stoma management - weebly19thbatch.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/9/4/23941270/stoma_care.pdf · first...
TRANSCRIPT
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STOMA
MANAGEMENT
D.UDENA ATHULA KUMARA
UNIVERSITY SURGICAL UNIT
COLOMBO SOUTH TEACHING HOSPITAL
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NO OSTOMATE SHOULD SUFFER IN
SRI LANKA
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HISTORY Nature induced
First stoma surgery was performed by Dr. Alex Litter in 1710 – For a six days infant
The first successful ileostomy performed by Dr.Duret in1783.
First transverse colostomy was performed by prof. Fine in1797.
First everted ileostomy was performed by Dr.Brook England in 1952.
First urostomy was performed in 1954.
First continent pouch for a ileostomy was constructed by Prof Kock Sweden.
First Enterostomal therapist is Norma N Gill … in1958.
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What is STOMA ?
STOMA Greek meaning of mouth or orifice
CUTANIOUS STOMA Orifice to the surface of the skin
OSTOMY -Man made stoma.
Ostomy is the result of an operation with the aim of
removing the cause of the disease or reliving the its
sequel.
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Stoma - to feed
Jejunostomy
Gastrostomy
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STOMA Classification
COLOSTOMY
ILEOSTOMY
UROSTOMY
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COLOSTOMY
COLOSTOMY is a surgically created opening in to the
colon-through the abdomen.The purpose of a
colostomy is to allow stool to bypass a diseased or
damaged part of the colon
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INDICATIONS FOR COLOSTOMY
CONGENITAL - Ano rectal malformation
ACCQUIRD - Post radiation fistula/stricture
TRAUMATIC - Stab/gun shot injury
INFECTIVE - Diverticulitis
NEOPLASTIC - Cancer/colon/rectum
OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSES
Volvulus
Severe fecal impaction
Bowel ischemia
High anal fistula
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Impairment of circulation due to CV disease
Intestinal obstruction
COLOSTOMY MAY BE
Temporary
or
Permanent at any level with in the colon
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SITES OF COLOSTOMY
Caecostomy
Ascending colostomy
Transverse colostomy
Descending colostomy
Sigmoid colostomy
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ASCENDING COLOSTOMY
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TRANSVERSE COLOSTOMY
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DESCENDING COLOSTOMY
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SIGMOID COLOSTOMY
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TYPES OF COLOSTOMIES
End Colostomy
Loop colostomy
Double barrel colostomy
Divided colostomy
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END COLOSTOMY
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LOOP COLOSTOMY
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DOUBLE BARREL COLOSTOMY
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DIVIDED COLOSTOMY
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SMALL BOWEL OSTOMY
Jejunostomy
Ileostomy
Continent ileostomy
Incontinent ileostomy
JEJUNOSTOMY
It is uncommon.Jejunostomy is seldom seen.
It may lead to short bowel syndrome. Group of problem due
to half or more of their small bowel has been removed.
SYMPTOMES
Diarrhea, cramping,bloting of heartburn, life threatening
dehydration, malnutrition
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ILEOSTOMY
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TYPES OF ILEOSTOMIES
End ileostomy
Loop ileostomy
Double barrel ileostomy
Divided ileostomy
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ILEOSTOMY
An ileostomy is a surgically created opening in to the small
intestine / ileum.
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INDICATIONS
As a covering stoma.
I B D –Ulcerative colitis/ Crohn’s disease.
Familial Poliposis Coli
Synchronous colonic obstruction
Ischemic colitis
Amoebic colitis
Multiple colonic trauma
PAEDIATRIC –Hirschprung disease, Colonic
atresia,Meconium ileus.
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Normal stoma output- 500-800 mls daily
Liquid to semi formed. Flatus + less
Ph – alkaline, corrosive.++
High stoma out put
Greater than 1000mls daily
Watery diarrhoea,
Ph alkaline-corrosive +++
COMPLICATION…Sodium water depletion
MONITOR…Electrolytes imbalance and dehydration
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ROLE OF AN ENTEROSTOMAL THERAPIST/STOMA NURSE
AND
PREPARE A PATIENT FOR SURGERY.
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ROLE OF AN ENTEROSTOMAL THERAPIST
The ET play an important role in the management of patient
with….
Ostomies, wounds, fistulas and incontinence care.
It is a team work
The ET plays an important role in the guidance of optimum
Care through skilled teaching, empathy and Communication
with five phases of ostomy rehabilitation.
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FIVE PHASES OF
REHABILITATION
1. Pre – op phase
2. Crisis phase
3. Recuperative phase
4. Transition phase
5. Post-hosp phase
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Pre – op phase
Common reaction to surgery….
Denial
Shock
Anger
Grief
Anxiety
Depression
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Objectives…
1. Decrease anxiety
2. Decrease hospital stay
3. Decrease complication
4. Increase co-operation and trust
Consider…
1. General aspect
2. Physiological
3. Psychological aspects
4. Legal aspects
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Crisis phase.. Increase trust and reduce fear
Recuperative Phase
Teach him/her for self care and help him to over
come his problems
Transition Phase
Develop skills in self care and knowledge of
appliances and application problems he may face.
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Post hospital phase
Physical recovery
Perfect self care
Resume usual social role
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OSTOMIES AND ABSORPTION
Ascending and transverse colostomies drasticaly reduse
Large amount of water and electrolytes.
JEJUNUM
Primary site of absorption of amino acids,sugar,minerals
Glycerol, fatty acid and vitamin
Site of absorption of triglycerides fatty acid and
Fat-soluble vitamins.
TERMINAL ILEUM
Site of absorption of VITB12,and bile salts.
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PATIENTS WITH ILEOSTOMY
Diet pattern Eat moderately in relaxed atmosphere.
Small meals can be helpful
Avoid food causing obstruction
Course whole grain food.
Shell fishes Crabs,lobsters,prawns.
Pop corns, cracked wheat, corn and dried beans.
Membranes fruit like orange, graphs est.
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Excessive diarrhea may result in dehydration.
fluids which contain electrolytes like rice, kanji
king coconut water can be taken.
Tough skins –apple, baked potato
Coarse cellulose foods- pineapple, raw cabbage
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HELPFUL HINTS.
• Don’t be afraid to try new food . If there is no history
Chew food well.
• Some food may change the colour of the drainage do not get
Alarmed. After 48hrs if colour persists inform
• Be caution about fibrous vegs and tough meets and also
grains
• Be sure to drink enough fluid.
• Change in weight can cause change in stoma.
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PATIENT WITH COLOSTOMY-
PRECAUTIONS
1. Chewing food thoroughly
2. Add new food gradually
3. Take precaution while eating high fibrous or cellulous foods.
4. Food likely to cause diarrhea
5. Food causing prior to operation can still be a troublesome
6. Problems of constipation taken care of
7. Balance palatable diet is recommended
8. Large amount of fluids and electrolyte needed- if
ascending or transverse col-is done.
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10. Consider specific food in tolerance.
9. Small frequent diets are more beneficial.
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COUNCELLING
AND
STOMA MARKING
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COUNCELLING AND STOMA MARKING
It is helping some one explore a problem so they can decide
what to do about it. Enable the patient to elicit the possible
solution to his problems and select the most suitable alternative.
To Facilitate the effective counseling the nurse should endeavor
to
Be genuine and natural
Creative a conducive environment
Indicate that nurse has time
Show respect and build trust
Establish a rapport with the patient
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Listen actively
Give feed back to the patient
Clarify what has been said and meaning of the word
Give encouragement
STAGE -1
CONSIDER
Patient eye sight
Patients occupation.
Hobbies and interest
Patients preference with regard to style of clothing
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Dose the patient depend on any type of prosthesis?
What physical activities do the patient have?
Other particular activities .
Patients compliance regarding the stoma site.
Culture of the patient .
STAGE-2 Establish the abdomen and establish physique
Anatomical features to identify.
STAGE-3 Choosing a provisional site
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STAGE-4
Evaluation of site.
STAGE-5
Making the stoma site.
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COLOSTOMY SITING
Lie, Stand and sit patient
AVOID
Lower costal margins
Anterior iliac crests
Pubis
Obvious creases
Waist line
Old scars
Incision
Umbilicus
MAKE CHOSEN SITE CLEARLY WITH INDELIBLE SKIN
PEN.
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Choosing the stoma site
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STOMA SITES
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STOMA MARKING
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MOST SUITABLE STOMA SITE
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MOST SUITABLE STOMA SITE
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COMPLICATIONS OF A STOMA
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COMPLICATIONS OF STOMA
Early Complication
Immediate post of observe for
Hemorrhage
Ischemia
• Partial ischemia
• Total ischemia
Leakage in to peritoneum
Obstructions
Fistulas
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Late complications
1.Skin complications
.Caput medusa
.Allergic dermatitis
.Irritant dermatitis
.Folliculitis
.Pseudo varicose vein / Epidermal hyperplasia
.Bacterial infections
.Fungal infections
2 .Small bowel obstruction
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Retraction
Vericis
Prolapse
Stenosis
Para stomal hernia
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THANK YOU
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COLOSTOMY
IRRIGATION
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IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE
It is a procedure for cleansing the bowel by instilling fluid via
stoma
REASON FOR CARRY OUT IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE
Regain faecal continance
Cleasing the bowel prior to procedure
Eg…. Surgery X ray
Empty the bowel of faeces
Empty the bowel of faeses that causjnv a Problem
Eg….Obstru
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Advantages
Patient regain the continence
No need to wear a colostomy pouch
Does not have the problem of disposing of soiled
Pouches.
Diet can be more varied with few limitation.
More economical
Patents have reported a better quality of life.
Suitable method of management for patients in hot
climate.
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Disadvantages
Procedure is time consuming and takes 45 min
approximately
May find difficult to find un interrupted time in the
bathroom.
It may be difficulty when away from home.
In long term can cause bowel stasis with
impairment of natural evacuation
It may be unable to continue in old age.
Slight risk of bowel perforation.
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CONTRA INDICATIONS
Patient with transverse colostomy when there is a
fluid
motion
Patient with tendency to diarrhea.
Disease of the remaining colon.
Ex.chrons ,IBD,
Caution with patient who have cardiac or renal
diseases.
Patient with stoma complication.
Patient with physically and mentally illness
Patient with lack of interest and motivation.
This procedure would not be contraindicated and
permission should be sought out from surgeon.
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TEACHING THE PATIENT
Procedure should be demonstrated to the
patient and observe for one week.
Explain each and every stage clearly and
obtain feed back
After the procedure need to wear a stoma
cap or piece of lubricated gauze.
DEMONSTRATION
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POSSIBLE PROBLEMS DURING
PROCEDURE
The fluid will not run in to the bowel
The water is slow to return
Abdominal cramps
Bowel acting during the procedure
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THANK YOU