Sticky Quark-Gluon-Molasses in collaboration with G.E. Brown, M. Rho, E. Shuryak NPA 740 (2004) 171 hep-ph/ ; hep-ph/ Quest for new states of matter at RHIC Chang-Hwan Lee & Hong-Jo My main works before Pusan - Kaon Condensation in Neutron Star (Ph.D.) Astro-Hadron Physics - Evolution of Neutron Stars and Black Holes [ CH Lee, Physics Reports 275 (1996) 255 ] - Kaon production in Heavy Ion Collisions [KaoS] [ Li, Lee, Brown, PRL 79 (1997) 5214 ] March 2003 Heavy Ion Physics in Pusan since 2003 Theory : CH Lee Hong-Jo Park (Ph.D. student) Eun-Seok Park (Master student) Experiment : IK Yoo et al. T Density Hadrons Neutron Star Early Universe RHIC K bound system Scaling Mesons from NS to RHIC Quark-Gluon-Molasses Brown/Rho Scaling Vector Manifestation [Harada/Yamawaki/Rho..] Dilepton Experiment: rho-meson mass drops. Kaon production in heavy ion collisions [KaoS] Kaon condensation: kaons are condensed in neutron stars due to dropping kaon mass. Scaling Meson : previous works by Korean collaborations New Recent Developments p + e - p + K - Kaon Condensation: previous works Kaon effective mass e - chemical potential density M reduce pressure forming denser medium M NS,max = 1.5 M sun Maximum mass of NS = 1.5 solar mass is still consistent with all the binary radio pulsars. new developments: Kaonic Nuclear Bound States Is kaon-nuclear attraction is strong enough to make kaon condensation ? Yamazaki et al. (2003) 3 He 3 HeK - Antisymmetric Molecular Dynamics Method Isovector Deformation Dote et al. 2002 PLB 597 (2004) 263 Total binding energy : 194 MeV from K - ppn Mass = 3117 MeV, width < 21 MeV Kaonic Nuclei - Mini Strange Star deep discrete bound states: with binding energy ~ 100 MeV Strong in-medium KN interactions. Precursor to kaon condensation. Very strong K - -p attraction Scaling Mesons in Neutron Stars After Recent New Observations Isolated Single Neutron Stars Binary Neutron Stars Kaon Condensation still open possibility ! Scaling Mesons below Tc Vector Manifestation [Harada/Yamawaki/Rho ] - When chiral symmetry is restored (at Tc) - Renormalization Group Fixed Points give us Vanishing pi, rho mass Vanishing coupling TcTc A1A1 M ? Brown/Rho scaling Q: What happens at RHIC/LHC whey they cross Tc ? Vector Manifestation RG fixed point Vanishing coupling ! Rho/Harada/Sasaki RHIC LHC Braun-Munzinger, Stachel, Wetterich (2003) Chemical freezeout temperature is close to Tc. Equilibration in the chirally broken sector just below Tc. rho/pi ratio was lower than STAR experiment roughly by a factor of 2 Equilibrium of hadronic mode has to be already established above Tc at RHIC ! [ Below Tc, coupling vanishes ! ] Our point of view Questions RHIC: Can hadronic modes survive after phase transition ? Prejudice saves time for thinking ! Our Principle We may be biased, but Unorthodox phase structure (working hypothesis) pion, sigma masses go to zero at T = Tc;+: smooth phase transition (2 nd order) QGP Sticky QGM Mesons disappear TcTc T zb A1A1 M 2m q * qq What is (perturbative) QGP above Tc ? weakly interacting regime: weak running coupling. quarks are not locked into hadrons. quarks, antiquarks & gluons are proper thermodynamic variables Q) Have we really seen QGP at RHIC ? Our Answer is No ! at RHIC, it is believed that T>Tc has been reached. RHIC data is consistent with ideal hydrodynamics. It is the most perfect liquid known: viscosity/entropy ( /s) = 0.1 (much less than that of most liquids, e.g. /s=1 for He 4 at high pressure, 40 for water) Matter formed at RHIC is not weakly interacting quasi-particle gas. Motivation RHIC: beyond phase transition Hydro vs RHIC data [Teaney et al.] Hydrodynamical expansion of trapped Li 6 What happened at RHIC ? Hydrodynamical Expansion Elliptic Flow Question Why does the matter formed at RHIC behaves as a nearly ideal fluid ? What is the matter formed at RHIC ? Because its in a very strong coupling regime We named it Sticky Quark Gluon Molasses It is not a plasma ! Running coupling at large diatance Lattice Calculation by F. Zantow et al. (Bielefeld) Strong coupling regime above Tc Are there hadrons above Tc ? Old point of view: most hadrons including J/ melt there. Brown, Lee, Rho, Shuryak [NPA 740 (2004) 171]: quark-antiquark bound states exists above Tc including low-mass pionic modes. New Idea at T>T c the color charge continues to run to larger values, stopped by the Debye screening only when s = 0.5 is reached. quark-antiquark bound states exist for T c < T < T zerobinding due to relativistic effects + spin- spin interaction + nonperturbative 4- point NJL-type interactions. Unorthodox phase structure (Hypothesis) pion, sigma masses go to zero at T = Tc;+: smooth phase transition (2 nd order) QGP Sticky QGM Mesons disappear TcTc T zb A1A1 M 2m q * qq 2 nd order phase transition Q: Can we make low-mass bound states above Tc ? We have only partial answers, but working on the problem Our toy model (combined with lattice results) thermal mass from lattice Klein-Gordon equation Assumption strong coupling regime ? Color Coulomb interaction solve Klein-Gordon equation in relativistic regime 4 -point Interaction (NJL type: Instantons ?) BGLR: Phys. Rep. 391 (2004) 353 Lattice + NJL ss E Coulomb sqrt( ) E 4-point Binding energies at Tc (slightly above) in GeV, fm unit * M q = 1 GeV (extrapolation from LGS) is used. Binding energy from Color Coulomb & 4-point interaction is enough to make massless bound states What the lattice free energy tell us ? Still on-going, but we are finding similar results in collaboration with F. Zantow (Bielefeld Group) Potential extracted from Free energy [Bielefeld] closed : data open: fitting Binding energy from 2-body potential Thermal mass dependence Bound state disappear Mass of bound states with 2-body interaction Not enough binding yet ! What has to be done in the (near) future ? Better understanding of thermal masses above Tc ? 4-point interactions ? Dileptons from RHIC ? Baryons ? High pt particles ? . Matter formed at RHIC is not perturbative QGP (weak coupling), but is in a strong coupling regime. All s-wave mesons do not melt at Tc, but at higher temperature, i.e., zero binding lines. Hadronic masses (for sigma, pi, rho, A1) goes to zero both below and above Tc. Working Hypothesis as Conclusions RHIC found sticky quark gluon molasses instead of QGP ! For the Future of Korea-EU ALICE Collaboration Alice wonderland is one of the best place where physicists, astrophysicsists, cosmologists, and astronomers can work together. Simple-minded theorist s point of view Key words: early universe, quarks, gluons, QGP, dense matter, dense stellar matter, neutron stars,