Stone Age clambakes

Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C.Sailed extensively through the PacificStick chartsColonized: Samoa, New Zealand, Easter

Island, Hawaii

By 2000 B.C. – Phoenicians were accomplished mariners Commerce & ColoniesMediterraneanThrough Strait of Gibraltar & into Atlantic

4th century B.C. – Aristotle – 1st marine biologistGills are breathing structures of fish

Library at Alexandria

Dark Ages – most scientific study halted in Europe; much knowledge lost

995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. AmericaNorth AtlanticDetailed knowledge of currents, wind, tides,

ocean phenomena

Arab traders – learned about wind and current patterns

1450s – Prince Henry the NavigatorRecognizes ocean’s potential for

trade/commerceEstablishes 1st oceanographic institute

1492 – Columbus rediscovers America

1519 – Magellan – 1st expedition to sail around globe

1736 – John Harrison invents 1st chronometerSpring-operated clockNecessary for determining longitude

1768 – James CookUses chronometer in his journeys

1770 – Ben Franklin 1st map of Gulf Stream

1831 – HMS BeagleMap coastlinesDarwin made detailed observations of natural

world

1840s - Matthew Maury

1840s – 1850s – Edward ForbesDredged the sea floorDiscovered many new speciesDifferent life at different depths

Marine Labs1872 – Stazione Zoologica – Naples, Italy

1st Marine Lab

1879 – Laboratory of Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom – Plymouth

1870s-1880s – Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts

1900s – Polar Expeditions

1940s-1950s –Thor HeyerdahlRecreates trips of Polynesians

SCUBASelf-contained underwater breathing

apparatus

Developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnon post WWII

Scuba opened a new world to marine scientists

Prior to its development, divers were restricted by the length of the air tube coming from their ship

WWIISonar (sound navigation ranging)

Developed to detect enemy submarines