri
ops
ceri
ops
ceri
ops)
)
)
)
Gro
wth
G
row
th
Gro
wth
G
row
th
facto
rsfa
cto
rsfa
cto
rsfa
cto
rs
�m
uddy
muddy
muddy
muddy
�tide
tide
tide
tide
�Salinity
Salinity
Salinity
Salinity
Thr
eats
to M
angr
ove
Eco
syst
em
Eco
nom
icG
over
nmen
t Pol
icy
Lan
d C
onve
rtio
n
Hum
an a
ctiv
ity:
•H
abita
t los
s•
Pol
lutio
n•
Ove
rhar
vest
ing
Con
vers
ion
of
Bio
dive
rsity
loss
Eco
log
ical
-E
con
om
ic c
on
flic
ts
EC
ON
OM
IC W
INE
CO
LO
GIC
AL
LO
SS
Con
vers
ion
of
Eco
logi
cal C
apita
l to
Eco
nom
ic C
apita
l
Bio
dive
rsity
loss
Eth
ical
and
aes
thet
ic c
osts
not m
easu
red
in $
E
cono
mic
gro
wth
mea
sure
d in
$
how
to c
ompa
re?
Rea
son
s to
co
nse
rve
spec
ies
div
ersi
ty:
�E
thic
al a
nd
aes
thet
ic�
Evo
luti
on
ary
cap
ital
�F
un
ctio
nal
imp
ort
ance
in e
cosy
stem
s�
& e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s to
hu
man
s
Co
asta
l Eco
syst
em f
un
ctio
ns
are
bio
log
ical
p
roce
sses
th
at in
volv
e th
e fl
ow
of
ener
gy
and
n
utr
ien
ts in
, ou
t an
d t
hro
ug
h f
oo
d w
ebs.
-C
arb
on
fix
atio
n-
Wat
er p
uri
fica
tio
n-
Po
llin
atio
n-
Dec
om
po
siti
on
-P
est
sup
pre
ssio
n-
Pro
du
ctio
n o
f b
iom
ass
-N
itro
gen
fix
atio
n-
En
erg
y fl
ow
th
rou
gh
fo
od
web
s
Eco
syst
em s
ervi
ces
are
tho
se e
cosy
stem
fu
nct
ion
s th
at b
enef
it h
um
ans.
CO
RA
LL
RE
EF
EC
OS
YS
TE
M C
ON
SE
RV
AT
ION
IN M
AL
AC
CA
ST
RA
ITS
ME
RC
I P
OU
R V
OT
RE
AT
TE
NT
ION
Terima
TerimaKasih
Kasih
Merci
Merci
Merci
Merci
58