steven runciman - a keresztes hadjáratok története 2

8/13/2019 Steven Runciman - A keresztes hadjáratok története 2.

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A KERESZTES

HADJÁRATOKTÖRTÉNETE

Steven Runciman

OSIRIS KIADÓ

BUDAPEST, !!!"

TARTALOM

I. Az első keresztes hadjárat és a Jeruzsálemi Királyság megalapítása

E+=)*<" -?n8v A -e%e)*t0n8)07 )*ent >e+8ei" -?n8v A -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at me7>i%&et0)e5" -?n8v t a >($%Ca" -?n8v Ha%c a t?%?- e++en9" -?n8v A* '70%et #?+&/e

" #177e+0- A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at +e7#$nt$)a #$%%()ai" #177e+0- A -e%e)*te)e- +0t)*(ma

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II. A Jeruzsálemi Királyság és a Frank Kelet 110011!"

E+=)*<" -?n8v A -i%(+8)(7 me7)*e%ve*0)e" -?n8v A c)Cc).$nt5" -?n8v A m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at

" -?n8v A #$%&u+at9" -?n8v A* i)*+(m &ia&a+a

" #177e+0- A +atin -e+et t?%t0net0ne- #= #$%%()ai, FG" #177e+0- A >att'ni c)ata

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5

III. Az Akk#ni Királyság és a kései keresztes hadjárat#k

E+=)*<" -?n8v A >a%ma&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at" -?n8v 60+t t0ve)*tett -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$-5" -?n8v ;$n7$+$- 0) mame+u-$-" -?n8v A ten7e%entC+ .u)*tu+()a9" -?n8v E.i+<7u)

" #177e+0- A -0)ei -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0ne- #= #$%%()ai" #177e+0- A Ten7e%entC+ )*e++emi 0+ete

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A keresztes hadjárat#k kutatásának 1$%1 utánitájék#ztat& 'i'li#grá(iája

)érképek jegyzéke

*ralk#d&házak leszármazási tá'lái

$uth Bo%inak



II. kötet

A JERUZSÁLEMI KIRÁLYSÁGÉS A FRANK KELET

1100–1187

9

TARTALOM

ESZÓ

" -?n8v A KIRÁSÁL ;ELSZER3EZÉSE" A Ten7e%entC+ 0) )*$m)*0&ai" A* " e)*ten&= >a&/(%atai5" Anti<->ia n$%mann >e%ce7ei" T$u+$u)e 0) T%i.$+i)*9" I" Ba+&uin -i%(+8

M" E78en)C+8 0)*a-$n

" -?n8v A 6S6SPONT" II" Ba+&uin -i%(+8" A m()$&i- nem*e&0-5" A c)()*(% -?vete+0)ei" E&e))*a e+e)te

5" -?n8v A ;ÁSODIK KERESZTES HADJÁRAT" Ki%(+8$- 781+e-e*ete

" S*0t>C*() a -e%e)*t0n8e- -?*?tt5" A #ia)-<

" -?n8v A :ORDUAT" É+et a Ten7e%entC+$n" NC% a&4D'n #e+eme+-e&0)e5" A c)()*(% vi))*at0%0)e" E78i.t$m va%(*)a

9" -?n8v AZ ISZÁ; DIADAA

" ;u)*+im e78)07" Hatt'n )*a%vai

" #177e+0- A ATIN KEET TÖRTÉNETÉNEK :BB :ORRÁSAI, FG" #177e+0- A HATTNI 6SATA

BIBIOLRÁ:IA

M

ELŐSZ

Een a -?teten me7-')0%+em e+e)*0+ni a Ten7e%entC+, a* Out%eme% #%an- (++a4maina- a t?%t0net0t, I" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 t%<n%a +0.0)0t=+ e70)*en a&&i7, ami-$% S*a+a&invi))*a#$7+a+ta Je%u*)(+emet" Eu%<.ai )*e%*=- #e+&$+7$*t(- m(% a t0m(t2 R?>%ic>t n04met a+a.$))(77a+, Ren0 L%$u))et #%anci() e+e7anci(va+ 0) ?t+ete))077e+, ) v071+ a* an47$+ " B" Steven)$n, tC+ %?vi&en" U78ana**a+ a t0m(va+ #$7+a+-$*tam 0) u78ana*$-ata #$%%()$-at >a)*n(+tam, mint a* im0nt #e+)$%$+t )*e%*=-, &e n0>a e+=&eimt=+ e+t0%=-?vet-e*tet0)e-%e /ut$ttam" Nem +e>et min&i7 e78)*e%en e+=a&ni a* e)em0n8e-et"K1+?n?)en a QII" )*(*a& e+e/0n ne>0* n8$m$n -?vetni a mu)*+im vi+(7 .$+iti-ai 0+e4

t0t, &e me70%t>et/1-, >a i)me%/1- a -e%e)*te) (++am$- e%en&e*-e&0)0t 0) a*$-at a*$-$-at, ame+8e- -?vet-e*t0en a* i)*+(m e78%e in-( t0%t ><&'t$tt"

A QII" )*(*a&an nem v$+ta- $+8an na78 n0.v(n&$%+()$-, mint ami+8ene- a QI")*(*a&$t /e++eme*t0-, ) ame+8e- a*ut(n a QIII" )*(*a&an me7i)m0t+=&te-, $n8$+'t4va a -0)=i -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0t, ) a* Out%eme% >an8at+()(t 0) u-()(t" :i478e+emme+ -')0%/1- a n8u7at4eu%<.ai .$+iti-(t i), a ).an8$+ 0) a )*ic'+iai u%a+-$&<-va++()>($%Cit, Bi*(nc 0) a -e+eti -a+i#(tu) 7$n&/ait" S*ent Be%n(t .%0&i-(ci<i, a* an47$+ #+$tta #e+u--an()a i))*a$nan, a -$n)tantin(.$+8i c)()*(%i .a+$ta 0) a a7&a&i-a+i#a c)e+)*?v0)ei, min&4min& u78ananna- a &%(m(na- a* e.i*<&/ai, >a(% a v07-i4#e/+et%e e78 -$.(% 7a+i+eai &$m$n -e%1+t )$%"

A -?tet #= t0m(/a a >a&vi)e+0)" A #$nt$)a >a&/(%at$- 0) -a+an&$*()$- e+e)*0+04)0en a %07i -%<ni-()$- .0+&(/(t -?vettem, a-i- /<+ i)me%t0- me)te%)071-et" A* Out4%eme% 0+et0ne- a+a./a a >($%C v$+t, ) a c)at(- v(%at+an #$%&u+atai me7>at(%$*t(- at?%t0ne+em menet0t i)" Bei-tattam ee a -?tete e78 #e/e*etet, ame+8 a #%an- Ke+et0+et0ve+ 0) )*e%ve*eti #$%m(iva+ #$7+a+-$*i-" Rem0+em, >$78 a >a%ma&i- -?teten e4)*(m$+>at$- ma/& a t0%)07 mv0)*eti 0) 7a*&a)(7i #e/+=&0)0%=+ i)" A -e%e)*te) m$*47a+$m e -0t te%1+eten c)a- a QIII" )*(*a&an 0%t e+ /e+ent=) e%e&m0n8e-et"

E+)= -?tetem eve*et=/0en me7em+'tettem n0>(n8 -itn= t?%t0net'%<t, a-i-ne- amun-(/a na78 )e7't)07em%e v$+t" E >e+8t -1+?n -ieme+n0m J$>n a ;$nte mun-())(47(t" E )*e%*= -$%ai >a+(+a i7en na78 ve)*te)07e v$+t a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$--a+ #$7+a+4

-$*< t?%t0net'%()na-" Ne-i -?)*?n>et/1- t?e- -?*?tt a #%an- Ke+et -$%m(n8*ati%en&)*e%0ne- a+a.$) i)me%et0t" S*e%etn0m -i#e/e*ni >(+(mat a )t%a)$u%7i 6+au&e 6$4>en .%$#e))*$%na-2 a* É)*a-4S*'%i(va+ #$7+a+-$*< na78 m$n$7%(#i(/a 0) )*(m$) ci--et0m(n- )*em.$nt/(<+ -ieme+-e&=en #$nt$)"

S*e%etn0- -?)*?netet m$n&ani a*$-na- a a%(taimna- i), a-i- )e7't)07em%e v$+ta--e+eti uta*()aim )$%(n" Ren&-'v1+ >(+() va78$- a /$%&(niai 0) a +ian$ni mem+0-v04&e+mi mini)*t0%iumna- 0) a* i%a-i -=$+a/ t(%)a)(7na-"

K?)*?nette+ ta%t$*$m a 6am%i&7e Unive%)it8 P%e)) mun-at(%)aina-, -e&ve))0714-0%t 0) t1%e+m1-0%t"

$n&$n, !9"

Steven Runciman



1. kö!"#

A KIRÁLYSÁG MEGSZER$EZÉSE

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1. %e&e'etA Te!(e)e!t*+ ,- -'/-',2

+,m'er(al& -agy és népedet gyermektelenné teszed. /,zekiel 213

Ami-$% a #%an- c)a.at$- ev$nu+ta- Je%u*)(+eme, a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at e+0%4

te -it*?tt c0+/(t" A>>$* a*$nan, >$78 a S*ent#?+& -e%e)*t0n8 -0*en ma%a&/$n, 0) a*$&ave*et= Ct a *a%(n&$-$- )*(m(%a ve)*0+8te+en +e78en, (++an&< -$%m(n8*at%a v$+t)*1-)07, ame+8 -a.c)$+at$-at ta%t #enn Eu%<.(va+ 0) )*(m't>at t(m$7at()(%a" A*$- a-e%e)*te)e-, a-i- C78 >at(%$*ta-, >$78 Ke+eten ma%a&na-, vi+(7$)an +(tt(-, mi%e van)*1-)071-" L$tt#%ie& >e%ce7 %?vi& u%a+ma m(% e78 -e%e)*t0n8 -i%(+8)(7 -e*&et0t /e4+entette" L$tt#%ie& a*$nan, )*(m$) -iv(+< tu+a/&$n)(7a e++en0%e, 78a%+< eme% v$+t":0+t0-en8)070=+ #a-a&<an )$-at civa-$&$tt a t?i -e%e)*te) ve*et=ve+, m0+8 va++(4)$))(7(<+ a&<&<an .e&i7 tC+ na78 >ata+mat i*t$)'t$tt a* e78>(*na-" A #iata+ -i%(+84)(7$t a* mentette me7, >$78 L$tt#%ie& me7>a+t, 0) >e+80t te)tv0%e, Ba+&uin #$7+a+ta e+"Ba+&uinan me7v$+t a* (++am#0%#i )*(m(%a n0+-1+?*>etet+en ?+c)e))07, e+=%e+(t() 0)-ita%t()" Hata+ma) #e+a&at (++t e+=tte, 0) c)a- na78$n -ev0) )e7't=%e )*(m't>at$tt" A*e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -iv(+< >a%c$)ai va78 0)*a-%a v$nu+ta-, va78 >a*at0%te-" Am$*7a+$m #=)*e%e.+=i -?*1+ c)a- a +e7/e+ent0-te+ene, Remete P0te% ma%a&t Pa+e)*4tin(an" P0te% $ttani 0+et0t >$m(+8 $%'t/a, v071+ 4en = i) vi))*at0%t Eu%<.(a"

A >a&ve*0%e- ma7u--a+ vitt0- )e%e71-et i)" Ba+&uin, a-i $tt>$n #?+& n0+-1+i i#/C v$+t,nem vi>ette ma7(va+ a Ke+et%e >0%e)eit, c)u.(n #iv0%e eme%eit ve>ette -?+c)?n";$)t c)a- ma%$-n8i, m0+8en va++()$) >a%c$) #e+ett %en&e+-e*ett, =- m07 Ct%a-e+0)-$%me7#$7a&t(-, >$78 ?%?-%e a S*ent#?+&?n ma%a&na-" Ra/tu- -'v1+ -a+an&$%$- (++ta-Ba+&uin %en&e+-e*0)0%e, *?mme+ >a)$n+<, ninc)te+en i#/a #ia-, a-i- aan %em0n84-e&te-, >$78 Ke+eten i%t$-$t )*e%e*ne- 0) me77a*&a7$&na-"

Ba+&uin >ata+$m%a /ut()a-$% a #%an-$-, >a nem i) tC+ )*i+(%&an, &e -e*1-en ta%4t$tt(- Pa+e)*tina na78$ %0)*0t" Hata+mu- a ta%t$m(n8 >e78vi&0-i %0)*ein v$+t a+e7e%=)e, Bet+e>emt=+ 0)*a-%a a D*)e*%ee+ )'-)(7(i7" E*en a vi&0-en )*(m$) #a+u)*(*a&$- <ta -e%e)*t0n8 v$+t, ) a #%an- )e%e7e- me70%-e*0)e-$% a* $tt 0+= mu)*+im$-e+>a78t(- a te%1+etet" ;07 N(+u)*t, a Ki)4Dama)*-u)*na- neve*ett -e&venc v(%$)u4-at i) $&a>a78t(-" E*t a vi&0-et -?nn8 v$+t v0&eni" Ke+et #e+=+ a J$%&(n v?+78e $+ta+4ma*ta Je%i-< 0) Bei)*(n -?*?tt nem v$+t (t-e+=>e+8 a #$+8<n 0) a v?+78=+ c)a- e78et4+en Ct ve*etett #e+ a >e78e-e" N8u7at #e+=+ >a)$n+<an ne>0* v$+t me7-?*e+'teni e*t ate%1+etet" É)*a-a%a #e-1&t a La+i+eai He%ce7)07, ame+8et Tan-%0& ><&'t$tt vi))*a a

1Ha7eme8e%2 &ierre 'Hermite, 5545" ." P0te% i&=) -$%(an >a+t me7 94en u$" 5" ."

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-e%e)*t0n8e-ne-" E>>e* ta%t$*$tt E)&%a+$n )'-)(7a 0) a N(*(%ett=+ a Hu+e>4t<i7 te%/e4&= &$mvi&0-" La+i+ea >at(%ai v0&te+enee- v$+ta-" A--$nn(+ -?nn8en e +e>etett>at$+ni a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% .a%tvi&0-0%=+, -e+et%=+ .e&i7 a La+i+eai4ten7e% 0)*a-i 0) &0+i.a%t/(n >a+a&< uta-$n -e%e)*t1+" A mu)*+im n0.e))07 *?me a*$nan innen i) -iv(n4&$%$+t, ) c)a- a -e%e)*t0n8e- ma%a&ta- $tt, va+amint a v(%$)$-an, '78 S*a#e&an, ata+mu&i >a78$m(n8 $tt>$n(an, -i)e *)i&< -$+<ni(- 0+te-" A *)i&<- t?)07ea*$nan F >it)$%)$)ai- /e%u*)(+emi 0) ti0%i()i +em0)*(%+()a ut(n, va+amint a*t -?ve4t=en, >$78 Hai#(an a *)i&<- )*eme)*(++ta- a -e%e)*t0n8e--e+ F in-( a mu)*+i4m$- .0+&(/(t -?vett0-, 0) )*(m*et0)e v$nu+ta-" A -i%(+8)(7 )*'ve a -?*.$nti >(t4)(7 0) La+i+ea v$+t, &e e78e) %0)*ei en8C+ta- a )*$m)*0&$) mu)*+im te%1+ete-%e" La4+i+ea >e%ce7)07e nem )$--a+ -$%(an Hai#(n(+ )*e%t tett ten7e%i -i/(%at%a" D0+en aNe7evet a >e%$ni #%an- >e+8=%)07 e++en=%i*te" S*ent Á%a>(m v(%a a*$nan F a>$478an a #%an-$- >'vt(- a* $ttani e%=&?t F c)a- e78 )*i7etec)-e v$+t a mu)*+im <ce(n4an"5 A #%an-$- nem e++en=%i*t0- a*$-at a -a%av(nuta-at, ame+8e- A%(i(<+ a H$+t4ten7e% &0+i c)1c)-0t me7-e%1+ve, a %07i i*(nci #)*e%utat -?vetve >a+a&ta-" 78 a e4&uin$- e)*iv(%$7ta- a Ne7eve, 0) -a.c)$+at$t te%emtette- a .a%t menti L(*a 0)A)*-a+$n e78i.t$mi >e+8=%)07eive+" Je%u*)(+emne- i) v$+t -i/(%ata a ten7e%>e*, e78#$+8$)<, ame+8 Ram+(n 0) 1&&(n (t Ja##(i7 ve*etett2 e* a*$nan c)a- -at$nai -')0%et4te+ v$+t i*t$n)(7$)" A* $%)*(7an i&e4$&a v(n&$%$+ta- a* e78i.t$mi v(%$)$-<+ -i4in&u+< c)a.at$-, a #e+#?+&e-%=+ 0%-e*= mu)*+im mene-1+te-, a )ivata7i e&uin$-, )%e/te-=+ t(ma&ta- a* <vat+an uta*<-%a" Seau+# n$%v07 *a%(n&$-, a-i 4en +(t$47at$tt e+ Je%u*)(+eme, a--$%, ami-$% Ba+&uin m(% me7e%=)'tette -i%(+8)(7a v0&e+4m0t, e+$%*a&t a* uta*() ve)*e&e+meit=+" Ja##a 0) Hai#a -?*?tt #e-1&t A%)*u# 0) Ka4i)*a%eia, -0t mu)*+im v(%$)" Em'%/ei- L$tt#%ie& >0%e)0ne- va++$tt(- ma7u-at, &emin&v07i7 -a.c)$+atan ma%a&ta- a ten7e%en (t E78i.t$mma+" Hai#(t<+ 0)*a-%a a*e70)* .a%tvi&0- mu)*+im -0*en v$+t, -0t)*(* m0%#?+& >$))*an, #e+ e70)*en ata-ia-?%n80-0i7, a>$+ T$u+$u)e 7%<#n0/a 0+t #0%/e >(*a n0.0ve+ a i*(nci -$%m(n8*< v0&e+4me a+att"9

Pa+e)*tina )*e70n8 $%)*(7 v$+t" A %<mai i&=- /<+0te nem 0+te tC+ a .e%*)a ><&'t()$4-at, ) a t?%?-?- me70%-e*0)e <ta ta%t< )*1nte+en >($%C)-$&()$- #0+e)*a-'t$tt(- a-a+i#(- i&e/0en me7in&u+t %0)*+e7e) #e++en&1+0)t" A--$%ian t? v$+t itt a* e%&=,mint mana.)(7" A .e%*)(- .u)*t't()ai 0) a .a%a)*t$- me7 -ec)-0i- +a))C %$m$+()ae++en0%e m07 min&i7 -ite%/e&t e%&=)07e- v$+ta- La+i+e(an 0) a K(%me+4>e78n0+, &eS*ama%ia vi&0-0n i)" Kai)*a%ei(t<+ &0+%e m07 e78 na78 #en8=e%&= i) v$+t" E*e- a* e%4&=- i*t$)'t$tt(- a te%m0)*ett=+ v'*)*e70n8 vi&0-en a ne&ve))07et" E)&%a+$n )'-)(47(n 7a$na#?+&e- vi%u+ta-" A J$%&(n t%$.i-u) v?+780en me7te%mett a an(n 0) m()e7*$ti-u) 781m?+c) i)" A -?*e+mC+t >($%Cit me7e+=*=en a .a%ti )'-)(7 i) =ven te%4mett 7a$na#0+0-et, *?+&)07et me7 -e)e% na%anc)$t" S$- >e78i #a+u >at(%(an $+a/#a41+tetv0n8e- 0) 781m?+c)?)?- v$+ta-" A* $%)*(7 na78$ %0)*e a*$nan -iet+en v$+t,a #?+& )*e70n8, a ta+a/ te%m=%0te7e v0-$n8" E* -1+?n?)en i7a* v$+t Je%u*)(+em -?%4n80-0%e" E78et+en v(%$)an )em v$+t )*(m$ttev= i.a%" Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8a m07 a -i4%(+8)(7 #0n8-$%(an )em v$+t $+8an 7a*&a7, mint T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a va78 a* anti<->iai

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()& e m I" -?t" " 0) " ."4Pi+7%ima7e $# Seau+# &* &* +* !*, I3" -?t", G4!" ."5()& e m I" -?t" " ."

>e%ce7"M A 7a*&a7)(7 #= #$%%()(t a v(m$- i*t$)'t$tt(-, >i)*en a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%m04-en8 te%1+ete-, .+" ;$( va78 D*)au+(n te%m0n8eit a .a+e)*tin .a%tvi&0- -i-?t=ien+e>etett e+a&ni" A S*'%i(<+ E78i.t$ma ta%t< (%u a .a+e)*tin uta-$n >a+a&t (t, ) a #4)*e%e--e+ me7%a-$tt -a%av(n$- =)i&=- <ta a Ne7even -e%e)*t1+ /ut$tta- -i D0+4A%(i4(<+ a :?+&-?*i4ten7e%>e*" E ev0te+e- i*t$)'t()(>$* a*$nan +e -e++ett *(%ni min4&en m() -ive*et= utat" A #%an-$-nate>(t e++en=%*0)1- a+att -e++ett ta%tani a* A-aa4i4??+t=+ a He%m$n >e780i7, a ian$nt<+ a* Eu#%(te)*i7 >C*<&< >$))*C >at(%t"

Pa+e)*tina 07>a/+ata nem tett /<t a* C/ +a-$)$- e70)*)070ne-" Je%u*)(+emen a>e78vi&0-i +eve7=ne- 0) a %<maia- (+ta+ -i0.'tett v'*ve*et0-4 0) c)at$%na%en&)*e%ne--?)*?n>et=en vi)*$n8+a7 e70)*)07e) -?%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt +e>etett 0+ni, -iv0ve, ami4-$% a ti--a)*t<, >$m$-$t >$%&$*< &0+i )*0+, a -am)*in #C/t" De a me+e7e )'-)(7$-,ame+8e- te%m0-en8)07e v$n*$tta a me7)*(++<-at, ete7)07e- #0)*-ei v$+ta-" Á++<vi4*ei-en )*Cn8$7$- ) +e78e- tan8(*ta-2 e*e-en a te%1+ete-en )*1nte+en .u)*t't$tt ama+(%ia, a t'#u)* 0) a v0%>a)" A )%n +a-$tt 0) a >i7i0niai )*$+7(+tat()$-at n0+-1+?*=#a+va-$n 78$%)an v07i7)?.?%te- a -$+e%a4 0) a .e)ti)/(%v(n8$-" Na78$n )$- v$+t a+e.%()" A n8u7ati +$va7$- 0) -at$n(-, a-i- nem ?+t?*-?&te- me7#e+e+=en, na78$-at+a-m(%$*ta-, ) nem t?%=&te- a te)ti >i7i0ni(va+, -?nn8en me7ete7e&te-" A >a+(+$*(4)i a%(n8 m07 ma7a)a v$+t a -int )*1+etett 78e%me-e-, -1+?n?)en a #iC- -?%0en" Ate%m0)*etne- a* a t%0#(/a, >$78 a -i)+e(n8$- e++en(++<a- #iv0%ei-n0+, a -0)=ie-4en (++an&< .$+iti-ai .%$+0m(t $-$*$tt a #%an- -i%(+8)(7an" K0)=, ami-$% a 78a%4mat$)'t<- m(% e+)a/(t't$tt(- a >e+8i )*$-()$-at, 0+ete)0+8ei- /avu+ta-, &e t$v(%a i)me7&?ent= v$+t a na78 78e%me->a+an&<)(7" Hama%$)an -i&e%1+t2 a .a+e)*tinai#%an-$- c)a- a--$% tu&/(- -e++= e%0++8e+ -e*1-en ta%tani a* $%)*(7$t, >a Eu%<.(<+#$+8amat$)an 0) na78 )*(man 0%-e*ne- ev(n&$%+<-"

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e+)= #e+a&ata $%)*(7a v0&e+m0ne- a me7e%=)'t0)e v$+t" E>>e* t(4ma&nia -e++ett" Be -e++ett vennie A%)*u#$t 0) Kai)*a%ei(t, te%1+et1-et .e&i7 e$+va)*4tani a -i%(+8)(7a" 3i))*a -e++ett #$7+a+ni A)*-a+$nt, amit L$tt#%ie& 0) Ra/mun& 7%<#-?*?tti vet0+-e&0) miatt, !!4en e+ve)*'tette- a -e%e)*te)e-, a* e78i.t$mi >at(%t.e&i7 &0+ #e+0 -e++ett -it$+ni, >$78 a .a%t%<+ i*t$n)(7$)an e+0%/0- Je%u*)(+emet"T%an)*/$%&(ni(an 0) a H$+t4ten7e%t=+ &0+%e e+=%et$+t (++()$-at -e++ett -ia+a-'tani" Ba+4&uinna- me7 -e++ett .%<(+ni ?))*e-a.c)$+ni a -i%(+8)(7$t a* 0)*a-i -e%e)*t0n8 (++a4m$--a+, >$78 me7n8i+>a))$n a* Ct a *a%(n&$-$- 0) a n?ve-v= )*(mC ev(n&$%+<e+=tt, ) a .a%t$n min0+ me))*e%e -e++ett e+=%en8$mu+nia, 0) (t$%'tani -e++ett C/ -e4%e)*t0n8 (++am$- me7a+a-u+()(t S*'%i(an" Ja##(n(+ 0) Hai#(n(+ /$ ten7e%i -i-?t=%ei) )*1-)07e v$+t a -i%(+8)(7na-, Ja##a u78ani) n8it$tt -i-?t= v$+t, tC+ )e-0+8 vi*, na478$ >a/<- $tt nem tu&ta- .a%t-?*e+e /?nni" Ki) -$m.$- i*t$)'t$tt(- a .a%t%a)*(+4+()t, ) >a )*0+ #C/t, a* e70)* mve+et na78$n ve)*0+8e))0 v(+t" Ha e%=)e v$+t a )*0+,ma7u- a >a/<- i) ve)*0+8e -e%1+>ette-" Ami-$% 4en Seau+# .a%t%a )*(++t Ja##(4an, a -?vet-e*= na.$n )*emtanC/a v$+t anna-, >$78 a ve+e 0%-e*ett -i) #+$tta t?mint >C)* >a/</a )*enve&ett >a/<t?%0)t, 0) e*e%n0+ i) t? *a%(n&$- v'*e #C+t" G Hai#a-i-?t=/0en a v'* m0+8e v$+t, a &0+i 0) n8u7ati )*e+e- e++en a K(%me+ >e78e v0&te,&e i7en na78 ve)*0+8e-et /e+entett a* 0)*a-i )*0+" A* e70)* .a+e)*tinai .a%tvi&0-en

6

Pa+e)*tin(%<+ /< 0) %?vi& e)*(m$+< ta+(+>at< ;un%$2 +he ,ingdom of the Crusaders, 54!" ."7()& e m I" -?t" !G4!!" ."8&igrimage of !ea-uf M4G" .

e78et+en -i-?t= v$+t min&en i&=en i*t$n)(7$)2 A--$n" E*0%t >(t min& -e%e)-e&e+4mi, min& )t%at07iai $-<+ A--$nt e+ -e++ett #$7+a+ni"

A -$%m(n8*()>$* Ba+&uinna- eme%e-%e 0) .0n*%e v$+t )*1-)07e" Nem i) %em0+4>ette, >$78 -i%(+8)(7(t #e+0.'t>eti, >a nem $+8an 7a*&a7 0) >ata+ma), >$78 C%%( +e4>e))en va*a++u)ain" Eme%e-%e c)a- C78 te>etett )*e%t, >a )*'ve)en +(tta a ev(n&$%4+<-at, 0) >a %( tu&ta venni a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-et a* e781ttm-?&0)%e" P0n*t .e4&i7 C78 )*e%e*>etett, >a (t$%'t$tta a -e%e)-e&e+met a )*$m)*0&$) $%)*(7$--a+, ) >ate+/e) m0%t0-en -i>a)*n(+ta a*$n eu%<.ai >'ve- -e78e) )*(n&0-ait, a-i- -0)*e- v$+4ta- t(m$7atni 0) )e70+8e*ni a S*ent#?+&?n a e%en&e*-e&0)t" A* i+8en /e++e7 a&$m(4n8$- a*$nan a* e78>(* -e*0e -e%1+te-" Ba+&uinna- te>(t C%%( -e++ett +ennie a* e784>(*$n, >$78 a* $&a e#$+8< a&$m(n8$-at i) a -i%(+8)(7 /av(%a #$%&'t>a))a"

A #%an-$- na78 )*e%enc)0/0%e a mu)*+im vi+(7 nem v$+t e78)07e)" A* e+)= -e%e)*4te) >a&/(%at i) a*0%t 0%te e+ c0+/(t, me%t a mu)*+im ve*et=- #0+t0-en8e- v$+ta- e78m()4%a, ) nem v$+ta- >a/+an&<- ?))*e#$7ni" A* e78i.t$mi #(timi&a -a+i#a (+ta+ ve*etett )'i4ta mu)*+im$- +e7a+( ann8i%a 78+?+t0- a )*unnita t?%?-?-et 0) a a7&a&i -a+i#(t,mint a -e%e)*t0n8e-et" A t?%?-?- -?*?tt )*1nte+en &C+t a ve%)en70) a )*e+&*)u- 0) a&ani)men& t?%?-?-, a* $%t$-i&(- 0) a Tutu) >(*(>$* ta%t$*<-, )=t Tutu) -0t #ia -?4*?tt i)" A Ke%$7(>$* >a)$n+< ata07e- c)a- n?ve+t0- a *%*ava%t )*em0+8e) ec)v(478u--a+, m'7 a -i)e a%a &ina)*ti(-, mint a t%i.$+i)*i BanC Amm(% va78 a )ai*a%imun-i&i&(-0, -i>a)*n(+t(- a #enn(++< -a$ti-u) vi)*$n8$-at 0) me7=%i*t0- t?%0-en8#177et+en)071-et" A -e%e)*te)e- )i-e%e c)a- n?ve+te a -($)*t 0) a te>etet+en)07et" Amu)*+im ve*et=- -?+c)?n?) v(&a)-$&()ai 0) (+ta+(n$) %em0n8ve)*tett)07e m07 ne>e4*e0 tette e781ttm-?&0)1-et"!

A -e%e)*t0n8e- -i>a)*n(+t(- mu)*+im e++en#e+ei- *ava%$&$tt)(7(t" É)*a-$n a -iv04te+e) te>et)07 A+ei$)* c)()*(% (+ta+ i%(n8't$tt Bi*(nc #e+>a)*n(+ta a -e%e)*te) >a&/(4%at$t, 0) vi))*a)*e%e*te Ki)4Á*)ia n8u7ati %0)*0t" A i*(nci #+$tta /<v$+t(<+ >ama%$4)an i)m0t a c)()*(% #enn>at<)(7a a+( -e%1+t a #0+)*i7et e70)* n8u7ati .a%tvi&0-e" H(+aT$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& )e7't)070ne-, ata-ia )*'%iai -i-?t=/e i) C/%a a c)()*(% i%t$-a+ett" A Tau%u)*4>e78)07 0) a* Anti4Tau%u)*4>e78)07 ?%m0n8 >e%ce7)07ei, ame+8e4-et a t?%?-?- m(%4m(% me7)emmi)'t0))e+ #en8e7ette-, %em0n8-e&>ette- a tC+0+0)en"A -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at n8$m(n -0t #%an- >e%ce7)07 )*1+etett, 0) e*e- 0-et ve%te- amu)*+im vi+(7a"

A -ett= -?*1+ a 7a*&a7a 0) i*t$n)(7$)a a* Anti<->iai He%ce7)07 v$+t, ame4+8et a n$%mann B$emun& a+a.'t$tt, a m()i- -e%e)*te) ve*0%, T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& e+4+en-e*0)e, ) A+ei$)* c)()*(%na- tett e)-1/e e++en0%e" A >e%ce7)07 te%1+ete nem v$+tna782 a* O%$nt0)* a+)< #$+8()(na- v?+78e, a* anti<->iai )'-)(7 0) a* Aman$)4>e784)07 a+-$tta" K0t ten7e%i -i-?t=/e v$+t, S*ent Sime$n 0) A+ean&%etta" Anti<->ia a -?4*e+mC+t vi)*$nta7)(7ai e++en0%e m07 min&i7 i7en 7a*&a7 v(%$) v$+t" ;>e+8ei )e+84met, )*=n8e7e-et, 1ve7et, -e%(mi(t, )*a..ant (++'t$tta- e+=" A* A+e..<<+ 0) ;e*$4.$t(mi(<+ 0%-e*= -a%av(n$- nem vette- tu&$m()t a mu)*+im$- 0) a -e%e)*te- -?4*?tti >($%C)-$&()%<+, 0) Ctan a ten7e%>e* #e+-e%e)t0- a v(%$)t" A >e%ce7)07et c)a-4nem -i*(%<+a7 -e%e)*t0n8e- +a-t(-, 7?%?7?-, $%t$&$$-, )*'%e-, /a-$it(- 0) -i)e

9

A -$%ae+i mu)*+im vi+(7%<+ na78)*e% -0.et n8C/t Line- a +he .amas/us Chroni/e4>$* In a+4Ka+(ni)*' '%t eve*et=/e"10()& e m " -?t" 5" ."

%0)*en ne)*t$%i(nu)$- 0) ?%m0n8e-, ) min&e78i-1- -?+c)?n?)en $+8an #0+t0-en8v$+t a m()i-%a, >$78 a n$%mann$- -?nn8en #?+01- -e%e-e&te-"

A +e7#= -1+)= ve)*0+8t nem a mu)*+im$-, >anem in-( Bi*(nc /e+entette2 a c)(4)*(% vi+(7$)an +(tta, >$78 Anti<->ia e)et0en ec)a.t(-" ;$)t, >$78 Ki+i-ia -i-?t=i0) ata-ia a -e*0en v$+t, a #+$tt(/a .e&i7 6i.%u)$n ta%t<*-$&$tt, m(% c)a- a* a+-a4+$m%a v(%t, >$78 0%v0n8e)'t>e))e /$7ait" A* Anti<->iai He%ce7)07en 0+= $%t$&$$-na78$n )*'ve)en +(tt(- v$+na a i*(nci %e)tau%(ci<t, &e a n$%mann$- -i/(t)*$tt(- e++e4n1- a* ?%m0n8e-et 0) a /a-$it(-at" Anti<->ia )*(m(%a na78 c)a.()t /e+entett n8a%a, ami-$% B$emun& a* Eu#%(te)* #e+)= #$+8()(>$* ve*etett >a&/(%at$t, &e a &ani)4men& em'% )*0tve%te a )e%e70t, 0) B$emun&$t #$7+8u+ e/tette" A )*e%enc)0t+en)07 a*eme%ve)*te)07en -'v1+ nem $-$*$tt na78 -(%$-at a >e%ce7)07ne-" Ba+&uin -i%(+878$%) +0.0)e F a-i a--$% m07 E&e))*a 7%<#/a v$+t F me7a-a&(+8$*ta a t?%?-?-et a4an, >$78 -i>a)*n(+/(- 78=*e+m1-et, ma/& n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= me70%-e*ett Pa4+e)*tin(<+ Tan-%0&, >$78 na78(t8/a t(v$++0t0en = +e78en a %07en)" Tan-%0& )*em04+80en a n$%mann$- 0.. $+8an ene%7i-u) 0) 7(t+()ta+an ve*0%%e ta+(+ta-, mint ami4+8en B$emun& v$+t"

A m()i- #%an- (++am, E&e))*a 7%<#)(7a, 1t-?*=(++am v$+t Anti<->ia 0) a mu)*+imte%1+ete- -?*?tt" A 7%<#)(7 F ame+8et Ba+&uin ut(n un$-ate)tv0%e 0) n0v%$-$naB$u%74i Ba+&uin i%(n8't$tt F na78$ v$+t a* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07n0+" A* Eu#%(te)*-0t .a%t/(n te%1+t e+, Raven&e+t=+ A/ntai7, ) E&e))*a v(%$)(t<+ -e+et%e, a D*)a*'%a vi4&0-0n >C*<&$tt .$nt$)an me7 nem >at(%$*$tt -e+eti >at(%a" Nem v$+tate%m0)*ete)>at(%ai, )em >$m$70n n0.e))07e" :=-0nt -e%e)*t0n8e-, /a-$ita )*'%e- 0) ?%m0n8e-+a-t(-, &e v$+ta- a te%1+et0n mu)*+im v(%$)$- i), mint .0+&(u+ S*a%C&*)" A #%an-$-nem i) %em0+>ett0-, >$78 -?*.$nti -$%m(n8*at$t tu&na- +0t%e>$*ni" 3071+ C78 u%a+4-$&ta-, >$78 n0>(n8 e%=) v(%at e++(tta- >e+8=%)077e+, $nnan )*e&t0- a* a&<-at 0) v(4m$-at a -?%n8e*= #a+va-t<+, ) $nnan c)a.ta- -i a >at(%$-$n tC+ /<+ /?ve&e+me*= -i-a4+an&$*()$-%a" A* e70)* te%1+et min&i7 i) >at(%vi&0- v$+t, )*1nte+en >($%C)-$&()$-)*'nte%e, &e #?+&/e te%m0-en8, v(%$)ai vi%(7$*ta-" E&e))*a 7%<#/a a* a&<-<+ 0) a -a4+an&$*()$-<+ e+e7en&= ev0te+%e tett )*e%t, 0) I" Ba+&uin 7a*&a7a v$+t E&e))*a7%<#/a-0nt, mint Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8a-0nt"5

;in&-0t -e%e)*te) (++amna- +e7in-( eme%e-%e v$+t )*1-)07e, ta+(n E&e))*(na-va+amive+ -ev0)0, mint Je%u*)(+emne-" Pa+e)*tin(an a* e+)= mu)*+im et?%0) <ta a-e%e)*t0n8e-neti+t$tt(- a #e78ve%vi)e+0)t, '78 a* u%a+-$&<- e78et+en $&ava+<)i -e4%e)*t0n8 -at$n(%a )em t(ma)*-$&>atta-" Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a a*$nan a i*(nci i4%$&a+$m %07i >at(%ain e+1+ #e-1&t" O+8an -e%e)*t0n8e- 0+te- $tt, a-i- >$))*C i&=n (ti*$n8't$tt(- >a%c%ate%mett)071-et2 a* ?%m0n8e-" Ha a* ?%m0n8e- >a/+an&<- e78#%an- u%a+-$&<na- en7e&e+me)-e&ni, a--$% a* a* u%a+-$&< m(% -0)* )e%e7et -a.-0*>e*" Anti<->i(an B$emun& 0) Tan-%0&, E&e))*(an I" 0) II" Ba+&uin e+einte i78e4-e*ett me70-'teni a* ?%m0n8e-et" A* ?%m0n8e- a*$nan nem v$+ta- me7'*>at<a-,0) -?nn8en (%u+<v( +ette-, e*0%t nem +e>etett -u+c)#$nt$))(7C, i*a+ma) .$)*t$-%a (+4+'tani =-et" Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a u%aina- n8u7ati )*(%ma*()C +$va7$-%a v$+t )*1-)0471-, a-i-%e %('*>att(- a )e%e7 ve*et0)0t 0) a* e%=&?- i%(n8't()(t, 0) c)a-i) n8u7ati)*1+et0) .a.$-%a '*t(- a* (++ami7a*7at()t" ;'7 Anti<->ia me7+e>et=)en i*t$)

11

Anti<->i(va+ -a.c)$+atan +()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, " )--" ."12()& e m I" -?tete, " ." 0) II" -?tet 5" #e/e*ete"136a>en2 i* m* " )--" ."

5

me70+>et0)t n8C/t$tt a ev(n&$%+<-na-, E&e))*a c)a- $+8an -a+an&$%$-at v$n*$tt,a-i- v(++a+t(- a %a+<+$va7$- 0+et0t"

A Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7$t >$))*C #?+&)(v v(+a)*t$tta e+ a -0t 0)*a-i #%an- (++amt<+"E*en a #?+&)(v$n e78m()%a #0+t0-en8 mu)*+im >ata+ma))(7$- u%a+-$&ta-" A -i%(+84)(7t<+ -?*vet+en1+ 0)*a-%a e+te%1+= ten7e%.a%t$n n078 #$nt$) 0) 7a*&a7 ten7e%i -i-?4t= v$+t2 A--$n, T1%$)*, S*i&<n 0) Be/%Ct" ;in& a n078 >)07e) v$+t E78i.t$m>$*, &ee* a >)07 att<+ #177=en in7a&$*$tt, >$78 a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta a -?*e+en v$+t4e va78t(v$+a" Be/%Ctt<+ 0)*a-%a a BanC Amm(% emi%(tu) #e-1&t, T%i.$+i)* )*0->e++8e+" At%i.$+i)*i em'% nem )$--a+ -$%(an -i>a)*n(+ta, >$78 a -e%e)*te)e- &0+e%e v$nu+4ta-, 0) -ite%/e)*tette #enn>at<)(7(t e70)*en T$%t$)*(i7"9 A T$%t$)*a 0) ata-ia -?*?t4ti te%1+eten D*)aa+a in S*u+a/>a -(&i, e78 >e+8i na78C% -e*0en v$+t, a-i n8a4%(n t$v(a&ta a v(%$)t T$7te-inne-, a &ama)*-u)*i Du-(- ata07/0ne-, t=+e .e&i7 aanC amm(% t?%*) -e*0e -e%1+t"M T$%t$)*a 0) D*)aa+a -?*?tt a N$)*ai%i4>e78)074en te%1+te- e+ a anC mu>%i)* t?%*) -i) emi%(tu)ai, ;a%-a 0) Ka&m$)*, a anC am4%Cn0 .e&i7 Ka>#an" A* O%$nt0)* #e+)= #$+8()(n -etten $)*t$*ta-" E78i-1- a* a.a4meai Ha+a# in ;u+(i v$+t, e78 )'ita -a+an&$%, a-i a )ai*(%i #(timi&(-, a mun-i&i&(-#enn>at<)(7(t i)me%te e+" A m()i- D*)ana a&4Dau+a v$+t Hum)*<+, a* a+e..a/&ani 7a*&(/(va+, 0) m$)t 78a-$%+ati+a7 #1747et+en v$+t"G A+e..< m07 min&i7 Ri&v(n -e*0en v$+t, a-i, mint a )*e+&*)u- u%a+-$4&< &ina)*tia ta7/a a maik, a*a* -i%(+8 c'met vi)e+te" Ke+eten a D*)a*'%(t #=-0nt a* $%4t$-i&a &ina)*tia ta7/ai ta%t$tt(- me7)*(++vaV a--$% v$nu+ta- $&a vi))*a, ami-$% !4en a #(timi&(- vi))*a)*e%e*t0- Je%u*)(+emet" Du-(-, a-i #iv0%0>e*, Ri&v(n>$* >a4)$n+<an ma+i- v$+t, Dama)*-u)*an u%a+-$&$tt"!

A .$+iti-ai me7$)*t$tt)(7$t m07 i*$n8ta+ana( tette, >$78 S*'%i(an me7v(+t$4*$tt a +a-$))(7 ?))*et0te+e" T?%?-?-=+ -e%1+t -i a -i) +0t)*(mC #eu&(+i) a%i)*t$-%(cia,&e a -i)e em'%e- c)a-nem min& a%a$- v$+ta-" É)*a-4S*'%i(an 0) Dama)*-u)* vi4&0-0n a v(%$)i +a-$))(7 na78%0)*t -e%e)*t0n8 v$+t, a )*'%e- a /a-$ita e78>(* ta7/aiv$+ta-, ) c)at+a-$*ta- >$**(/u- a -e+ete%e #e-v= te%1+ete- ne)*t$%i(nu)ai 0) a*0)*a-%<+ e)*iv(%7< ?%m0n8e-" A anC amm(% t?%*) te%1+et0n #=-0nt a m$n$t>e+eti*4mu)t va++< ma%$nit(- 0+te-" A N$)*ai%i4>e78e-en a n$)*ai%i t?%*) 0+t, e78 )'ita )*e-4ta, innen me%'tette e%e/0t Ha+a# in ;u+(i" ian$n &0+i +e/t=in 0+te- a &%C*$-, a*$- a)'it(-, a-i- a+4H(-im -a+i#(t i)ten'tett0-" A &%C*$- 78+?+t0- ?))*e) )*$m)*0&/u-at,m07 /$an a*$nan a -e%e)*t0n8e-et" A >e+8*etet t$v( $n8$+'t$tta, >$78 a me74mve+t te%1+ete-%e )*1nte+en1+ (%am+$tta- a )ivata7i a%a$- 0) a* 0)*a-i >e78e-en0+= -u%&$-, ) 0+te- itt $+8an t1%-m0n c)a.at$- i), ame+8e- a-(%-i>e* >a/+an&<- v$+taie+)*e7=&ni, a-i me7#i*ette =-et"

S*'%ia mu)*+im )*$m)*0&ai -?*1+ a +e7/e+ent=)e >ata+$m a #(timi&a E78i.t$mu%a+-$&<ina- -e*0en ?))*.$nt$)u+t" A -?*0.-$%i vi+(7 +e7)%en +a-$tt te%1+ete a

14Li2 i* m* 94G" ."V e St%an7e2 &aestine under the Mosems, 5459" ."15A anC amm(%%a+ -a.c)$+atan +()& S$e%n>eim WIn Amma%X c" )*<ci--0t, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1s2

am"16In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 .amaszkuszi ,rónika, 949" ."17()& 6a>en2 i* m* G" ."18()& H$ni7mann WS>ai*a%X 0) S$e%>eim WH$m)X ci--e, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam, +()& m07 a e4

ve*et0)en An Ara"2!yrian 3enteman 94M" ."19()& Li2 i* m* 4" ."20()& Li2 i* m* 4!" ."

N'+u) v?+78e 0) &e+t(/a v$+t" Kai%< 0) A+ean&%ia na78 i.a%i v(%$)aian a* e78e) 78(4%a-an 1ve7et, -e%(mi(t, #0mt(%78a-at (++'t$tta- e+=, &e +en)*?vetet 0) %$-(t$t i) -04)*'tette-" A me7mve+t te%1+ete- na78 menn8i)07 7a$n(t a&ta-, 0) a &e+t(an -i4te%/e&t cu-$%n(&1+tetv0n8e- i) v$+ta-" E78i.t$m e++en=%i*te a S*u&(nna+ #$+8tat$tt-e%e)-e&e+met, a* a%an8, a 7umia%(i-um, a )t%ucct$++ 0) a* e+e#(ntc)$nt #$%7a+m(t" At(v$+4-e+eti -e%e)-e&e+met a 3?%?)4ten7e%en (t >a/<--a+ $n8$+'t$tt(- +e, a* (%u- a*4ut(n e78i.t$mi -i-?t=-?n -e%e)*t1+ 0%t0- e+ a :?+&-?*i4ten7e%t" A* e78i.t$mi -$%4m(n8 <%i()i )e%e7e-et tu&$tt >a&a -1+&eni, ) (% a* e78i.t$mi -at$n(- nem ?%ven&4te- va+ami -iv(+< >'%n0vne-, a* (++amna- ann8i *)$+&$)%a te++ett, amenn8i%e c)a-)*1-)07e v$+t" E78i.t$m v$+t e*en -'v1+ a* e78et+en #+$tt(va+ i) %en&e+-e*= mu)*+imna78>ata+$m" A )'ita #(timi&a -a+i#a a )*'%iai )'it(- te%m0)*ete) v0&e+me*=/e v$+t" Ha478$m(n8$)an t1%e+me) +0v0n, )$- )*unnita a%a, #0+ve a t?%?- u%a+$mt<+, )*'ve)een#$7a&ta e+ a #(timi&a )'ita -a+i#a #enn>at<)(7(t" A t?%?-?- ><&'t()ai S*'%i(an me74c)$n-'t$tt(- a #(timi&(- i%$&a+m(t, m'7 a*, >$78 a #%an-$- evett0- Je%u*)(+emet,A)*-a+$nn(+ .e&i7 +e78=*t0- a* e78i.t$mi #e+ment= )e%e7et, me778en7'tette a #(ti4mi&(- te-int0+80t" E78i.t$m a*$nan m07 e70)* )e%e7e- e+ve)*t0)0t i) me7en7e&>et4te ma7(na-" N8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 a -i)-$%C a+4Ami% -a+i#a >e+8ett -$%m(n8*< ve4*0%, a* a--$ni ?%m0n8 c)a+(&<+ )*(%ma*< a+4A#&a+, mi>ama%a $))*Ct a-a% (++ni ave%e)070%t, 0) vi))*a a-a%/a )*e%e*ni Pa+e)*tin(t" A&&i7 i) a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta -a.c)$4+at$t ta%t$tt #enn a .a%t menti mu)*+im v(%$)$--a+"

A %iv(+i) a()*i&a -a+i#a, a+4;u)*ta*>'% /e+ent0-te+en i#/C v$+t, a-i a )*e+&*)u-)*u+t(n -e78e+m0=+ u%a+-$&$tt Ba7&a&an" ;a7a Ba%-/(%C- )*u+t(n, a na78 ;a+i-4)(> +e7i&=)e #ia )em v$+t $+8an >ata+ma) 0) 178e), mint at8/a" :iv0%ei )*1nte+en +(4*a&$*ta- e++ene" S*an&*)(%na-, a +e7#iata+a #iv0%0ne- -0n8te+en v$+t $&aa/(n&0-$*4ni H$%()*(n >0%i%t$-(t, 0) !! <ta >($%Can (++t a m()i- te)tv0%0ve+, ;u>a4ma&&a+, a-i -0)= me7)*e%e*te ma7(na- a* i%a-i ta%t$m(n8t" S*(m$) 7$n&/a miattnem )$- >a)*n$t >a/t$tt )*?vet)07e)0ne- a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++eni -1*&e+emen"

A )*e+&*)u- &ina)*tia i#/a (7(na- #e/e, a* anat<+iai ma+i-, Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n, a-i)*u+t(nna- >'vatta ma7(t, a+i7 va+amive+ v$+t /$ >e+8*eten, mint a* un$-ate)tv0%e"A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n e+ve)*tette Ni-ai(t, a #=v(%$)(t 0) -inc)t(%a na78 %04)*e i) $&a+ett a &$%1+ai$ni c)at(an" :?+&/eine- na78$ %0)*e i)m0t i*(nci te%1+ett0v(+t" R$))* vi)*$n8an v$+t a -e+eti )*e+&*)u-$--a+, a-i-ne- #enn>at<)(7(t nem i)4me%te e+" A* Anat<+i(a 0%-e*= t1%-m0n ev(n&$%+<- %0v0n a*$nan i)m0t )e%e7et(++'t>at$tt #e+, te%1+et0n .e&i7 C78 v(+t$*$tt me7 a n0.e))07 ?))*et0te+e, >$78 a mu)*4+im$- )*(ma #e+1+mC+ta a -e%e)*t0n8e-0t" ;-?&=-0.e)e v$+t a Dani)men& Emi4%(tu), ame+8 )*i+(%&an ta%t$tta ma7(t S*iva)*an, 0) a #0+)*i7et 0)*a--e+eti %0)*0tu%a+ta" L1m1)te-in em'% na78 te-int0+8%e tett )*e%t, ami-$% e+#$7ta B$emun&$t" v$+t a* e+)= mu)*+im ve*et=, a-i +e78=*?tt e78 #%an- +$va7$-<+ (++< )e%e7et" A* =e%e/0t i) )*1nte+en1+ n?ve+te a t?%?-?- ev(n&$%+()a"5

A* anat<+iai t?%?-?- 0) É)*a-4S*'%ia #%an- (++amai -?*?tt e78 )$% ?%m0n8 #e/e&e4+em)07 >C*<&$tt" A Tau%u)*4>e78)07 -?*0.)= %0)*0en, t=+e -e+et%e a Ru.eni&a4>(*#e/e&e+mei u%a+-$&ta-2 O)in, a* Anti4Tau%u)*an K$7> 3a*u+, ;a%a)an Tatu+ 0)La%ie+ ;e+it0n0en" Tatu+ 0) La%ie+ a* $%t$&$ e78>(* ta7/ai v$+ta-, 0) '78 >a/+$tta-

21

()& iet2 L'0gypte Musuman, MM" )--" ."22()& a* 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam WSe+&/u-)X 0) WKi+i/ A%)+anX )*<ci--0t"23A &ani)men&e-%=+ +()& ;u-%imin Ha+i+ WDaniYmen&X )*<ci--0t, in 1sam Ansikpedisi"

9

a Bi*(ncca+ va+< e781ttm-?&0)%e" ;in& =-, min& O)in a c)()*(%t<+ -a.$tt c'me-%ea+a.$*t(- /$7i te-int0+81-et" A %u.eni&a >e%ce7e-, a-i- a* ?%m0n8e- -?*1+ e78e&1+tu&tata%t<) (++ama+a-u+at$t +0t%e>$*ni, >a78$m(n8$)an Bi*(nc 0) a* $%t$&$ e784>(* e++en#e+ei v$+ta-"

A )*'%iai 178e-en e78et+en -1+#?+&i >ata+$mv$+t 0%&e-e+t2 Bi*(nc" Bi*(ncan m(% c)a-nem>C)* 0ve A+ei$)* 1+t a t%<n$n" T%<n%a +0.0)e-$%a i%$&a+$m >ata+ma m0+8.$nt/(n v$+t, &e &i.+$4m(ci(/(va+, ta-a%0-$) 7a*&(+-$&()(va+ 0) a**a+,>$78 a+attva+<it 0) vet0+8t(%)ait min& $tt>$n,min& -1+#?+&?n me7#e+e+=en -e*e+te, A+ei$)* C/0) )*i+(%& a+a.$-%a >e+8e*te Bi*(nc >ata+m(t" A-e%e)*te) m$*7a+mat #e+>a)*n(+ta a%%a, >$78 vi)*4)*a)*e%e**e Ki)4Á*)ia n8u7ati %0)*0t a t?%?-?-t=+"//()*e%ve*ett #+$tt(/(va+ e++en=%i*te a .a%tvi&04-et" Bi*(nc m07 +e7ne>e*e i&=)*a-aian )emve)*'tette e+ te+/e)en a Ke+et >a78$m(n8$) ti)*te4+et0t" Bi*(nc ma7a v$+t a R<mai Bi%$&a+$m, e*%e&40ve) t?%t0ne+mi mC+tta+, ) a i%$&a+$m c)()*(%aa--$% i) a -e%e)*t0n8)07 e+i)me%t #e/e v$+t, >a at?i -e%e)*t0n8 e)et+e7 nem n0*te /< )*emme+.$+iti-(/(t va78 m$><)(7(t" K$n)tantin(.$+8me7)*(m+(+>atat+anu+ )$- )*$%7$) +a-$)(va+, 7a*4

&a7)(7(va+, c)$&() e%=&'tm0n8eive+ a vi+(7 +e7na78)*e% v(%$)a, ) a c)()*(%)(7#e78ve%e) e%e/e a -$% +e7/$an #e+)*e%e+t -at$na)(7a v$+t" A c)()*(% (+ta+ ve%etett.0n* .e&i7 m(% /< i&e/e a* i)me%t vi+(7 e78et+en me7'*>at< .0n*e" A nem*et-?*i -e4%e)-e&e+met min&en>$+ a 78a-%an i*(ncina- neve*ett >1.e%.1%$nan )*(m$+t(- e+,aan a* a%an8 )$+i&u)an, ame+8ne- 0%t0-0t m07 Na78 K$n)tantin (++a.'t$tta me7"Bi*(nc%a -e+eten me7>at(%$*< .$+iti-ai )*e%e. v(%t a* e+-?vet-e*= 0v)*(*a&an, )i4-e%eit a*$nan in-( a i*(nci (++am#0%#ia- -iv(+<)(7(na- 0) a %<mai n0v te-int04+80ne-, mint)em a i%$&a+$m va+<) e%e/0ne- -?)*?n>ette" A t?%?- me7)*(++() t?n-%e4tette Anat<+ia t(%)a&a+mi 0) 7a*&a)(7i )*e%ve*et0t, .e&i7 /$(%a innen )*(%ma*$tt a%07i c)()*(%)(7 -at$na4ut(n.<t+()a 0) 0+e+me" E78e) te%1+ete-et vi))*a +e>etett u78an)*e%e*ni, &e )*inte +e>etet+en v$+t a vi))*a><&'t$tt te%1+ete-en >e+8%e(++'tani a >a/&ani)*e%ve*eti #$%m(-at" A i%$&a+$m )e%e7e enn0+ #$7va m(% )*inte -i*(%<+a7 *)$+&$)$-4<+ (++t, 0) '78 &%(7a 0) me7'*>atat+an v$+t" A* $+8an t?%?- *)$+&$)$-at, mint .0+&(4u+ a e)en8=-et na78$n /<+ #e+ +e>etett >a)*n(+ni a #%an-$- va78 a )*+(v$- e++en, &enem +e>etett me7'*ni enn1-, >a a* (*)iai t?%?-?--e+ )*emen -e++ett evetni =-et":%an- *)$+&$)$- nem )*'ve)en >a%c$+ta- #%ante)tv0%ei- e++en" A+ei$)* u%a+-$&()a-e*&et0n a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 a ve+enceie-ne- F )e7't)071-0%t c)e%0e F -1+?n+e7e)-e%e)-e&e+mi -iv(+t)(7$-at i*t$)'t)$n a+attva+<i %$v()(%a" E*e-et a* e+)= en7e&m04n8e-et m() ten7e%i -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$-na-, Len$v(na-, Pi)(na- tett t$v(i -e&ve*4m0n8e- -?vett0-" A i%$&a+$m -e%e)-e&e+me #$-$*at$)an i&e7ene- -e*0e -e%1+t"K0)=, ami-$% A+ei$)*na- .0n*%e v$+t )*1-)07e, a .0n*ve%0))e+ -e*&ett me)te%4

24A* ?%m0n8 >(tt0%%e+ -a.c)$+atan +()& T$u%nei*e2 Histoire &oiti4ue et $eigiuse d'Armenie, MG4" .", 0) e m I" -?tet 55" )--" ."

M

4aizar r#m ai

-e&ni, 0) $+8an a%an8.0n*e-et $c)(t$tt -i, ame+8e-ne- nem v$+t me7 a -e++= a%an84ta%ta+ma" 6)?--enni -e*&ett a i*(nci a%an8.0n*e vetett i*a+$m" Bi%$&a+$m)*e%tec)a->ama% W;i>(+84a%an8X4an -?vete+t0- a -i#i*et0)e-et, a*a* a 3II" ;i>(+8 c)()*(%a+att ve%t a%an8an, ame+8 -?*tu&$ttan a* ut$+)<, te+/e) 0%t0- a%an8.0n* v$+t"

A c)()*(% min&ene-e+=tt i%$&a+ma /<+0t0ve+ t?%=&?tt" &v?*?+te a* e+)= -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at$t, 0) -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 e781ttm-?&/0- ve*et=ive+" B$emun& ec)v(78a0) >it)*e70)e, ame+8e-%e Anti<->i(n(+ &e%1+t #0n8, me7&?entette, 0) >a%a7%a 7e%4

/e)*tette A+ei$)*t" e7>= v(78a Anti<->ia vi))*a)*e%*0)e v$+t, 0) e++en=%i*ni a-a%4ta a Ki)4Á*)i(n (tviv= uta-at i)" Tev0-en8 e781ttm-?&0)e a -e%e)*te)e--e+ a--$%0%t v07et, ami-$% a*$- e+in&u+ta- &0+%e, Pa+e)*tin(a" A* e+=*= 0v)*(*a& )$%(n a >a478$m(n8$) i*(nci .$+iti-a a*t /e+entette, >$78 a i%$&a+$m a* e78i.t$mi #(timi&(-4-a+ )*?vet-e*ett a )*unnita a()*i&(- 0) a t?%?-?- e++en" A #(timi&(-, a* =%1+t H(-4im -a+i#a -iv0te+0ve+, )*'v0+8e)en 0) t1%e+me)en (nta- a -e%e)*t0n8e--e+, 0) A+ei4$)*na- )emmi $-a )em v$+t #e+t0te+e*ni, >$78 a #%an- u%a+$m -e++eme)e v$+na a*$%t$&$$- )*em.$nt/(<+, mint a #(timi&(-0" 78 nem c)at+a-$*$tt a #%an-$->$*,ami-$% a*$- me7in&u+ta- Je%u*)(+em #e+0" U78ana--$%, mint a* $%t$&$ -e%e)*t04n8e- +e7#= .(%t#$7</a, nem +e>etett -?*?m?) Je%u*)(+em )$%)a i%(nt" Ha a #%an--i%(+8)(7 ta%t<)na- i*$n8u+, A+ei$)* $tt i) e+i)me%teti a /$7ait" Ha/+an&< v$+t /<in&u4+at$t mutatni a Pa+e)*tin(an 0+= #%an-$- i%(nt, &e a* a-t'v )e7't)07n8C/t() %0)*0%=+a%%a -$%+(t$*<&$tt, >$78 e781ttm-?&?tt a -i)4(*)iai uta- me7n8it()(an" A* anti<4->iai n$%mann$--a+ )*emen e++en)07e) 0%*e+mei v$+ta-, 0) -0)= a*t i) me7mutat4ta, >$78 mi+8en ve)*0+8e) e++en#0+ tu& +enni" 78 +(t)*i-, E&e))*(t nem <>a/t$tta vi)*4)*a><&'tani" 3a+<)*'n+e7 #e+m0%te, >$78 a* $ttani #%an- (++am na78$n /< e+=%et$+t()t8a a mu)*+im$- e++en0en"9

A**a+, >$78 a -e+eti .$+iti-(a imm(% eavat-$*>atta- a* it(+iai -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$-i), C/ t0n8e*= /e+ent me7 a t0%)07 .$+iti-ai 0+et0en" E v(%$)$- min&a&&i7 v$na-$&ta-c)at+a-$*ni a -e%e)*te) m$*7a+$m>$*, m'7 a* nem 0%t e+ )i-e%e-et" De a*ut(n Pi)a,Len$va 0) 3e+ence #+$tt(-at -1+&?tt Ke+et%e, )e7't)07et '70%t, ) c)e%0e a -?*?)enme7><&'t$tt v(%$)$-an -$+<ni(-at -'v(nt +0t%e>$*ni" A -e%e)*te)e- ?%?mme+ #$7a&4t(- a/(n+atai-at, >i)*en a* it(+iai v(%$)$- i*t$)'t$tt(- )*(mu-%a a ten7e%t, ame+8 n0+4-1+ nem +ette- v$+na -0.e)e- e+#$7+a+ni a ten7e%.a%ti mu)*+im v(%$)$-at" A >a/<-78$%)a 0) i*t$n)(7$)a ?))*e-?ttet0)t /e+entette- N8u7at4Eu%<.(va+, mint a>$))*C )*(%a*#?+&i uta*()" A -e+eti #%an- -$%m(n8*at F a* it(+iai v(%$)$- -0%0)eine-en7e&ve i7en )$- /?ve&e+emt=+ e)ett e+"M

A $n8$+u+t nem*et-?*i >e+8*et nem )$- /<va+ -ec)e7tette Ba+&uin -i%(+8t" S*?vet4)07e)ei va78 nem (++tame++ette te+/e) )*'vve+, va78 na78$n m$><- v$+ta-, 0) c)a- a)a/(t 0%&e-ei--e+ t?%=&te-" E++en#e+ei me7$)*t$tt)(7a u78an ne-i -e&ve*ett, aminta*$nan a mu)*+im vi+(7 e78 ?))*e#$7<, )*e%ve*= ve*et=%e a-a&, a #%an- (++am$c)-(--e+eten nemi7en )*(m't>atna- a tC+0+0)%e" Ba+&uin $tt ta+(+ta ma7(t e78 78i+-$) 074>a/+atC vi&0-en, na78$n -ev0) eme%%e+, .e&i7 a te%1+et )*(*a&$- <ta nem*ete- c)a4tame*=/e v$+t" I7en na78 v(%a-$*() t?+t?tte e+, te>(t anna- a >'%ne- >a++at(n, >$78n8u7at%<+ C/ -e%e)*te) )e%e7 -e+t Ct%a a S*ent#?+& #e+0"

25

Bi*(nc (++().$nt/(va+ 0) A+ei$)* .$+iti-(/(va+ -a.c)$+atan +()& e m I" -?t" .a))im"26A* it(+iaia- (+ta+ /(t)*$tt )*e%e.%=+ a +e7/$ ?))*e#$7+a+< He8&2 Histoire du /ommer/e du Le%ant, I"-?t" 5" )--" ."

3. %e&e'et

A' 1101. e-'te!4 5&6)t2

+5s azt m#ndták6 nem (igyel7nk8 /Jeremiás 21"3

N8u7at4Eu%<.a !! n8(%ut</(n tu&ta me7, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8e- evett0- Je%u*)(4+emet" A >'%t +e+-e)e&0) 0) ?%?mu//$n7() #$7a&ta" A -%<ni-()$- min&en1tt #0+e)*a4

-'t$tt(- a >e+8i e)em0n8e- e+e)*0+0)0t, 0) me7em+0-e*te- a* % -1+?n?) -e78e+m04%=+" O%(n .(.a me7>a+t, mie+=tt a /< >'%t me7>a++>atta v$+na, a%(tai 0) )e7't=i a*$n4an a* e70)* e78>(*an I)tent &ic)='tett0- a .(.ai .$+iti-a )i-e%00%t" A -?vet-e*= t04+en eme%eive+ e781tt )$- ve*et= -e%e)*te) vit0* vi))*a0%-e*ett Ke+et%=+" A >a*at0%=-at$n(- )*$-()a )*e%int -0t)07-'v1+ a -e%e)*te)e- i) e+tC+$*t(- uta*()u- ne>0*)07eit,a e/(%t vi&0-e- na78)*e%)070t, 0) e+&ic)e-e&te- a*$--a+ a c)$&(--a+, ame+8e-et a*É7 %en&e+t (t$%'t()u-%a" E78e>an7*<an (++'t$tt(- a*$nan, >$78 Ke+eten na78)*1-)07 van min& >a%c$)$-%a, min& te+e.e)e-%e, >$78 v07e +e>e))en vinni I)tenmv0t" A*t i) (++'t$tt(-, >$78 -int i%t$-$- 0) na78 7a*&a7)(7 v(% a*$-%a, a-i- v(+4+a+/(- a -a+an&$-at" / -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t )1%7ette-, ame+8>e* a* e78>(* (+&()(ta&ta"

A* C/ )e%e7 a*$nan =)*0i7 nem -e+>etett Ct%a" A t0+i ><na.$-an nem +e>e4tett uta*ni, 0) a te%m0)t i) e -e++ett ta-a%'tani" 3071+ )*e.teme%0en e78 +$m4a%& -e%e)*te) )e%e7 e+>a78ta It(+i(t, ) e+in&u+t Ke+et%e" 3e*et=/e $ma%&ia +e7/e+en4t=)e e780ni)07e, ;i+(n< 0%)e-e, Bui)4i An*e+m v$+t" 3e+e ta%t$tt Bian&%atei A+e%t7%<#, a .(%mai Luie%t$ 7%<# 0) ;$ntee++a&/(%atan" A* e+)= ><na.$-an )$- +$ma%&uta*$tt Ke+et%e Remete P0te%>e* c)at+a-$*va, ) mive+ P0te% n0met -?vet=ive+ e781tt a#%anci(- e++en #$n&$%-$&ta-, na78an >$**(/(%u+ta- >a&/(%at(na- -u&a%c(>$*" A tC+40+=- B$emun&>$* (++ta- e, -?vet-e*0)-0..en $ma%&i(an B$emun& v$+t a +e7in4-( ec)1+t -e%e)*te) ve*0%" A m$)tani )e%e7 )em v$+t a* e+=*=n0+ )$--a+ /$an)*e%ve*ett" Ha%c$)ai -?*?tt -ev0) v$+t a* i7a*(n /<+ -0.*ett -at$na2 a )e%e7 *?me a+$ma%& v(%$)$- )*e70n8ne78e&eine- +a-$)ai<+ (++$tt" E*e-ne- a* eme%e-ne- a*0+et0t $ma%&ia n?ve-v= i.a%$)$&()a #$%7atta -i e%e&eti -e%etei -?*1+" I7en )$- e784>(*i eme%, i++etve n=- 0) 78e%me-e- i) a n0.e) )e%e77e+ ta%t$tta-" Aac>eni A+e%t e*e% #=%=+ e)*0+, e*t a )*(m$t n8u7$&tan e+$)*t>at/u- t'**e+, &e m07 '78 i) /e+en4t=) )e%e7 v$+t e*, ame+8et )em a* 0%)e-, )em Bian&%ate 7%<#/a, a -at$nai ve*et= nemtu&$tt e++en=%i*ni"G

27

P0+&(u+ Pa)*-(+ .(.a +eve+e ;i7ne2 &atroogia Latina, 6QIII, " )--" c$+" Ke+eten a*t 7$n&$+t(-,>$78 >a nem /?n e%=)'t0), e)et+e7 -i -e++ 1%'teni a me7><&'t$tt #?+&e-et De T%an)+ati$ne S" Nic$+ai, in$* H* C* 5//*, 3" -?t" " .""

G

=)*0n a +$ma%&$- -0n8e+me)en (t-e+te- a Ka%ni A+.$-$n, +ev$nu+ta- a S*(4va v?+780n, e+/ut$tta- a ma78a% -i%(+8 te%1+et0%e, ) $nnan Be+7%(&n(+ i*(nci #?+&%e+0.te-" A+ei$)* #e+-0)*1+t a #$7a&()u-%a" 6)a.atai v07i7-')0%t0- a -e%e)*te)e-et aBa+-(n$n" ;ive+ tC+ )$-an v$+ta-, 0) )em 0+e+me*ni, )em e++en=%i*ni nem +e>etettme7#e+e+=en, >(%$m c)a.at%a $)*t$tt(- =-et" A* e78i- )e%e7%0)*ne- P>i+i..$.$+i)*4n(+, a m()i-na- D%in(.$+8n(+, a >a%ma&i-na- R$&$)t<n(+ -e++ett +et($%$*nia t0+v'*i&e/0%e" ;07 '78 i) tC+)(7$)an #e78e+me*et+ene- v$+ta-" ;in&e78i- )e%e7te)t .u)*t'ta4ni -e*&te a t($%>e+8 -?%n80-0t" :$)*t$7att(- a #a+va-at, et?%te- a 7a$na%a-t(%a-4a, ) m07 a tem.+$m$-at i) -i%a$+t(-" 3071+ m(%ciu)an a c)()*(% min&ann8iu-at?))*e78/t?tte K$n)tantin(.$+8 #a+ai a+att e78 t($%an, ) e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 )1%7=)en(t)*(++'t/a =-et Á*)i(a" A )e%e7 a*$nan i&=-?*en tu&$m()t )*e%*ett a* C/a -e4%e)*te)e-%=+, a-i- m(% e+in&u+ta-, >$78 c)at+a-$**ana- >$**(/u-" ;e7ta7a&t(- >(t a*(t-e+0)t a B$)*.$%u)*$n, 0) e a-a%t(- v(%ni a t?ie-et" A c)()*(%i >at<)(7$- e--$%me7v$nt(- t=+1- a* e++(t()t, >$78 in&u+()%a -0)*te))0- =-et" E%%e a +$ma%&$- a v(4%$)#a+a- e++en #$%&u+ta-, ) et?%te- a B+a->e%nai c)()*(%i .a+$ta u&va%(a" ;e7?+t0- ac)()*(% e78i- >(*i $%$)*+(n/(t, ) me7.%<(+t(- #e+t?%ni a .a+$ta -a.uit" A mi+(ne*en %(vett0- a* eme%e-et, >$78 t0%/e4ne- vi))*a t($%u-a" E*ut(n m07 a c)()*(%t i) -i -e++ett en7e)*te+ni1-"!

T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& 7%<# )*e%*ett 0-0t a #e+e- -?*?tt" Ra/mun& A+ei$)* ven&047e-0nt K$n)tantin(.$+8an te+e+t, ) imm(% a c)()*(% te+/e) i*a+m(t 0+ve*te" ;int a+e7i&=)e -e%e)*te) ve*0%, O%(n .(.a 0) A&>ema% .1).?- a%(t/a m07 min&i7i7en na78 te-int0+8ne- ?%ven&ett" A +$ma%&$- i) >a++7atta- %(, ) a tan(c)(%a e+e4e78e*te-, >$78 (t-e+ne- Á*)i(a" Á.%i+i) v070%e m(% Ni-$m0&eia me++ett t($%$*ta-,) $tt v(%t(- a n8u7at%<+ 0%-e*=-et"5

I)tv(n, B+$i) 7%<#/a nem #e+e&>ette, >$78 e78-$% me7)*?-?tt Anti<->ia #a+ai a+<+,>$78 nem te+/e)'tette -e%e)*te) vit0*i #$7a&a+m(t, ) >$78 78(v(na-, >itv(n8na- mu4tat-$*$tt a* e++en)07ei e+=tt" :e+e)07e, A&0+, H<&'t< 3i+m$) +e(n8a m0+8)07e)en )*0478en-e*ett a #0%/e miatt" ;07 >(+<)*$(/u- i*a+ma) ma7(n8(an i) e78%e a**a+ 78?4t?%te, >$78 -e+/en i)m0t Ct%a, 0) >$**a %en&e me7t0.(*$tt >'%nev0t" I)tv(n nem >i4vat-$*>at$tt a%%a, >$78 $tt>$n van %( )*1-)07, >i)*en t0n8+e7e)en min&i7 i) A&0+i%(n8't$tta a 7%<#)(7$t" 78 a*ut(n e+c)i7(*va, %$))* e+=0%*ete-t=+ 78?t?%ve tava4)*(n i)m0t Ct%a -e+t a S*ent#?+&%e"5

Uta*()(na- >'%0%e )$- #%ancia +$va7 i) -0)*1+=&ni -e*&ett, 0) I)tv(n, Bu%7un&ia7%<#/a B%$8e)4i Hu7<, L%an.%0i Ba+&vin, 0) a )$i))$n4i .1).?-, Pie%%e#$n&)4i Hu7<ve*et0)e a+att c)at+a-$*ta- >$**(" It(+i(n (tuta*ta-, (t-e+te- a* A&%i(n, 0) m(/u) e+e4

/0n e+/ut$tta- K$n)tantin(.$+8a" t-?*en va+a>$+ ut$+0%te =-et e78 -i) n0met e784)07, me+8ne- ve*et=/e I3" Hen%i- n0met c)()*(% -a.it(n8a, K$n%(& v$+t"5

28Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, , 99!" ."V Anna K$mn0n0, QI, viii, , III" -?t" 5M" .", n$%mann$-na- >'v/a=-et, a-i-et -0t 9:;<9=4na- neve*ett te)tv0% ve*etett"

29Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 49, 99!49M" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), Q, !, I3" -?t" " ." ?))*e-eve%i a t?%t0ne4tet, 0) a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a c)()*(% $%$)*+(n$-at vetett e a -e%e)*te)e- e++en"

30Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, , 9M5" ."V Anna K$mn0n0, QI, viii, , III" -?t" 5M45" ." A*t e)*0+t0-, >$78Ra/mun&&a+ $tt v$+t a* Cn" S*ent (n&*)a" ()& Runciman WT>e H$+8 ance #$un& at Anti$c>X, Ana2

e/ta Boandiana, Q3III" K?t" 94M" ."31O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), Q, !, I3" -?t" !" ."32Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, M, 9M49M5" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i)2 i* h*

!

A #%ancia -e%e)*te)e- na78$n ?%1+te-, >$78 Ra/mun&$t K$n)tantin(.$+8an ta+(+4t(-, 0) e+07e&ette- v$+ta- a c)()*(% #$7a&tat()(va+" 3a+<)*'n+e7 A+ei$)* )u7a++ta,>$78 a/(n+/(- #e+ Ra/mun&na- a >a&/(%at .a%anc)n$-i .$)*t/(t, ) a +$ma%&$- e+#$47a&t(- a* ?t+etet" ;(/u) ut$+)< na./aian a #%anci(-<+, n0mete-=+, +$ma%&$-<+ 0)-i) )*(man i*(ncia-<+ (++< )e%e7 e+in&u+t Ni-$m0&ei(<+ a D$%1+ai$n #e+0 ve*et=Ct$n, ve*et=/1- T*ita)* t($%n$- v$+t, a-i>e* ?t)*(* t?%?-, va+<)*'n+e7 e)en8=*)$+&$) ta%t$*$tt"

A -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at c0+/a a* v$+t, >$78 e+0%/0- a S*ent#?+&et, 0) Ct-?*en me7ti)*4t't)(- a Ki)4Á*)i(n (t ve*et= uta-at" E*t a m()$&+a7$) c0+t a c)()*(% i) =)*int0n t(m$47atta" B+$i)4i I)tv(n a*t a/(n+$tta te>(t, >$78 a )e%e7 a* e+)= -e%e)*te)e- (+ta+ /(%t utat-?ve))e, D$%1+ai$n 0) K$n8a 0%int0)0ve+" Ra/mun& F a* A+ei$)*t<+ -a.$tt Ctai7a*'4t() a+a./(n F e78et0%tett I)tv(n /ava)+at(va+" A )e%e7 *?m0t a*$nan a +$ma%&$- a+4-$tt(-, 0) =- m() v0+em0n8en v$+ta-" A* = >=)1- B$emun& v$+t2 c)a- enne '*ta-,t=+e v(%t(-, >$78 78=*e+em%e ve*e))e =-et" De B$emun& a &ani)men& em'% #$7)(7(4an, N'-)*(% v(%(an )'n8+=&?tt me))*e t(v$+, Anat<+ia 0)*a--e+eti %0)*0en" A +$m4a%&$- min&ene-e+=tt B$emun&$t a-a%t(- -i)*aa&'tani" Ra/mun& 0) I)tv(n >i(ati+ta-$*$tt" Ra/mun& -?*tu&$ttan min&i7 i) na78$n #0+t0-en8 v$+t B$emun&%a, %(4a&()u+ min&en /< tu+a/&$n)(7a &ac(%a )$)em v$+t e%=)-e* ve*et=" I)tv(n te-int0+80n.e&i7 c)$%(t e/tett a* e+)= >a&/(%at i&e/0n tanC)'t$tt 78(va)(7a" Bian&%ate 7%<#/a 0);i+(n< 0%)e-e a +$ma%&$--a+ ta%t$tt, '78 a +$ma%&$- a-a%ata &ia&a+ma)-$&$tt"55 A)e%e7 Ni-$m0&ei(t e+>a78va -e+et #e+0 ta%t$tt, ) a* an-a%ai Ct%a t0%t" A vi&0- na478$%0)*t a i*(ncia- -e*0n v$+t, te>(t a -e%e)*te)e- tu&ta- ma7u-na- 0+e+met )*e4%e*ni menete+0) -?*en" An-a%a e--$% Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n0 v$+t, ami4-$% a*$nan /Cniu) 54(n a -e%e)*te)e- $&a0%te-, +(tt(-, >$78 na78$n 78en7e a v(%$)v0&e+me, ) %$>amma+ evett0-" Bec)1+ete)en (t i) a&t(- a v(%$)t a c)()*(% ve+1- +ev=-0.vi)e+=/0ne-"

An-a%(t e+>a78va 0)*a--e+et #e+0 Lan7%(a in&u+ta-, Pa.>+a7<nia &0+i %0)*e #e+0,>$78 e+0%/0- a* Ama)*i(a 0) N'-)*(%a ve*et= #= utat" Lan7%a #e+0 me7-e*&=&te- aa/$-" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n u78ana*$n a* Ct$n v$nu+t vi))*a e+=+1-, 0) e+.u)*t't$tta a vi4&0-et, '78 a -e%e)*te)e- nem )$- enniva+<t ta+(+ta-" A &ani)men& ;a+i- L(*' na78$nme7%0m1+t" Sietve #e+C/'t$tta )*?vet)070t Ki+i&*) A%)*+(nna+, 0) %(vette a* a+e..<iRi&v(nt, >$78 -1+&/?n e%=)'t0)t &0+%=+ 0)*a-%a" JC+iu) e+e/0n a -e%e)*te)e- e+0%t0-Lan7%(t, &e $tt a )*e+&*)u-$- na78$n e%=)e- v$+ta-" A* e%=& eve>etet+enne- i*$4n8u+t" A -e%e)*te)e-, miut(n e+.u)*t't$tt(- a -?%n80-et, 0) ?))*e)*e&te- min&en #e+4+e+>et= 0+e+met, a%%a -0n8)*e%1+te-, >$78 t$v(men/ene-" E+c)i7(*$tta- 0) 0>e)e-v$+ta-, ne>e*en t%t0- a* anat<+iai #enn)'-$n a /C+iu)i >=)07et" 6)a+<&$ttan Ra/mun&4>$* #$%&u+ta-, a-i a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 in&u+/ana- 0)*a-%a, Ka)*tamuni #e+0, ) $nnanmen/ene- va+ame+8i- i*(nci v(%$)a a :e-ete4ten7e% .a%t/(%a" E* a me7$+&() me74ment>ette v$+na a )e%e7et a i*t$) .u)*tu+()t<+" Ra/mun& -0t)07-'v1+ a*t 7$n&$+ta,>$78 a c)()*(% me7 #$7/a $c)(tani en7e&et+en)070t, >a vi))*at0%=en /e+enti, >$78-0t na78 e%=&?t vi))*a#$7+a+t a i%$&a+$mna-, An-a%(t 0) Ka)*tamunit" Ka)*tamuni,6a)t%a 6$mnen<n, a c)()*(%i &ina)*tia ?+c)=/e v$+t"

a))C 0) 78?t%e+me) v$+t a* uta*() Ka)*tamuni #e+0" Nem v$+t vi*1-, 0) a te%m0)t at?%?-?- e+.u)*t't$tt(-" U78ana--$% a -?%n8e*= Ctv$na+a-$n a t?%?- )e%e7 na78$n

33Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, , 9M549M, a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a +$ma%&$- >at(%$*t(- e+, >$78 -e+et%e v$nu+4na-, Anna2 i* h*, a*t m$n&/a, a c)()*(% %em0+te, >$78 Ra/mun& 0) T*ita)* me7v(+t$*tat/(- e*t a &?nt0)t"

78$%)an m$*7$tt, ) >$+ a -e%e)*te) )e%e7 e+e/0t, >$+ a >(tv0&/0t t(ma&t(-" A -e%e)*te4)e- m07 nem /ut$tta- na78$n me))*e, ami-$% a >0t)*(* +$ma%&<+ (++< e+==%)?tme7t(ma&t(- a t?%?-?-" A +$ma%& +$va7$- .(ni-)*e%en mene-1+te-, ) >a78t(-,>$78 a* e++en)07 +em0)*(%$+/a a 78a+$7)(7$t" Bu%7un&iai I)tv(n c)a- ne>e*en tu&ta%en&e )*e&ni a* e+==%)?t, 0) e+-e%7etni a* e++en)07et" A -?vet-e*= na.$-an Ra/4mun&, a >(tv0& .a%anc)n$-a )*1nte+en1+ >a%can (++t a t?%?-?--e+" A )e%e7 -0n8te4+en v$+t e78 t?men v$nu+ni, ) nem v$+t +e>et=)07 a%%a, >$78 #e+&e%'t=-et va78 0+e4+em)*e%*= c)a.at$-at -1+&/ene- -i" ;i%e Ka)*tamuni -?*e+0e 0%te-, a ve*et=- m(%vi+(7$)an +(tt(-, >$78 c)a- a--$% mene-1+>etne- me7, >a e78ene)en -it?%ne- a ten47e%.a%t i%(n8(a" A +$ma%&$- a*$nan e--$% i)m0t me7ma-ac)$+t(- ma7u-at, 0)nem >a++7atta- a /<*an 0)*%e" e>et, >$78 a/ai- miatt Ra/mun&$t >i(*tatt(-, ami0%ta Ka)*tamunia ve*et= utat v(+a)*t$tta, &e a* i) +e>et, >$78 a*t 7$n&$+t(-, >a e+>a784

/(- a )*e+&*)u-$- #?+&/0t, 0) e+0%i- a &ani)men&e-et, a--$% min&en /<%a #$%&u+" ;a4-ac) $)t$a)(7u-an i)m0t e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 vi))*a#$%&u+na- -e+et%e" A ve*0%e-ne-e+e -e++ett n8u7$&niu- a )e%e7 &?nt0)0e2 -i)e c)a.at$- a #=)e%e7t=+ +e)*a-a&vanem i) %em0n8-e&>ette- a tC+0+0)en" A -e%e)*te) )e%e7 a Ha+1)* #$+8<n (t-e+ve a&ani)men& em'% te%1+et0%e /ut$tt" t-?*en te+/e)en 0%te+met+en1+ #e+&C+ta- e78 -e4%e)*t0n8e- +a-ta #a+ut, ma/& e+/ut$tta- ;e%)*ivana, ame+8 #0+Ct$n v$+t a #$+8< 0)Ama)*ia -?*?tt" K$n%(& -a.it(n8t itt t=%e c)a+t(-, n0metei -?*1+ t? )*(* $&ave4)*ett" N8i+v(nva+<v( v(+t, >$78 a &ani)men&e- 0) )*?vet)07e)ei- -$m$+8 t(ma&()%a-0)*1+ne-2 Ra/mun& i) c)at(%a -0)*'tette #e+ a -e%e)*te) )e%e7et"5

A c)ata e+e/0n a t?%?-?- -e&ve+t ta-ti-(/u-at a+-a+ma*t(-2 '/()*ai- +ec)a.ta- a* e+4+en)07%e, -i+=tt0- n8i+ai-at, ma/& 78$%)an vi))*av$nu+ta-, 0) a >e+81-e C/a- 0%-e*4te-, m() 0) m() i%(n8<+" A -e%e)*te)e-ne- nem )i-e%1+t -0*itu)(a $c)(t-$*niu- at?%?-?--e+, .e&i7 a--$% na78$ #i*i-ai e%e/1- 0) /$ #e78ve%*et1- miatt =- +ette-v$+na e+=n8en" A +$ma%&$- i&e7ei >ama%$)an #e+m$n&t(- a )*$+7(+at$t" 3e*0%1-4-e+, Bian&%ate 7%<#/(va+ a* 0+en .(ni-)*e%en mene-1+te-, m07 a))*$n8ai-at 0) .a.4

/ai-at i) >(t%a>a78t(-" Nem )$--a+ -0)= a e)en8= *)$+&$)$- i) -?vett0- .0+&(/u4-at, nem +(tt(- tC+ )$- 0%te+m0t, >$78 ev(%/(- a i*t$) .u)*tu+()t" A ve+1- >a%c$+<Ra/mun& >i%te+en ma7(%a ma%a&t" Te)t=%eive+ )i-e%1+t vi))*av$nu+nia e78 -i) )*i-+()&$m%a, a>$+ e70)*en a&&i7 -ita%t$tt, am'7 B+$i)4i I)tv(n 0) Bu%7un&iai I)tv(n $&anem 0%te- #e+ment0)0%e" A #%ancia +$va7$- 0) K$n%(& e70)* &0+ut(n >=)ie)en >a%c$+4ta-, &e 0/)*a-(%a Ra/mun&na- e+e7e +ett a* e70)*=+" A )?t0t)07 +e.+e a+att .%$vence4ite)t=%eive+ 0) i*(nci -')0%et0ve+ a .a%t #e+0 mene-1+t" Ami-$% e*t t(%)ai me7tu&t(-,#e+a&t(- a >a%c$t" ;ie+=tt >a/na+$&$tt v$+na, a )e%e7 ma%a&0-a e+mene-1+t, t($%u-at) a nem >a%c$+<-at $&a>a78va a t?%?-?- -0n8e4-e&v0%e"

A t?%?-?- e+= +em0)*(%$+t(- a #0%#ia-at 0) a* i&=) a))*$n8$-at a t($%an, ma/&te+/e) e%=ve+ a mene-1+=- ut(n vetett0- ma7u-at" A 78a+$7)(7$t e0%t0-, ) )*inte a*ut$+)< eme%i7 min&en-it me7?+te-" A +$ma%&$-, a-i- ma-ac))(7u--a+ e+=i&0*t0- a)*e%enc)0t+en)07et, ve*0%ei- -iv0te+0ve+ min& e+.u)*tu+ta-" Bec)+0)e- )*e%int a )e%e7

34Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, G4, 9M49M" ." A*t '%/a, >$78 Ra/mun&$t +e.0n*e+t0- a t?%?-?-, >$78 Ka)*4tamunia vi78e a )e%e7et" E* nem me778=*=" Anna2 i* h*, me7em+'ti e78 -e%e)*t0n8 #a+u -i#$)*t()(t"L%$u))et2 Histoire des Croisades, II" -?t" 5M" ." " )*" /e78*et, >e+8e)en e+veti T$ma)c>a- ?t+et0t, >$78 a*A+e%t (+ta+ me7/e+?+t W;a%e)c>X4t Ama)e(va+ a*$n$)'t)a +opographie %on ,einasien, GG" .", 0) vi))*a4

t0% ;ic>au& a*$n$)'t()(>$*, ame+8 ;e%*i#unna- va78 ;e%)*ivanna- neve*i ;e%)*ivant, e78 tu&at+an#%ancia -?nn8en ;a%e)ian%a va78 ;a%e)tam%a v(+t$*tat/a, ame+8 ;a%a) #%ancia #$%m(/a, &e ne>0* e+4-0.*e+ni, >$78 -e%1+ e78 WtX a* Ama)*i(t /e+?+= t?%?- Ama)8a va78 a* a%a ;a)*a )*<a"

n078?t?&e ve)*ett $&a" Na78 menn8i)07 -inc) 0) #e78ve% -e%1+t a t?%?-?- -e*0e, )a -e+eti >(%eme- 0) %a)*$+7a.iac$- me7te+te- a* a*na. e+#$7$tt #iata+ n=--e+ 0)78e%me-e--e+"59

Ra/mun& 0) -i) c)a.ata e+0%te a Ha+1)* #$+8< t$%-$+at(an +0v= -i) i*(nci -i-?t=t,Ba#%(t" Ott ta+(+ta- e78 >a/<t, ame+8 e+)*(++'t$tta =-et K$n)tantin(.$+8a" A t?i +$4va7 >a%c$+va /ut$tt (t a #$+8<n, 0) S*in$.0n(+ 0%te e+ a :e-ete4ten7e% .a%t/(t" Onnan a.a%t menti Ct$n, i*(nci te%1+eten menete+te-, me7+e>et=)en +a))C tem.<an a B$)*4.$%u)*i7" K$%a =))*e+ 0%t0- e+ K$n)tantin(.$+8t"5M

A -e%e)*te)e- na-$t -e%e)te-, >$78 ma78a%(*at$t ta+(+/ana- a )*e%enc)0t+en4)07%e, 0) a -?*v0+em0n8 a i*(ncia-at -(%>$*tatta min&en0%t" A*t e)*0+t0-, >$78ami-$% Ra/mun& 7%<# e+t0%'tette a )e%e7et a -i/e+?+t Ctv$na+t<+, a--$% a c)()*(% uta)'4t()(t -?vette, 0) '78 e)ett a )e%e7 a t?%?-?- c)a.&(/(a" A va+<)(7an A+ei$)* i7en4c)a- >a%a7u&$tt Ra/mun&%a 0) t(%)ai%a" U&va%ia)an, &e na78$n >i&e7en #$7a&ta =-et,0) nem i) i78e-e*ett .a+()t$+ni %$))*a++()(t"5 Ha a -e%e)*te)e- me7)*e%e*t0- v$+na)*(ma%a Ka)*tamunit 0) Pa.>+a7<nia e+)= te%1+eteit, ta+(n me7 tu&$tt v$+na $c)(4tani ne-i-, &e m07 t?%e 0%t0-e+te v$+na a S*'%i(a ve*et= -?*vet+en uta- i*t$)'t(4)(tV )*e%ette v$+na i*t$n)(7an tu&ni Ki)4Á*)ia n8u7ati %0)*0n a vi))*a><&'t$tt te%14+ete-et, 0) )*e%etett v$+na eavat-$*ni a )*'%iai 178e-e" E*en -'v1+ .e&i7 nem )*(n4&0-$*$tt >($%Ca -eve%e&ni a &ani)men& em'%%e+, a-ive+ 0..en t(%78a+()$-at -e*4&ett, >$78 -iv(+t)a t=+e B$emun&$t" A +$ma%&$- $)t$a vi)e+-e&0)e %$ma &?nt?ttea c)()*(% te%veit" Ám a )*e%enc)0t+en)07ne- m07 enn0+ i) )C+8$)a -?vet-e*m0n8eiv$+ta-" A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n a -e%e)*t0n8e- 78=*e+mei a+(()t(- a t?%?-?->'%nev0t 0) ?ni*a+m(t" ;$)t min&-ett=t &ic)=)07e)en >e+8%e(++'t$tt(-" A )*e+&*)u-)*u+t(n i)m0t u%a v$+t Anat<+ia -?*0.)= %0)*0ne-, ) nem)$-(%a (tte+e.'tette #=v(%$)(ta K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ S*'%i(a ve*et= #= Ctv$na+ ment0n #e-v= K$n8(a" E-?*en a&ani)men& ;a+i- L(*' t$v( ><&'t$tt a* Eu#%(te)* v?+780en, a* E&e))*ai L%<#)(7>at(%vi&0-0n"5G

A* Eu%<.(<+ S*'%i(a ve*et= )*(%a*#?+&i Ct te>(t i)m0t /(%>atat+an v$+t min& a -e4%e)*te)e-, min& a i*(ncia- )*(m(%a" T$v( %$m+$tta- a -a.c)$+at$- a -e%e)*te)e-0) a i*(ncia- -?*?tt" A -e%e)*te)e- -ita%t$tta- ame++ett, >$78 min&en a/u- $-$*</aa c)()*(%, a i*(ncia-at .e&i7 me7>?--entette 0) #e+&1>'tette a -e%e)*te)e- $)t$a)(47a, >(+(t+an)(7a 0) ec)te+en)07e"

6)a->ama% -i%a/*$+<&$tt a )*e%enc)0t+en)07 min&en -?vet-e*m0n8e" N0>(n8 na.4.a+ a*ut(n, >$78 a +$ma%&$- e+>a78t(- Ni-$m0&ei(t, e78 #%ancia )e%e7 0%t K$n)tan4tin(.$+8a, me+8et II" 3i+m$), Neve%) 7%<#/a ve*etett" 3i+m$) #e%u(%an -e+t Ct%a, )It(+i(n -e%e)*t1+ uta*va B%in&i)in0+ (t-e+t a* A&%i(n Av+$n(a" Se%e7e -itn= en8$4m()t -e+tett, ami-$% na78$n #e78e+me*etten (t>a+a&t ;a-e&<ni(n" A+ei$)* )*'v0+8e4)en #$7a&ta a 7%<#$t, &e 3i+m$) e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 nem ve)*te7eti a* i&e/0t K$n)tanti4n(.$+8an" 3a+<)*'n+e7 a%%a )*(m't$tt, >$78 $tt a+-a+ma +e)* $tt>$ni )*$m)*0&/a, au%7un&iai >e%ce7 )e%e70>e* c)at+a-$*ni" Sietve e+in&u+t, >$78 ut$+0%/e" Ni-$m0&ei(4an me7tu&ta, >$78 a -e%e)*te)e- Ct%a -e+te- An-a%a #e+0" 3i+m$) /C+iu) v070n 0%tAn-a%(a, $tt a*$nan )en-i )em tu&ta me7m$n&ani, me%%e van a #%an-4+$ma%& )e4

35Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 45, 9M495" .", e+e)*0+0)e e78ev(7 Anna %?vi&e e+e)*0+0)0ve+ QI,viii, 5, III" -?t" 545G" .""

36

Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, , " ."37U="2 i* h* A*t (++'t/a, >$78 Ra/mun& +ec)i++a.'t$tta a c)()*(% m0+tat+an-$&()(t"38S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, G!4!" ." ()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 5" ."

%e7" E--$% 3i+m$) vi))*ain&u+t, >$78 %(t0%/en a K$n8(a ve*et= Ct%a" Anna- e++en0%e,>$78 ne>0* v$+t a &$+7a, >i)*en a te%1+et, me+8en )e%e7e (t>a+a&t, m07 a* e+)= -e%e)*4te) >a&/(%at .u)*t't()ait )em >eve%te -i, c)a.ata a +e7te+/e)e %en&en v$nu+t" K$4n8(an e--$% e%=) )*e+&*)u- >e+8=%)07 v$+t, ame+8 me7>iC)'t$tta 3i+m$) -')0%+et0t,>$78 %$>amma+ ve78e e a v(%$)t" ;e70%tette, >$78 nem v$+na tC+ ?+c) &$+$7 t$4v( $tt i&=*ni, 0) e*0%t i)m0t Ct%a -e+t" I&=-?*en a*$nan ;a+i- L(*' 0) Ki+i&*)A%)*+(n tu&$m()t )*e%*ett a* C/ e++en)07 #e+u--an()(%<+" ;07 #%i)) v$+t enn1- a+$ma%&$- #e+ett a%at$tt &ia&a+ em+0-e, >(t &0+%e )iette- F va+<)*'n+e7 Kai)*a%eia;a*a->a 0) Ni7&e 0%int0)0ve+ F, ) m07 3i+m$) e+=tt He%a-+ei(a 0%te-" Neve%) 7%<#/(4na- )e%e7e +a))an v$nu+t -e+et%e K$n8(<+" Nem v$+t e+e7en&= 0+e+m1-, a* Ct menti-uta-at .e&i7 a t?%?-?- >a)*n(+>atat+ann( tett0-" Amint e+78en71+ve, e+c)i7(*va -?4*e+e&te- He%a-+ei(>$*, c)a.&(a c)a+ta, 0) -?%1+vette =-et a t?%?- )e%e7, ame+8ne-+0t)*(ma me))*e #e+1+mC+ta a #%ancia c)a.at$-0t" A #%anci(- e++en(++()(t %?vi& >a%cut(n me7t?%t0- a t?%?-?-" 3i+m$) 7%<# 0) n0>(n8 +$va) ve*0% -iv0te+0ve+ a* e70)*#%ancia e78)07 me7)emmi)1+t" A tC+0+=- (tt?%t0- a t?%?-?- v$na+(t, 0) .(% na.i $4+8$n7() ut(n e+0%t0- a Tau%u)*4>e78)07en Le%mani-$.$+i)* v(%(t, ame+8 a* i)aunaiS*e+eu-i(t<+ 0)*a-n8u7at%a #e-1&t" Itt a i*(nci -$%m(n8*< a /e+e- )*e%int ti*en-0te)en8=t a&$tt me++0/1-, >$78 e+-')0%/0- =-et a )*'%iai >at(%%a" N0>(n8 >0tte+ -0)=3i+m$) 7%<# 0) t(%)ai Anti<->i(a 0%te-, #0+me*te+en1+, #e78ve%te+en1+" E+e)*0+0)1-)*e%int a e)en8=- -i#$)*t$tt(-, 0) a )ivata7an ma7u-%a >a78t(- =-et, &e )en-i )emtu&ta me7, >$78 va+</(an mi t?%t0nt ve+1-"5!

Neve%) 7%<# a+i7 -e+t (t a B$)*.$%u)*$n, ami-$% e78 #%anci(-<+ 0) n0mete-=+ (++<C/a na78$ )e%e7 0%t K$n)tantin(.$+8a" A #%anci(-at IQ" 3i+m$), A[uit(nia >e%4ce7e ve*ette, -$%a +e7>'%e)e t%ua&C%/a, a .$+iti-(an .e&i7 T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun&e)-1&t e++en)07e" 3i)*(+8u- $-a a* v$+t, >$78 3i+m$) >e%ce7 ne/e, P>i+i..a >e%ce7n0Ra/mun& (t8/(na- v$+t a +(n8a, 0) ne-i -e++ett v$+na ?%?-?+nie a 7%<#)(7$t" 3i+m$)4)a+ ta%t$tt 3e%man&$i)4i Hu7<, a-i Anti<->ia ev0te+e ut(n e+>a78ta a* e+)= -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at$t, ) m$)t i78e-e*ett, >$78 #$7a&a+m(>$* >'ven e+/u))$n Je%u*)(+eme" A*a[uit(niai )e%e7 m(%ciu)an in&u+t e+ $tt>$n%<+, ) )*(%a*#?+&?n D0+4N0met$%)*(7$n0) ;a78a%$%)*(7$n -e%e)*t1+ >a+a&t" t-?*en c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( I3" e+# a/$% >e%4ce7, a-i >$))*C 0) &ic)= n0met$%)*(7e+i .(+8a#ut()a ut(n C78 >at(%$*$tt, >$78 >(t4%a+0v= 0veit a -e%e)*t )*$+7(+at(an >a%c$+va Pa+e)*tin(an t?+ti" J<+ #e+#e78ve%*ettn0met +$va7$-<+ 0) 78a+$7)(7<+ (++< )e%e7et vitt ma7(va+" 3e+e ta%t$tt T>iem$ )a+*4u%7i 0%)e- 0) a* au)*t%iai I&a =%7%<#n=, a-i >a/&an -$%a e78i- +e7)*e a))*$n8av$+t" ;$)t, >$78 i#/C)(7a t$va)*(++t, a* =%7%<#n=t va++()$) +e+-e)e&0)%e u*&'t$tta a-e%e)*te) >a&/(%at 7$n&$+ata" A* e78e)1+t )e%e7 a Duna ment0n v$nu+t +e Be+7%(&i7 )$nnan a #= Ctv$na+at -?vetve )*e+te (t a Ba+-(nt" :e78e+me*et+en t?me7 v$+t, ) mi%eD%in(.$+8 a+( 0%te-, vi)e+-e&0)1- ann8i%a e+#a/u+t, >$78 a i*(nci >at<)(7$- e)en8=0) -un c)a.at$-at -1+&te- e++en1-" S*a(+8$) c)ata a+a-u+t -i, 0) a )e%e7 c)a- a--$%-a.$tt en7e&0+8t a t$v(menete+0)%e, ami-$% 3i+m$) 0) e+# >e%ce7 )*em0+8e)en-e*e)-e&ett a /?v=e+i /< ma7avi)e+et0%t" E%=) -')0%et a+att /ut$tta- e+ K$n)tantin(4.$+8a" A+ei$)* )*'v0+8e)en #$7a&ta 3i+m$) >e%ce7et, e+#et 0) I&a =%7%<#n=t" A*$n4na+ me7tett min&ent, >$78 a* C/a )e%e7et mi>ama%a a B$)*.$%u)* tC+.a%t/(%a

39Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 9455, 9M49G" ." E**e+ a >a&/(%atta+ -a.c)$+atan e* a* e78et+en #$%%(), Ha4

7enme8e%2 Chronoogie du $oyaume de 6erusaem, 5G45!", !", 9!4M" ." A neve%)4ie- K$n)tantin(4.$+8a 0%-e*0)0t /Cniu) -?*e.0%e te)*i, /C+iu) 94e t(/(%a e+in&u+()u-at An-a%(<+, 0) au7u)*tu) -?*e4.0%e a K$n8(a va+< in&u+()t"

5

)*(++'tta))a" N0>(n8 .$+7(%i #$7+a+-$*()C *a%(n&$-, .+" a* Au%ai E--e>a%& -%<ni-()>a/<%a )*(++t, 0) e78ene)en Pa+e)*tin(a ment, a>$va >at>eti uta*() ut(n 0%-e*ettme7"

A -0t >e%ce7 e78e)'t>ette v$+na )e%e70t Neve%) 7%<#/(na- )e%e70ve+, &e a 7%<# au%7un&iai >e%ce7>e* a-a%t c)at+a-$*ni, 0) 3i+m$) a[uit(niai >e%ce7t=+ nem +e>etette+v(%ni, >$78 $+8an )e%e77e+ ta%t)$n, ame+8et =)i e++en)07e, T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& ve4*et" e+# a/$% >e%ce7, I3" Hen%i- c)()*(% %07i e++en#e+e .e&i7 va+<)*'n+e7 nem %a4

/$n7$tt Hen%i- -a.it(n8(0%t, K$n%(&0%t" Neve%) 7%<#/a An-a%(a )ietett, m'7 a* a[ui4t(niai4a/$% )e%e7 ?t >0ti7 v(%a-$*$tt a B$)*.$%u)*n(+, ma/& +a))an me7in&u+t a #= Ct4v$na+$n D$%1+ai$n 0) K$n8a #e+0" ;i%e D$%1+ai$na 0%te-, Neve%) )e%e7e m(% (t i)>a+a&t vi))*a#e+0 uta*t(an a v(%$)$n 0) K$n8(nata%t$tt" A* a[uit(niaia- 0) a/$%$->e+8*et0t nem -?nn8'tette me7, >$78 $+8an Ct$n v$nu+ta-, ame+8en n0>(n8 na..a+-$%(an m(% v07i7v$nu+t e78 m()i- )e%e7" ;in&en %en&e+-e*0)%e (++< ta%ta+0- e+#$478$tt, 0) e*0%t a >e+8*et0%t a -e%e)*te)e-, i7en /e++em*= m<&$n, a i*(ncia-at $-$+t(-"Neve%) 7%<#/(na- eme%ei>e* >a)$n+<an =- i) c)a- -i)*(%a&t va78 e+t$%+a)*$+t -uta4-at ta+(+ta-" P>i+$m0+i$n te+/e)en e+>a78at$tt v$+t, '78 a )e%e7 -i#$)*t$tta a v(%$)t" A*a t?%?- >e+8=%)07, ame+8 K$n8(an e++en(++t Neve%) 7%<#/a t(ma&()(na-, e na78$)e%e7 -?*e+e&t0ne- >'%0%e e+>a78ta a v(%$)t" E+v$nu+()u- e+=tt a*$nan ?))*e)*e&te-min&en 0+e+met, -i#$)*t$tt(- a -1+v(%$)$- -e%t/eit 0) 781m?+c)?)eit" A -e%e)*te)e-c)a- na78$n -ev0) enniva+<t ta+(+ta-" K?%1+e+1+ e--$% t?%t0nt, >$78 minte78 )*(*m0%#?+&n8i%e Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n 0) ;a+i- L(*' +em0)*(%$+ta Neve%) 7%<#/(na- )e%e70t"

A -e%e)*te) )e%e7 na78 ne>0*)07e- -?*e.ette in&u+t t$v( K$n8(<+, 0>e)en,)*$m/a)an, a )ivata7$n (t He%a-+eia #e+0" A )e%e7 $+&a+(t t?%?- +$va)$- t(ma&t(-,n8i+a*ta- %(/u-, 0) +e>etet+enn0 tett0-, >$78 0+e+met )*e%e**ene- a vi&0-en" S*e.tem4e% e+e/0n v$nu+ta- e He%a-+ei(a, ame+8 0..en $+8an e+>a78at$tt v$+t, mint anna-i&e/0n K$n8a" A v(%$) a+att #$+8< v$+t, e78i-e a -ev0) anat<+iai v'*#$+8()na-, ame+84ne- vi*e e70)* n8(%$n =)07e) v$+t" A )*$m/C)(7t<+ #0+=%1+t -e%e)*t0n8 >a%c$)$- )$4%ai-at me7$ntva $&a%$>anta-, >$78 i78ana- a #$+8< vi*0=+" A t?%?- )e%e7 a #$+8<.a%t/(n a )%en %e/t=*-?&?tt" Ami-$% a -e%e)*te)e- a #$+8<>$* )e%e7+ette-, a t?%?4-?- -it?%te-, 0) e-e%'tett0- =-et" ;(% nem v$+t i&= a )$%$- %en&e*0)0%e" P(ni- t?%t -ia -e%e)*t0n8e- -?*?tt" $va)$- 0) 78a+$7$)$- te+/e)en ?))*e-ava%$&ta-, ) mi-?*en-0t)07ee)ve .%<(+ta- mene-1+ni, a* e++en)07 +em0)*(%$+ta =-et" A[uit(nia >e%ce7ee78 c)at+<)(va+ -iv(7ta ma7(t a *%*ava%<+, 0) a >e78e-e +$va7$+t" Na.$-i7 $4+8$n7$tt a >(7<- -?*?tt, m'7 v07%e me7ta+(+ta a Ta%)*$)*a ve*et= utat" 3e%man&$i)4i Hu7< )C+8$)an me7)ee)1+t, &e n0>(n8 eme%e -imentette a c)at(<+, 0) = i) e+/ut$ttTa%)*$)*a, (m e--$% m(% >a+&$-$+t" O-t<e% G4(n >a+t me7, 0) a S*ent P(+4)*0-e)4e78>(*an temett0- e+" :$7a&a+m(t nem tu&ta me7va+<)'tani, nem /ut$tt e+ Je%u*)(4+eme" A a/$% e+# C78 tu&$tt c)a- me7mene-1+ni, >$78 me7)*aa&u+t .(nc0+/(t<+"K0t4>(%$m eme%0ve+ /< .(% >0t ut(n u--ant #e+ Anti<->i(an" T>iem$ 0%)e-et e+4#$7t(-, 0) >ite v0%tanC/a +ett" I&a =%7%<#n= )$%)a i)me%et+en" K0)=i +e7en&(- )*e%int#$7$+8-0nt e78 t(v$+i >(%emen ten7ette na./ait, a>$+ e78 Zan7' nev mu)*+im >=)4ne- a&$tt 0+etet" S$--a+ va+<)*'n a*$nan, >$78 a na78 -ava%$&()an -ie)ett>$%&)*0-0=+ 0) a -1*&= #e+e- a78$nta.$)t(-"

40Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 54", 9!49G" ." a* e78et+en (t#$7< #$%%()V E--e>a%&, QQI34QQ3I, 545"

." ten7e%en in&u+t e+ K$n)tantin(.$+8<+, 0) ?))*e-eve%i a )*(%a*#?+&i e)em0n8e-et, 0..C78, mint6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, 3II, vi, 45, G455" ." 3an >(%$m &assiones !* +hiemonis, ame+8e- +e'%/(- a* 0%)e-m(%t'%$m)(7(t, &e nem )*$+7(+na- %0)*+ete--e+ a >a&/(%at%<+" A Historia 7eforum 7eingartensisen, in

A* " 0v min&>(%$m -e%e)*te) >a&/(%ata %$..ant )*e%enc)0t+en v07et 0%t, 0))$%)u- a* e70)* -e%e)*te) m$*7a+$m t?%t0net0t e#$+8()$+ta" A t?%?-?- $))*Ct (++ta-a D$%1+ai$nn(+ e+)*enve&ett ve%e)070%t, ) nem )i-e%1+t =-et -i*ni Anat<+i(<+" A #0+4)*i7eten (t t$v(%a )em v$+ta- i*t$n)(7$) uta- a -e%e)*t0n8 >a&a- )*(m(%a, a-(%#%an-, a-(% i*(nci )e%e7%=+ v$+t )*<" Ami-$% -0)= a i*(ncia- e )*e%ette- v$+naavat-$*ni a )*'%iai e)em0n8e-e, >$))*C 0) i*$n8ta+an ut(n.<t+()i v$na+a--a+ -e+4+ett )*(m$+niu-" A n8u7at%<+ 0%-e*= #%an- ev(n&$%+<- .e&i7 c)a- a--$% me%te- a)*(%a*#?+&?n uta*ni, >a na78$ )e%e7>e* c)at+a-$*>atta-" ;(% c)a- a ten7e%i Ct v$+t)*aa&, &e a >a/<utat -eve)en tu&t(- me7#i*etni" Aan a* 0ven t? e*e% te+e.e)4ne- -e++ett v$+na S*'%i(a 0) Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*nie, na78 )*1-)07 i) v$+t %(/u-, e>e4+8ett a*$nan c)a- n0>(n8 $+8an ve*0% /ut$tt e+ e*e-%e a te%1+ete-%e, a-i- )*1nte+enciva-$&ta- e78m())a+, ) a-i- e+=*ete)en )e%e71--e+ e781tt e+ve)*'tett0- /< >'%1-et" A#%an- (++am$-an .e&i7 m(% amC78 i) tC+ )$- civa-$&< -e%e)*te) ve*0% 0+t"

A* " 0v c)a.()ai nem min&en -e%e)*t0n8t )C/t$tta- e78en+= m0%t0-en" A*,>$78 a )*(%a*#?+&i uta-at nem )i-e%1+t me7)*e%e*ni, a* $+a)* ten7e%i v(%$)$- )*(m(4%a e#$+8()u- 0) 7a*&a7)(7u- n?ve-e&0)0t /e+entette" Ne-i- v$+ta- >a/<i-, 0) e >a/<-

/e+entett0- a* a+te%nat'v me7$+&()t a -e+eti #%an- (++am$--a+ va+< -a.c)$+atta%t()%a" Ev(%$)$- e781ttm-?&0)0%e e78%e na78$ )*1-)07 v$+t, ) a*t c)a- -e%e)-e&e+mi -$n4ce))*i<--a+ +e>etett me7#i*etni" A Tau%u)*4>e78)07 ?%m0n8ei, -1+?n?)en a %u.eni&a#e/e&e+me-, 1&v?*?+t0- a* C/ #e/+em0n8e-et, ame+8e- +e>etet+enn0 tett0-, >$78 Bi*(nca* (+ta+u- +a-$tt te%1+ete-%e i)m0t -ite%/e)*t>e))e >ata+m(t" A t(v$+a 0+= ?%m0n8e-4ne- a*$nan nem v$+t $-u- a* ?%ven&e*0)%e" B(natu- #= $-a a &ani)men& em'% v$+t,a-it 78=*e+me #e+(t$%'t$tt a%%a, >$78 %(t(ma&/$n a* ?%m0n8e-%e" A* anti<->iai n$%4mann$-, a-i- a %u.eni&a #e/e&e+me->e* >a)$n+<an /$an ta%t$tta- Bi*(nct<+, mint at?%?-t=+, m$)t +0+e7*et>e* /ut$tta-" B$emun& m07 min&i7 #$7)(7an )'n8+=&?tt, &e>e+8ette)e, Tan-%0&, te+/e) m0%t0-en -i>a)*n(+ta a >e+8*etet, 0) a >e%ce7)07et me74e%=)'tette a c)()*(%)(7 %$v()(%a" A )$%) c)a->ama% n8e%= -(%t8(t a&$tt a -e*0e"

=)*0%e A[uit(nia >e%ce7e, e+# a/$% >e%ce7 0) Neve%) 7%<#/a n0>(n8 tC+0+=eme%1--e+ Anti<->i(an 781+e-e*ett, &e a #%an-4+$ma%& -e%e)*te) )e%e7 ve*0%eie--$% m07 K$n)tantin(.$+8an v$+ta-" A+ei$)* c)a- ne>e*en tu&ta me7$c)(tani=%1+t vi)e+-e&0)1-et" ;07 Ra/mun&an i) c)a+<&nia -e++ett, .e&i7 na78 %em0n8e-et#*?tt >$**(" A* 0v v070n a n8u7ati u%a- e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 #$+8tat/(- *a%(n&$-Ct/u4-at, ) Ra/mun& en7e&0+8t -0%t, >$78 ata-i(an c)at+a-$*>a))$n #e+e)070>e* 0) )e%e470>e*" A c)()*(% $+&$7an >a78ta, >$78 Ct%a -e+/ene-, 0) >a/<--a+ S*'%i(a )*(++'ttat4ta =-et" /0v t(/(n B+$i)4i I)tv(n, Bu%7un&iai I)tv(n, a n0met K$n%(& -a.it(n8 0) Bi4an&%ate4i A+e%t .a%t%a )*(++t S*ent Sime$nn(+, 0) Anti<->i(a ment, a>$+ Tan-%0&?%?mme+ #$7a&ta =-et" Ra/mun& 7%<# >a/</a a*$nan nem ta%t$tt a t?ie--e+, = Ta%4)*$)* -i-?t=/e #e+0 vette a* Ct/(t" Ami-$% .a%t%a )*(++t, e78 +$va7, a-it a J?vev0n8 Be%4n(tna- >'vta-, +eta%t<*tatta, a**a+ a* in&$--a+, >$78 e+mene-1+ve a me%)*ivani c)ata4me*=%=+ e+(%u+ta a -e%e)*t0n8)070t" Ra/mun& -i) te)t=%c)a.ata nem v$+t e+07 e%=),>$78 me7v0&/e a 7%<#$t, a-it -at$nai -')0%ette+ vitte- Anti<->i(a, 0) (ta&t(- Tan-4%0&na-"

;" L" H" S)" QQI" -?t" M" ." $+va)>atun- I&a #e+t0te+e*ett )$%)(%<+" E--e>a%& c)a- ann8it m$n&, >$78me7?+t0-" S*(m$) n8u7ati -%<ni-a me7em+0-e*i- e%%=+ a >a&/(%at%<+" Ha7enme8e% i* m*, 9" ." P>i4

+$me+i$n -i#$)*t()(t au7u)*tu) 4e t(/(%a te)*i 0) a c)at(t )*e.teme% 94e -?%n80-0%e"41Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, , 9G49G5" ." Be%n(t, a* I&e7en )*e.teme%0en v$+t .a%anc)n$- Ta%4*u)*an +()& 55" ."" 3a+<)*'n, >$78 amint 6aen4i Ru&$+# )u7a+ma**a c+v, G" ." F a-it 6a>en i)

9

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A!t2?k52 !)/!! 5e)@e(e2

+9edig ezek mindnyájan a :sászár paran:s#latai ellen :selekszenek. /Ap#st#l#k ;selekedetei 1"2"3

Ami-$% a &ani)men& ;a+i- L(*' +e78=*te 0) e+#$7ta B$emun&$t, C78 tnt, >$78e**e+ na78 %ia&a+mat v(+t$tt -i, &e ut< a #%an- ve*0%e-ne- m07 e+=n8e i) )*(%ma4

*$tt e=+" Anti<->i(na- >e+8ta%t<%a v$+t )*1-)07e, 0) -0*en#e-v= v$+t, >$78 Tan-%0&t?+t)e e na78(t8/a >e+80t" 78 Ba+&uin -i%(+8 me7)*aa&u+t +e7ve)*e&e+me)e .a4+e)*tinai >0%e)0t=+" Tan-%0& i) ?%1+t, >$78 me7mene-1+ e78 $n8$+u+t 0) i*$n8ta4+an >e+8*et=+, ) $+8an t0%)07e -e%1+, a>$+ na78$ +e)* a #177et+en)07e 0) a c)e+e-4v0)i )*aa&)(7a" m(%ciu)(an Tan-%0& e+>a78ta Pa+e)*tin(t a**a+ a -i-?t0))e+,>$78 >a a na78(t8/a >(%$m 0ven e+1+ vi))*at0%, 0) >a Anti<->i(an t?0 ninc))*1-)07 %(, a--$% vi))*a-a./a La+i+e(t" 78 )em Ba+&uinna-, )em Tan-%0&nanem(++t 0%&e-0en, >$78 B$emun& tC+ >ama% -i)*aa&u+/$n ?%t?n0=+" ;e7 )em -')0%e+4t0-, >$78 t(%78a+/ana- #$7vata%t</(va+"

Tan-%0& /< >e+8ta%t< v$+t" Nem vette #e+ a* Anti<->ia >e%ce7e c'met" P0n*t ve%etettu78an, &e a %$))* 7?%?7)07 #e+i%at .u)*t(n WI)ten )*$+7(/(X4na- neve*te =t, 0) i&=n4-0nt WNa78 Em'%X4ne- >'vatta ma7(t" Na78$n va+<)*'n, >$78 a* anti<->iai -?*v0+e4m0n8 #e+ i) +0.ett v$+na e++ene, >a ec)v(78a enn0+ me))*e %a7a&ta v$+na" A n$%4mann$- m07 min&i7 B$emun&$t te-intett0- ve*0%1-ne-, ) a >e%ce7ne- a-a&t e78 >a%(t/a, a #$7)(7a e)0)e e+=tt nem )$--a+ -ineve*ett 3a+ence4i Be%n(t +atin .(t%i(%-a)*em0+80en, a-ine- -e&v00%t B$emun& e+*te a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-=+ a 7?%?7 Oit0)*

J(n$)t" Tan-%0& B$emun& .$+iti-(/(t -?vetteV a e+.$+iti-(an me7 a-a%ta e%=)'teni a>e%ce7)07 -?*i7a*7at()(t, 0) +atini*(+ni )*e%ette v$+na a* e78>(*at, -1+.$+iti-ai t0%en.e&i7 a*t a c0+t t*te ma7a e+0, >$78 me77a*&a7)*i- a i*(ncia- 0) a )*$m)*0&$)mu)*+im u%a+-$&<- %$v()(%a" Ám ec)v(78a in-( >e+8i /e++e7 v$+t, nem -a.c)$+<4&$tt $+8an e%=)en a vi+(7.$+iti-(>$*, mint a na78(t8/(0"5

Tan-%0& e+)=)$%an e78 e)et+e7e) i*(nci t(ma&() e++en a-a%ta i*t$)'tani ma7(t"A* " 0v )*e%enc)0t+en -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atai een na78 )e7't)070%e v$+ta-, mive+

e+#$7a& La !yrie du Nord, 5" ." " )*" /e78*et, Ra/mun& $n7inia&(an )*(++t .a%t%a, Ta%)*$)* -i4-?t=+0en 0) nem S*ent Sime$nan a t?i -e%e)*te))e+, a>$78an A+e%t 7$n&$+ta" E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+4ii, " ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Ra/mun& WSa%$uantaviX4an %a$)-$&$tt, a*a* S*a%venti-a%an, a Tau%u)*4>e78)07en" E* nem tni- va+<)*'nne-"

426>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, I, vii, 5!45!5" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, 49, 95495G" ."43Sc>+ume%7e%2 Les &rin/ipantes fran4ues du Le%ant, 49" .", t(%78a+/a Tan-%0& .0n*eit, ame+8e-en

c)()*(%i %u>(-an, &e #e/0n kefi8áva+ (%(*$+t(-" A 7?%?7 n8e+v #e+i%at '78 )*<+2 WTan-%0&, I)ten )*$+7(4

/aX, a >(t$+&a+$n .e&i7 -e%e)*t van 0) a i*(nci .0n*e-en )*$-()$) I6 QP NIKA" A Historia Bea !a/ri)*e%int G" .", nem #$7a&t(- e+ u%a+-$&<na-, am'7 nem e)-1&?tt >)07et B$emun&na-" P$%t(*ta #e+ a %07en)t >ata+$mma+"

M

amiatt, >$78 a* anat<+iai t?%?-?- C/ e%=%e -a.ta-, a c)()*(% e78 i&ei7 nem tu&$tt )e4%e7et -1+&eni a #0+)*i7eten -e%e)*t1+ a me))*i, &0+-e+eti vi&0-e-%e" Tan-%0& a*t ta%t$t4ta, >$78 a +e7/$ v0&e-e*0) a t(ma&()" n8a%(n, va+<)*'n+e7 a--$%, ami-$%me7>a++$tta a me%)*ivani 1t-?*et >'%0t, c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt Ki+i-i(a, >$78 vi))*a#$74+a+/a ;ami)*t%(t, A&an(t 0) Ta%)*$)*t" E*e-et a v(%$)$-at >(%$m 0vve+ -$%(an #$74+a+t(- e+ a i*(ncia-" A >e+8i i*(nci e%=- nem tu&ta- e++en(++ni a* anti<->iaia-na-"Ami-$% A[uit(niai 3i+m$) 0) 3e%man&$i)4i Hu7< )*e.teme% v070n mene-1+t-0ntTa%)*$)*a 0%-e*ett, m(% Tan-%0& >e+8ta%t</a, a WJ?vev0n8X4ne- neve*ett Be%n(t v$+ta v(%$) .a%anc)n$-a"

Tan-%0& a*ut(n ata-i(na- )*ente+te #i78e+m0t, anna- a i*(nci -i-?t=ne-, ame4+8et m(% %07en me7 a-a%ta- )*e%e*ni a n$%mann$-" E* /<va+ na78$ #e+a&at v$+t,me%t a >e+8=%)07et Ra/mun& .%$vence4i c)a.atai e%=)'tett0-, 0) a v(%$)t a i*(nci #+$t4ta e78i- e78)07e i) v0&e+me*te" ;ie+=tt t(ma&()t me%t v$+na in&'tani, Tan-%0& e+=t(%78a+()$- Ct/(n i78e-e*ett e+n8e%ni a 7en$vai >a/<- )e7't)070t"9 K?*en e+#$7+a+ta a>(t$%)*(7$t, me7-')0%e+te a &0+e4%e #e-v= D*)aa+a ev0te+0t" B$4emun& n8a%(n -i)e a-ci<t)*e%ve*ett D*)aa+a e++en F )i-e%te4+en1+V a* a-ci< )$%(n #$7)(7a e)etta -a.it(n8a" Tan-%0& n8a%(nve*etett >a&/(%at(n nem 0%te e+ c0+4

/(t" E* a m()$&i- t(ma&() a%%a ?)*4t?n?*te a &*)aa+ai -(&it, In S*u4+a/>(t, >$78 v(%$)(t (ta&/a a &a4ma)*-u)*i ata07ne-, a -(&i .e&i7vi))*av$nu+t Dama)*-u)*a, >$78 $tt 0-0en t?+t)e ?%e7 na./ait" T$7te-in ata07Bu%' nev #i(t -1+&te D*)aa+(a -$%m(n8*<na-" Bu%' a*$nan nem v$+t n0.)*e%ve*et=, D*)aa+a .$+7(%ai n0>(n8 ><na. ut(n e+*t0-, 0) a tn.$+i)*i BanC Amm(%#enn>at<)(7a a+( >e+8e*t0- ma7u-at" E--$% Tan-%0& vi))*av$nta c)a.atait a te%1+et4%=+"M

;iut(n Tan-%0& e+#$7atta Ra/mun&$t, C/%a a ata-i(va+ -a.c)$+at$) %07i te%v0ne-)*ente+>ette ma7(t" Anti<->i(an ?%t?ne vetette Ra/mun&$t, &e Be%n(t .(t%i(%-(t0) Ra/mun& -e%e)*te) t(%)ait me7&?entette e* a ma7ata%t()" K0%0)1-%e Tan-%0& v0471+ )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta a 7%<#$t, &e e+= me7e)-ette, >$78 )$>a t?0 nem avat-$4*i- É)*a-4S*'%ia 178eie" Ra/mun& -i)*aa&u+()a ut(n &0+%e in&u+t, T$%t$)*a $)t%$4m(%a" E)-1/0>e* >'ven ata-i(>$* 0%ve, e+%en&e+te, >$78 -at$n(i 0) #e+e)07e i) >a784

/(- e+ a v(%$)t, 0) ta%t)ana- ve+e" 78 me7#$)*t$tta a i*(nci >e+8=%)07et a .%$vence4it(m$7at()t<+" -$%a tava)*(n Tan-%0& ata-ia e++en in&u+t" A #a+a- a*$nan e%=4)ei v$+ta-, a >e+8=%)07 &e%e-a)an -1*&?tt, 0) a c)()*(%i #+$tta e78)07ei min&en )*1-4)07e))e+ e++(tt(- a v(%$)t" A* $)t%$m c)a-nem e78 0vi7 ta%t$tt, &e 5 e+)= >eteienTan-%0& F a-i -?*en a 7en$vaia-t<+ >a/<-at 0%e+t, 0) me7)*1ntette a ata-ia 0)

446aen4i Ru&$+#, c+iii, M" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 9G" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QQIII, " ."456a##a%$2 Li"eratio, 9!" ."V U7>e++i2 1taia !a/ra, I3, G4GG" ."46In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 .amaszkuszi ,rónika, 949" ."47

Aac>eni A+e%t 3III, , 9G49G5" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Ra/mun& me7e)-1&?tt, >$78 A--$nt<+0)*a-%a nem ><&'t S*'%i(an, mive+ a*$nan )en-i )em eme+t -i#$7()t, ami-$% me7><&'t$tta T$%t$)*(t,a* e)-1 va+<)*'n+e7 a ata-i(t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= te%1+ete-%e -$%+(t$*<&$tt"

4zara:én#k és keresztesek találk#zása

%0t, e B$u%74i Ba+&uint, a-i $tt ?n(++<an, &e a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7a a+attu%a+-$&>at$tt" Ba+&uin nem v$+t -?nn8 >e+8*eten ?%?-)070ve+" A 7%<#)(7na- nemv$+tate%m0)*ete) >at(%ai, )*1nte+en1+ -at$nai me7)*(++() ve)*0+8e #en8e7ette" 6)a-C78 =%i*>ette me7 >ata+m(t, >a /<+ e++(tta >e+8=%)077e+ a v(%$)$-at 0) a v(%a-at, e>4>e* .e&i7 me7'*>at< -at$nat(%)a-%a, )*$+7(+< vit0*e-%e v$+t )*1-)07e" ;ive+ nem(++t %en&e+-e*0)%e -e++= )*(mC #%an- #0%#i, i78e-e*ett /< -a.c)$+at$-at -ia+a-'tani a>e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e--e+" E&e))*a 7%<#/a-0nt )*inte a* e+)= +0.0)e a* v$+t, >$78 #e+e4)071+ vett e78 >e+8e+i >e%ce7n=t, ;e+it0n0 i&=) u%a+-$&</a, La%ie+ #iata+ai- +(4n8(t, ;$%#i(t" A >e%ce7n= $%t$&$ va++()C ?%m0n8 c)a+(&<+ )*(%ma*$tt" E78i&e/+e7-0%te 0) e+n8e%te a -1+?nv(+t 7%e7$%i(nu) ?%m0n8 e78>(* t(m$7at()(t i), me+8ne-na78 t?%t0net'%</a, E&e))*ai ;(t0 v07 n0+-1+ &ic)0%te Ba+&uin )*e%etet%e m0+t< te%m04)*et0t, ma7(n0+ete ti)*ta)(7(t, >a(% )a/n(+-$*va em+'tette me7 ec)v(78(t 0) #u-a%4)(7(t i)" Ba+&uin -1+?n?)en a* ?%m0n8e-ne- -e&ve*ett, me%t /<, &e%0- -at$n(- v$+4ta-, &e /<+ (nt /a-$ita )*'% a+attva+<iva+ i), )=t e78>(*)*a-a&()u-at i) $%v$)$+ta" Ba+4&uint c)a- -a.*)i)(7a miatt 0%>ette v(&" Á++an&< .0n*)*-0en v$+t, 0) C78 )*e%*ett.0n*t, a>$78 tu&$tt" De m07 '78 i) -ev0)0 ?n-0n8e) 0) )$--a+ #in$ma m<&)*e%e4-et a+-a+ma*$tt, mint I" Ba+&uin" $va7/ai -iv(+t-0.. na78%a 0%t0-e+t0-, >$78 a.<)(4t<+ )i-e%1+t -ic)i-a%nia 5 i*(nci a%an8at .u)*t(n a**a+, >$78 -i/e+entette, enn8i4ve+ ta%t$*i- a* eme%eine-, ) >a nem tu&/a ne-i- me7#i*etni, +ev(7at/a a )*a-(++(t" A*?%m0n8e- F a 7?%?7?->?* >a)$n+<an F a #0%#iCi m0+t<)(7 -e++0-0ne- ta%t$tt(- a )*a4-(++t, 0) )*?%n81+-?&ve te-intette- a )$- )im(%a $%$tv(+t a%cC -e%e)*te)%e" La%ie+C78 v0+te, >$78 e78 $%$tv(+t a%cC v= v07)= )$%$n a* = te-int0+80t c)$%'tan(, 0) ami4-$% Ba+&uin eme%ei F a-i--e+ a 7%<# ?))*e/(t)*$tt een a -$m0&i(an F i7a*$+t(-,>$78 ve*0%1- i7eni) tett ne-i- i+8en e)-1t, La%ie+ )ietve (ta&ta a )*1-)07e) ?))*e7et-0)*.0n*en, c)a->$78 e+-e%1+/e a %ettenete) me7a+(*tat()tV 0) e78 C/a e)-1ve+ -?4te+e*te Ba+&uint, >$78 )$>a t?0 ne #$7a&-$**$n a )*a-(++(%a"9

II" Ba+&uinna- u%a+-$&()a e+)= )*a-a)*(an a ma%&ini $%t$-i&(- t(ma&()aiva+ -e+4+ett me7-1*&enie" S*u-m(n em'% S*a%u&*) mu)*+im v(%$) e++en ve*etett )e%e7et" E*ta v(%$)t e78-$% I" Ba+&uin vette e, 0) 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%4%a, e78 -at$n(%a '*ta" II"Ba+&uin m$)t :$uc>e% )e7't)070%e )ietett, &e +e78=*t0- =t, ) :$uc>e%4t me7?+t0-" S*a4%u&*) a mu)*+im$-0 +ett, &e a #e++e7v(% a* e&e))*ai +atin 0%)e-, Bene&e- .a%anc)n$-4)(7a a+att -ita%t$tt" E-?*en Ba+&uin Anti<->i(a )ietett, -at$n(-at a-a%t #e+#$7a&ni,>$78 me7e%=)'t)e )e%e70t" 3i))*at0%ve t? )*e%enc)0ve+ /(%t" S*u-m(nt -i-e%7ette av(%$)<+, 0) a* e++en)07 na78 ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&ett" A* $%t$-i&(--a+ %$-$n)*en4ve*= +a-$)$-at +em0)*(%$+t(-, )$- %a$t e/tette-, a-i-ne- v(+t)(7&'/a Ba+&uin .0n*t(4%(t 78a%a.'t$tta"9

Ba+&uin c)a->ama% -iv(+< >e+8ette)%e tett )*e%t a* e78i- un$-ate)tv0%e, 6$u%te4na84i J$)ce+in )*em0+80en" J$)ce+in an8/a Ba+&uin na78n0n/e v$+t, a #iC .e&i7 6$u%te4na8 u%(na- i#/a, .0n*te+en #ia, a-i va+<)*'n+e7 )*$m)*0&/u--a+, Neve%) 7%<#/(va+0%-e*ett -e+et%e" Amint J$)ce+in me70%-e*ett, Ba+&uin %(%u>(*ta a* Eu#%(te)*t=+ n8u47at%a #e-v= te%1+ete-et, ame+8ne- )*0->e+8e Tu%e))*e+ v$+t" J$)ce+in 0%t0-e) a%(t4na- i*$n8u+t, >a(% -0)= -0t)07e))0 v(+t >)07e"95

51T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q, , 545G" .", QI, , M!4" .", e+e)*0+i Ba+&uin >(*a))(7(na- 0) )*a-(++(4

na- t?%t0net0t E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccv, !M" ." ti)*te+ette+, &e min&en )*e%etet n0+-1+ '% %<+a"52E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+viii, 5455" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 949" ."V a+4A*imi, !" ."53T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q, , 5" ."

!

78 +(t)*i-, a* i&= mC+()(va+ Ba+&uinna- e78%e 78anC)aa--( v(+ta- Tan-%0&am'ci<i, ) e*0%t )*e%ette v$+na, >$78 B$emun& vi))*a-e%1+/?n Anti<->i(a" Be%n(t.(t%i(%-a t(%)a)(7(an t(%78a+()$-at -e*&ett a &ani)men&i em'%%e+ B$emun& )*aa4&$n $c)(t()(%<+" Tan-%0& nem vett %0)*t e*e-en a t(%78a+()$-$n" A+ei$)* c)()*(%va+<an <%i()i ?))*e7et a/(n+$tt #e+ a* em'%ne- B$emun& )*aa&)(7(0%t, M i4*(nci a%an8at" A* em'% >a/+$tt i) a* a/(n+at e+#$7a&()(%a, &e a )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n, Ki4+i&*) A%)*+(n 0%te)1+t a* a+-u%<+" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n, mint a* anat<+iai t?%?-?- >ivata+$)>0%u%a ma7(na- -?vete+te a &ani)men& em'% (+ta+ e)*e&ett v(+t)(7&'/a- #e+0t" A-0t t?%?- ve*et= vit(/a +e>etet+enn0 tette, >$78 a*$nna+ e+#$7a&/(- a c)()*(% a/(n+at(t,&e a%%a /< v$+t, >$78 me7$nt)a a t?%?- ve*et=- )*?vet)070t" B$emun& a %a)(7an0%te)1+t a t(%78a+()$-%<+" ;07 min&i7 c)in$), -itn= me7/e+en0) #0%#i v$+t, a* em'%>(*a n0.0>e* ta%t$*< >?+78e- na78 0%&e-+=&0)t tanC)'t$tta- i%(nta" Ta+(n a* = )e7't4)071--e+ )i-e%1+t me778=*nie #$7vata%t</(t, >$78 )$--a+ e+=n8?)e )*(m(%a e78ma7(n/e++e7 me7e78e*0) a )*'%iai #%an-$--a+ 0) a* = )*?vet)071-, mint a c)()*(%%a+#$+8tat$tt t(%78a+()$-, ame+8e-e a )*e+&*)u-$- i) eavat-$*>atna-" E--$% a* em'%e+ee78e*ett aa, >$78 i*(nci a%an80%t )*aa&$n $c)(t/a B$emun&$t"9

A t(%78a+()$- a+att a &ani)men&e- me7t(ma&t(- ;e+it0n0t" A v(%$) u%a, La%ie+va+<)*'n+e7 a ve/0>e* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t, &e Ba+&uin nem tett )emmit, ta+(n me%t e4en a >e+8*eten nem a-a%ta me7)0%teni a* em'%t" La%ie+t $%t$&$ va++()a miatt nem-e&ve+t0- a+attva+<i" K1+?n?)en a )*'%e- nem $c)(t$tt(- me7 ne-i, >$78 e78)*e%(%u+()0%t >a+(+%a 't0+te e78i- .1).?-1-et" La%ie+t e+#$7t(-, v(%$)(t e+#$7+a+t(-, &ee78i- v(%a -ita%t$tt" :$7vata%t$78a&/(- me7 ma7u-at" Ami-$% a >e+8=%)07 nem en7e&e+me)-e&ett ne-i, La%ie+t )a/(tv(%a t?v0en -iv07e*t0-"99

B$emun&$t n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)=, 5 tava)*(n a&t(- (t #$7vata%t3a*u+ ?%m0n8 t%<n-?vete+= 0) B$emun& it(+iai %$-$nai )e7't)070ve+" Tan-%0& )emmi4ve+ )em /(%u+t >$**( a v(+t)(7&'/>$*" B$emun& a*$nna+ Anti<->i(a ment, a>$+ min4&en0t vi))*a-a.ta" N8i+v(n$)an -?)*?netet m$n&$tt Tan-%0&na-, a-i a t(v$++0te a+atti%(n8't$tta a >e%ce7)07et, &e a ma7(n0+eten na78(c)i 0) un$-a?c) -?*?tt v$+t e78-i) )C%+<&(), u78ani) Tan-%0& nem na78$n 0%tette, >$78 mi0%t -e++ene (ta&nia B$4emun&na- a* i&=-?*en me7><&'t$tt #?+&e-et i)" A -?*v0+em0n8 n8$m()(%a v071+en7e&ett, ) /uta+mu+ -i) i%t$-$t -a.$tt a >e%ce7)07 te%1+et0n" J$7a +ett v$+na -0%ni I"Ba+&uint<+, >$78 i)m0t i-ta))(- e La+i+ea i%t$-(a, &e C78 7$n&$+ta, >$78 nem 0%ime7"9M

A #%an-$- a )*$m)*0&ai- e++en in&'t$tt (+ta+(n$) t(ma&())a+ 1nne.e+t0- me7 B$4emun& vi))*at0%t0t" 5 n8a%(n B$emun& 6$u%tena84i J$)ce+inne+ v07i7.u)*t't$ttaA+e..< -?%n80-0t" E+#$7+a+t(- a* A+e..<t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= ;u)*+im'/e v(%$)(t, 0)

54Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 5545M, M4M" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), Q, 5, I3 -?t" " ." '% B$emun& 0) e78&ani)men& +e(n8 )*e%e+mi 1780%=+, m'7 a ;i%acu+a S" e$na%&i Aa* !s" N$v, III" -?t" M4MG" .", !4G" ." )*e%int B$emun& -e&ve)e e78 em'% -e%e)*t0n8 #e+e)07e v$+t" E&e))*ai ;(t0 c+viii, 9" ."a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Sa+e%n(%&$t A+ei$)* v(+t$tta -i, &e Ric>(%& m(% B$emun& )*aa&u+()a e+=ttS*'%i(an v$+t Mira/ua !* Leonardi, 9" ."" 6aen4i Ru&$+# a*t m$n&ta, >$78 Ba+&uin a*0%t tett '78,me%t nem )*e%ette Tan-%0&$t c+vii, !" ."" In a+4Ka+(ni)*' e)*(m$+ a )*e+&*)u- 0) &ani)men&u%a+-$&<- -?*?tti vit(%<+, 9!" ."

55

S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, G9 G!" ."56:$uc>e% II, iii, , M" ." a*t m$n&/a, >$78 Tan-%0&$t W-e++=enX me7/uta+ma*t(-, Ru&$+# )*e4%int a*$nan c)a- -0t -i) v(%$)t -a.$tt, i* h*"

5

mu)*+im +a-<it -em0n8en me7a&<*tatt(-" 78 tu&t(- vi))*a#i*etni a*$-na- a #%an4-$-na- a .0n*0t, a-i- Ba+&uinna- 0) a .(t%i(%-(na- -?+c)?nt a&ta- B$emun& -iv(+t(4)(>$*"9 E*ut(n a i*(ncia- e++en #$%&u+ta-" A+ei$)* c)()*(% e+=)*?% +ev0+en -0%teB$emun&$t, >$78 a&/a vi))*a a -i+i-iai v(%$)$-at, ma/& Butumit0)* >a&ve*0%t -1+&tevi))*a#$7+a+()u-%a" Butumit0)* )e%e70en a*$nan nem +e>etett me7'*ni" 5=)*0n >at$+t e Ki+i-i(a a i*(nci ve*0%, &e >ama%$)an %(/?tt, >$78 a #e+a&at me7>a4+a&/a a* e%e/0t" Tu&$m()t )*e%*ett a #%an-$- )*(n&0-(%<+, >$78 0)*a-%a v$nu+na-,;a%a) e++en, a>$+ a c)()*(% nev0en Tatu+ i7a*7at$tt" A--$% Butumit0)* $&a)ietett, 0)va+<)*'n+e7 e**e+ e78 i&=%e me7mentette Tatu+t" Butumit0)*t a*$nan vi))*a>'vt(-K$n)tantin(.$+8a, A -?vet-e*= 0ven, tava)* e+e/0n B$emun& 0) J$)ce+in ;a%a) e+4+en v$nu+t" Tatu+nanem v$+t #e78ve%e) e%e/e" A i*(nci )e%e7 m(% me))*e /(%t, a &an4i)men& t?%?-?- .e&i7 m(% /< vi)*$n8an v$+ta- a #%an-$--a+" Tatu+ (ta&ta a v(%$)t

J$)ce+inne-, a-i .e&i7 me7en7e&te ne-i, >$78 e+uta**$n K$n)tantin(.$+8a" E-?*4en B$emun& a ;a%a)t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= A+i)*t(nt #$7+a+ta e+"9G

A #%an-$- i*t$n)(7an 0%e*t0- ma7u-at, t?0 nem -e++ett Anat<+ia #e+=+ t(ma4&()%a )*(m'taniu-" 78 a -e+eti mu)*+im$- e++en #$%&u+>atta-" m(%ciu)(an B$4emun& C/%a me7)*(++ta a* a+e..ia -?*?tt #e-1&t" D0+en a*$nan nem tu&ta evenni Ka#a%4+at(t, me%t $tt a >e+8i anC u+aim t?%*) e++en(++t" J$)ce+in -?*en e+v(7ta a* ?))*e-?t4tet0)t A+e..< 0) a* Eu#%(te)* -?*?tt"9! H$78 va+<an e+ +e>e))en )*i7ete+ni a )*'%iaia4-at I%a- 0) Pe%*)ia mu)*+imait<+, e+ -e++ett #$7+a+ni a* E&e))*a 0) a* Eu#%(te)* -?*?ttina78 v(%at, a D*)a*'%a 0)*a-i %0)*0n +ev= Ha%%(nt i)" Ha e78)*e% Ha%%(n a #%an-$-0,a--$% ;$)*u+ 0) ;e*$.$t(mia e++en i) >a&a in&u+>atna-" tava)*(n /avu+t a>e+8*et" A* 5" 0v )$%(n a* e70)* -e+eti mu)*+im vi+(7$t .$+7(%>($%C .u)*t't$tta,ame+8 Ba%-/(%C- )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n 0) te)tv0%e, ;u>amma& -?*?tt #$+8t" /anu(%4

/(an -?t?tte- 0-0t, ame+8ne- e%e&m0n8e-0..en a )*u+t(n me7ta%t$tta Ba7&a&$t 0)a n8u7at4i%(ni #enn)'-$t" A >a%ma&i- #iv0%, S*an&*)(% m(% -$%(an me7)*e%e*teH$%()*(nt 0) I%(n -e+eti %0)*0t, ;u>amma&0 +ett É)*a-4I%a- 0) a D*)a*'%a, va+amint aDi/a%a-'% 0) a S*'%ia #e+etti #enn>at<)(7" E* a* e+%en&e*0) nem $+&$tt me7 min&en.%$+0m(t" A te)tv0%e- min&e78i-e aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 ma/& #e+$%'t>at/a a*e78e*)07et, ) -?*en a t?%?- 0) a%a u%a+-$&<- -?*?tt i78e-e*te- ma7u-na- )*?vet4)07e)t -e%e)ni" Ke%$7a m$)*u+i ata07, a-it a #%an-$- anna- i&e/0n Anti<->i(an +e478=*te-, 4en me7>a+t, ) >a+(+a D*)a*'%(an .$+7(%>($%C>$* ve*etett" S*u-4m(n, ;a%&in $%t$-i&a u%a+-$&</a nem tu&ta a )a/(t /e+?+t/0ne- /uttatni a* ?%?-)07et,0) >a%can (++t a* C/ ata077e+, D*)e-e%mi))e+, a-it a )*e+&*)u- ;u>amma& neve*ett-i" Ha%%(n v(%(t Ka%a&*)a t?%?- ve*0%, ;(+i-)(> mame+u-/a i%t$-$+ta" Du%va vi)e+4-e&0)0ve+ -i>'vta a +a-$))(7 >a%a7/(t, #e++(*a&ta- e++ene, ) a -$%m(n8*()t e78 i*$4n8$), I)*#a>(n<+ va+< ;u>amma&%a '*t(-" ;u>amma&$t Ka%a&*)a e78-$%i a.%<&4

/a, e78 D*)av(+' nev eme% ?+te me7, a-it ;u>amma& tC+)(7$)an 78$%)an #$7a&$tta i*a+m(a" D*)av(+' u%a+ma a*$nan na78$n in7ata7 v$+t, Ha%%(n .e&i7 )$-at)*enve&ett a* e&e))*ai #%an-$- t(ma&()ait<+" A #%an-$- a v(%>$* ta%t$*< #?+&e-en

57Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!" ."V In a+4A)*'% K\mi+ at4Ta\%]>, " ." >$**(#*i, >$78 B$emun& .0n*t*)a%$+t -i Kinna)*%'n<+"

58

Anna K$mn0n0, QI, i, 4, 5" -?t" 4" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+vi, 9" ." t0ve)en ;a%a) ev0te4+0t a >a%%(ni c)ata ut(n%a te)*i, 6aen4i Ru&$+#, c+viii4c+, 4" ."59Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!49!" ."V Zettersteen ,rónika, 5!" ."

5

.u)*t't$tta-, 0) t?n-%etett0- a -?%n80- -e%e)-e&e+m0t" N8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 enn8i4ve+ nem #$7/(- e0%ni"M

A ma%&ini S*u-m(n 0) a m$)*u+i D*)e-e%mi) e78a%(nt me7%0m1+t" A -?*?) ve4)*0+8 #e+e&tette vi)*(+8u-at, 0) e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 E&e))*a e++en in&u+na-, ) t(ma&4na-, mie+=tt m07 me7t(ma&n(- =-et" m(/u) e+e/0n e781tt in&u+ta- E&e))*a e+4+en, S*u-m(n /e+ent=) t1%-m0n -?nn8+$va))(77a+, D*)e-e%mi) )*e+&*)u- t?%?-?-4=+, -u%&$-<+, a%a$-<+ (++< )e%e77e+, me+8 va+amive+ -i)e v$+t" II" Ba+&uin me74tu&ta, >$78 E&e))*(t<+ minte78 >etven m0%#?+&%e R()* a+4Ainn(+ 781+e-e*te-" J$)ce4+int=+ 0) B$emun&t<+ -0%t )e7't)07et, ) a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 t(ma&/(- me7 Ha%%(nt, )#$%&'t)(- /avu-%a a >e+8*etet" E&e))*(an c)a- -i) >e+8=%)07et, n0>(n8 +$va7$t 0)C/$nnan )$%$*$tt ?%m0n8 78a+$7)(7$t >a78$tt >(t%a" 3e+e ta%t$tt Bene&e- e&e))*ai0%)e- i)"

Ha%%(n -?*e+0en c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( c)a.ataiva+ J$)ce+in 0) a* anti<->iai )e%e7 i),B$emun&, Tan-%0&, Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a 0) a v$+t /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a, Daime%t ve*e4t0)e a+att" A #%an- )e%e7ne- ?))*e)en -?%1+e+1+ >(%$me*e% +$va)a ) ta+(n >(%$m)*$%ann8i 78a+$7$)a v$+t" E* v$+t É)*a-4S*'%ia te+/e) #%an- >a&e%e/e, nem )*(m'tva a v(4%a-an >a78$tt >e+8=%)07e-et"

A )e%e7 Ha%%(n a+( 0%t, m'7 a mu)*+im ve*0%e- va+amive+ 0)*a--e+et%e v$+ta-, Ct4an E&e))*a #e+0" Ha a #%an-$- %$>am$*na-, eve>ette- v$+na Ha%%(nt, &e nem a-a%4ta- -(%t tenni a* e%=&'tm0n8e-en, me%t a*t %em0+t0-, >$78 a*$-na- -0)= ma/&>a)*n(t ve)*i-" A*t >itt0-, e+e7en&= me7i/e)*teni a >e+8=%)07et, 0) a* %?7t?n me7a&/ama7(t" E* nem v$+t te+/e)en a+a.ta+an (%(n&" A v(%an +ev= mu)*+im$- 78en70-v$+ta-, 0) a*$nna+ >a/+$tta- a t(%78a+()%a" E--$% a*$nan Ba+&uin 0) B$emun& ?))*e4ve)*te- a*$n, >$78 -ine- a *()*+a/(t t*i- ma/& -i e+)=ne- a #a+a-%a" K0)+e-e&0)1- ave)*t1-et $-$*ta" ;ie+=tt e+&=+t v$+na a vita, a t?%?- )e%e7 >i%te+en &0+%e #$%&u+t, )m(% a n8a-u-$n i) v$+t"

A -0t )e%e7 a Ba+i- #$+8< a+ .a%t/(n 1t-?*?tt me7 e78m())a+, a* <-$%i 6a%%>ae c)a4tame*e/e -?*e+0en, a>$+ )*(*a&$--a+ -$%(an a .(%tu)$- me7)emmi)'tett0- 6%a)4)u) %<mai +07i<it" A #%an-$- )t%at07i(/a )*e%int a* e&e))*ai )e%e7ne- -e++ett )*eme4)*(++nia a* e++en)07 #= e%e/0ve+, m'7 /$/u-$n a* anti<->iaia-na- a* v$+t a &$+7u-,>$78 -?%1+e+1+ e78 m0%#?+& t(v$+)(7an e78 &$m m?7?tt %e/t=**ene- e+, 0) c)a- a&?nt= .i++anatan +0./ene- -?*e" A mu)*+im$- te%ve na78$n >a)$n+'t$tt a #%an-$-04>$*" Se%e71- e78 %0)*e %(t(ma&t a #%an-$- a+)*(%n8(%a, ma/& mene-1+0)t )*'n+e+t"A* e&e))*aia- a*t >itt0-, >$78 a 78=*e+em a* ?+1-e .$tt8an, ut(nu- e%e&te-, ) '78e+)*a-a&ta- a /$)*(%n8$n +ev= a/t(%)ai-t<+" Át-e+te- a #$+8<n, 0) e)0t(+ta- amu)*+im #=)e%e7 c)a.&(/(a" S$-u-at a*$nna+ me7?+t0-, a-i te>ette, e+mene-1+t";i%e B$emun& +e78%te a ve+e )*emen (++< -i) c)a.at$t 0) eavat-$*>at$tt v$+na ac)at(a, m(% c)a- a mene-1+=--e+ ta+(+-$*$tt, a-i- i78e-e*tevi))*a/utni a #$+8< in4nen)= .a%t/(%a, ) a-i-%e e78%e t? t?%?- t(ma&t" B$emun& +(tta, >$78 min&en e+ve4)*ett, '78 78$%)an e+mene-1+t, 0) c)a- n0>(n8 e&e))*ait mentett me7" Ami-$% a -at$4n(- Ha%%(n #a+ai a+att v$nu+ta- e+, a >e+8=%)07 -ic)a.$tt %(/u-, &e a na78 -ava%$&()4an +e7a+( ann8i mu)*+im t(ma&< e+e)ett, mint a>(n8 #%an-" A* anti<->iai )e%e7me7C)*ta /e+ent=) ve)*te)07e- n0+-1+, &e a* e&e))*aia-at c)a-nem min& me7?+t0-,

60A >a%%(ni >a&/(%at >(tte%0%=+ +()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 5M45" .", #$%%()$--a+" Nic>$+)$n a

Tan-%0&%<+ '%t &$+7$*at(an 5G4" ." >an7)C+8$**a, >$78 a >a&/(%at nem v$+t %0)*e e78 (+ta+(n$)te%/e)*-e&0)i .$+iti-(na-, c)a- v(+a)* v$+t e78 mu)*+im #en8e7et0)%e" Ha%%(n a*$nan a #%an-$- e78i-v(78$tt c0+/a v$+t"

5

va78 e+#$7t(-" Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a ann8i%a me7%0m1+t, >$78 m07 a +$va #a%-(t i) +ev(74ta, ne>$78 mene-1+0) -?*en va+a-i aa -a.a)*-$&va me7(++'t)a, .e&i7 a--$% e+4+en)07 m(% nem i) v$+t a +(t>at(%$n"

A* e+)= #$7+8$- e78i-e Bene&e- 0%)e- v$+t, = a*$nan >ama% -i)*aa&u+t, va78a*0%t, me%t %ata%t</a, e78 %ene7(t -e%e)*t0n8 a )e7't)070%e v$+t een, va78 me%t a*anti<->iaia- t(ma&()t in&'t$tta- 0%te" Ba+&uin 0) J$)ce+in e781tt mene-1+t +<>(t$n,&e a #$+8< me&%0en ut$+0%t0- 0) e+#$7t(-, ma/& S*u-m(n )(t%(a -')0%t0- =-et"M

B$emun& 0) Tan-%0& $--a+ ta%t>atta- att<+, >$78 a t?%?-?- -?vet-e*= c0+.$nt/aE&e))*a +e)*, '78 >(t )ietve vi))*at0%te-, >$78 me7)*e%ve**0- a v(%$) v0&e+m0t" I)4m0t a* t?%t0nt, >$78 e78 a/t(%)a )*e%enc)0t+en)07e Tan-%0& /av(t )*$+7(+ta" A*E&e))*(an ma%a&t +$va7$- a* 0%)e- ve*et0)0ve+ #e+-0%t0- Tan-%0&$t, >$78 ve78e (ta -$%m(n8*()t Ba+&uin #$7)(7a i&e/0%e" Tan-%0& e+#$7a&ta a* a/(n+at$t, 0) B$emun&,a-(%c)a- n078 0vve+ -$%(an I" Ba+&uin, ?%?mme+ )*aa&u+t me7 Tan-%0&t<+" 78Tan-%0& a* e&e))*ai )e%e7 tC+0+=ive+ 0) a*$--a+ a -at$n(--a+, a-i-et B$emun& n0+-14+?*ni tu&$tt, E&e))*(an ma%a&t" B$emun& e*ut(n vi))*at0%t Anti<->i(a, a>$+)*$m)*0&ai m(% a%%a -0)*1+te-, >$78 >a)*n$t >C**ana- a #%an-$-at 0%t c)a.()$-4<+"M

A >a%%(ni c)ata minte78 etet=*te a* " 0vi -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$-at" E* a ve%e4)07)$%$*at +e%$m$+ta a #%an-$- +e78=*>etet+en)070%=+ )*<+< +e7en&(-at" A* " 0vive%e)07e- a*t /e+entett0-, >$78 É)*a-4S*'%i(t me7#$)*t$tt(- a N8u7at%<+ 0%-e*= t(m$47at()t<+, ami%e na78 )*1-)07 +ett v$+na a #%an- u%a+$m me7)*i+(%&'t()(>$*, Ha%%(n.e&i7 a*t, >$78 a* e&e))*ai 7%<#)(7 )$%)a v071+ i) me7.ec)0te+=&?tt, 0) A+e..< nem+e)* a #%an-$-0" Ha )i-e%1+t i) a #%an-$- )*(n&0-(na- me7#e+e+=en a >(%$m mu)*+im-?*.$nt, Anat<+ia, I%a- 0) S*'%ia -?*0 0-et ve%ni, e* a* (++a.$t na78$n i) in7ata7 v$+t"

A #%an-$- >e+8*ete nemc)a- a mu)*+im$-na- -e&ve*ett" A i*(nci c)()*(% >a%a747a+ 7$n&$+t a #%an-$-%a, ) nem na78$n (n-<&$tt a ve%e)07ei-%=+ )*<+< >'%e-en"

A* e)em0n8e- -?*vet+en #e/+em0n8ei nem v$+ta- $+8an v07*ete)e-, mint ami+8e4ne- +e>ette- v$+na" S*u-m(n 0) D*)e-e%mi) )*?vet)07e nem )$--a+ 0+te tC+ a -?*?)78=*e+met" S*u-m(n t1%-m0n c)a.atai me7)*e%e*t0- c)a-nem a* e70)* *)(-m(n8t 0)a* ?))*e) #$7+8$t, 0) D*)e-e%mi) e*0%t i%i78-e&ett" S*e+&*)u- c)a.atai me7t(ma&t(-S*u-m(n )(t%(t, 0) e+vitt0- $nnan Ba+&uint" A t1%-m0ne- =%/?n7te-, &e S*u-m(nme7=%i*te >i&e7v0%0t, 0) vi))*ata%t$tta =-et a* e++ent(ma&()t<+" Be+en8u7$&$tt 0%t04-e) #$7+8a e+ve)*t0)0e" ;iut(n e78 e78)*e% t%1--e+, -at$n(it #%an- (+&$*atai %u>(i4a ?+t?*tetve e+#$7+a+t n0>(n8, -i) >at(% menti -e%e)*t0n8 e%=&?t, vi))*av$nu+t ;a%4&ina, ) a t$v(ia-an nem vett %0)*t a >($%Can"M5

D*)e-e%mi) a*$nan t$v( >a%c$+t" E+=)*?% S*u-m(nna+ )*emen a-a%ta i*t$)'4tani ma7(t, ) me7)*e%e*te a #%an-$-t<+ a* E&e))*(t<+ -e+et%e #e-v= S(>a-t(n e%=&/0t,ma/& a #=v(%$) e++en in&u+t" Anna- i&e/0n a #%an-$- -0)+e-e&0)e -?vet-e*t0en Ha%4%(n a mu)*+im$-0 ma%a&t" ;$)t a mu)*+im$- -0)+e-e&0)e mentette me7 a -e%e)*t04n8e- )*(m(%a E&e))*(t" Tan-%0&na- v$+t i&e/e %en&e>$*ni a* e%=&'tm0n8e-et, ) e+4

61Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 5G4, M4MM" ."V 6aen4i Ru&$+#, c+viii, 4" ."V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, 4vii, 45, MG4" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 45" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', 95" ."VE&e))*ai ;(t0, c+ii, 9499" ." S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !9" $"V Chron* Anon* !yr* G4G" ." A c)at(%<+ )*<4+< e)*(m$+<- -i))0 e++entm$n&()$)a-"

62

6aen4i Ru&$+#, c+viii, " ."V Aac>eni A+e%t2 i* h"V E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+ii, 9M" ."63In a+4A)*'%2 i* h* S*e%inte S*u-m(n e*t m$n&ta2 WIn-( ve))*en a *)(-m(n8$m, mint >$78 a -e4%e)*t0n8e- $+$n&nata%t)ana-"X

55

+en tu&$tt (++ni D*)e-e%mi) e+)= t(ma&()(na-" Tan-%0& a )i-e%0t #=+e7 a >e+8e+i ?%4m0n8e- >)070ne- 0) >=)ie))070ne- -?)*?n>ette" Ám a--$%a n8$m() ne>e*e&ett %(,>$78 )1%7=)en B$emun&0%t -1+&?tt" B$emun&na- i) me7v$+t a ma7a a/a, &e e+)=4)07 i++ette a ve)*0+8e /ut$tt E&e))*(t" N8$man un$-a?cc)e me7)e7't0)0%e in&u+t, &ea %$))* uta-$n c)a- +a))an >a+a&t e+=%e" A -0t)07ee)ett Tan-%0& e+%en&e+te, >$78 >a/4na+ e+=tt a >e+8=%)07 t?%/?n -i" A )?t0ten +ec)a.ta- a n8u7$&tan a+v< t?%?-?-%e" A78=*e+em%e B$emun& me70%-e*0)e tette #e+ a -$%$n(t" D*)e-e%mi) .(ni-)*e%en me4ne-1+t, -inc)eit i) >(t%a>a78ta a t($%an" A -e%e)*te)e- $))*Ct (++ta- Ha%%(n0%t 0)me7v0&t0- E&e))*(t"M

Tan-%0& #$7+8ai -?*?tt v$+t e78 e+=-e+= )*e+&*)u- >e%ce7n=, a-i a* em'% >(*a n04.0>e* ta%t$*$tt" D*)e-e%mi) $+8an na78%a ec)1+te a >?+78et, >$78 a*$nna+ #e+a/(n+$tt0%te 9 e*e% i*(nci a%an8at, va78 Ba+&uin 7%<#$t" A* a/(n+at >'%e e+/ut$tt Je%u*)(+em4e 0) Ba+&uin -i%(+8 '%t B$emun&na-, ne>$78 e+mu+a))*a a* a+-a+mat a 7%<# -i)*aa4&'t()(%a" B$emun&na- 0) Tan-%0&na- a*$nan .0n*%e v$+t )*1-)07e, ) Ba+&uin vi)*4)*at0%0)e me7#$)*t$tta v$+na Tan-%0&$t /e+en+e7i >e+8*et0t=+, vi))*a -e++ett v$+na t0%4nie na78(t8/a #enn>at<)(7a a+(" A*t a v(+a)*t -1+&t0- Je%u*)(+eme, >$78 nem +en4ne &i.+$mati-u) a*$nna+ e+#$7a&ni D*)e-e%mi) a/(n+at(t, a-i .a%tne%ei >a$*()(t +(t4va, ta+(n m07 t?et i) #$7 '70%ni" K?*en a*$nan me7(++a.$&ta- a* em'%%e+, me74-a.t(- a .0n*1-et, 0) Ba+&uin 7%<# t$v(%a i) #$7$+8 ma%a&t"M9

;iut(n t(%)u-at #e+(+&$*va .0n*t )*e%e*te-, B$emun& 0) Tan-%0& a -?%1+?tt1-781+e-e*= e++en)07%e vetett0- ma7u-at" D*)e-e%mi) nem .%<(+-$*$tt t?0 E&e))*ae+#$7+a+()(va+, Tan-%0& .e&i7 -i/av'ttat>atta a #a+a-at" B$emun&na- a*$nan #e+ -e+4+ett vennie a >a%c$t a* a+e..iai >e%ce7)07e" JCni4u)an A%ta ?%m0n8 +a-$)ai ?n-0nt (ta&t(- v(%$)u-at a mu)*+im$-na-, ) $+&$7$-v$+ta-, >$78 me7)*aa&u+ta- Anti<->ia *)a%n$-)(7(t<+" P0+&(/u-at -?vette a >at(%menti ;aa%%at, ;i)*%'n 0) S*a%min, ) a* '78 e+)*i7ete+=&?tt -i) #%an- >e+8=%)07e- ;a4a%%at an4Num(n<+, A+a%(<+ 0) Ka#a%ta<+ vi))*av$nu+ta- Anti<->i(a" Ri&v(ne70)*en a 3a)4>'&i7 .u)*t't$tta a >e%ce7)07et" T(v$+ 0)*a-$n a* a+i)*t(ni >e+8=%)07c)a- C78 tu&ta ta%tani ma7(t, >$78 ?%t?ne vetett0- a >e+8e+i ?%m0n8e-et, a-i-?))*ee)-1v0)t )*=tte- a t?%?-?--e+" B$emun& e70)* (++ama ve)*0+8e -e%1+>etettv$+na, (m " /Cniu) v07e #e+0 me7>a+t a &ama)*-u)*i Du-(-, 0) e*ut(n Ri&v(n #i478e+m0t a* a >a%c -?t?tte +e, ame+8 Du-(- -0t #ia, Bu%' 0) Uta) -?*?tt in&u+t me7 a*?%?-)070%t"MM

B$emun& a*0%t nem tu&$tt me7#e+e+=en #e++0.ni Ri&v(n e++en, me%t +e-?t?tt0- a i4*(nci 178e-" A+ei$)* c)()*(% e--$% /< vi)*$n8an v$+t a &0+i #%an- (++am$--a+ 0)T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& m07 min&i7 a c)()*(% i*a+ma) a%(t/a v$+t" A+ei$)* m07 Ba+4&uin -i%(+8 /<in&u+at(t i) e+n8e%te a**a+, >$78 )$-, E78i.t$man #$7va ta%t$tt /e+e))*em0+8t -iv(+t$tt %a)(7(<+" Na78$n ?+c)en -i)*(m't$tta =-e*)07e >at()(t" 3i4)e+-e&0)e )*?7e) e++ent0ten (++t a**a+, a>$78 Tan-%0& 0) B$emun& vi)e+-e&te-E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna+, 0) a%%a i) em+0-e*tette a #%an-$-at, >$78 a #(timi&(- ti)*te+i- ac)()*(% te-int0+80t 0) e#$+8()(t" Ami-$% a c)()*(% Anti<->ia e++en +0.ett #e+, a* anti<4->iai >e%ce7 nem %em0+>etett )e7't)07et t(%)ait<+" A+ei$)*, >$78 N8u7at4Ki+i-i(an

64Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 5, M4MG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M!4" ."65

Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, M, M!4M" ."666aen4i Ru&$+#2 i* h*V Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!49!5" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', 9!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4M9" ."

5

-iv0&/e a* anti<->iaia- t(ma&()(t a -i+i-iai .a%tvi&0-en, m(%i) me7e%=)'tette K$%-14%$)*t 0) S*e+eu-i(t" n8a%(n a ;$na)*t%a)* ve*et0)e a+att (++< i*(nci )e%e7 min4&en ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ vi))*a#$7+a+ta a -e+et4-i+i-iai v(%$)$-at, Ta%)*$)*t, A&an(t 0);ami)*t%(t" E78i&e/+e7 e78 >a/<%a/ Kanta-u*0n$)* i*(nci ten7e%na78 ve*et0)0ve+e78 7en$vai #+$tt(t -?vetve e+/ut$tt a ci.%u)i vi*e-%e, -i>a)*n(+ta B$emun& )*$%u+t>e+8*et0t, 0) ata-i(a >a/<*$tt" A i*(ncia- e+#$7+a+t(- a -i-?t=t 0) a* a+)<v(%$)t" B$4emun& )1%7=)en #%an- c)a.at$-at vitt $&a, >$78 me7e%=)'t)e a #e++e7v(% >e+8=%)070t,) +ev(+t)a a .a%anc)n$-$t, a-ien nem '*$tt me7" B$emun&na- a*$nan nem v$+tten7e%i 1t=e%e/e, 0) me7 )em -')0%e+te, >$78 -i-e%7e))e a i*(ncia-at m(% e+#$7+a+t (+4+()ai-<+"M

)*%e B$emun& v07-0.. -0t)07ee)ett" S*e.teme%en tan(c)-$*$tt a va*a++u)ai4va+ Anti<->i(an, 0) $&a>'vta Tan-%0&$t i)" )*int0n e)*(m$+t a >e%ce7)07%e +e)e+4-e&= ve)*e&e+me-%=+" A*t (++'t$tta, >$78 a* e78et+en +e>et)07e) me7$+&() a*, >a )i-e4%1+ )e7't)07et )*e%e*ni Eu%<.(<+" E+>at(%$*ta, >$78 e+me78 :%ancia$%)*(7a, 0) )*e4m0+8e) te-int0+80t >a)*n(+/a #e+ a t$$%*()>$*" Tan-%0& -?te+e))07tu&<an #e+a/(n+$t4ta, >$78 ma/& = uta*i- Eu%<.(a a na78(t8/a >e+8ett, &e B$emun& e*t a**a+ >(%'t$t4ta e+, >$78 Tan-%0&na- ninc) -e++= te-int0+8e N8u7at$n" Tan-%0&na- Anti<->i(an-e++ett ma%a&nia >e+8ta%t<-0nt" Hama%$)an me7tett0- a* uta*() e+=-0)*1+eteit" B$4emun& -0)= =))*e+ )*(++t >a/<%a S*ent Sime$n -i-?t=/0en, ma7(va+ vitt min&en >$*4*(#0%>et= a%an8at, e*1)t?t, 0-)*e%t, va+amint a 3esta <ran/orum t? .0+&(n8(t" E* a*e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at i)me%et+en )*e%*=t=+ )*(%ma*< +e'%()a v$+t, ame+8 a n$%man4n$- )*em.$nt/(<+ -?vette a* e)em0n8e-et" E .0+&(n8$-a B$emun& ei-tat$tt e78e-e*&0)t, ame+8=+ a%%a +e>etett -?vet-e*tetni, >$78 a* Anti<->ia #e+etti u%a+matma7a a c)()*(% '70%te me7 ne-i"MG

Tan-%0& (tvette Anti<->ia -$%m(n8*()(t, 0) me7e)-1&?tt, >$78 amint Ba+&uin -i4)*aa&u+ a %a)(7<+, vi))*aa&/a ne-i E&e))*(t" A&&i7 i), mive+ Anti<->i(<+ nemi%(n8't>at/a me7#e+e+=en E&e))*(t, a* Eu#%(te)*en tC+i te%1+ete-%e -ineve*te >e+8ette4)01+ un$-ate)tv0%0t 0) )<7$%(t, Sa+e%n(%&$t"M!

B$emun& a* C/ 0v e+e/0n 0%t A.u+i(a, )a/(t i%t$-ai%a" S*e.teme%i7 $tt ma%a&t,c)a+(&i 178eit int0*te F ami%e -i+enc0vi t(v$++0te ut(n )*1-)07 i) v$+t ) -?*en n$%4mann c)a.at$-at )*e%ve*ett, >$78 c)at+a-$**ana- -e+eten +ev= t(%)ai->$*" E*ut(nR<m(a ment, 0) ta+(+-$*$tt Pa)*-(+ .(.(va+" A*t i*$n87atta ne-i, >$78 a -e+eten0+= +atin$- +e7#= e++en)07e A+ei$)* c)()*(%" Pa)*-(+t m(% ;ana))*0)* .1).?- i)A+ei$)* e++en >an7$+ta, '78 -?nn8en a*$n$)u+t B$emun& n0*eteive+" Ami-$% B$4emun& t$v(uta*$tt :%ancia$%)*(7 #e+0, ve+e ta%t$tt B%Cn< .(.ai +e7(tu) i), a-ine-a* v$+t a #e+a&ata, >$78 )*ent >($%Ct >i%&e))en Bi*(nc e++en" :$%&u+<.$nt v$+t e* a-e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0en" E--$% v(+t a i*(nci c)()*(%)(7 >ata+ma me7t?%04

67Anna K$mn0n0, QI, , !4i, , 5" -?t" 94!" ."68Anna K$mn0n0, QI, ii, 45, 5" -?t" 949" ." )*e%int >a+$tt-0nt uta*$tt, c)a- >$78 e+-e%1+/e a #e+t4

n0)t, Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, , M" ."V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, i, , G4G5" ."V 6aen4i Ru&$+#, c+ii, c+iii,4" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* m* MM" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+ii, 9949M" ." A 3esta inte%.$+(ci</(%<++()& K%e82 A ne7+ecte& .a))a7e in t>e Le)ta, in +he Crusades and other Histori/a 0ssays, -ia&" D" 6";un%$" A* Annees Barenses, 99" ." e)*(m$+ B$emun& It(+i(a 0%-e*0)0%=+"

69E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+i, M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III" !9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4M5" ."V Tan-%0& ett=+

-e*&ve $-i%ataian WTanc%e&u) Du P%ince.) Anti$c>enu)X4-0nt neve*i me7 ma7(t R?>%ic>t2 $eges2ta, " ."" A -$%(i $-i%at$-an mint WP%ince.)X )*e%e.e+, te%1+et me7neve*0)e n0+-1+ uo* 9" ."" ;07a--$% i) La+i+ea c'm*ete) >e%ce7e v$+t"

59

)0%e i%(n8u+< n$%mann .$+iti-a a -e%e)*te) m$*7a+$m >ivata+$) .$+iti-(/(v(" A -e4%e)*t0n8)07 0%&e-eit #e+(+&$*t(- a #%an- -a+an&$%$- 0%&e-eine-" K0)= u78an a.(.a me7(nta e*t a &?nt0)0t, &e a a/ m(% me7t?%t0nt" A n8u7at%<+ /?tt +$va7$-at 0)-?*eme%e-et e78a%(nt )0%tette a c)()*(% 1)*-e)07e, #0+t0-en8e- v$+ta- 7a*&a7)(7(4%a, ) 78ana-$&va n0*te- a*$-%a a -e%e)*t0n8e-%e, a-i- a* (+ta+u- i)me%te-t=+ e+t0%=,0%t>etet+en %'tu)$-at -?vette-, 0) min&e>>e* a n8u7ati e78>(* m$)t (+&()(t a&ta" Et4t=+ -e*&ve, m07 >a a .(.a v(+t$*tat$tt i) (++().$nt/(n, a n8u7atia- i7a*$+tna- 0) >e4+8e)ne- 't0+te- min&en, Bi*(nc e++en i%(n8u+< a-ci<t" A i*(ncia- +e7)?t0te 78anCi4-at +(tt(- ei7a*$+<&ni" A .(.a (+ta+ ve*etett -e%e)*te) m$*7a+$m nem a -e%e)*t0n84)07 me7)e7't0)0t t*te -i c0+u+, >anem a 7(t+()ta+an n8u7ati te%/e)*-e&0) e)*-?*e +ett"E* a )*e%enc)0t+en e78e*)07 B$emun& 0) Pa)*-(+ .(.a -?*?tt )$--a+ in-( e+m0+8'4tette a -e+eti 0) a n8u7ati e78>(* -?*?tti )*a-a&()t, mint anna- i&e/0n Ume%t$ '$4%$) 0) Ke%u++a%i$)* ;i>(+8 .(t%i(%-a vi)*(+8a"

B$emun&$t )*'ve)en #$7a&t(- :%ancia$%)*(7an" E78 &a%ai7 :1+?. -i%(+8 u&va4%(an i&=*?tt, a-i en7e&0+8t a&$tt ne-i, >$78 a -i%(+8)(7an eme%e-et t$$%$**$n aS*ent#?+&%e" É+ve*>ette B+$i) 7%<#n0/a, a +e+-e) A&0+ t(m$7at()(t i), a-it #0%/e -0.vi4)e+t a S*ent#?+&?n" A&0+ emutatta =t #iv0%0ne-, I" Hen%i- an7$+ -i%(+8na-, a-ive+ B$4emun& M >C)v0t/(n m(% ta+(+-$*$tt e78)*e% N$%man&i(an, 0) a-i m$)t t(m$7a4t()t '70%t ne-i" De e*en tC+ A&0+ m07 -itn= >(*a)t(%)4)*?vet)07e)t i) )*e%*ett B$4emun&na- :1+?. -i%(+8 +e(n8a, K$n)tancia, a* e+v(+t c>am.a7ne4i 7%<#n= )*em0+804en" A* e)-1v=%e M -0)= tava)*(n -e%1+t )$%" :1+?. -i%(+8 e+ee78e*ett aa i),>$78 ;$nt#$%t4i Be%t%a&(t<+, >(*a))(7t?%= -a.c)$+at(<+ )*1+etett 6ec'+ia nev -i)e4i- +(n8(t Tan-%0&>$* a&/a #e+e)071+" K$n)tancia )$>a)em uta*$tt -e+et%e, >(*a))(7a0) ?*ve78)07e i&e/0t It(+i(an t?+t?tte" 6ec'+ia a*$nan a* 0v v07e #e+0 e+in&u+t Anti<4->i(a" A #%ancia -i%(+8i >(**a+ )*?v=&= %$-$ni )*(+a- n?ve+t0- a n$%mann >e%ce7e-te-int0+80t"

B$emun& M v070i7 :%ancia$%)*(7an ma%a&t, ma/& >a*at0%t A.u+i(a" Ott te%4ve*7ette -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at(t, ame+8ne- min&en-0..en a i*(nci i%$&a+$m e++eni t(4ma&())a+ -e++ett -e*&=&nie" J< -e&v%e >an7$+t(- a* Anti<->i(<+ 0%-e*= >'%e-" Tan-4%0&$t nem #en8e7ette ve)*0+8, '78 -0n8e+me)en -0)*1+=&>etett" " $-t<e% !40nB$emun& )e%e7e Av+$n(an, a i*(nci i%$&a+$m e.ei%$)*i %0)*0n )*(++t .a%t%a, )n078 na..a+ -0)= $&a0%t Du%a**$ na78 v(%a e+0, ame+8 a Ba+-(n4#0+)*i7et -u+c)av$+t" A n$%mann$- m(% %07en v(78ta- %(, 0) ne78e& )*(*a&&a+ -$%(an %?vi& i&=%eme7 i) )*e%e*t0- ma7u-na-" 6)a->$78 A+ei$)*na- v$+t i&e/e #e+-0)*1+ni" Du%a**$me7ment0)e 0%&e-0en >a/+an&< v$+t #e+(+&$*ni &0+-e+eti >at(%(tV 0-0t -?t?tt Ki+i&*)A%)*+(nna+, 0) *)$+&$)$-at i) #$7a&$tt #e+ t=+e" B$emun& C78 't0+te, >$78 a v(% tC+e%=) 0) tC+ /<+ v0&ett a>>$*, >$78 %$>amma+ e +e>e))en venni, e*0%t >$**(-e*&ett a*$)t%$m>$*" A-(%c)a- a -$%(i, Bi*(nc e++en v'v$tt 1t-?*etei )$%(n, e*Ctta+ i) a ten7e4%i t(m$7at() >i(n8a +ett a v07*ete" A i*(nci #+$tta )*inte a*$nna+ e+v(7ta =t it(+iai

70O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QI, " -?t" 45" ."V Su7e%2 Vita Ludo%i/i, !45" ."V Chroni/on !* Ma:entii, 5"."V Chroni/on Vindo/inense, M4M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , 9" ."V Anna K$mn0n0, QII, i, , 5" -?t"95" ." K$n)tancia 0) B$emun& >(*a))(7(%a uc>ai%e Louis V1 e 3ros, " ." )*e%int M (.%i+i)(anva78 m(/u)(an -e%1+t )$%" 6ec'+ia va+<)*'n+e7 e* ut(n a* i&=.$nt ut(n in&u+t e+ -e+et%e, a* = e)-1v=4 /0t va+amive+ -0)= 1+>ett0- me7, )*int0n M4an" E&e))*ai ;(t0 i* h* )*e%int B$emun& )*1-)07=+

vett e+ e78 7a*&a7 >?+78et, a-it = P$+4i I)tv(n #e+e)070ne- ta%t ?))*e-eve%i 6>am.a7ne4i Hu7<t SaintP$+4i Hu7< -e%e)*te) vit0**e+, a-i B$em$n& e78i- a%(t/a v$+t" A >?+78 e?%t?n?*te =t, am'7 e+enem e78e*ett a >(*a))(7a, )*'ve)een t0%t v$+na vi))*a a Ke+et%e"

5M

-a.c)$+atait<+, 0) +$-(& a+( vette a ten7e%.a%t$t" A tava)* -?*e+e&t0ve+ a*ut(n a i4*(nci #=)e%e7 i) e-e%'tette" A n8(% e-?)*?nte-$% m(% v0%>a), ma+(%ia 0) 0>'n)0778en7'tette a n$%mann$-at, A+ei$)* .e&i7 C78 i78e-e*ett me7t?%ni =-et, >$78 -14+?n#0+e >'%e-et te%/e)*tett, 0) >ami)'t$tt +eve+e-et -1+&?tt a n$%mann ve*0%e-ne-";e)te%-e&0)ei%=+ +e(n8a, Anna K$mn0n0 )*e%et= c)$&(+atta+ em+0-e*i- me7" S*e.4teme%en B$emun& m(% e+(tta, >$78 ve)*'tett, 0) me7a&ta ma7(t a c)()*(%na-"Na78 &ia&a+ v$+t e* Bi*(nc )*(m(%a, >i)*en a--$%ian B$emun& v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8 vi4+(7 +e7i)me%te >a%c$)a" E -iv(+< >=) +(tv(n8a, a-i #i*i-ai+a7 u78an a c)()*(% #?+0t$%n8$)u+t, m07i) A+ei$)* #e+t0te+eine- en7e&e+me)-e&ve, e)en7ve (++t e+=tte, min4&en-i )*(m(%a #e+e&>etet+en1+ tanC)'t$tta a c)()*(%)(7 +e78=*>etet+en #e+)070t"

A+ei$)* a t($%(an #$7a&ta B$emun&$t a Dev$++i #$+8< )*u%&$-(na- e/(%at(n(+"U&va%ia) v$+t ve+e, &e >i&e7, 0) nem ve)*te7ette a* i&=t, >anem e+0e tette a* a+('%an4&< 0-e)*e%*=&0)t" B$emun& e+=)*?% >a$*$tt, &e Ni-0.>$%$)* B%1enni$)*, AnnaK$mn0n0 #0%/e, a-i a.<)a )*-e -?%n8e*et0>e* ta%t$*$tt, me778=*te a%%<+, >$78ninc) m() v(+a)*t()a"

A )*e%*=&0) te+/e) )*?ve70t me7=%i*te )*(mun-%a Anna K$mn0n0 Ae:iásza" E+=4)*?% i) B$emun&na- me7 -e++ett (nnia, >$78 me7)*e7te a c)()*(%na- tett e+)= e)-14

/0t" A*ut(n 1nne.0+8e)en me7 -e++ett e)-1&nie, >$78 a c)()*(% 0) ?%?-?)e, B'$%an4)*1+etett J(n$) va*a++u)a 0) >0%e)e +e)*, 0) min&en eme%0t a%%a #$7/a -?te+e*ni,>$78 >a)$n+<an c)e+e-e&/0-" A #0+%e0%t0)e- e+-e%1+0)e v07ett a >0%e) )*< +atin me74#e+e+=/0t >a)*n(+t(-, ) %0)*+ete)en #e+)$%$+t(- -?te+e))07eit" B$emun& Anti<->ia >e%4ce7e ma%a&t, a v(%$)t a*$nan a c)()*(% nev0en -e++ett -$%m(n8$*nia" A >e%ce7)074>e* ta%t$*$tt Anti<->ia v(%$)a, S*ent Sime$n -i-?t=/e ) a* 0)*a-%a #e-v= te%1+ete-,e70)*en ;a%a)i7" A >e%ce7)07et n?ve+te min&en #?+&, ame+8et B$emun& e+ tu&$tt ><4&'tani a* a+e..at$tt a %u.eni&a ?%m0n8 >e%ce7e- te%1+etei>e*" A )*e%*=&0)>e* #177e+0-c)at+a-$*$tt, ame+8 #e+)$%$+ta a B$emun& i%t$-(t a+-$t< v(%$)$-at" A >e%ce7)07ene+1+ B$emun&0 v$+t a .$+7(%$- #e+etti >ata+$m, &e a +atin .(t%i(%-(t 7?%?77e+ -e++ett>e+8ette)'teni" A* $-m(n8 -1+?n int0*-e&0)e-et ta%ta+ma*$tt a%%a a* e)et%e, >a Tan-4%0& va78 (%-i m() B$emun& eme%ei -?*1+ me7ta7a&n( a )*e%*=&0) #e+t0te+eine- ati)*te+eten ta%t()(t, een a* e)eten ma7(na- B$emun&na- -e++ett en7e&e+me))074%e '%nia a* i++et=t"

A Dev$++i4)*e%*=&0) a*0%t 0%&e-e), me%t -i&e%1+ e+=+e, >$78 A+ei$)* >$78an .%<4(+ta me7$+&ani a -e%e)*te)e- $-$*ta 7$n&/ait" K0)* v$+t (ten7e&ni ne-i- a >at(%vi4&0-e-et, m07 Anti<->i(t i) e78 +atin >e%ce7 aut$n<m te%1+et0v0 v(+t$*tatta, a**a+ a#e+t0te++e+, >a a* $ttani u%a+-$&< a +atin )*$-() )*e%int >0%i -?te+0--e+ -a.c)$+<&i->$**(, 0) Bi*(nc -?*vetetten a* e78>(*$n -e%e)*t1+ t$v(%a i) e++en=%*i a te%1+etet"A+ei$)* e*en -'v1+ #e+e+=)ne- 0%e*te ma7(t a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07 )$%)(0%t, ) e*0%tm07 a%%a i) v$+t 7$n&/a, >$78 )$- a/t -eve%= 0) e78(+ta+(n nem -e*e) ?%m0n8 a+att4va+<it, a %u.eni&(-at i) v0&e+m0e ve78e" Ám a )*e%*=&0) c)a- '%$tt )*< ma%a&t"

B$emun&$t a*$nan me7t?%te, 0) )$>a t?0 nem me%0)*-e&ett Ke+et%e" ;e7a+(*4va, >ite+0t ve)*tve vi))*av$nu+t a.u+iai i%t$-ai%a" 4en >a+t me7, /e+ent0-te+enit(+iai >e%ce7-0nt" :%ancia >(*a))(7(<+ -0t -i)#iC )*1+etett, =- ?%?-?+t0- anti<->iai

71Anna K$mn0n0, QII, iv, 45, viii, I4i, , QIII, ii, I4ii, G, 5" -?t" M4M9", 4G9", !45!" ." ()& 6>a4+an&$n2 i* m* 549" ."

5

/$7ait" B$emun& na78)*e% -at$na v$+t, e%0+8e) 0) me%0)* >a&ve*0%, eme%ei )*em04en va+<)(7$) >=)" S*em0+8i)07e e+>$m(+8$)'t$tta a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atan %0)*tvett t(%)ait" L(t+()ta+an ec)v(78a a*$nan v071+ u-()(>$* ve*etett" ;07 nem 0%ett

me7 a* i&= a%%a, >$78 a -e%e)*te)e- e+.u)*t't)(-a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07 v0&=()t8(/(t"

A+ei$)* na78$n /<+ +(tta, >$78 a Dev$++i4)*e%4*=&0) me7va+<)'t()(>$* Tan-%0& e781ttm-?&04)e i) )*1-)07e)" Tan-%0&ne- .e&i7 F a-it nem na478$n )C/t$tt +e, >$78 a na78(t8/a nem avat-$4*$tt t?0 a -e+eti 178e-e F, nem (++t )*(n&0-(4an a c)()*(% va*a++u)(v( +enni" Bec)v(78a nem0%t #e+ B$emun&0va+, &e e%=), #177et+en >e%ce7)047et a-a%t +0t%e>$*ni" Ki+(t()ta+an >e+8*eten v$+t"B$emun&t<+ tC+ -ev0) eme%t ?%?-?+t, 0) )*inte)emmi -0)*.0n*t" Enne- e++en0%e e+>at(%$*ta,>$78 t(ma&" Anti<->ia 7a*&a7 -e%e)-e&=it=+-?+c)?nt e%=)*a-$+t -i, #e+t?+t?tte .0n*e)+(&(it,'78 *)$+&$)$-at tu&$tt #$7a&ni" Ö))*e)*e&te an0+-1+?*>et= +$va7$-at Tu%e))*e+=+, E&e))*(4

<+ 0) a* anti<->iai te%1+ete-%=+" 9 tava)*(n A%ta vi))*av0te+0%e in&u+t" A+e..<iRi&v(n a%%a -0)*1+t, >$78 me7)e7't)e a BanC Amm(% -+(nt a &0+e%e 0+= #%an-$- e+4+eni -1*&e+m1-en, ami-$% a*$nan >'%1+ vette Tan-%0& -?*e+e&0)0t, vi))*a#$%&u+tA%ta me7v0&0)0%e" A -0t )e%e7 Ti*inn0+, A%ta -?*e+0en c)a.$tt ?))*e, -?ve--e+ te+i)'-)(7$n" Tan-%0&$t me7%0mi)*tett0- a t?%?- )e%e7 m0%etei, 0) t(%78a+()$-at /ava)$+tRi&v(nna-" Ri&v(n e+e i) e78e*ett v$+na, &e +$va).a%anc)n$-a, S*aava me778=*tea* a*$nna+i t(ma&() e+=n8ei%=+" A ta+a/ nem tette +e>et=v0, >$78 a t?%?-?- a )*$-()$)ta-ti-(/u-at a+-a+ma**(-" Ami-$% e+)= +$va)%$>amu-at a #%an-$- vi))*ave%t0-, vi)*4)*a#$%&u+ta-, >$78 ma7u- ut(n c)a+/(- a* e++en)07et, &e nem )i-e%1+t i)m0t c)ata)$%4a (++niu- a m()$&i- %$>am%a, 0) a #%an- +$va))(7 -?*en +ev(7ta a t?%?- 78a+$7)(47$t" A t?%?-?-et me7i/e)*tette ta-ti-(/u- c)=&/e" Ri&v(n 0) te)t=%ei A+e..< #e+0 +$va47$+ta-, a +$va))(7 a n8$mu-a e%e&t" A ma%a&0-$t 0) a 78a+$7$) -at$n(-at a #%an-$-+em0)*(%$+t(- a c)atame*=n"

A 78=*e+em +e>et=v0 tette, >$78 Tan-%0& vi))*a#$7+a+/a a* e+=*= 0ven e+ve)*'tettte%1+ete-et" A )*e+&*)u- >e+8=%)07 >(t%a>a78ta ne-i A%t(t, mi-?*en c)a.atai 1+&?4*=e vett0- a* e++en)07et, 0) A+e..<i7 -?vett0- =-et, a>$+ )$- v(%$)+a-<t i) +em0)*(4%$+ta-, amint 0.. %0m1+ten mene-1+te- v(%$)u-<+" Ri&v(n 0-0t -0%t" Be+ee78e*ettaa, >$78 #e+a&/a a* O%$nt0)* v?+780en +ev= te%1+eteit, ) >$78 %en&)*e%e)en a&<t #i4*et Tan-%0&na-" 9 v070%e Tan-%0& i%t$-ai &0+en i)m0t A+a%(i7 0) ;aa%%at an4Num(ni7 n8C+ta-"5

M #e%u(%/(an a #%an-$--a+ e78(+ta+(n nem a%(t)(7ta+an Ha+a# in ;u+(i$t,A.amea em'%/0t #anati-u) a+e..<ia- me778i+-$+t(-" A 78i+-$)$- a*ut(n ?))*eve)*te-a v(%$)$n e+1+i e78et+en )*?vet)07e)1--e+, AC+ :at>ta+, a-i e--$% a v(%$)t -$%m(4

72A -1+?n?*= -%<ni-(- m() 0) m() i&=.$nt$-%a te)*i- B$emun& >a+(+(t" Re8 Histoire des &rin/esd'Antio/he, 55" ." 0) Ha7enme8e% i* h* !G" ." e78a%(nt t(%78a+/a a* i&=.$nt -0%&0)0t, 0) " 0vet

ta%t/a a >e+8e) &(tumna- m(%ciu) M4a a Re8 (+ta+ i&0*ett Né/roogie de 'A""aye de Moesme )*e%int"736aen4i Ru&$+#, c+iv, 49" .", Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, , M4M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M!4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 4G" ."

5G

Keresztesek és szeldzsuk t<r<k<khar:a

n8$*ta, ) m$)t Ri&v(nt<+ -0%te- )e7't)07et" A >e+8e+i ?%m0n8e- Tan-%0&$t >'vt(-,a-i /< +e>et=)07et +(t$tt a eavat-$*()an" D0+%e v$nu+t, 0) me7-e*&te a v(%$) $)t%$4m(t" AC+ :at> a*$nan >e+8%e(++'t$tta a %en&et, a )ai*a%i 0) a >am(i em'% )e7't)07et'70%t ne-i" Tan-%0& >(%$m >0tte+ -0)= -0n8te+en v$+t vi))*av$nu+ni, ) a*t a ma78a4%(*at$t a&ta, >$78 a +ata-iai >e+8=%)07 )e7't)070%e -e++ )ietnie, me%t ti*enn8$+c >avii*(nci $)t%$m ut(n ata-i(t a* 0>'n)07 #en8e7ette" Tan-%0& i)m0t e++(tta 0+e+emme+ata-i(t, ma/& vi))*at0%t Anti<->i(a" N0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= ;u)*i+i in ;u+(4i, Ha+a# e78i- #ia, a-i e+-e%1+te a./a )$%)(t, -?%1+e+1+ )*(* eme%%e+ me7/e+ent Anti4<->i(an, 0) %(vette Tan-%0&$t, >$78 i)m0t t(ma&/a me7 A.ame(t ;u)*i+i )e7't)0470ve+ Tan-%0& i)m0t me7t(ma&ta a v(%$)t, -?%1+?tte (%-$t ()$tt, >$78 a -i4 0) e/(4%()t me7a-a&(+8$**a" A )*$m)*0&$) em'%e- nem )iette- AC+ :at> )e7't)070%e, 0) n04>(n8 >0t ut(n, M" )*e.teme% 40n a mu)*+im$- me7a&t(- ma7u-at, c)a- a*t -0%4t0-, >$78 -'m0+/0- me7 a* 0+et1-et" Tan-%0& ee e+ee78e*ett, ) ev$nu+t a v(%a,a>$+ ;u)*i> -e&v00%t -iv07e*tette AC+ :at>$t 0) >(%$m t(%)(t" A t?i >e+8i e+=-e4+=)07et Anti<->i(a vitette, a>$nnan v071+ Ri&v(n v(+t$tta -i =-et" A.amea #%an--$%m(n8*<t -a.$tt, ;u)*i> .e&i7 e78 i%t$-$t a -?%n80-en" Nem )$--a+ -0)= a#%an-$- vi))*a#$7+a+t(- Ka#a%ta$t, 0) e78 Te$#i+ nev +$va7%a '*t(-, a-i nem)$-(%aa* ai*a%i mu)*+im$- %0me +ett"9

;iut(n i*t$)'t$tta -e+eti 0) &0+i >at(%ait, Tan-%0& i)m0t +e778+?+te e++en)07e,Bi*(nc e++en #$%&u+t" n8a%(n, ami-$% -1)*??n (++t B$emun& t(ma&()a Bi*(nceu%<.ai ta%t$m(n8ai e++en, A+ei$)*na- c)a.at$-at -e++ett -iv$nnia a )*'% >at(%%<+,>$78 a +e7na78$ ve)*0++8e+ )*eme)*(++>a))$n" 3i))*a>'vta >(t ata-i(<+ Kanta4-u*0n$)*t, 0) Ki+i-i(<+ ;$na)*t%a)*t" Ki+i-i(t O)in ?%m0n8 >e%ce7%e, am.i$n u%(%a'*ta" G te+0n va78 ! e+e/0n, nem )$--a+ B$emun& e.ei%$)*i me7a+(*tat()aut(n, Tan-%0& me7t(ma&ta Ki+i-i(t" A c)()*(%t me7c)a+ta eme%i)me%ete" O)in na478$n e+=-e+= c)a+(&<+ )*(%ma*$tt, i#/C -$%(an (t$%)(7a %0v0n na78 >'%n0v%e tett)*e%t" ;$)tan%a a*$nan .$m.a-e&ve+= 0) +u)ta +ett" Ki+i-ia -u+c)a a D*)i>(n #$+8<.a%t/(n (++< ;ami)*t%a v(%a v$+t" Ami-$% Tan-%0& )e%e7e a* Aman$)* >e78+(nc$n 0)a #$+8<n (t -?*e+e&ett a v(%$) $)t%$m(%a, O)in me7 )em -')0%e+te #e+ta%t<*tatni" ;a4mi)*t%a %?vi& $)t%$m ut(n e+e)ett, 0) a %(-?vet-e*= ><na.$-an Tan-%0& i)m0t -ite%4

/e)*tette >ata+m(t A&an(%a 0) Ta%)*$)*%a, >a(% Ki+i-ia n8u7ati %0)*e a c)()*(%0 ma4%a&t" O)in vi))*av$nu+t a Tau%u)*an e+te%1+= i%t$-ai%a"M

ata-i(t m(% vi))*a><&'t$tt(-" E70)*en a&&i7 a n$%mann$- na78$n )*enve&te- aten7e%i #+$tta >i(n8a miatt" ;$)t a*$nan a i*(nci >a/<>a& a* A&%i(n t?m?%1+t, 0)Tan-%0& #e+#$7a&$tt e78 .i)ai >a/<%a/t" Pi)a #i*et)07-0..en e78 utc(t -0%t ma7(na-Anti<->i(an 0) e78 v(%$)ne78e&et ata-i(an, tem.+$mma+, %a-t(%%a+" Pet*ea)*na-,a-i Kanta-u*0n$)*t -?vette $tt a .a%anc)n$-i ti)*t)07en, nem v$+t e%e/e e++en(++ni"G tava)*(n v071+ ata-ia a* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07 %0)*e +ett" A -?vet-e*= 0ven

74In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* h*, Zettersteen ,rónika, " ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 95" .", Aa4c>eni A+e%t, Q, 45", M5!4M" ." A+e%t a*t (++'t/a, >$78 AC+ :at>, a-it = WB$t>e%u)X4na- >'v, ?+teme7 a* em'%t"

75In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5" .", Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!49!9" ."76

Anna K$mn0n0, QII, ii, 4, 5" -?t" 9M49!" ., T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q, 5, M594M5M" ." +()& m07 R?>%ic>t2$egesta, " ." 0) ;u%at$%i2 Anti4uitaies 1tai/ae, , !94!M" .", Tan-%0&na- a .i)aia--a+ -?t?tt e78e*)0470%=+"

5!

Tan-%0& m07 &0+e%e te%/e)*tette -i a >e%ce7)07 >at(%ait, e+#$7+a+ta D*)aa+(t, Bu+4uni/()*t, ;a%-a v(%(t, a anC amm(% t?%*) #e+$m+< i%$&a+ma %0)*eit"

78 ami-$% B$emun& me7a&ta ma7(t a c)()*(%na- 0) #e+a&ta #177et+en)070t, Tan-4%0& 0..en >ata+ma c)Cc)(n v$+t, 0) )emmi-0..en )em )*(n&0-$*$tt a c)()*(% .a%an4c)aina- en7e&e+me)-e&ni" A Tau%u)*4>e78)07t=+ a D*)a*'%(i7 0) S*'%ia -?*0.)= %04)*0i7 = v$+t a +e7#= te-int0+8" Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a u%a v$+t, i7a*, >$78 c)a- %07en4)i min=)07en, &e B$emun& imm(% >ite+0t ve)*'tve It(+i(an 0+&e70+t, 0) nem i) a-a%tvi))*at0%ni Ke+et%e, Ba+&uin 7%<# .e&i7 t?%?- #$7)(7an )'n8+=&?tt, 0) Tan-%0& nem)$-at tett -i)*aa&'t()a 0%&e-0en" A+e..< u%a 78a-$%+ati+a7 Tan-%0& va*a++u)a v$+t,0) a )*$m)*0&$) em'%e- nem me%te- Tan-%0&%a t(ma&ni" Dac$+ni me%t a c)()*(%$--$n)tantin(.$+8i ut<&aiva+ i)V ami-$% a c)()*(% -?vetei Anti<->i(a /?tte-, >$78 em4+0-e*te))0- na78(t8/a '70%etei%e, #enn>0/(*< m<&$n (nt ve+1-" Ki/e+entette, >$78 =Ninu), a Na78 A))*'%, a* a* <%i(), a-ine- )en-i )em (++>at e++en"G

Ám a #enn>0/(*()na- i) vanna- >at(%ai" Tan-%0& min&en &ic)=)07e &ac(%a $+8aneme% v$+t, a-ien nem '*ta- me7, ) a-it nem )*e%ette-" Hata+m(t 0..en -e%e)*te)t(%)ai v$nt(- -0t)07e, 0) )emmi)'tett0- me7"

77

Da+ B$%7$2 .ipomata &isana, G94!" ." ()& He8&2 Histoire du Commer/e du Le%ant, " -?t" 94M"."78Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, ii, 549, 5" -?t" 4G" ."

. %e&e'et

TB+B-e ,- T)2C+2-'

+=i'an#n ékessége h#zzád jő. /Izajás 0213

A*$- -?*?tt a na78u%a- -?*?tt, a-i- !M4an -e+te- Ct%a, >$78 %0)*t ve78ene- a*e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atan, T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& 7%<# v$+t a +e77a*&a7a 0) +e7/e+en4

t=)e, )$-an a*t v(%t(-, >$78 = #$7/a ve*etni a m$*7a+mat" Öt 0v e+te+t0ve+ a +e7/e4+ent0-te+ene -e%e)*te)e- -?*0 ta%t$*$tt" 6)a- ma7(t >i(*tat>atta" Nem v$+t )emm$><, )em ec)v(78< t(%)ain(+, &e >iC)(7a )*emetn=0 tette >i(it" A+ei4$)* c)()*(%>$* > .$+iti-(/a e%e&en&=en ti)*te))070n 0) e+=%e+(t< (++am#0%#iCi te>et)0470n a+a.u+t, &e #%an- t(%)ai )*em0en (%u+()na- tnt, 0) nem )$- /<t >$*$tt %(" A c)(4)*(% >ama%$)an %(/?tt, >$78 va+</(an nem )*(m't>at Ra/mun& a%(t)(7(%a" K?vet=iti)*te+t0- a 7%<#$t m0+8 va++()$))(7a miatt, &e nem v$+t >ata+ma #e+ett1-" A* e+)= -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%at a+-a+m(va+ a* = a-a%atu- e+=tt >a/$+t me7, ami-$% e+in&u+t Je%u*)(4+emeV a* " e)*ten&= c)a.()ai .e&i7 me7mutatt(-, >$78 nem v$+t a+-a+ma) >a&4

/(%at i%(n8't()(%a" A--$% /ut$tt e+ a me7a+(*tat()$- +e7m0+8e .$nt/(%a, ami-$% an(+a i#/a -e%e)*te) ve*0%, Tan-%0& e+#$7atta" N$>a Tan-%0& e c)e+e-e&et0ve+ +(a+ti.$%ta a ven&07+(t() 0) a ec)1+et )*a(+8ait, 0) m0+8en me7)0%tette a -?*v0+em0n8t,Ra/mun& m07)em )*aa&u+>at$tt me7 a #$7)(7<+, m'7 '%()an +e nem m$n&$ttÉ)*a-4S*'%i(%a #$%m(+t /$7ai%<+, ) minte78 me++0-e)en me7 nem )emmi)'tette a c)(4)*(%%a+ -?t?tt e78e*)07e a+a./ait i)"! Ra/mun& a*$nan -ita%t< v$+t" :$7a&a+mat tett,>$78 v07+e7 Ke+eten ma%a&" :$7a&a+m(t me7 a-a%ta ta%tani 0) -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78min&en(%$n #e/e&e+em)07et )*e%e**en ma7(na-"

3$+t e78 $+8an te%1+et -e+eten, ame+8et #e+t0t+en1+ me7 -e++ett ><&'taniu- a -e%e)*4t0n8e-ne-, >a me7 a-a%t(- =%i*ni -e+eti #$7+a+()ai-at" Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a #%an-/ait

/e%u*)(+emi te)tv0%ei-t=+ a mu)*+im emi%(tu)$- )(v/a v(+a)*t$tta e+" E*e- -?*?tt a+e7/e+ent=)e a anC amm(% t?%*) T%i.$+i)* )*0->e+8 emi%(tu)a v$+t" A t?%*) #e/e,:a>% a+4;u+- AC A+' -(&i a 0-e eme%e v$+t" 3i)*$n8+a7 -i) )e%e70ve+ 7a*&a7 vi&04-en u%a+-$&$tt" Na78$n 178e)en, (% min&en -?vet-e*ete))07 >'/(n man=ve%e*ett)*$m)*0&ai -?*?tt, 0) me7=%i*te in7ata7 #177et+en)070t" 6)a- +e7v07)= e)eten )*(4m't$tt a* a+4;in( #0+)*i7eten e+te%1+= #=v(%$)e%=&%e" Ha #%an-$- 0%te- i%t$-ai -?*e4+0e, min&i7 a%(t)(7$) v$+t ve+1-" A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at %0)*tvev=it 0+e+emme++(tta e+, ) nem )*(++t )*eme a--$% )em a #%an- ve*0%e--e+, ami-$% a*$- A%-(t $)t%$4m$+t(-" Ha)*n$) )e7't)07et n8C/t$tt B$u+$7ne4i Ba+&uinna-, ami-$% e*e% ve)*0+8 -?4*e.ette e+in&u+t, >$78 a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 -$%$n(/(t me7)*e%e**e" Ami-$% a*t(na -e%e)*te)e- t$v(mente-, a -(&i )*0. c)en&e)en vi))*a#$7+a+ta a -e%e)*te)e- (+ta+

79()& e m II" -?t" !" ."

-$%(an m(% e+#$7+a+t T$%t$)*(t 0) ;a%a-+e(t" 78 a* e70)* .a%ti Ctv$na+at e++en=%i*4te ata-i(t<+ 0) D*)aa+(t<+ a #(timi&a #enn>at<)(7 a+att (++< Be/%Cti7"G

A* É)*a-4S*'%i(<+ Pa+e)*tin(a ve*et= m()i- Ct a* O%$nt0)* v?+780n >a+a&t (t,0%intette Sai*a%t, a mun-i&i&(- v(%$)(t, Ham(t, ame+8 Ri&v(n>$* v$+t > 0) Hum4)*$t, a>$+ Ri&v(n m$)t$>aa./a, D*)ana a&4Dau+a u%a+-$&$tt" Itt a* Ct -0t#e+0 (7a*$tt"A* e78i- Ct, ame+8en Ra/mun& v$nu+t v07i7 a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n, Bu-ai(4n(+ T%i.$+i)* 0) a ten7e%.a%t #e+0 ta%t$tt, a m()i- e78ene)en ment t$v(, 0) a Da4ma)*-u)*>$* ta%t$*< Baa+e-et 0%intve e+ve*etett a J$%&(n #$%%()vi&0-0i7"

Ra/mun&, a-i )$)em v$+t -i)>it, m$)t a%%a 7$n&$+t, >$78 e78 $+8an >e%ce7)07et-e++ene a+a.'tania, ame+8 u%a+ma a+att ta%tan( min& a .a%ti Ctv$na+at, min& a* O%$n4t0)* v?+780t" :=v(%$)na- Hum)*$t )*eme+te -i, ame+8et a -e%e)*te)e- a 6>ame++e4ne- >'vta-" Ám e+)= +0.0)-0nt a .a%t menti v(%$)$-at a-a%ta me7)*e%e*ni" E &?nt0)04en va+<)*'n+e7 )*e%e.et /(t)*$tt, >$78 een a* i&=en 7en$vai >a/<- (++ta- a )*$+47(+at(an" v070n, ami-$% -i)*aa&u+t Tan-%0& #$7)(7(<+, e+in&u+t Je%u*)(+em#e+0 a* " e)*ten&= n0>(n8 neve) tC+0+=/0ve+, B+$i)4i I)tv(nna+, a a/$% e+##e+,A[uit(niai 3i+m$))a+ 0) eme%ei--e+2 min&ann8ian )*e%ette- v$+na e+*a%(n&$-$+ni aS*ent 3(%$)a" ata-i(n(+ c)at+a-$*$tt Ra/mun&>$* a #e+e)07e, $&a0%-e*te- a -at$4n(i, 0) e781tt mente- T$%t$)*(a" A* a -i) 7en$vai #+$tta, ame+8ne- a )e7't)070%e Ra/4mun& )*(m't$tt, -int >$%7$n8*$tt a ten7e%en, ami-$% Ra/mun& a v(%$) #a+ai a+( 0%t" A-ett=) #en8e7et0) >at()(%a a .a%anc)n$- nem (++t e++en" Ra/mun& #e%u(% &e%e-(n e4v$nu+t T$%t$)*(a, 0) t(%)ai min&en vita n0+-1+ ne-i 't0+t0- a v(%$)t" A%%a )*(m't$t4ta-, >$78 e*e- ut(n i) ve+1- uta*i- t$v( Je%u*)(+em #e+0, Ra/mun& a*$nan e*tme7ta7a&ta" T(%)ai #e+&1>?&te-, 0) 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e% )*e%int -(%$m+< )*ava--a+ i+4+ett0-" Ra/mun& a*$nan e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 T$%t$)*a +e)* C/ i%t$-ai -?*.$nt/a" 3071+a t?ie- e+Cc)C*ta- t=+e 0) t$v( mente- &0+ #e+0"G

Ra/mun& nem tit-$+ta te%veitV a mu)*+im vi+(7 #e+$+8&u+t" :a>% a+4;u+- #i78e+4me*tette a >um)*i em'%t 0) a &ama)*-u)*i Du-(-$t" Ami-$% a*$nan Ra/mun& me74

/e+ent T%i.$+i)* #a+ai a+att, -i&e%1+t, >$78 c)a- >(%$m)*(* eme%e van" A mu)*+im$-e+0%-e*ettne- +(tt(- a* i&=t, >$78 me7)emmi)'t)0-" Du-(- -i(++'t$tt -0te*e% +$va)t,D*)ana a&4Dau+a u78anann8it, 0) ?))*e)*e&t0- a anC amm(% t?%*) e70)* >a&e%e/0t"Ami-$% v071+ )*emen (++ta- a T%i.$+i)* a+atti )'-$n, a mu)*+im )e%e7 >C))*$% na478$ v$+t a Ra/mun&0n(+"

Ra/mun&%<+ nem )$-at )*<+na- a -e%e)*te)e- -%<ni-()ai" A* a%a In a+4A)*'%t<+i)me%/1- anna- a %en&-'v1+i c)at(na- a +e'%()(t, ame+8 T%i.$+i)*n(+ +e*a/+$tt" Ra/4mun& )*(* eme%0t (++'t$tta )*eme a &ama)*-u)*ia--a+, )*(*at a anC amm(% t?%*)4e+ie- e++en -1+&?tt, ?tvenet a >um)*ia- e++en, 0) a ma%a&0- ?tven a te)t=%)070t a+-$t4ta"

A >um)*i -at$n(- -e*&t0- a t(ma&()t, ) ami-$% nem a%atta- )i-e%t, me7%0m1+te-":0+e+m1- (tte%/e&t a &ama)*-u)*i c)a.at$-%a i)" A t%i.$+i)*ia- t? )i-e%%e+ /(%ta-, )Ra/mun& F +(tva a t?ie- mene-1+0)0t F a* e70)* )e%e70t e++en1- in&'t$tta" E* tC+na78 me7%(*-<&tat()t /e+entett a t%i.$+i)*ia- )*(m(%a, =- i) )a%-$n #$%&u+ta- 0) me4ne-1+te-" E--$% a #%an- +$va))(7 v07i7)?.?%t a c)atame*=n, +em0)*(%$+t min&en

80()& e m II" -?t" " .", 0) m07 S$e%>eim, WIn Amma%X )*<ci--e in Enc8c+$.ae&ia $# I)+am"

Du-(- #ia, Bu%i me7-a.ta a >e+8e+i )e/-t=+ D*)aa+(t, &e e*t :a>% a+4;u+- nem >a78ta /<v("816>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, vii, 4, 55459" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, 3III, 5, 9G5" ."V 6a##a%$2 Li"eratio, M!"." a*t m$n&/a, >$78 e78 7en$vai #+$tta )e7'tett"

mu)*+im$t, a-i nem tu&$tt e+mene-1+ni" A* a%a t?%t0net'%< ec)+0)e )*e%int >0te*e%>itte)tv0%e ve)*ett $&a"

A 78=*e+em nemc)a- >e+8%e(++'t$tta Ra/mun& >'%nev0t, &e i*t$)'t$tta +ian$nii%t$-a #ennma%a&()(t i)" Se%e7e a*$nan -ic)in8 v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a T%i.$4+i)*t, a* a+4;in( #0+)*i7eten e+te%1+= >ata+ma) e%=&?t" Ra/mun& .0n*en 0) +$va-anna78 a&<t )*e&ett e, ma/& vi))*at0%t T$%t$)*(a, >$78 -ite%ve+/e -?vet-e*= >a&/(%a4t(t"G

H<na.$-at t?+t?tt a**a+, >$78 me7)*e%ve*te a* 0+etet T$%t$)*a -?%n80-0n" 5 ta4va)*(n e+in&u+t Bu-aia me7><&'t()(%a, ami )*1-)07e) +0.0) v$+t, >a e+ a-a%ta )*i7e4te+ni T%i.$+i)*t, ) >a a* O%$nt0)* #e+0 a-a%t t$v( te%/e)*-e&ni" Nem )i-e%1+t me7+e4.et0))*e% t(ma&())a+ e+#$7+a+nia Tu(n v(%(t a v?+78 0)*a--e+eti e/(%at(n(+, t?%et4+en -e&vve+ +(t$tt >$**( a*$nan Ka+at a+4Hu)*n $)t%$m(>$*" E* a #0+e+mete) v(%u%a+ta a* e70)* )'-)(7$t, ) !!4en a c)a.atai e78)*e% m(% e78 >0t%e e+ i) #$7+a+t(-" Av(%a- a >um)*i D*)ana a&4Dau+(>$* ta%t$*ta-, a-i nem en7e&>ette me7 a* e+ve)*t04)1-et" Se%e7et )*e%ve*ett a v(%a- vi))*av0te+0%e" E78 na.$n a*$nan, ami-$% e+>a784ta a >um)*i na78 mec)etet, a>$+ 78=*e+em0%t im(&-$*$tt, >(%$m a)*a)*in me778i+4-$+ta" Ha+(+a #e+#$%&u+()t $-$*$tt a v(%$)an" Ra/mun& a*$nna+ #0+e>a78ta Ka+at a+4Hu)*n $)t%$m(t, 0) e+in&u+t, >$78 >a)*n$t >C**$n a #e/et+en)07=+" A -?*v0+em0n8)*e%int a 78i+-$))(7$t Ri&v(n 0%encei >a/t$tt(- v07%e, me%t Ri&v(n )$>a)em $c)(4t$tta me7 a* (+&$*atna-, >$78 >(%$m 0vve+ -$%(an 0..en a--$% t(ma&t %(, ami-$%a* anti<->iai #%an-$- e++en -1*&?tt" D*)ana ?*ve78e, a-i Ri&v(n an8/a v$+t, me7i/e&tRa/mun& -?*e+e&t0ne- >'%0t=+, A+e..<a 1*ent, ) #e+a/(n+$tta a v(%$)t Ri&v(nna-"D*)anna tan(c)$)ai nem (++ta- a* ?*ve78 me++0, >anem a &ama)*-u)*i Du-(-t<+ v(%4t(- a me7$+&()t" Du-(- T$7te-in ata077e+ e781tt )*em0+8e)en )ietett $&a, (tvette,ma/& %('*ta a v(%$) i%(n8't()(t T$7te-in%e" Ra/mun& ve+e nem ve>ette #e+ a >a%c$t, )'78 vi))*at0%t a .a%tvi&0-%e"G5

T$%t$)*(a 0%ve me7tu&ta, >$78 ata-i(an e78 ne78ven e78)07=+ (++< 7en$vai>a/<%a/ >$%7$n8*$tt" A*$nna+ #e+#$7a&ta =-et, >$78 me7t(ma&>a))a T%i.$+i)*t" A t(4ma&() -u&a%c$t va++$tt, '78 a )*?vet)07e)e- &0+%e #$%&u+ta-, 0) e+#$7+a+t(- D*)aai+va78 D*)ie+et -i-?t=/0t, a* <-$%i B1+$)*t" A 7en$vaia- /uta+ma a v(%$) e78>a%ma&a+ett"G Ra/mun& a*$nan e+)*(nta ma7(t, >$78 eve)*i T%i.$+i)*t" 5 ut$+)< ><na.4

/aian t($%t ve%t a -1+v(%$)$-an, 0) minte78 >(%$m m0%#?+&&e+ e+/e, e78 eme+4-e&=n, e78 na78 v(% 0.'t0)0e -e*&ett" Nem )$--a+ -$%(an F >$78 a i*(ncia--e&v0en /(%/$n F me7.%<(+ta e+-e%7etni ata-i(<+ Tan-%0&$t" 6)e%0e a i*(ncia-e++(tt(- 6i.%u)%<+ a )*1-)07e) 0.'t=an8a7$--a+ 0) /<+ -0.*ett -=mve)e--e+" ta4va)*(%a a v(% -0)*en v$+t, 0) Ra/mun& e-?+t?*?tt" / +a->e+80t Za%(n&$-4>e78ne-neve*te e+, &e a* a%a$- Ka+at S*an&*)'+na-, Saint4Li++e) v(%(na- >'vt(-"G9

T%i.$+i)* )*1nte+en $)t%$m a+att (++t, &e )0%tet+en ma%a&t" Ra/mun& e++en=%i*te av(%$)a ve*et= uta-at, &e nem v$+t (++an&< ten7e%i t(m$7at()a" A anC amm(% t?%*)#e+>a+m$*$tt 7a*&a7)(7a m07 min&i7 e+e7en&= v$+t e78 na78 -e%e)-e&e+mi #+$tta#ennta%t()(%a, ame+8 E78i.t$m<+ )*(++'t$tta a* ut(n.<t+()t a v(%$)na-" Ra/mun&

82In a+4A)*'%, 4" ." S*it in a+4D*)au*i 99" ." )*e%int a c)ata T$%t$)*a me++ett *a/+$tt, '787$n&$+/a 6a##a%$ i) a Li"eratioan2 i* h*, 6aen4i Ru&$+#, c+v, " ."

83In a+4A)*'%, 5" ." Dat(+()a nem vi+(7$)" Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!49!" ."84

Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, M, M94MM" ."V 6a##a%$2 Li"eratio, " ."85Anna K$mn0n0, QI, viii, 9, III" -?t" 5G!" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 5, 9" ."V 6a##a%$2 Li"eratio, " ."V6aen4i Ru&$+#2 i* h*, T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q", , " ."V In a+4A)*'%, 4G" ."V AC+ ;a>()*in, 9" ."

5

v(%a ve)*0+8e*tette a anC amm(% t?%*) )*aa&)(7(t" A* a%a$- a n8(% v070n -it?%4te-, #e+07ett0- a -1+v(%$)$-at, e70)*en Ra/mun& v(%(na- #a+(i7" Ra/mun&%a %(*u>ante78 tet= 07= &a%a/a, 0) me7)ee)'tette" A -?vet-e*= tava)*$n :a>% a+4;u+-$t %(vet4t0-, >$78 -?))?n #e78ve%)*1netet a -e%e)*t0n8e--e+, ) enne- 0%te+m0en (ta&ta ne-i-a -1+v(%$)$-at" ;07 e )em #e/e*=&te- a t(%78a+()$-, ami-$% Ra/mun&, a-i nem 78<478u+t #e+ e70)*en a >at ><na..a+ -$%(an e+)*enve&ett 070)i )0%1+0)ei=+, >a+(+$) e4te7)07et -a.$tt" A Za%(n&$-4>e78en >a+t me7 9" #e%u(% G4(n" É+ete ut$+)< 0vei4ne- >=)i -a+an&/ai c)a-nem te+/e)en >e+8%e(++'t$tt(- me7t0.(*$tt >'%nev0t" 78 78(4)*$+t(-, mint na78 -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7$t, a-ine- -e&ve)e v$+t a )*ent >($%C me74.%<(+tat()a )*1+=#?+&/e min&en -0n8e+m0n0+"GM

Ra/mun& me70%&eme+te e*t a me7ec)1+0)t, >i)*en e+t0%=en a t?i, Ke+eten +ete+e4.e&ett -e%e)*te)t=+, a-i- >a*(/u-an (+ta+(an /e+ent0-te+en eme%e- v$+ta-, = /e+en4t=) va78$nna+ %en&e+-e*ett Eu%<.(an" E*t a va78$nt t$v(%a i) 7$n&$)an -e*e+te,>a(% me7e)-1&?tt, >$78 )$>a)em t0% >a*a a S*ent#?+&%=+" Ha+(+a min& T$u+$u)e4an, min& ian$nan #e+vetette a* ?%?-+0) .%$+0m(/(t" Ra/mun& anna- i&e/0n +e74i&=)e #i(%a, Be%t%an&4%a '*ta T$u+$u)e -$%m(n8*()(t, Be%tan& /$7(t a*$nan -0t4)07e v$nt(-, va+<)*'n+e7 a*0%t, me%t #att8C v$+t" Ra/mun& 0) E+vi%a 7%<#n0 78e%me4-ei min& me7>a+ta-, c)u.(n A+#$n*4J$%&(n nev #iu- ma%a&t 0+eten, a-i a./a >a+(+ae+=tt n0>(n8 ><na..a+ )*1+etett a Za%(n&$-4>e78en" N8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 e78 c)e4c)em= nem -e%1+>et -$%m(n8%a ian$n -0n8e) >e+8*et -at$nai (++am(an" T$u4+$u)e4an .e&i7 va+<)*'n+e7 m07 nem i) tu&ta- e 78e%me- me7)*1+et0)0%=+" :%an4cia$%)*(7an Be%t%an& t$v( i%(n8't$tta a./a i%t$-ait, ) Ke+eten Ra/mun& -at$n(i,va+<)*'n+e7 Ra/mun& ut$+)< -'v(n)(7(na- me7#e+e+=en, Ra/mun& un$-ate)tv0%0t,6e%&a7ne 7%<#/(t, 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt v(+a)*t$tt(- ve*et=/1--0" 3i+m$)4J$%&(n, a-ine-an8ai na78an8/a Ra/mun& an8ai na78n0n/e v$+t, nem )$--a+ -$%(an 0%-e*ett Ke+et4%e" 6)ec)em= %$-$na >e+8ta%t</(nate-intette ma7(t, 0) a -e+eti i%t$-$- i%(n8't</a4-0nt nem v$+t >a/+an&< )emmi+8en c'met #e+venni" Am'7 a*$nan A+#$n*4J$%&(n 0+t,)em Be%t%an&, )em 3i+m$)4J$%&(n >e+8*ete nem v$+t i*t$)"G

3i+m$)4J$%&(n e+=&/e .$+iti-(/(t #$+8tatta, #ennta%tva T%i.$+i)* +$-(&/(t 0) me74=%i*te a )*?vet)07et Bi*(ncca+" Eumat>i$)* P>i+$-a+0)*, 6i.%u) -$%m(n8*</a a c)(4)*(% uta)'t()(%a -?vetet -1+&?tt 3i+m$)4J$%&(n>$*, >$78 a -?vet e+=tt te78en >)074e)-1t, ) c)e%0e 0%t0-e) a/(n&0-$-at -a.$tt" 3i+m$)4J$%&(n e781ttm-?&0)e a*t e%e&4m0n8e*te, >$78 a #%an-$- %en&)*e%e)en -a.ta- )*(++'tm(n8$-at 6i.%u)%<+ a T%i.$4

86

Aac>eni A+e%t2 i* h*V 6a##a%$2 Li"eratio, " ."V Nan7i)4i Ba%t$+#, Q3III, 95!" ." T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI,, 9" ."V In a+4A)*'% K\mi+ at4Ta\%]>, 5" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 t'* na..a+ a a+e)et ut(n >a+t me7VT1%$)*i 3i+m$) WB$nae mem$%iaeX4na-, Wvi% %e+i7i$)u) et timen) Deum, vi% .e% $mnia c$mmen&ai4+i)X4na- neve*i"

87Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 9, 54" ." 3ai))ette )*e%int Histoire de Languedo/, ;$+inie% -ia&", I3 -?t" I,!94!!" .", Be%t%an& Ra/mun&na- e+)= #e+e)070t=+, P%$vence =%7%<#/(na- +(n8(t<+ )*1+etett #ia v$+t"E*t a >(*a))(7$t v0%%$-$n)(7 a+a./(n )emmi)ne- n8i+v(n't$tt(-" I+8en 't0+et ut(n nem te-intett0- min4&i7 #att8Cna- a >(*a))(7<+ )*1+etett 78e%me-et" A* vi+(7$), >$78 (% Ra/mun& T$u+$u)e4an Be%4t%an&4t te-intette ?%?-?)0ne-, ami-$% E+vi%(va+ 0) -?*?) 78e%me-ei--e+ a Ke+et%e in&u+t e*e-ne- a78e%me-e-ne- a neme i)me%et+en, Be%t%an& i70n8ei a+(%en&e+te- v$+ta- a -0t)07te+en1+ t?%v0n8e)#%i78=+ )*1+etett A+#$n*4J$%&(n i70n8eive+ )*emen" K0)=, ami-$% A+#$n*4J$%&(n ma7(na- -?vete+4te T%i.$+i)*t, Be%t%an& un$-(/a, II" Ra/mun& me7i/e&t" A nem min&en e)eten me7'*>at< ;a+me)u4

%8i 3i+m$) a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Be%t%an& e78 (78a)t<+ )*1+etett II, !, 9M" ."" 6a##a%$ Li"eratio, " .", a-i-$%t(%)-0nt '%t, Be%t%an&4t #att8Cna- neve*te"

+i)*n(+ +0v= t($%u-a, ) a+-a+mi+a7 i*(nci c)a.at$- i) )e7'tette- aan, >$78 a +$4-(& #ennma%a&/$n" ;'7 a #%an- t($%t =)07e)en e++(tt(-, T%i.$+i)*t 0>'n)07 #en8e7et4te" A )*(%a*#?+&%=+ nem /ut>at$tt e 0+e+em a v(%$)a" A +$-(&$t t?)*?% (tt?%t0- a#(timi&(- -i-?t=i=+, )=t m07 a Tan-%0& te%1+etei%=+ Ct%a -e+t >a/<- i)" E78 #$nt &at$4+8a e78 a%an8a -e%1+t, &e a na78)*(mC +a-$))(7na- nem tu&ta- e+e7en&= 0+e+meti*t$)'tani" Hi>etet+en1+ #e+)*?-te- a* (%a-" A-i c)a- te>ette, $tt>a78ta a v(%$)t" A #a4+a-$n e+1+ ma%a&<-at 'n)07 0) ete7)07 )an8a%7atta" :a>% a+4;u+- i78e-e*ett en8>'4teni a a/$-$n, -1+?n+e7e) a&<-at vetett -i, 0) a .0n*=+ 0+e+met $)*t$tt -i a -at$n(-0) a ete7e- -?*?tt" N0>(n8 v(%$)i e+=-e+=)07 a #%an- t($%a mene-1+t, ) -?*1+1--etten e+(%u+t(-, >$78 mi+8en ?)v0n8e-en c)em.0)*te- e m07 min&i7 0+e+met a v(4%$)a" :a>% a+4;u+- <%i()i ?))*e7et '70%t 3i+m$)4J$%&(nna- a* (%u+<-0%t" ;iut(n a7%<# nem a&ta -i =-et, >$+tan ta+(+ta- %(/u- a -e%e)*t0n8 t($%an2 78i+-$) v07*ett ve4+1-"GG

:a>% a+4;u+- nem tu&ta, -it=+ -0%/en )e7't)07et" Ha a #(timi&(->$* #$%&u+, a*$- %a47a)*-$&ni #$7na- a>>$*, >$78 $%)*(7a c)at+a-$**0- a #(timi&a i%$&a+$m>$*" 3a+a4mi+8en $-<+ %$))* vi)*$n8an v$+t a >um)*i T$7te-inne+, a-i te%m0)*ete) )*?vet)047e)e +e>etett v$+na" Du-(- 4en e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+a <ta T$7te-in -$%m(n8$*taHum)*$t, ) )*1nte+en >a%can (++t 3i+m$)4J$%&(nna+" Bi*t$n)(7$)ana- +(t)*$tt t(4v$+i )*?vet)07e)t -e%e)ni, '78 94en a ma%&ini $%t$-i&a S*u-m(nt<+ -0%t )e7't)047et" S*u-m(n )*'ve)en eavat-$*$tt v$+na i)m0t a )*'% ten7e%.a%t 178eie, Ct%a -e+t>(t na78 )e%e77e+ a )ivata7$n (t" 6)a->$78 Pa+mi%(a 0%ve >i%te+en me7>a+t, 0) ve*04%ei vi))*at0%te- D*)a*'%(a, >$78 me7vita))(- a* ut<&+() -0%&0)0t"G! La*&a7)(7(na-0) 178e))070ne- -?)*?n>et=en :a>% m07 M4an 0) 4en i) ta%t$tta T%i.$+i)*t,>a(% a v(%$)an n=tt?n4n=tt a n8$m$%C)(7" I&=-?*en T$7te-in>e* #*=&= -a.c)$4+atai me7/avu+ta-, ) ami-$% T$7te-in c)a.ataiva+ a #%an-$- e++en #$%&u+t 0) 94envi))*a#$7+a+ta t=+1- Ra#an'/(t, e* e78Ctta+ :a>% )*(m(%a i) )e7't)07et /e+entett" ! A#%an-$- a*$nan m(% )*i+(%&an me7vetett0- +(u-at a +ian$ni .a%t$n, 0) a -?*e+ene78et+en mu)*+im >ata+$m )em v$+t -0.e) a%%a, >$78 e+-e%7e))e =-et" G tava)*(n a-0t)07ee)ett :a>% a+4;u+- e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 )*em0+8e)en -0% )e7't)07et +e7#= va+4+()i ve*et=/0t=+, a a7&a&i -a+i#(t<+, ) a +e7na78$ vi+(7i >ata+$mt<+, ;u>amma&)*e+&*)u- )*u+t(nt<+"

T%i.$+i)* i%(n8't()(t un$-ate)tv0%0%e, AC+ ;an(-i in Amm(%%a >a78ta, -at$n(4it >at ><na.%a e+=%e -i#i*ette, 0) m(%ciu)an Ct%a -e+t T%i.$+i)*<+" T$7te-int 0%te)'t4tette e+>at(%$*()(%<+, 0) C78 +(t)*i-, 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt<+ i) en7e&0+8t -a.$tt, >$78 (t-e+4

/en a #%an-$- (+ta+ me7)*(++t te%1+eten" Öt)*(* te)t=% uta*$tt ve+e, ) &%(7a a/(n&0-$-atvitt a )*u+t(nna-" Dama)*-u)*an T$7te-in na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta, ) a ve*et= &a4ma)*-u)*i em'%e- e+>a+m$*t(- a/(n&0-$--a+, >a(% = e+=vi78(*at$))(7<+ a v(%$)#a4+a-$n -'v1+ )*(++t me7" Ami-$% t$v(in&u+t, T$7te-in #ia, T(&*) a+4;u+- Bu%i i)c)at+a-$*$tt a -')0%et0>e*" Ba7&a& #e+0 -?*e+e&ve me7-1+?n?*tetett #i78e+emen %04)*e)1+t" A )*u+t(n )a/(t (%-(/(t -1+&te 0%te, >$78 (t-e+/en a* Eu#%(te)*en, ) a%%a a.(%n(%a >eve%e&>etett, ame+8en %en&)*e%int a )*u+t(n .i>ent" Ha(% :a>% )$>a)emvi)e+t a -(&in(+ ma7a)a c'met, )*uve%0n u%a+-$&<-0nt v$nu+t e Ba7&a&a" ;in& a)*u+t(n, min& a -a+i#a te)tv0%i )*e%etette+ (nt ve+e, &ic)0%t0- a >itne- tett )*$+7(+atait"

88Anna K$mn0n02 i* h*V In a+4A)*'%, 5M" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a v(%$) ut(n.<t+()t -a.$tt a +ata-iai 7?4

%?7?-t=+"89In a+4A)*'%, M4" ."90In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* m* M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" ."

9

Ami-$% a*$nan a t(%78%a t0%te-, -i&e%1+t, >$78 min&e*e- c)u.(n 1%e) <-$-" A)*u+t(n me7'70%te, >$78 na78 )*e+&*)u- )e%e7 #$7/a #e+menteni T%i.$+i)*t, &e e+=Ba7&a& -?%n80-0n v$+ta- teen&=i" En7e&e+me))07%e -e++ett )*$%'tania D*)av(+' m$4)*u+i em'%t" :a>% e=+ me70%tette, >$78 ;u>amma& )*u+t(n i7a*(<+ nem a-a% e4avat-$*ni" A )*u+t(n u&va%(an +uu)-?%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt, (m >i(ava+<an e+t?+t?ttn078 ><na. ut(n >a*ain&u+t, ) mi-$% me70%-e*ett, -i&e%1+t, >$78 m(% ninc) $tt>$4na"!

AC+ ;an(-i 0) a t%i.$+i)*i #=eme%e- %ea+i)t(- v$+ta-" (tt(-, >$78 c)a- a #(ti4mi&(- -0.e)e- me7)e7'teni =-et" A #(timi&(- m07 min&i7 a ten7e% u%ai v$+ta-" E*0%tme7-0%t0- a+4A#&a+ e78i.t$mi ve*0%t, >$78 -1+&/?n -$%m(n8*<t 0) ve780- (t a v(4%$)t" A+4A#&a+ -ineve*te Sa%'# a&4Dau+(t, a-i G n8a%(n 0%-e*ett T%i.$+i)*a 0) 7a4$n(t >$*$tt a +a-$))(7na-" ;in&en ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ vette (t a >ata+mat" :a>% a+4;u+- .(%t>'veit +eta%t<*tatt(-, ) >a/<n E78i.t$ma -1+&t0-" :a>% Dama)*-u)*antu&ta me7 a* C/)(7$t" ;07 a* ?v0 v$+t a T$%t$)*(t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= D*)aa+a, '78 $&a4uta*$tt" D*)aa+ai u%a+ma a*$nan %?vi& 0+et v$+t" ! m(/u)(an a* anti<->iaiTan-%0& te+/e) >a&)e%e70ve+ me7/e+ent a v(%$) a+att" :a>% a*$nna+ me7a&ta ma7(t,me%t me7e78e*te-, >$78 Tan-%0& >0%e)e-0nt me7ta%t>at/a a v(%$) #e+etti u%a+mat"De Tan-%0& me7)*e7te a )*av(t" :a>%na- mennie -e++ett, ) (nt<&() n0+-1+ vi))*av$4nu+t Dama)*-u)*a" É+ete >(t%a+ev= %0)*0t T$7te-in -e78&'/a)a-0nt t?+t?tte"!

:a>% e+ve)*'tette T%i.$+i)*t, &e a* e78i.t$mia- 0) 3i+m$)4J$%&(n )em tu&ta me74ta%tani a v(%$)t" Ra/mun& >a+(+a-$% a t$u+$u)e4i (%<- e+#$7a&t(- Be%t%an&4t, >i)*enm(% c)a-nem t'* 0ve -$%m(n8$*ta =-et, ) #=-0nt, me%t nem tu&t(-, >$78 Ra/mun&t?%v0n8e) ?%?-?)t i) >a78$tt ma7a ut(n" Ami-$% a*$nan tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- a* i#/CA+#$n*4J$%&(n +0te*0)0%=+, e+mente- Ke+et%e, ) -0%t0-, >$78 ve78e (t /$7$) ?%?-)070t"Nem +e>et %$))* n0ven venni E+vi%a 7%<#n0t<+, >$78 /$an )*e%ette v$+na i*t$)'tania #ia )*(m(%a a 7a*&a7 &0+4#%ancia i%t$-$-at, mint a i*$n8ta+an ten7e%entC+i >ata+4mat" G4an te>(t 78e%me-0ve+ e781tt T$u+$u)e4a 0%-e*ett"!5

J?vete+1- a%%a -0)*tette Be%t%an&4t, >$78 )*(m$t ve))en /?v=/0ve+" 3a+<)*'n+e7c)a+(&i me7(++a.$&() e%e&m0n8e v$+t a* a* e78e*)07, ame+8ne- a+a./(n Be%t%an& +e4m$n&$tt a./a eu%<.ai i%t$-ai%<+ 0) A+#$n*4J$%&(n c)e%0e %(>a78ta a +ian$ni ?%?-4%0)*t, c)a->$78 me7)*aa&u+/$n t=+e 0) e+-1+&>e))e T$u+$u)e4<+" Be%t%an& G n8a4%(n in&u+t -e+et%e" E+>at(%$*ta, >$78 /?ven&= >e%ce7)070>e* me7)*e%*i T%i.$+i)*t"3a+<)*'n+e7 ti)*t(an v$+t a**a+, >$78 3i+m$)4J$%&(nna+ i) +e)* ?))*et*0)e" Be%4t%an& /$7ai e+i)me%tet0)0>e* n078e*e% +$va)t 0) 78a+$7$)t vitt ma7(va+ ) e78 ne78ven>a/<<+ (++< -i) #+$tt(t, ame+8et a .%$vence4i -i-?t=- (++'t$tta- ?))*e )*(m(%a" 3e+eta%t$tt #ia, P$n) i)" E+=)*?% Len$v(a ment, aan a %em0n8en, >$78 me7)*e%*i aT%i.$+i)* ev0te+0>e* )*1-)07e) ten7e%i )e7't)07et" 3i+m$)4J$%&(n )*int0n me7.%<4(+-$*$tt a 7en$vai )*?vet)077e+, mi%e a*$nan a* = -?vetei $&a0%te-, a -?*t(%)a)(7m(% )*?vet)07et -?t?tt Be%t%an&4na+" Len$va me7'70%te, >$78 )e7't Be%t%an&4na-vi))*a)*e%e*ni a./a -e+eti ><&'t()ait, ) a*$-at T%i.$+i)* ev0te+0ve+ -$%$n(**a me7"6)e%0e -e&ve*= -e%e)-e&e+mi .$*'ci<-at -0%t ma7(na- a v(%$)an" Ami-$% =))*e+Be%t%an& >a/<%a )*(++t e78 7en$vai >a/<%a/ i) ve+e ta%t$tt"!

91In a+4Ka+(ni)*', i* m*, G54GM" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9949" ."92In a+4Ka+(ni)*', GM4!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9949" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', 95M" ."93

()& e m M" ."94Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 5, MM" .", a*t '%/a, >$78 Be%t%an& Pi)(a +(t$7at$tt, &e va+</(an Len$v(%<+

M

Be%t%an& e--$% K$n)tantin(.$+8a a-a%t e++(t$7atni, >$78 i*t$)'t)a ma7(na- at84 /a a%(t/a, a c)()*(% t(m$7at()(t" A vi>a%$) i&= 3$+$ ?+0e -0n8)*e%'tette, A+m1%$-i-?t=/0e, a>$+ eme%ei -e&ve*= en8$4m()t tette- min&en-i%e, me%t a t?i n8u7a4ti -at$n(t<+ e+t0%=en nem #$)*t$7att(- a -?%4n80-et" ;i%e K$n)tantin(.$+8a 0%t, A+ei4$)* m(% min&ent tu&$tt %<+a" A c)()*(% #ia4-0nt #$7a&ta Be%t%an&4t, e+>a+m$*ta =t 0%t04-e) a/(n&0-$--a+, 0) i*t$)'t$tta /<in&u+at(4%<+" Be%t%an& c)e%0e >)07et e)-1&?tt ac)()*(%na-"!9

Be%t%an& 0) )*?vet)07e)ei >a/<n uta*ta-K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ S*ent Sime$na, Anti<4->ia -i-?t=/0e, 0) $nnan 1*ente- Tan-%0&4na-, >$78 e)*0+ni -'v(nna- ve+e" A me7e4)*0+0) -$%(nt)em *a/+$tt )im(n" Tan-%0& +e4ment a -i-?t=e" Be%t%an& #enn>0/(*< m<4&$n #e+)*<+'t$tta Tan-%0&$t, >$78 a&/a (tne-i Anti<->ia ama %0)*eit, ame+8e-et e784-$% at8/a i%t$-$+t" Tan-%0& a*t v(+a)*$+ta,>$78 me7#$nt$+/a a -0%0) te+/e)'t0)0t, >a Be%4t%an& )e7't)07et n8C/t ne-i ;ami)*t%a 0) a-i+i-iai i*(nci v(%$)$- e++en te%ve*ett a-ci4</(an" Be%t%an& nem #$7a&>atta e+ e*t a*a/(n+at$t, >i)*en nem )$--a+ -$%(an e)-14&?tt >)07et a c)()*(%na-, 0) )*(m't$tt i) ai*(ncia- )e7't)070%e" E>e+8ett #e+a/(n+$tta,>$78 me7><&'t/a Tan-%0& )*(m(%a D*)aa4+a v(%$)(t, a>$+ :a>% a+4;u+- -e%e)ett mene4&0-et" Tan-%0& t$v(%a i) a -i+i-iai >a&/(4%at$t )1%7ette ) ami-$% Be%t%an& a c)()*(%na- tett e)-1/0%e >ivat-$*va e%%e >at(%$*$ttnemet m$n&$tt, Tan-%0& me7.a%anc)$+ta ne-i, >$78 >a78/a e+ >e%ce7)07e te%1+et0t,a+attva+<ina- .e&i7, me7ti+t$tta, >$78 0+e+met a&/ana- ne-i" Be%t%an& a%%a -0n8)*e4%1+t, >$78 &0+ #e+0 in&u+/$n a ten7e%.a%t$n, 0) e>a/<*$tt T$%t$)*a -i-?t=/0e"!M

T$%t$)*(t 3i+m$)4J$%&(n e78i- >e+8ta%t</a i%(n8't$tta, a-i a*$nna+ een7e&te a v(4%$)a Be%t%an&4t, ) min&enne+ e++(tta, amit c)a- -0%t" ;()na. Be%t%an& -?vetet -1+4&?tt 3i+m$)4J$%&(n>$* a *a%(n&$-4>e78i v(%a, 0) -0%te a a 6>ame++e4i ?%?-)07,a*a* a* at8/a (+ta+ te%ve*ett >um)*i >e%ce7)07 #?+&/eine- (ta&()(t" De 3i+m$)4J$%&(nnem%07ien -ieme+-e&= )i-e%t 0%t e+" Ami-$% a* e78i.t$mia- e+#$7+a+t(- T%i.$+i)*t,A%-a v(%$)a, ame+8et :a>% e78i- -e&venc a.%<&/a i7a*7at$tt, a &ama)*-u)*i T$7te4-in v0&e+m0%e '*ta ma7(t" T$7te-in )*em0+8e)en -e+t Ct%a, >$78 me7)*em+0+/e C/i%t$-(t, &e a t0+i e)=- a-a&(+8$*t(- a* (t-e+0)t a Bu-ai(n" ;i-?*en a%%a v(%t, >$78

van )*<" 6a##a%$2 Li"eratio, " ."95Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, ii, M, 5" -?t" !" .", a*t m$n&/a, >$78 Be%t%an& D;<9:= e)-1&?tt >)04

7et A+ei$)*na-, ami-$% m(% T%i.$+i)*an v$+t" De Aac>eni A+e%t2 i* h*, me7em+'ti, >$78 Ha+m1%$)*0%int0)0ve+ K$n)tantin(.$+8a"96Aac>eni A+e%t2 QI, 94, MM94MM" ."

Ara' har:#s

-e&ve*=%e #$%&u+/$n a* i&=, >at(% menti -e%e)*t0n8 e%=&?-et t(ma&$tt me7" 3i+m$)4 J$%&(n >(%$m)*(* +$va))a+ 0) -0t)*(* >e+8e+i 78a+$7$))a+ (tv(7$tt a ian$ni4>e784)07 +e/t=in, ) A-un #a+u -?*e+0en v(%at+anu+ +ec)a.$tt T$7te-in%e" A &ama)*-u)*i )e4%e7 .(ni-)*e%en Hum)*i7 mene-1+t, n8$mu-an a #%an-$--a+, a-i- a*$nan a v(4%$)t nem me%t0- me7t(ma&ni" Onnan 0)*a-%a #$%&u+ta-, 0) Sai*a% te%1+et0t .u)*t't$t4t(-" A mun-i&i&a #iv0%e-, ;u%)*'& 0) S*u+t(n, Sai*a% em'%/ei C78 tu&t(-, >$78 a#%an- )e%e7 -ic)in8, e*0%t -?nn8 .%0&(na- v0+t0-" Ám a #%an-$- n8$man t(ma&4ta-, ) a--$%a e%=ve+, >$78 a )ai*a%ia- nem tu&t(- #?+venni a >a%c$t, 0) e+mene-1+te-"3i+m$)4J$%&(n e--$% vi))*at0%t A%-(>$*, 0) a v(%$) a+i7 >(%$m>eti $)t%$m ut(n me74a&ta ma7(t"!

E 78=*e+me-t=+ #e+(t$%$&va 3i+m$)4J$%&(nna- nem a-a%<*$tt +em$n&ani Be%4t%an& /av(%a" A*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 a* ?%?-+0) /$7(n ta%t/a -0*en Ra/mun& i%t$-ait, )>$78 e&&i7 i) me7v0&te, )=t n?ve+te te%1+et1-et" Be%t%an& )e%e70ne- na78)(7a a*$n4an me7>?--entette" Anti<->i(a 1*ent, 0) -0%te, >$78 Tan-%0& +0./en -?*e a* 0%4&e-0en" 6)e%0e #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 a va*a++u)a +e)*" E* a +0.0)e Be%t%an&4t i) c)e+e-4v0)%e -0)*tette" K1+&?nc?t in&'t$tt Je%u*)(+eme, Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e+0 te%/e)*tette a*1780t" 78 #$%&u+t >$**(, mint a Ke+eten 0+= #%an-$- +e7#= &?nt='%(/(>$*, ) '78e78)*e%)min& e+i)me%te Ba+&uint u%a+-$&</(u+"!G

Ba+&uin (++am#0%#iCi ?)*t?ne a*t &i-t(+ta, >$78 m$*&'t)a e+= a -e+eten 0+= #%an-$-e781ttm-?&0)0t, ec)v(78a .e&i7 a* v$+t, >$78 = +e78en a #%an-$- ve*et=/e" A*$n4na+ v(+a)*$+t a #e+-0%0)%e" Tan-%0&%a m(% C78i) >a%a7u&$tt a* E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna+ 0)6$u%tena84i J$)ce+inne+ )*emen tanC)'t$tt vi)e+-e&0)e miatt" Be%t%an& &0+%e in&u+tT%i.$+i)*a" Ott )e%e7e -ett=) #e+a&at$t +(t$tt e+2 #$+8tatta a mu)*+im v(%$) +$-(&/(t,0) $)t%$m a+att ta%t$tta a Za%(n&$-4>e78en 3i+m$)4J$%&(n eme%eit" 3i+m$)4J$%&(ni&=-?*en e+>a78ta a Za%(n&$-4>e78et, 0) vi))*a#$7+a+ta T$%t$)*(t" Ott a-a%ta ev(%4ni Tan-%0&$t" A+i7 0%-e*ett me7 Tan-%0&, $&a0%t Ba+&uin -i%(+8 -0t -?vete, Eu)tac>eLa%nie% 0) Hai#ai Pa7an a**a+ a .a%ancc)a+, >$78 3i+m$)4J$%&(n 0) Be%t%an& /e+en/enme7 a -i%(+8i 't0+=)*0- e+=tt, ame+8 T%i.$+i)* #a+ai a+att 1+ ma/& ?))*e" A t(%78 Ra/4mun& ?%?-)070ne- e+$)*t()a v$+t" E&e))*(t 0) Tu%e))*e+t vi))*a a-a%t(- /uttatni /$47$) tu+a/&$n$)ai-na-" 3i+m$)4J$%&(n )*'ve)en e+>(%'t$tta v$+na a me7>'v()t, &eTan-%0& me70%tette, >$78 nem )*aa& e+uta)'tania a* i&0*0)t"

! /Cniu)(an a #%an- Ke+et ?))*e) ve*et=/e $tt 781+e-e*ett T%i.$+i)* #a+ai a+att"Ott v$+t Be%t%an& a )e%e70ve+" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 ?t)*(* +$va))a+ 0) u78anann8i 78a+$7$)4)a+ 0%-e*ett me7 &0+%=+" Tan-%0& >0t)*(* +e7/$ +$va7/(t >$*ta ma7(va+, 0) E&e))*aiBa+&uin 0) J$)ce+in i) te)t=%)077e+ /?tt" A Za%(n&$-4>e78en ta%t$tt 1nne.0+8e) 1+0)enTan-%0& #$%m(+i)an -i0-1+t E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna+ 0) J$)ce+inne+, 0) #e+$)*t$tt(- T$u4+$u)e4i Ra/mun& ?%?-)070t" 3i+m$)4J$%&(n -a.ta T$%t$)*(t 0) A%-(t, e*e-et = ma7a><&'t$tta me7" Be%t%an&40 +e)* D*)aai+ 0) T%i.$+i)*, >a )i-e%1+ e+#$7+a+ni" 3i+m$)4J$%4&(n Tan-%0&na- e)-1&?tt >)07et, Be%t%an& Ba+&uin -i%(+8na-, ) aan i) me7e78e*4te-, >$78 >a a* e78i-1- me7>a+, a m()i- ?%?-+i a #?+&/eit"!!

;iut(n me7)*1+etett a* e78e*)07 a ve*0%e- -?*?tt, a #%an- )e%e7 -$m$+8an >$**(4-e*&ett T%i.$+i)* $)t%$m(>$*" Sa%'# a&4Dau+a e78i.t$mi -$%m(n8*< -0t)07ee)etten-0%t $tt>$n%<+ )e7't)07et" A* $ttani >at<)(7$- na78 #+$tt(t )*e%e+te- #e+, me+8 %0)*int

97

U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4" ."986>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, i, I, 9M495" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 4, G, MM54MM", MMM" ."996>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +i, , 95" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, !4, MMM4MMG" ."

G

-at$n(-at, %0)*int .e&i7 ut(n.<t+()t vitt" A* e78i.t$mi .a%anc)n$-$- -?*?tti int%i4-(- 0) vi)*(+8$- -0)+e+tett0- a &e+t(<+ a >a/<- -i#ut()(t" Te+te-4mC+ta- a ><na.$-,-?*en a ve*0% 'mme+4(mma+ .%<(+ta e+)im'tani a n0*ete+t0%0)e-et, m'7 v071+ -ia&4t(- a #+$tt(na- a .a%anc)$t a* in&u+()%a" E--$% a*$nan (++an&<an 0)*a-i )*0+ #C/t, 0)a >a/<- nem tu&t(- e+>a78ni a -i-?t=t" Ami-$% a c)?--entett +0t)*(mC #+$tta v07%e e+4in&u+t, m(% -0)= v$+t"

A t%i.$+i)*i >e+8=%)07 a 7en$vai 0) a .%$vence4i >a/<- +$-(&/a miatt a ten7e% #e+=+nem %em0+>etett )e7't)07et, a v(%$) )*(%a*#?+&i #a+ait a #%an-$- $)t%$m70.ei--e+ %$m4$+t(-, '78 a >e+8=%)07 >ama%$)an #e+a&ta a* e++en(++()t" Sa%'# a&4Dau+a Ba+&uin -i4%(+8>$* -1+&te eme%eit, >$78 a me7a&() #e+t0te+ei%=+ t(%78a+/ana-" A*t -0%te, >$78a*$- a .$+7(%$-, a-i- nem -'v(nna- t$v( a v(%$)an 0+ni, 0-0en 0) i*t$n)(74an e+v$nu+>a))ana-, 0) ma7u--a+ vi>e))0- in7<)(7ai-at" A-i- ma%a&na-, +e78ene-#%an- a+attva+<--(, ta%t>a))(- me7 /avai-at, 0) c)a- e78 -1+?n+e7e) 0vi a&< )C/t)a=-et, = ma7a .e&i7 -at$n(iva+ )*aa&$n e+v$nu+>a))$n Dama)*-u)*a" Ba+&uin -i4%(+8 e+ee78e*ett a #e+t0te+e-e, 0) !" /C+iu) 40n a -e%e)*t0n8e- ev$nu+ta- T%i4.$+i)*a"

Ba+&uin ta%t$tta ma7(t a* e78e*)07>e*" A* (+ta+a me7)*(++t -e%1+ete-en nem v$+t)em %a+(), )em %$m$+()" A 7en$vai ten7e%0)*e- a*$nan et?%te- a v0&te+en v(%$)4a, %a$+ni -e*&te-, >(*a-at 78C/t$tta- #e+, 0) me7?+te- min&en Ct/u-a -e%1+= mu)*4+im$t" A >at<)(7$-na- i&=e te++ett, mi%e me7#0-e*t0- =-et" A #e+#$%&u+()an .$%i707ett a BanC Amm(% -+(n na78 -?n8vt(%a, a mu)*+im vi+(7 e78i- +e7na78)*e%78/tem0n8e" A -?n8vt(% te+/e) an8a7a me7)emmi)1+t"

Ami-$% a* e70)* v(%$)t me7)*(++t(- 0) >e+8%e(++t a %en&, Be%t%an& -e%1+t a v(%$)0+0%e" :e+vette a T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a c'met, me7e%=)'tette a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7na- tett>)07e)-1/0t" A* A+ei$)* c)()*(% i%(nti -?te+e*ett)07e-et )emmie vette" A 7en$vai4a- /uta+mu+ e78 v(%$)%0)*t -a.ta- T%i.$+i)*an 0) e78 e%=&?t, a* Cn" ;a%)a++ v(%(t,t'* m0%#?+&n8i%e &0+%e T%i.$+i)*t<+, t$v(( a* ?v0- +ett D*)aai+ v(%$) -0t>a%ma&ai)" A 7en$vaia- a*ut(n D*)aai+t Em%iac$78 me7)*e%e**e a./a e70)* -e+eti ?%?-4)070t" A #%an- )e%e7 m07 T%i.$+i)*an v$+t, ami-$% 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt >a+(+%a )ee*tee78 n8'+ve))*=" A* e)et -?%1+m0n8ei me7+e>et=)en %e/t0+8e)e-" 78 tni-, >$78 3i+4m$)4J$%&(n me77$n&$+at+anu+ eavat-$*$tt -0t +$v()*#iC ve%e-e&0)0e, ) mi-?*enme7.%<(+ta )*0tv(+a)*tani =-et, va+a-i %(+=tt" A 78anC <>atat+anu+ Be%t%an&4%a te%e4+=&?tt, &e )emmi#0+e i*$n8't0- nem v$+t e++ene" Be%t%an& e--$% (tvette 3i+m$)4J$%4&(n i%t$-ait i), ame+8e- '78 Ba+&uin -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7a a+( -e%1+te-" Tan-%0& %$))*+<%a tett"5

78 e)ett me7, >$78 Ra/mun& #ia ete+/e)'tette at8/a v(78ait, 0) (++am$t a+a.'t$tt -e4+eten" A >e%ce7)07 -i)e v$+t ann(+, mint ami+8en%=+ Ra/mun& (%(n&$*$tt" a 6>a4me++e te%1+etei )$>a)em v(+ta- %0)*0v0, ) a* C/ (++am nem a t(v$+i -$n)tantin(.$+8i

100In a+4A)*'%, " ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G!" ."1016>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +i, 4, 954955" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 5, MMG" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G!4!"

."V In a+4A)*'%2 i" >"V AC+ ;a>()*in, G!" ."V In Ham&un, 99" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', 95M" ."1026a##a%$2 Li"eratio, 45" ." ()& Re82 e) Sei7neu%) &e Lie+et, $e%ue de '5rient Latin, III" -?t"

5!!45" ."1036>a%t%e)4i :$uc>et2 i" >"V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 9, MM!4M" ."

!

c)()*(%t i)me%te e+ >0%u%(u+, >anem a -?*e+i Je%u*)(+em u%(t" De vi%(7*<, 7a*&a7-i) $%)*(7 v$+t" La*&a7)(7a 0) #e-v0)e miatt F >i)*en a* 0)*a-4)*'%iai #%an-$-at -a.4c)$+ta ?))*e Pa+e)*tin(va+ F +0n8e7e) )*e%e.e v$+t a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net04en"

9

H. %e&e'et

I. +B2! k2)6+"

+4zí-e kemény2 mint a kő2 #ly kemény2 mint az als& mal#mkő. /J&' >12?>3

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 !" 0vi t%i.$+i)*i eavat-$*()a me7mutatta, >$78 = a #%an- Ke+et+e7#= >ata+ma))(7a" P$*'ci</(t t1%e+emme+, -ita%t())a+ 0) (t$% v(++a+-$*< )*e++em04

ve+ 0%te e+" Ami-$% a* e++ene )*?vet-e*= Daime%t .(t%i(%-a 0) a* anti<->iai >e%ce7me)te%-e&0)ei e++en0%e me70%-e*ett Je%u*)(+eme, 1%e) -inc)t(%at, *ava%$) (++a.$t$4-at ta+(+t a* $%)*(7an, ame+8 Pa+e)*tina -?*0.)= >e78+(nc(t, a* E)&%a+$n4)'-)(7$t 0)n0>(n8, a* e++en)07e) te%1+eten )*0t)*<%tan (++< v(%at #$7+a+t ma7(a" A* $%)*(7 -i))e%e7e t?%v0n8t nem ti)*te+=, #enn>0/(*< +$va7$-<+ 0) me7'*>atat+an >e+8e+i *)$+4&$)$-<+ (++t" A -i%(+8)(7 e78et+en /<+ )*e%ve*ett te)t1+ete a* e78>(* v$+t, a*t i) me74$)*t$tta Daime%t 0) A%nu+# .(%t/a" L$tt#%ie& i&e/0en a -?*.$nti i7a*7at()t >(*an0.e +(tta e+2 (m e* a c)a.at tC+ -ic)i v$+t 0) a+-a+mat+an a* $%)*(7 -$%m(n8*()(%a"78 a >at(% menti e%=&?-et a #e+178e+et1--e+ me7'*$tt (%<- tet)*0)1- )*e%int -e*e+4t0-"

Ba+&uin /<+ +(tta, >$78 a +e7na78$ ve)*0+8 a* +ett v$+na, >a a* $%)*(7$t mu)*+imt(ma&() 0%i, mie+=tt m07 $tt %en&et te%emtett v$+na" Hitt aan, >$78 a +e7/$ v0&e4-e*0) a t(ma&(), e*0%t mie+=tt m07 %en&e*te v$+na Daime%tte+ a >e+8*etet, )=t mi4e+=tt m07 me7-$%$n(*tatta v$+na ma7(t, Ct%a -e+t, >$78 me7#0+em+'t)e a c)atame*=na >itet+ene-et" E&e))*ai m-?&0)e 0) a Kut8a4#$+8<n(+ a%at$tt 78=*e+me %ette7ett0tette a nev0t, 0) = >a)*n$t >C*$tt e=+" A+i7 e78 >0tte+ Je%u*)(+eme 0%-e*0)e ut(nA)*-a+$na menete+t, 0) #e+v$nu+t a #a+a- e+=tt" A v(% a*$nan tC+ e%=) v$+t -i) )e%e470>e* -0.e)t, '78 -e+et%e ment, He%$na, $nnan +e a Ne7eve S*e7$%i7, a H$+t4ten47e% &0+i c)1c)-0n0+ e+te%1+= )<) vi&0-%e" t-?*en #a+va-at 07etett #e+, ma/& (t-e+veE&$m .u)*ta)(7(n, a H$% >e780>e* 0%t, ) a Pet%a -?*e+0en #e-v= =)i S*ent Á%$n4-$4+$)t$%i7 /ut$tt e+" Ha(% nem +0te)'tett (++an&< te+e.e-et a te%1+eten, e+=%en8$mu+()ame7%0m'tette a* a%a$-at" N0>(n8 0ven (t me7 )em -')0%e+t0-, >$78 e>at$+/ana- a

Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 te%1+et0%e"

Ba+&uin .(% na..a+ -a%(c)$n8 e+=tt t0%t vi))*a Je%u*)(+eme" Daime%t .(t%i(%-(4na- v$+t i&e/e, >$78 e+m0+-e&/0- a >e+8*et0n" Be+et?%=&?tt a me7v(+t$*tat>atat+ana,0) -a%(c)$n8(n Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8(v( -$%$n(*ta Ba+&uint" 6)e%0e a -i%(+8 me74e%=)'tette =t .(t%i(%-ai )*0-0en"9

1046>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, iv, i49, ii, 545G5" ." :$uc>e% a >a&/(%atta+ ta%t$ttV Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II,

G4, 955495M" ." A mai D*)ee+ Ha%un$n H$%4>e78 v$+t e78 7?%?7 -$+$)t$%, 0) )*e%*ete)e- 0+te- ana78 naate(nu) )'% -?%1+, ame+8et ma &a/%ne-, a*a* m$n$)t$%na- neve*ne-"105()& e mi I" -?t" 4" ."

9

-$%a tava)*(n Ba+&uin me7tu&ta, >$78 e78 7a*&a7 a%a t?%*) v$nu+ (tT%an)*/$%&(ni(n" E78 -1+?n'tm0nn8e+ n8$man (t-e+t a #$+8<n, 0) 0//e+ %(t?%t a* a%at($%%a" 6)a- n0>(n8 a%a mene-1+t me7" A #0%#ia- *?m0t )(t%u-an +ev(7t(-, a n=4-et 0) a 78e%me-e-et %a+(nc%a ve%t0-, )$- .0n*t 0) 0%t0-e) t(%78at i) *)(-m(n8$+ta-"A #$7+8$- -?*?tt v$+t a t?%*) e78i- )e/-/0ne- a #e+e)07e i)" 3(%an&<) v$+t, ) -?*e+e&etta )*1+0) i&e/e" Ami-$% Ba+&uin e*t me7tu&ta, e+%en&e+te, >$78 )*$+7(+</(va+ e781tt$c)())(- )*aa&$n" A&$tt ne-i- -0t n=)t0n8 tev0t, 0te+t 0) ita+t" A n= )*e%enc)0)enme7)*1+t a* Ct ment0n, a>$+ #0%/e >ama%$)an %(ta+(+t" A )e/-et m0+8en me7>at$ttaBa+&uin na78+e+-)07e, ut(na)ietett, -?)*?netet m$n&$tt ne-i, ) me7'70%te, >$78 e78na.$n ma/& me7>(+(+/a -e&ve))070t"M

A %a/ta1t0) t$v( n?ve+te Ba+&uin >'%nev0t" ;(%ciu)an a .a%t menti v(%$)$-<+,A%)*u#<+, Kai)*a%ei(<+, A--$n<+ 0) T1%$)*<+ -?vete- -e%e)t0- #e+ Je%u*)(+emen,) 0%t0-e) a/(n&0-$-at vitte- ne-i" A &ama)*-u)*i Du-(- 9 e*e% i*(nci a%an8at a/(n4+$tt #e+ a*$- -iv(+t()(%a, a-i- a Kut8a4#$+8<n(+ #$7)(7a e)te-" Ba+&uin 07et= .0n*47$n&/ai e78)*e%ien me7$+&<&ta-"

A%)*u#$t 0) Kai)*a%ei(t nem )$-(i7 <vta me7 a -i%(+8na- -1+&?tt a/(n&0-" ;(%ci4u)an e78 7en$vai >a/<%a/ /e+ent me7 Hai#(n(+, 0) (.%i+i) 940n e>a/<*$tt Ja##(a" A*uta)$- -?*?tt v$+t Pa)*-(+ .(.a C/ +e7(tu)a, ;<%ic, P$%t< '$%$) .1).?-e" E70)*ena&&i7 Ba+&uin c)a- anna- a -i) #+$tt(na- a ten7e%i e%e/0%e )*(m't>at$tt, ame+8 Daim4e%t e78-$%i .i)ai 0%)e--e+ 0%-e*ett -e+et%e" I7enc)a- a -e&v0%e va+< v$+t a 7en$vaia-4-a+ F a .i)aia- #= vet0+8t(%)(va+ F -?ten&= )*?vet)07" Hai#(a )ietett, 1&v?*?+te a*C/$nnan /?tte-et, #$7a&ta a +e7(tu)t, ) a ve*et=-et >C)v0t 1nne.0%e Je%u*)(+eme vit4te" Ott me7e78e*te-, 0) a 7en$vaia- e78 0v%e a -i%(+8 )*$+7(+at(a )*e7=&te-" :i*et4)07-0nt a me7)*e%*en&= *)(-m(n8 e78>a%ma&(t -0%t0-, min& a .0n*=+, min& a*e780 /ava-<+, t$v(( min&en me7><&'t$tt v(%$) a*(%ne78e&0en e78 utc(t"Amint a+('%t(- a me7(++a.$&()t, a )*?vet)07e)e- A%)*u# e++en in&u+ta-, Ba+&uin )*(4%a*#?+&?n, a 7en$vaia- a ten7e%en" Hama%$)an me7t?%t0- a* e++en(++()t" A >e+8i >at<4)(7$- a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+ a&t(- me7 ma7u-at, >$78 c)a+(&/u--a+ 0) /avai--a+ mu)*+imte%1+et%e me>etne-" Ba+&uin e+#$7a&ta a #e+t0te+t, 0) eme%eive+ A)*-a+$na -')0%tette=-et, ma/& >e+8=%)07et (++'t$tt A%)*u#a, 0) -ia&ta a 7en$vaia- %0)*0t"G

A )*?vet)07e)e- A%)*u#<+ Kai)*a%ei(a v$nu+ta-, 0) m(/u) 4(n me7-e*&t0- a*$)t%$m$t" A >e+8=%)07 '*$tt a i*(nci #a+a- e%e/0en, 0) nem v$+t >a/+an&< me7a&nima7(t, &e m(/u) 40n a #%an-$- 0) a 7en$vaia- %$>amma+ evett0- a v(%$)t" A 78=*4te)e- en7e&0+8t -a.ta-, >$78 tet)*0)1- )*e%int *)(-m(n8$+/ana- a v(%$)an, 0) a#$)*t$7at() $%*a+mai m07 a -e%e)*t0n8 ve*0%e-et i) me7%en&'tett0-" A +e7)*?%n8m0)*(%+()%a a Na78mec)eten -e%1+t )$%, ame+8 e78-$% He%<&e) A7%i..a *)ina7<7(4

/a v$+t" Na78$n )$- .$+7(% i&e mene-1+t, ) m$)t -e78e+em0%t -?n8?%?7te-" A -e%e)*4te)e- a*$nan min&en-it +e78i+-$+ta-, nem1-%e va+< te-intet n0+-1+, ) a Na78mec)etv071+ v0%en C)*$tt" A* e70)* v(%$)an c)a- n0>(n8 +e(n8 0) a.%< 78e%me- mene4-1+t me7, va+amint a #='%< 0) a >e+8=%)07 .a%anc)n$-a, a-i-et ma7a Ba+&uin mentettme7, >$78 /< v(+t)(7&'/at -0%/en 0%t1-" A -e78et+en-e&0) c0+*at$) v$+t, Ba+&uin me7

106

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q, , 9" ."107Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, 9, 949" ."1086>a%t%e)4i :$uc>et, II, viii, 4, 5545" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, 9, 9495" ."

9

a-a%ta mutatni, >$78 >a e++en#e+ei e78e*)07%e /utna- ve+e, me7ta%t/a ne-i- tett '70%e4teit" ;()-1+?nen -?n8?%te+en"!

Ba+&uinna- c)a- ann8i i&e/e v$+t, >$78 a me7(++a.$&() )*e%int e+$))*a a *)(-4m(n8t, 0) an- >e+8=%)07et (++'t)$n a v(%$)a, m(%i) >'%e /?tt, >$78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7+0.ett Pa+e)*tina #?+&/0%e"

A+ A#&a+, a #(timi&a ve*0% me7 a-a%ta $))*u+ni a* a)*-a+$ni ve%e)07et, ame+8et-0t 0vve+ -$%(an )*enve&ett e+ 0) S*(& a&4Dau+a a+4Kava)*i mame+u- ve*et0)ea+att )e%e7et (++'t$tt #e+" E* a )e%e7 m(/u) -?*e.0n 0%t A)*-a+$na, ) e+/ut$tt e70)*enRam+(i7" Ta+(n aan %em0n8-e&te-, >$78 e/utna- Je%u*)(+eme, mia+att Ba+&uinKai)*a%ei(an van e+#$7+a+va" Ba+&uin Ram+(a )ietett )e%e70ve+, '78 S*(& vi))*av$4nu+t A)*-a+$na, >$78 ev(%/a a* ut(n.<t+()t" Ba+&uin me7e%=)'tette Ram+(t, 0) #=>a4&i)*(++()(t Ja##(an 1t?tte #e+" 78 e++en=%i*>ette a* e78i.t$mia- m$*7()(t, 0) -a.c)$4+at$t tu&$tt ta%tani a ten7e%entC++a+" 6)a- /C+iu)an +(t$7at$tt e+ Je%u*)(+eme %?vi&i&=%e, >$78 a* (++am178e-et int0**e, -1+?nen e70)* n8(%$n Ja##(an ma%a&t" Au47u)*tu) v070n e78 e+#$7$tt +ev0+=+ me7tu&ta, >$78 C/ c)a.at$- 0%-e*te- a* e78i.t$4mi )e%e7 e%=)'t0)0%e, ) >$78 a )e%e7 Je%u*)(+em e++en -0)*1+"

S*e.teme% 40n S*(& +a))an e+in&'t$tta a )e%e70t Ram+a -1+v(%$)a #e+0" K0t na..a+-0)= Ba+&uin >a&itan(c)$t ta%t$tt, a>$+ e+&?nt?tt0-, >$78 nem v(%/(- e a* e++en)07t(ma&()(t, >anem >a/na+an =- t(ma&na-" Ba+&uinna- c)a- -0t)*(*>atvan +$va)a 0)-i+enc)*(* 78a+$7$)a v$+t, &e min& /<+ #e+#e78ve%*ett 0) /<+ -0.*ett -at$na" A* e78i.4t$mia- >ata+ma) )e%e70t ti*ene78e*e% +$va)%a 0) >u)*$ne78e*e% 78a+$7$)%a ec)1+4t0-, (m a -at$n(- c)a- -?nn8 #e78ve%e--e+ %en&e+-e*te-, 0) -0.*et+ene- v$+ta-"Ba+&uin ?t %0)*%e $)*t$tta )e%e70t, a* e+)=t e78 Be%v$+& nev +$va7 ve*ette, a m()$&i4-at Le+&ema% 6a%.ene+, Hai#a u%a, a >a%ma&i-at Saint4Ome%4i Hu7<, a-i Tan-%0&ut(n La+i+ea >e%ce7e +ett, a ne78e&i- 0) a* ?t?&i- e78)07 .a%anc)n$-a ma7a Ba+&uinv$+t" A )e%e7et +e+-e)'tette, >$78 ve+1- v$+t a S*ent Ke%e)*t" R$>e)4i A%nu+# u*&'t<e)*0&et ta%t$tt, 0) a -at$n(- -1+?n+e7e) #e+$+&$*()t -a.ta- a '$%$) +e7(tu)t<+" A#%an-$- na.-e+te-$% -iv$nu+ta- Ram+(<+, 0) Ie+in -?*e+0en, a v(%$)t<+ &0+n8u7at4%a +ec)a.ta- a* e78i.t$mia-%a"

A t(ma&()t Be%v$+& ve*ette, c)a.at(t a*$nan +e78%t0- a* e78i.t$mia-, 0) =t ma47(t i) me7?+t0-" Le+&ema% 6a%.ene+ )ietett a )e7't)070%e, (m min&en -at$n(/(va+e781tt = i) e+e)ett" A 7a+i+eai e78)07 -?vet-e*ett, &e e* )em tu&ta me7$ntani a*e78i.t$mia- t?me70t" Saint4Ome%4i Hu7< )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&ett, ma/& em4e%eit ?))*e)*e&ve Ja##a #e+0 mene-1+t" A* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 a+)*(%n8a 1+&?*te" 78+(t)*$tt, >$78 min&en e+ve)*ett" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a*$nan F miut(n n8i+v(n$)an me7478<nta neit a S*ent Ke%e)*t e+=tt, 0) (t$%'t< )*ava-at m$n&$tt eme%eine- F #e+4.attant La*e++a nev .$m.() a%a >a%ci .a%i.(/(%a, ) +$va7/ai 0+0n a* e++en#0+ )%/04e vetette ma7(t" A* e78i.t$mia- e--$% m(% i*t$)a- v$+ta- 78=*e+m1-en, ) v(%at4+anu+ 0%te =-et a t(ma&()" R?vi& tu)a ut(n a )e%e7 -?*e.e vi))*a#$%&u+t 0) mene-1+ni-e*&ett" A .(ni- t$v( te%/e&t a /$)*(%n8%a i)" Ba+&uin me7ti+t$tta eme%eine-,>$78 me7(++/ana- a >$+ta-at va78 a* e++en)07e) t($%t #$)*t$7atni, ) A)*-a+$ni7 *te

1096>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, IQ, 4!, 4" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, 9949M, 9549" ." T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q,

M, 5" ." a*t '%/a, >$78 a 7en$vaia- *)(-m(n8(na- %0)*e v$+t e78 *?+& -e>e+8, ame+8%=+ a*t ta%t$tt(-,>$78 t?m?% )ma%a7&<+ -0)*1+t" ;a i) me7van a -e>e+8 a 7en$vai San $%en*$ )*0-e)e78>(* -inc)t(4%(an, -0)= a*t >itt0-, >$78 e* a S*ent L%(+" ()& He8&2 Histoire du Commer/e du Le%ant, I" 5" ."

95

)e%e7 e+==%)0ne- 7$n&$+t(- a -e%e)*te) c)a.at$t, ma/&nem #e+a&t(- a >a%c$t m07 a*?))*ec)a.() e+=tt" Ami-$% a*$nan +(tt(-, >$78 a* e+==%)?t nem -?veti #=)e%e7, -?4%1+vett0- a #%an-$-at" Ba+&uin eme%ei me7*ava%$&ta-" R$*$84i R$7e% 0) e B$u%74iHu7< Ba+&uin un$-ate)tv0%e n0>(n8 +$va77a+ e781tt (tt?%t a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7en,0) )*e%enc)0)en e+/ut$tt Ja##(a" S$-an e+e)te- a c)atame*=nV e* a )$%) /ut$tt Ave)ne)4iL0%a%&4na- 0) L$tt#%ie& -$%(i -ama%()(na-, Stae+$nna- i)" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 0) -?*4vet+en -')0%ete e+/ut$tt a %am+ai -i) e%=&e, a>$+ -?%1+vette =-et a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7"

6)a- a*0%t nem t(ma&ta- %?7t?n, me%t +e)*(++t a* 0/" A %am+ai v(% a*$nan )i%a+4ma) (++a.$tan v$+t" E78et+en v0&>et= t$%n8a a* v$+t, ame+8et Ba+&uin 0.'ttetett a*e+=*= 0ven, min&n8(/an $&a *)C#$+<&ta- e" A* 0/)*a-a -?*e.0n e78 a%a -0%t e$4c)(ttat()t 0) a -i%(++8a+ a-a%t e)*0+ni" Bee%e)*tett0-" Anna- a >?+78ne- a #0%/e v$+t,a-ive+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8 $+8an +$va7ia)an (nt a t%an)*/$%&(niai .$%t8(n" H(+(<+ #i78e+4me*tette Ba+&uint, >$78 a*$nna+ mene-1+/?n, me%t a* e78i.t$mia- >a/na+%a te%ve*i-a t(ma&()t" Ba+&uin me7#$7a&ta a tan(c)$t" B(%menn8i%e i) )a/n(+ta $tt>a78ni a/t(%4)ait F (% me7 -e++ /e78e*ni, >$78 nem v$+t tC+)(7$)an #e/+ett a ec)1+et%=+ a+-$t$tt e+4-0.*e+0)e F, me70%tette, >$78 0+eten ma%a&()(t<+ a -i%(+8)(7 #ennma%a&()a #177"E78 +$v())*a+ 0) >(%$m t(%)(va+ -i)*?-?tt a v(%<+, +<>(t$n (t/ut$tt a* e++en)07 v$na4+(n, '*va La*e++(/(an, >$78 i*t$n)(7$) t(v$+a vi)*i" U78ana*$n a* 0/)*a-(n -14+?n4-1+?n e+mene-1+t a /a##ai =%7%<#, 6am%ai4i it>a%& 0) a %1))*e+i L$t>man i)"L$t>manna- )C+8$) )eei e++en0%e )i-e%1+t e+/utnia Je%u*)(+eme" ;e7vitte a )*e%en4c)0t+en)07 >'%0t, &e a*t tan(c)$+ta, >$78 tanC)'t)ana- e++en(++()t, me%t '*$tt aan,>$78 Ba+&uin 0+eten ma%a&t"

K$%a %e77e+ a*ut(n a* e78i.t$mia- me7%$>am$*t(- Ram+a #a+ait, ) %=*)en8a+($-4-a+ %a-t(- -?%e a*t a t$%n8$t, ame+8en a +$va7$- ta+(+ta- mene&0-et" A #%an- +$4va))(7 C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 K$n%(& -a.it(nn8a+ a* 0+en -it?%, >$78 ne a +(n7$- -?*?ttve)*'t)e 0+et0t" Nem v$+t +e>et=)07 a mene-1+0)%e" A-it nem v(7ta- +e, a*t #$7)(7avetett0-" K$n%(& (t$%)(7a a--$%a >at())a+ v$+t a* e78i.t$mia-%a, >$78 me7-'m0+t0-a* 0+et0t" t 0) t?, mint )*(* t(%)(t #$7$+8-0nt E78i.t$ma -1+&t0-" Bu%7un&iai I)t4v(n, u)i7nan4i Hu7<, 3en&^me4i L$tt#%ie& e+e)ett, 0) ve+1- >a+t B+$i)4i I)tv(n, a-i>=)i >a+(+(va+ >e+8%e(++'t$tta %07i >'%nev0t" A&0+ 7%<#n0 m$)t m(% n8u7$&tan a+>a4t$tt"5

A -i%(+8n0 0) a* u&va% i)m0t Ja##(a ment" Itt >a++$tt(- R$*$8 R$7e%4t<+ 0) a t?ime7mene-1+t -at$n(t<+ a )*?%n8 ve%e)07 >'%0t" Att<+ ta%t$tta-, >$78 a -i%(+8 t(%)ai4va+ e781tt e+e)ett, 0) a*t te%ve*t0-, >$78 am'7 m07 +e>et, a ten7e%en e+mene-1+ne-";(/u) 4(n a*$nan e78i.t$mi )e%e7 vette -?%1+ a #a+a-at, 0) a &0+i +(t>at(%$n me74

/e+ent a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta" e7)*?%n8 #0+e+mei-et +(tt(- me7va+<)u+ni, ami-$% e78e78i.t$mi -at$na #e+mutat$tt ne-i- e78 +ev(7$tt #e/et, ame+8 a -i%(+80na- +(t)*$tt, &eva+</(an a Ba+&uin>$* e%=)en >a)$n+'t< int>ine4i Le%$&0 v$+t" E--$% )*inte a c)$4&(va+ >at(%$) m<&$n e78 -i) >a/< vit$%+(*$tt 0)*a-%<+ a v(%$) #e+0, #=(%$c(n a -i%(+8+$$7</(va+"

1136>a%t%e)4i :u+c>e%, II, viii, I4i, 9, 5M4V Au%ai E--e>a%&2 Hierosoymita, 55459" ."V Aac>eni A+4e%t, IQ, 4M, 9!49!" ."V Nan7i)4i Ba%t$+#, 9554959" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q, 4, !45, '% a )e/- e4avat-$*()(%<+V In a+4A)*'%, 54M" ." nem tC+ >i>et= e+=a&(), ame+8 -0t e+t0%= v(+t$*at$n a+a.u+" ÉnHa7enme8e% i&=.$nt/(t #$7a&$m e+ i* m*, M4MM" ." (% a Chroni/on !* Ma:emii, " .", a*t (++'t/a,

>$78 a &(tum m(/u) 4e v$+t, Aac>en4i A+e%t W.1n-?)& t(/(%<+X, a*a* m(/u) 94e -?%1+i i&=.$nt%<+'%V I)tv(n >a+(+(%<+ N$7ent4i Luie%t )*e%int 9" ." )emmi >at(%$*$ttat )em tu&un-V a 6a%tu+ai%e &eN$t%e Dame &e 6>a%t%e), III, 9" .", m(/u) !40%e te)*i"

99

Ba+&uin Ram+(<+ mene-1+ve a .a%t #e+0 ta%t$tt, a Ja##(n(+ ta%t<*-$&< )e%e7>e*)*e%etett v$+na e+/utni" A vi&0- a*$nan te+e v$+t e78i.t$mi -at$n(--a+" K0t na. 0)-0t 0//e+ a Ram+(t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= &$mvi&0-en $+8$n7$tt, ma/& )ietve (t-e+t Sa%$n)'-)(7(n, 0) A%)*u# i%(n8(a ment" !40n e)te 0%t $&a, a* $ttani -$%m(n8*<, Hai#aiR$7e% na78 me7+e.et0)0%e 0) ?%?m0%e" ;07 a*na. e)te c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( n8$+cvanv(+$7at$tt 7a+i+eai +$va7 Saint4Ome%4i Hu7< ve*et0)0ve+, a-i a* e78i.t$mia- -?*e+e&4t0ne- >'%0%e &0+%e )ietett" A -?vet-e*= %e77e+ Hu7< a* eme%eive+ &0+%e in&u+t, 0)me7.%<(+t (tt?%ni Ja##a #e+0, m'7 Ba+&uin %(vett e78 L$&e%ic nev an7$+ -a+an&$%t,>$78 a >a/</(va+ vi78e (t a* e78i.t$mi +$-(&$n" Ba+&uin -it*te *()*+a/(t i), >$78%em0n8t ?nt)?n a c)177e&t u&va%i n0.e" A *()*+<t a*$nna+ 0)*%evett0- a* e78i.t$4mia- i), 0) >a/<-at -1+&te- e+#$7()(%a" E%=) 0)*a-i )*0+ #C/t, ame++8e+ a* e78i.t$mia-nem tu&ta- me7i%-<*ni, Ba+&uint vi)*$nt e* a )*0+ e78ene)en a -i-?t=e %e.'tette"

Ba+&uin a*$nna+ >$**(+(t$tt )e%e7e C//()*e%ve*0)0>e*" ;ie+=tt a* e78i.t$mia- te+4 /e)en -?%1+*(%t(- v$+na a v(%$)t, -it?%t, ta+(+-$*$tt 7a+i+eai Hu7< c)a.at(va+, ) evittea #a+a- m?70" E*ut(n Je%u*)(+eme -1+&?tt, ) $nnan 0) He%$n<+ Ja##(a %en&e+tmin&en, n0+-1+?*>et= eme%t" Ta+(+ta- e78 >e+8e+i )*e%*ete)t, a-i >a/+an&< v$+t (t4menni a* e++en)07e) v$na+$n 0) e+vinni a* 1*enetet" Na78 v$+t a* ?%?m, ami-$% a)*e%*ete) me7vitte a /< >'%t, >$78 0+ a -i%(+8" Ki+encven +$va7 0) /<va+ t?, +<%a 1+te4tett, a+ac)$n8a %an7C -at$na 78+t ?))*e, ) e%=)'t0)1+ me7-a.t(- a S*ent Ke%e)*te78 &a%a-(/(t, ma/& Ja##(a )iette-" A /$ +$va--a+ %en&e+-e*=, /$an #e+#e78ve%4*ett +$va7$-na- )i-e%1+t e/utni a v(%$)a, &e a t?i +$va) -at$n(t a ten7e%e )*$%'4t$tta a* e++en)07" O&a>a78t(- +$vai-at, ) C)*va i78e-e*te- e/utni a* ??+e" Ba+&uin-?*en '%t Tan-%0&na- 0) E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna- i), e)*(m$+t )C+8$) ve)*te)07ei%=+, 0)e%=)'t0)t -0%t"

;ie+=tt a*$nan Ct%a -e+te- v$+na a* 0)*a-i >e%ce7e-, v(%at+an )e7't)07 0%-e*ett";(/u) ut$+)< na./aian e78 #=+e7 an7$+ >a/<-<+ (++< #+$tta #ut$tt e Ja##(a" A -0t4)*(* >a/< an7$+, #%ancia, n0met -at$n(-at 0) *a%(n&$-$-at >$*$ttV Ba+&uin >$**(/u4t$tt a )*1-)07e) +0t)*(m4ut(n.<t+()>$*" ;(/u) 40n a* e78i.t$mia- e++en ve*ette )e4%e70t" A c)ata %0)*+eteit nem i)me%/1-" 78 tni-, >$78 a* e78i.t$mia-nanem )i-e4%1+t )em +e%$>anni, )em -?%1+*(%ni Ba+&uint, ) a* e*t -?vet= #%an- ne>0*+$va))(7i t(4ma&() me7$nt$tta a* e78i.t$mia- )$%ait 0) .(ni-$t -e+tett -?*t1-" N0>(n8 <%(n e4+1+ a* e70)* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 #e/ve)*tetten mene-1+t A)*-a+$n #e+0, ) t($%$- a -e%e)*4t0n8e- *)(-m(n8a +ett"

Ba+&uint 0) -i%(+8)(7(t a v0+et+ene- )$%$*ata mentette me7, ame+8e-en a -e%e)*4t0n8e- F 0%t>et= m<&$n F I)ten -e*0t +(tt(-" E v0+et+ene- -?*0 ta%t$*i-, ) nem i) ut$+4)< >e+8en a* e78i.t$mia- e+>i(*$tt )t%at07i(/a" A %am+ai c)ata ut(n e78 -i) -1+?n't4m0nn8e+ e+#$7+a+>att(- v$+na Je%u*)(+emet an0+-1+, >$78 -$m$+8aan me7 -e++ettv$+na 78en7'teni1- Ja##a +$-(&/(t" A+4A#&a+ ve*0% a*$nan m(% nem v$+t a %07i, #ia,Sa%a# .e&i7 $+8an 78en7e-e* v$+t, >$78 nem en7e&e+me)-e&tene-i a -at$n(-" A*a+ve*0%e- vet0+-e&0)e me70n't$tta a* a-ci<-at" A -?vet-e*= n8(%$n a+4A#&a+ i)m0t)e%e7et -1+&?tt Pa+e)*tin(a, min& a ten7e%en, min& a )*(%a*#?+&?n" A #+$tta e+0%te

Ja##(t, &e a )*(%a*#?+&i )e%e7 nem v$+t >a/+an&< A)*-a+$nn(+ 0)*a-a%a menni, me%ta ve*0%, a mame+u- T(&*) a+4A&*)am #0+t0-en8 v$+t a* a&mi%(+i)%a, In Ka&u) -(&i4%a" T(&*) a+4A&*)am$t -0)= en7e&et+en)0700%t ?%t?ne vetett0-, &e a a/ m(%

1146>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, , I4i, G, 499" ."V Au%ai E--e>a%&2 i" >"V Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 4,9!949!" ."V In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*

9M

me7t?%t0nt" A* e78i.t$mia- ve)*ni >a78t(- Pa+e)*tina vi))*a><&'t()(na- +e7'70%ete4)e +e>et=)070t"9

Tan-%0& 0) e B$u%74i Ba+&uin, amint >'%1+ vette a Je%u*)(+emet #en8e7et= ve4)*0+8t, e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 &0+%e )iet" 3e+1- ta%t$tt A[uit(niai 3i+m$), a-it Anti<->i4

(an ta+(+t Ba+&uin -i%(+8 +eve+e" E781tt uta*4ta- (t a* O%$nt0)* v?+780n, e+>a78t(- Hum4)*$t, ) +e#e+e ta%t$tta- a J$%&(n #e+)= #$+8()ament0n" A--$%a +en&1+ette+ >a+a&ta-, ) ann8i4an v$+ta-, >$78 a >e+8i mu)*+im$- -')0%+etet)em tette- #e+ta%t<*tat()u-%a" S*e.teme% v0470n e+0%te- JC&e(a" E--$% Ba+&uin m(% nem)*$%u+t a )e7't)071-%e, &e 0%-e*0)1- +e>et=v0tette, >$78 A)*-a+$nn(+ me7t(ma&/a a*e78i.t$mi )e%e7et" A* ?))*ec)a.()$-<+ a -e4%e)*t0n8e- -e%1+te- -i 78=*te)en, &e nemme%t0- $)t%$m a+( venni a* e%=&?t"M

A #%an- ve*et=- ta+(+-$*</a m() $-<+ i)-a.<%a /?tt Ba+&uinna-" Tan-%0& ma7a a-a%tame7)*ani )e7't)07e (%(t, v071+ Ba+&uin m074i) a* = )e7't)070ve+ $+&$tta me7 e78i- +e707e4t= .%$+0m(/(t" -a%(c)$n8(n Daime%t.(t%i(%-a c)a- v$na-$&va -$%$n(*ta me7 Ba+4&uint, 0) Ba+&uin /<+ tu&ta e*t" ;(%.e&i7 a -i4%(+8na- e++en=%*0)e a+att -e++ett ta%tania a*e78>(*at, me%t a* e78>(* /<+ )*e%ve*ett v$+t, )a* 1778e+ %$-$n)*enve*= n8u7ati >'v=- a*

e78>(* 0) nem a vi+(7i >at<)(7$- /av(%a a&a-$*ta- 0) v07%en&e+-e*te-" K0t)07e-me%1+te- #e+ a-?%1+, >$78 Daime%t va/$n t?%v0n8e)en -e%1+t4e a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-e2 a.ana)*$- R<m(a i) e+/ut$tta-" 3071+ Pa)*-(+ .(.a P$%t< '$%$) .1).?-0t, ;<%ic$ti%(n8't$tta .(.ai +e7(tu)-0nt Pa+e)*tin(a, >$78 vi*)7(+/a -i a* 178et"

;<%ic >C)v0t/(n 0%-e*ett Je%u*)(+eme" Ba+&uin a*$nna+ (%u+())a+ v(&$+tae+=tte Daime%tet, 0) emutatta a +eve+et, ame+8et L$tt#%ie& >a+(+a-$% Daime%t '%tB$emun&na-, ) ame+8en #e+)*<+'t$tta, >$78 >a -e++, e%=ve+ i) a-a&(+8$**a me7 Ba+4&uin t%<n%a -e%1+0)0t" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 m07 a*t i) (++'t$tta, >$78 &0+ #e+e uta*t(anDaime%t me7.%<(+ta me7?+etni" e>et, >$78 a m()$&i- v(& >ami) v$+t, &e a +eve+etnem +e>etett +eta7a&ni" ;<%ic me7ti+t$tta Daime%tna-, >$78 %0)*t ve78en a >C)v0ti)*e%ta%t()$-$n, ame+8e-et '78 e78e&1+ ce+e%(+t" Daime%t, #0+tve /?v=/0t, Ba+&uin>$*#$+8am$&$tt, +et0%&e+t e+=tte, ) $c)(nat(t -0%te" Ba+&uin >a/t>atat+an ma%a&t, e70)*ena&&i7, m'7 Daime%t a #1+0e nem )C7ta, >$78 a $c)(nat0%t van )*(m(%a 5 i*(ncia%an8a" Ba+&uinna- min&i7 )*1-)07e v$+t -0)*.0n*%e" Tit$-an e+#$7a&ta a* a/(n&04-$t, ma/& e+ment a +e7(tu)>$* 0) e/e+entette, >$78 na78+e+-en me7$c)(t Daim4e%tna-" A 0-e)*e%et= ;<%ic na78$n ?%1+t a #$%&u+atna-"

115In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*116Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 9, 9!!" ."V In ;u/a))*a%, M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" .", a-i )*e%int a* 0)*a-i

>e%ce7e- vi))*a a-a%ta- v$nu+ni"117Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, M49, 95G49" .", e+e)*0+0)e e++en)07e)en (ni- Daime%tte+" T1%$)*i 3i+4m$) Q, M4, 5G4" .", a-i min&i7 i) v0&e+me*te Daime%t 1780t, me%t a**a+ a* e78>(* #177et+en4

9

Akk#n megtámadása

N0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= Ba+&uinna- i)m0t .0n*%e v$+t )*1-)07e ) Daime%t>$*#$%&u+t, a-i -0t)*(* m(%-(t a&$tt (t ne-i a**a+, >$78 c)a- enn8i van a .at%i(%-(tu).0n*e)+(&(ian" Ám a* A%nu+# .(%t/(n (++< e78>(*ia- a*t /e+entett0- a -i%(+8na-,>$78 Daime%t m07 na78 ta%ta+0-$--a+ %en&e+-e*i-" T?%t0nt, >$78 a .(t%i(%-a n04>(n8 na..a+ -0)= #0n8e) ven&07)07et a&$tt a +e7(tu) ti)*te+et0%e, ) min&ent me74tett, >$78 me7)*e%e**e ;<%ic t(m$7at()(t" Ba+&uin v(%at+anu+ %(/u- t?%t, '%(+ta =-et#0n8*= 0+etm<&/u- miatt, ) #e+>'vta #i78e+m1-et a -e%e)*t0n8)07 -at$n(ina- )an8a4%C )$%)(%a" Daime%t m0%7e)en a*t #e+e+te, >$78 a* e78>(* a%%a >a)*n(+/a .0n*0t, ami4%e a-a%/a, ) a>>$* a -i%(+8na- )emmi -?*e" ;<%ic +e7(tu) i78e-e*ett +ec)i++a.'tani=-et, Ba+&uint a*$nan nem +e>etett e+>a++7attatni" ;int>$78 va+ami-$% .a.na- -04)*1+t, i&0*ni tu&ta a -(n$n/$7$t, ) 0-e))*<+()a na78 >at()t tett a +e7(tu)%a" ;<%ic %(4vette Daime%tet, >$78 #i*e))e me7 e78 +$va) $)*ta7 -?+t)07eit" Daime%t a*$nanBa+&uin i)m0te+t -0%0)ei%e )em #i*ette me7 e*t a* ?))*e7et" =)*0n R$7e%, A.u+ia>e%ce7e e*e% a%an8at -1+&?tt a/(n&0-a a .(t%i(%-(na-" Enne- a* ?))*e7ne- e78>a%4ma&(t a S*ent S'%%a, e78>a%ma&(t a* i).$t(+8%a, a ma%a&0-$t .e&i7 a -i%(+8 )e%e70%e-e++ett v$+na -?+teni, &e a m$>< Daime%t me7ta%t$tta ma7(na- a* e70)*et" A* a/(n4&0-$*() #e+t0te+ei a*$nan -?*i)me%te- v$+ta-" Ami-$% a -i%(+8 .ana)*t tett, a +e7(tu)nem v0&>ette t$v( Daime%tet, ) e--$% me7#$)*t$tt(- =t .(t%i(%-ai c'm0t=+" Daim4e%t vi))*av$nu+t Ja##(a, $tt t?+t?tte a te+et, ma/& m(%ciu)an t$v(uta*$tt Anti<4->i(a" R07i a%(t/a, Tan-%0& ?%?mme+ #$7a&ta, ) %('*ta a v(%$) e78i- +e77a*&a7atem.+$m(t, a S*ent L8?%784tem.+$m$t" Ba+&uin, a**a+ a* 1%1778e+, >$78 0%te)'tenie-e++ a t?%t0nte-%=+ R<m(t, nem t?+t?tte e a .(t%i(%-ai t%<nt" Eme%ei -i#$)*t$tt(- a.(t%i(%-ai -inc)t(%at, ame+8en %(u--anta- a Daime%t (+ta+ e+%e/tett >C)*e*e% i4*(nci a%an8%a" ;<%ic o/um taneus-0nt, >e+8ta%t<-0nt m-?&?tt, &e a )$- $t%(n8me7%en&'tette e70)*)070t, 0) tava)*(n me7>a+t"G

Ami-$% =))*e+ Tan-%0& Ba+&uin #e+ment0)0%e 0%-e*ett, tu&atta, >$78 a #e+t0te+eDaime%t %e>ai+it(+()a, 0) Daime%t i) ve+e ta%t$tt" Ba+&uin >a/+an&<na- mutat-$4*$tt, e--$% a*$nan me70%-e*ett a* C/ .(.ai +e7(tu), P(%i*) '$%$)a, R<e%t" A -i4%(+8 C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 *)inati 1+0) %en&e**e a &$+7$-at, R<e%t e+n?-+ete a+att" E*t)em Tan-%0&, )em Daime%t nem uta)'t>atta e+" E78 *)inat a vi*)7(+at +e*(%u+t(i7 i&e4i7+ene)en vi))*a>e+8e*te Daime%tet a .$)*t/(%a" Tan-%0& e--$% c)a.ataiva+ c)at+a-$4*$tt a -i%(+8 )e%e70>e*, ) A)*-a+$n e++en in&u+ta-" Nem )$--a+ -0)= a S*ent)'%4tem.+$man me7ta%t$tt(- a )*in<&u)t" A +e7(tu) e+n?-?+t, ) a S*ent#?+&?n +(t$7at<4an $tt ta%t<*-$&< -0t #=.a., a$n 0) Piacen*a .1).?-e v$+t a )e7't)070%e" Ott v$+ta-Pa+e)*tina .1).?-ei, a.(t/ai ) $tt v$+t Tan-%0& te%1+et0%=+ ;ami)*t%a .1).?-e" Ka4i)*a%eia, Bet+e>em 0) Ram+a #=.a./ai R$>e)4i A%nu+# )u7a+ma*()a a+a./(n v(&$+t(-Daime%tet" Ki/e+entett0-, >$78 !!4en, ami-$% a .i)aia- 0+0n Daime%t Pa+e)*tina#e+0 ta%t$tt, a J<n4)*i7ete-en me7t(ma&ta -e%e)*t0n8 >itte)tv0%eit, >$78 .$+7(%>($4%Ct a-a%t -i%$antani Ba+&uin -i%(+8 0) B$emun& -?*?tt, ) >$78 ma7(nata%t$ttame7 a* i).$t(+8 (+ta+ 7$n&$*$tt *a%(n&$-$-na- 0) a K%i)*tu) -at$n(ina- )*(nt .0n4*e-et" E*e- a v(&a- -0t)07-'v1+ i7a*a- v$+ta-" A '$%$) +e7(tu) nem te>etett m()t,mint 0%&emte+enne- n8i+v(n't$tta Daime%tet, ) me7#$)*t$tta ti)*t0t=+" Tan-%0&na-)em +e>etett -i#$7()a e78 i+8en -(n$n/$7i e+/(%() e++en" Be -e++ett +(tnia, >$78 ve)*'4

)070t v0&te, nem tC+ =)*inte, me%t -i>a78ta a ;<%ic n8$m$*()ai a+a./(n -0)*1+t /e+ent0)t" Riant2 1n2%entaité , 4!" ."118Aac>eni A+e%t, 3II, 9G4M, 9949!" ."

9G

tett" Daime%t vi))*ament ve+e Anti<->i(a, vi))*a-e%1+t a S*ent L8?%784tem.+$ma) $tt v(%ta e a +e>et=)07et, >$78 R<m(a me>e))en" Daime%t me7ve)*te7et>et=,n8$m$%u+t ?%e7eme% v$+t, t(v$*()(t )en-i )em )a/n(+ta a S*ent#?+&?n" II" O%(n.(.a e78et+en na78 t0ve&0)e a* v$+t, ami-$% Daime%tet -ineve*te .(.ai +e7(tu)na-Pa+e)*tin(a"!

R$>e)4i A%nu+#, a-i a* e70)* 178 )$%(n Ba+&uin -0)*)07e) )e7't=/e v$+t, tC+)(7$)an%ava)* v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a Daime%t >e+80t" Ami-$% a +e7(tu) -0%te a .a+e)*ti4nai .1).?-?-et, >$78 /e+?+/ene- va+a-it a .$)*t%a, =- e78 T>0%$uanne4a va+< 0+te).a.$t, Ev%ema%t a/(n+$tt(-" Ev%ema% m07 a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atta+ /?tt a S*ent4#?+&%e, ) >'%e) v$+t m0+8 va++()$))(7(%<+ 0) -a%itat'v tev0-en8)070%=+" Ha(% A%nu+##?+&i/e v$+t, nem vett %0)*t int%i-(ian" K?*ti)*te+eten (++< )*em0+8 v$+t" A +e7(tu)?%1+t, >$78 e78 i+8en -i#$7()ta+an .a.$t )*ente+>et .(t%i(%-(v(, Ba+&uin i) e+07e&ettv$+t, me%t /<+ tu&ta, >$78 Ev%ema% (%ta+mat+an ?%e7, a-i )$>a)em #$7 a .$+iti-(aavat-$*ni" A%nu+# .e&i7 a-a&(+8ta+anu+ )*?v?7ette t$v( te%veit"

Daime%t nem e)ett -0t)07e" Ami-$% v0&e+me*=/e, B$emun& 94en It(+i(auta*$tt, = i) ve+e ta%t$tt" R<m(a ment, >$78 .ana)*(t e+=a&/a a .(.(na-" Pa)*-(+e+=)*?% <vat$) v$+t, -0)= a*$nan F va+<)*'n+e7 B$emun& v07*ete) e#$+8()(%a FDaime%t $+&a+(%a (++t" :e+)*<+'t$tta Ba+&uint, >$78 -1+&/?n va+a-it R<m(a, a-i v(+a4)*$+ Daime%t v(&/ai%a" A -i%(+8 a*$nan (t+(tta, >$78 a .(.a B$emun& e#$+8()a a+(-e%1+t, ) nem t?%=&?tt a* e70))*e+" Pa)*-(+ e--$% >at(+8ta+an't$tta Daime%t t%<n#$)*4t()(t m$n&v(n, >$78 a* a vi+(7i >ata+$m eavat-$*()(na- e%e&m0n8e v$+t" S*e%en4c)0%e I)ten >e+8%e>$*ta a .(.a $)t$a c)e+e-e&et0t" ;i-?*en Daime%t -0)*1+t a*Ct%a, >$78 &ia&a+ma)an vi))*a#$7+a+/a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-0t, )C+8$)an me7ete7e&ett, 0)" /Cniu) 940n me7>a+t ;e))in(an"

A .at%i(%-(tu) a/ai e**e+ m07 nem 0%te- v07et" Ba+&uin i&=-?*en me7e+07e+teEv%ema%t" Ta+(n %(/?tt, >$78 a* e78>(* tC+ #$nt$) )*e%ve*et a>>$*, >$78 e78 /e+ent0-4te+en )*em0+8 i%(n8't)a" A* e78>(* 0+0n a -i%(+8na- >at0-$n8 )*?vet)07e)%e v$+t)*1-)07e" Ami-$% Ev%ema% me7>a++$tta, >$78 a .(.a vi))*a>e+8e*te m0+t<)(7(aDaime%tet, = ma7a -e+t Ct%a R<m(a" ;i%e $&a0%t, vet0+8t(%)a m(% >a+$tt v$+t, &em$)t m(% Ev%ema% .ana)*$+ta e+ a vi+(7i >ata+$m eavat-$*()ait a* e78>(* 178eie"Ami-$% Daime%t >a+(+>'%e e+0%t Pa+e)*tin(a, A%nu+# )ietett R<m(a, >$78 $tt a -i4%(+8 nev0en /(%/$n e+" Pa)*-(+ e--$% m(% Ev%ema% #e+0 >a/+$tt, &e v07%e me70%tette,>$78 a &$+$7 $n8$+u+ta, mint -0.*e+te" A* e70)* 178et %('*ta A%+e) 0%)e-0%e,Sa%an4i Lie+in%e, e78 na78$n i&=) 0) %en&-'v1+ ta.a)*ta+t e78>(*i )*em0+8%e" Gtava)*(n Lie+in Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*ett" A&&i7%a m(% Ev%ema% 0) A%nu+# i) >a*at0%t"Lie+in /<+ +(tta, >$78 Ev%ema% nem v$+t a+-a+ma) ti)*t)070%e, ) >$78 )en-i )em a-a%4ta =t i)m0t a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-en +(tni" A .(t%i(%-ai t%<nt me71%e)e&ettne- n8i+v(n't$t4ta, 0) )*in<&u)t >'v$tt ?))*e, >$78 ut<&$t v(+a))*$n" Ke++eme) *ava%an v$+t, ami-$%Ba+&uin a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 +e78en Lie+in a .(t%i(%-a" Lie+in e+#$7a&ta a* a/(n+at$t"Ev%ema%t -(%.<t$+t(- Kai)*a%eia 0%)e-i )*0-0ve+, ame+8 )*e%enc)0/0%e 0..en a--$%1%1+t me7"

A .+et8-a )*e%int A%nu+# 78=*te me7 Ba+&uint a%%<+, >$78 Lie+in%e e))en a v(+a)*4t()a, ) 0.. i&=) -$%a miatt" 78 >ama%$)an i)m0t )*(m'tani +e>etett a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-

119Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, , M4, 9M49!G" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*120T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, I, 949" ."

9!

me71%e)e&0)0%e" Lie+in e*ut(n va+<an c)a- n078 0vet 0+t, ) >a+(+a ut(n min&en e++en(++() n0+-1+ A%nu+#$t v(+a)*t$tt(- .(t%i(%-(v("

Ba+&uin )*em.$nt/(<+ A%nu+# v$+t a* i&e(+i) .(t%i(%-a" I7a*, >$78 -0)= e++ent04te- t(ma&ta- -?*?tt1- a -i%(+8 C/%an=)1+0)e miatt, ) a* i) i7a*, >$78 A%nu+#$t i7en)$- a+(%en&e+t/e 78+?+te, &e a .(t%i(%-(na- )i-e%1+t me7ta%tania >ata+m(t" K0t)07te4+en1+ me7ve)*te7et>et= eme% v$+t" Ami-$% un$-a>C7a, Emma /< >(*a))(7$t -?t?ttLa%nie%4i Eu)tac>e4)a+, a >?+78 %$-$n(na- 0%t0-e) /e%i-)07e)en )*$+7(+taa -i%(+8t" Ne-i -?)*?n>et=, >$78 v07+e7 #e+e&0)e me%1+t a* a me7va+<)'t>atat+ante%v F ame+8 $tt +ee7ett a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at +e7t? %0)*tvev=/e e+=tt F, >$78

Je%u*)(+em te$-%ati-u) (++am +e78en, a>$+ a* u%a+-$&< c)u.(n a Wv0&e+mi mini)*te%X)*e%e.0t t?+ten0 e" A%nu+# e+0%te, >$78 a* e70)* .a+e)*tinai e78>(* $)*t$tta v0+em04n80t, a S*ent)'% $ta%in7iai L$tt#%ie& (+ta+ -ineve*ett -an$n$-/aina- +ev(+t()a 17804en, me%t nem '*$tt >)071-en" Ami-$% a ><&'t()$-na- >(+a a -i%(+8)(7 te%1+eten?ve-e&ett, min&i7 -em0n8en >a%c$+t a*0%t, >$78 a vi+(7i 0) a* e78>(*i /$7>at<)(7e78ee))0-" S*eme -e++ett )*(++nia Pa)*-(+ .(.(va+, a-i )*e%enc)0t+en m<&$n min4&i7 a n$%mann )*(%ma*()C anti<->iai >e%ce7e-ne- -e&ve*ett, 0) e%=)en v0&te a* an4ti<->iai )*0->e+8 t?%t0ne+mi, &e a 78a-$%+atan imm(% /e+ent0-te+en /$7ait" A%nu+#nem v$+t -ieme+-e&=en 0%t0-e) )*em0+8, &e 0%t0-e) )*$+7(/a v$+t a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+84)(7na-" A /e+e) t?%t0net'%<, T1%$)*i 3i+m$) me778+?+tette em+0-0t, i7a*)(7ta+anu+ #e4-et'tette e nev0t" A%nu+# na78$n )$-at tett a*0%t, >$78 me7e%=)'t)e a* e+)= -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at (+ta+ e+0%t e%e&m0n8e-et"

A%nu+# 0) u%a, Ba+&uin /av(%a -e++ '%ni a*t i), >$78 /< -a.c)$+at$-at 0.'tette- -i a +a4tin .a.)(7 0) a >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e- -?*?tt" !!4en, ami-$% e+)= a+-a+$mma+ t?+t?ttee a .(t%i(%-ai ti)*tet, A%nu+# -iti+t$tta a -e+eti #e+e-e*ete-et a S*ent)'%4tem.+$m<+,0) me7#$)*t$tta =-et /avai-t<+" Daime%t a*$nan m07 ann(+ i) -em0n8e v$+t" nemc)a- a tem.+$m<+ ti+t$tta -i a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-et, >anem /e%u*)(+emi m$4n$)t$%ai-<+ 0) e780 int0*m0n8ei-=+ i), te-intet n0+-1+ a%%a, >$78 $%t$&$$- v$+4ta-4e, mint a 7?%?7?- 0) a 7%C*$-, va78 e%etne-e-, mint a* ?%m0n8e-, a /a-$it(- 0)a ne)*t$%i(nu)$-"

Daime%t a**a+ i) me7(nt$tta a >e+8e+ie- 0%*0-en8)070t, >$78 n=-et %en&e+t)*ent >e+8e- )*$+7(+at(%a" E )*?%n8 )0%e+me- miatt >C)v0t e+=e)t0/0n a S*ent)'%min&en +(m.()a -ia+u&t, ) a )*ent t* nem )*(++t +e a&&i7 a* 07=+, m'7 a min&en i%4t$-(<+ -i#$%7at$tt ?t -?*?))07 ta7/ai nem im(&-$*ta- e781tt a #%an-$- neine- $4c)(nat(0%t" Ba+&uin tanu+t a +ec-0=+, ) a*$n v$+t, >$78 a >e+8e+ie-ne- $-$*$tt )0%e+4me-et $%v$)$+/a" 3i))*aa&ta a 7?%?7?-ne- a S'% -u+c)ait" E*ut(n, C78 tni-, min&en.a+e)*tinai -e%e)*t0n8 t(m$7atta =t" A #=.a.$- min& #%an-$- v$+ta-, >a(% a S*ent4)'%n(+ m-?&te- 7?%?7 -an$n$-$- i)" A* $%t$&$ >e+8i +a-$))(7 e+#$7a&ta e*t, >i)*en)a/(t #=.a.)(7u- m07 a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at e+=tti *ava%$) 0ve-en e+>a78ta a* $%)*(47$t" A +atin #=.a.)(7$t )$>a)em )*e%ett0-, &e a >e+8i $%t$&$ m$n$)t$%$- min&ena-a&(+8 n0+-1+ m-?&te- t$v(, 0) a* $%t$&$ *a%(n&$-$-, a-i- a #%an- -i%(+8)(7#enn(++()a a+att +(t$7atta- Pa+e)*tin(a, nem .ana)*-$&>atta- a vi+(7i >at<)(7$-%a,)em )a/(t, )em >e+8e+i te)tv0%ei- nev0en" Ha)$n+<an e+07e&ette- v$+ta- a* e%etne-

121

Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 9G!, M94M9!" ."V ii, , " ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h* 0) QI, , 9949M" ."122T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, 9, !" ." 3i+m$) nem -e&ve+te A%nu+#$t, $..$%tuni)ta -?.?n8e7#$%7at<na-ta%t$tta" ()& e m " -?t" 9" ."

M

e78>(*a- i)" ;e%=en m() v$+t a >e+8*et a* 0)*a-4)*'%iai #%an- (++am$-an, a>$+min& a* $%t$&$$-, min& a* e%etne-e- me7)*enve&t0- a #%an- e+n8$m()t"5

A+4A#&a+ e%e/0t nem me%'tette -i te+/e)en a* e78i.t$mia- 4en t?%t0nt /a##ai ve4%e)07e, )em a* 5 tava)*(n in&'t$tt >a&/(%at )i-e%te+en)07e, &e e--$% m(% t? i&=4e te++ett e78 C/a )e%e7 #e+(++'t()a" Ba+&uin a +0+e7*etv0te+n8i )*1netet a%%a >a)*n(+4ta #e+, >$78 me7e%=)'t)e u%a+m(t a .a+e)*tinai ten7e%.a%t$n" Ha(% Ja##(t<+ Hai#(i7 a*= i%t$-(an v$+ta- a .a%t menti v(%$)$-, (m a -?*?tt1- >C*<&< ?))*e-?t= uta-at amu)*+im$- .u)*t't$tt(-, -1+?n?)en a K(%me+4>e78 +e/t=in" Nem v$+t i*t$n)(7$) a

Ja##a4Je%u*)(+em Ct )em, mint a*t a *a%(n&$- Saeu+# #e+/e78e*te" T1%$)* 0) A--$ne78i.t$mi -0*en +ev= -i-?t=i=+ -a+<*$- -e+te- Ct%a, 0) e+#$7t(- a -e%e)*t0n8 -e%e)4-e&=-et" -0)= =)*0n >a*ain&u+ta- a*$- a *a%(n&$-$-, a-i- m(/u)an Ja##(n(+0%-e*0)1--e+ me7mentett0- Ba+&uint, (m >a/<i- vi>a%a -e%1+te-, 0) -1+?n?*= .$n4t$-$n )$&%<&ta- .a%t%a" E78e) >a/<- A)*-a+$nn(+ 0%te- .a%t$t, m()$- va+a>$+ T1%$)*0) S*i&<n -?*?tt" A* uta)$-at va78 +em0)*(%$+t(-, va78 e+a&t(- a* e78i.t$mi %a4)*$+7a.iac$-$n"9 5 tava)*(n Ba+&uin F a-i m07 min&i7 )*(m't>at$tt n0>(n8 an47$+ >a/< )e7't)070%e F, me7$)t%$m$+ta A--$nt" A >e+8=%)07 m(% c)a-nem me7a&tama7(t, (m e78)*e% c)a- ti*en-0t #(timi&a 7(+8a 0) e78 >ata+ma) te>e%>a/< 0%-e*ettT1%$)*<+ 0) S*i&<n<+, eme%e--e+ 0) 7?%?7t1*et $-(&< 70.e--e+ me7%a-va" Ba+&u4inna- aa -e++ett >a78ni a* $)t%$m$t"M A n8(% #$+8am(n a -i%(+8 me7.%<(+ta me74ti)*t'tani a an&it(-t<+ a K(%me+4>e78et" 6)a- %0)*en /(%t )i-e%%e+, me%t a* e78i- ?)*4)*ec)a.()an a ve)0/e -$m$+8an me7)0%1+t" E78 i&ein7 a* 0+ete i) ve)*0+8en #$%7$tt";ia+att ete7en #e-1&t Je%u*)(+emen, >'%e- 0%-e*te- T(&*) a+4A&*)am 0) In Ka&u)>a&/(%at(%<+" T(&*) a+4A&*)am a*$nan nem v$+t >a/+an&< A)*-a+$nn(+ t$v( men4ni, 0) '78 Ka&u) a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 e78e&1+ -')0%e+/e me7 Ja##a $)t%$m(t" :e+a&a4t(t c)a- c)e-0+8 +e+-e)e&0))e+ v07e*te" Ami-$% Ba+&uin ann8i%a #e+0.1+t, >$78 a )e%e70+0%e (++>at$tt, +ev$nu+t a .a%t%a, ) a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta e+vit$%+(*$tt"

A -?vet-e*= 0v m(/u)(an e>a/<*$tt Hai#(a a* a >etven 7(+8(<+ (++< 7en$vai>a/<%a/, ame+8 T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun&na- )e7't)07et n8C/t$tt D*)aai+ e+#$7+a+()(an"Ba+&uin ta+(+-$*$tt ve*et=i--e+, 0) me7)*e%e*te )*?vet)071-et A--$n $)t%$m(>$*" A)*$-()$) /uta+mat '70%te, a *)(-m(n8 >a%ma&(t, -e%e)-e&e+mi -iv(+t)(7$-at 0) e78ne78e&et a a*(%an" A )*?vet)07e)e- m(/u) M4(n -e*&t0- me7 a* $)t%$m$t" Ban(Za>% a&4Dau+a a+4D*)u/C)' mame+u- #(timi&a .a%anc)n$- e+)*(ntan e++en(++t, &e nem-a.$tt )e7't)07et E78i.t$m<+" A .a%anc)n$- >C)* na. mC+va a* a%)*u#i>$* >a)$n+<#e+t0te+e- me++ett #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 me7a&/(- ma7u-at" A*$- a .$+7(%$-, a-i- e+

123()& e m II" -?t" (et a +engerent) = A forduat c" %0)*" 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e% e78i- -0*i%ata >$))*C+e'%()t a& a )*e%ta%t()%<+" E*t n8$mtatt(- -i a $e/uei des Historiens des Croisades -ia&()(an" :$uc>e%Ha7enme8e%4#0+e -ia&()(an Ha7enme8e% me7/e78*i, >$78 e* c)a- e78et+en -0*i%atan ta+(+>at< ,0) a eve*et= )*ava- -iv0te+0ve+ e+veti" E*e- a -?vet-e*=-2 W6$ntu%ati )unt $mne) .%$.te% i7nem[uem &ie )aati n$n >auimu) a& Se.u+c%um D$mini"X II" viii, , 5!M" ." A te+/e) ma78a%(*at0%t +()&9" /e78*et0t, 5!945!M" ." #177e+0-en -in8$mtatta a* inte%.$+(+t )*?ve7e+, a*$--a+, ame+8e- Nan7i)4iBa%t$+#n(+ 0) N$7ent4i Luie%tn0+ ta+(+>at<- uo*, G54G5" ."" ;ive+ :$uc>e% Ba+&uin -(.+(n/a v$+t,ne-i i) /e+en -e++ett +enni a )*e%ta%t()$n" D(nie+ H07umen$)* K>it%$$ -ia&", 94G5" ." +e'%/a a* "0vi )*e%ta%t()t" E+e)*0+0)0=+ vi+(7$)an -i&e%1+, >$78 a 7?%?7?-%e v$+t '*va a S'%"

124Pi+7%ima7e $# Saeu+# P" P" T" S, " -?tet, G4!" ."125Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, G, M4M" ."126

Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 9, 9!!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" .", >e+8te+en1+ a&/a me7 a* 0vet a >i&*)%a ut(n!9", !M" >e+8ett"1276>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, iv, I, M4M" ., Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 45, 54" ."

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a-a%/(- >a78ni a v(%$)t, me7te>eti-, ) ma7u--a+ vi>eti- in7<)(7ai-at, a* $tt ma%a4&<- .e&i7 a #%an- -i%(+8 a+attva+$78 e--$%a 7a*&a7)(7 -ic)C))*0- a -e*ei- -?*1+"ec)a.ta- a v(%$)t e+>a78<-%a, )$- eme%t me7?+te-, min&en-it -i#$)*t$tta-" Ba+&uin=%/?n7?tt" B1ntet0)=+ %( a-a%t t(ma&ni a 7en$vaia-%a, &e me70%-e*ett Ev%ema% .(t4%i(%-a, 0) 0-0t )*e%*ett"G

A--$nna+ Ba+&uin v07%e me7)*e%e*te a*t, ami%e ann8i%a v(78$tt2 e78 min&en i&=4 /(%()i vi)*$n8$- -?*?tt i*t$n)(7$) -i-?t=t" Ha(% t?, mint )*(* m0%#?+&%e v$+t a#=v(%$)t<+, a*$nna+ a -i%(+8)(7 +e7#$nt$)a -i-?t=/e +ett, e+#$7+a+va a v0&te+en -i-?4t=/ Ja##a >e+80t" A--$n v$+t a* a -i-?t=, ame+8en -e%e)*t1+ a Dama)*-u)*<+ 0%-e*=(%u >a/<-$n n8u7at #e+0 in&u+t" A #%an- ><&'t() nem #177e)*tette #e+ a -e%e)-e&e+met,) a* A--$nan ma%a&t mu)*+im$- i) e+=)e7'tett0- t$v(0+0)0t"!

9 n8a%(n a+4A#&a+ ve*0% m07 e78, ut$+)< -')0%+etet tett Pa+e)*tina vi))*a><&'t(4)(%a" Öte*e% a%a +$va)<+ 0) )*u&(ni 78a+$7$)$-<+ (++<, /<+ #e+)*e%e+t >a&)e%e7 7814+e-e*ett au7u)*tu) e+e/0n A)*-a+$nn(+" Pa%anc)n$-u- S*an( a+4;u+- Hu))*ain, a ve4*0% #ia v$+t" A* e78i.t$mia- tanu+ta- a* e+=*= -u&a%c$-<+, ) e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78e781ttm-?&ne- a &ama)*-u)*i t?%?- u%a+-$&<--a+" 4en 0) 54an Dama)*4-u)* )e7't)07e #e+ec)1+>etet+en +ett v$+na" /Cniu)(an me7>a+t a &ama)*-u)*iDu-(- 0) a c)a+(&/a Du-(- ata07/0ve+, T$7te-inne+ a* ?%?-)07en vitat-$*$tt, ) -?*4en A+e..$78 me7)*e%e**e a ma7a /u))(t" T$7te-in e+=)*?%Du-(- e78e)*ten&=) -i)#i(t, Tutu)t 1+tette a t%<n%a, ma/& #e+v(+t$tta Du-(- ti*en-0t0ve) te)tv0%0ve+, I%ta))(+" I%ta) >ama%$)an (t+(t$tt 78(m/a )*(n&0-ain, 0) a Hau%(namene-1+t, ame+8ne- ve*et= em'%/e, a $)*%ai A/te-in mene&0-et a&$tt ne-i" B$)*%(4<+ #$+8am$&$tt Ba+&uin -i%(+8>$*, a-i me7>'vta Je%u*)(+eme" I+8en -?%1+m0n8e--?*?tt T$7te-in ?%?mme+ -0)*1+t a%%a, >$78 )e7't)en a* e78i.t$mia-na-, &e nem-$c-(*tat>atta me7, >$78 /e+ent=)e )e%e7et $c)())$n %en&e+-e*0)1-%e" S*aavanev ve*0%0t -1+&te &0+%e 5 +$va) '/())*a+"5

Au7u)*tu)an a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 ev$nu+t Pa+e)*tin(a, $tt a &ama)*-u)*ia-c)at+a-$*ta- a )e%e7>e*, miut(n (tv$nu+ta- T%an)*/$%&(ni(n 0) a Ne7even" Ba+&uin

Ja##(an v(%a-$*$tt" Ami-$% a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta +(t<t(v$+)(7a -e%1+t, Ba+&uin ame7-e%1+>etet+en %am+ai c)atame*=n (++'t$tta #e+ eme%eit" Ja##(t 6am%ai4i it>a%&ta%t$tta >(%$m)*(* eme%%e+" Ba+&uinna+ v$+t a* i#/C &ama)*-u)*i t%<n-?vete+=, I%ta),0) a ma%a&0- .a+e)*tinai >a&e%=2 La+i+ea, Hai#a, He%$n >e+8=%)07e, a* ?t)*(* +$va)4<+ 0) -0te*e% 78a+$7$)<+ (++< -?*.$nti )e%e77e+ e781tt" Ev%ema% .(t%i(%-a Ba+&uin-0%0)0%e e+/?tt Je%u*)(+em=+ a* (+ta+a t$$%*$tt )*(*?tven eme%%e+ 0) a S*ent Ke4%e)*tte+"

A c)at(%a au7u)*tu) 40n, va)(%na. -e%1+t )$%" Ha/na+an a .(t%i(%-a #e+4a+( +$va47$+t a #%an- )e%e7 e+=tt, te+/e) #=.a.i &')*en, a -e%e)*tte+ a -e*0en, (+&()t 0) #e+$+&$4*()t $)*tva" E*ut(n a #%an-$- t(ma&ta-" A &ama)*-u)*i t?%?-?- e++ent(ma&()a c)a-4nem me7t?%te a #%an-$- v$na+(t, &e Ba+&uin -e*0e %a7a&ta a *()*+<t, t(ma&()t in&'4t$tt, ) vi))*ave%te a t?%?-?-et" A* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 a )*$-()$)n(+ >=)ie)een >a%c$+t,

1286>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, v, 45, M4M" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, 4!, MM4MG" ."V 6a##a%$2 Li"er2atio, 4" ."V Ba+&uin c>a%t(/a a Li"er 6urium $eipu"i/ae 3emensis, " -?t" M4" ."

129

()& e m II" -?t" (et a +engerent) = A forduat c" %0)*" 3$+t -e%e)-e&e+em In D*)ua/% i&e/0eni) G5"130In a+4Ka+(ni)*', " ."V In a+4A)*'%, !" ."

M

&e a a+)*(%n8 e+>a78ta a >e+80t, ) %em0n8te+en v(++a+-$*()a #$7$tt, me7a-a%ta +e.niHai#(t, 0) tC+ -0)=n t0%t vi))*a a >e+80%e" E)t0%e a mu)*+im$-at me7ve%t0- a #%an-$-"S*aava 0) t?%?-/ei vi))*amene-1+te- )a/(t te%1+et1-%e, a* e78i.t$mia- .e&i7 vi))*a4v$nu+ta- A)*-a+$na, a>$nnan a .a%anc)n$-u-, S*an( a+4;u+- Kai%<a )ietett" Na78ve)*te)07et )*enve&te-" A)*-a+$n -$%m(n8*</a e+e)ett, A--$n 0) A%)*u# v$+t .a4%anc)n$-a #$7)(7a -e%1+t" A* e78i.t$mia- -0)= ma7a) v(+t)(7&'/a-at #i*ette- 0%4t1-, 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e% i7en )a/n(+ta, >$78 S*an( a+4;u+- e+mene-1+t2 0%te va+<an)*0. v(+t)(7&'/at +e>etett v$+na -0%ni" A #%an-$- ve)*te)07ei i) )C+8$)a- v$+ta-" Ba+4&uin -i#$)*t$tta a t($%t, &e nem in&u+t a* e78i.t$mia- 1+&?*0)0%e" :e+>a78$tt a* i#/CI%ta) >e%ce7 t(m$7at()(va+ i)" I%ta) (nat$)an vi))*av$nu+t a* Eu#%(te)*4menti a%4Ra>a v(%$)(a" A* e78i.t$mi #+$tta >a*avit$%+(*$tt2 )emmit )em 0%t e+, c)a- n0>(n8>a/</(t ve)*'tette e+ e78 vi>a%an"5

E**e+, a >a%ma&i- %am+ai c)at(va+ +e*(%u+t a Pa+e)*tina vi))*a><&'t()(%a i%(n8u+<#(timi&a .%<(+-$*()$- )$%a" Enne- e++en0%e m07 min&i7 ve)*0+8t /e+entette- a #%an4-$- )*(m(%a2 M =)*0n e78 -i)e .$%t8a ma/&nem me7>$*ta a* e78i.t$mia-na-a*t a* e%e&m0n8t, ame+8et >i(a v(%ta- a na78 )e%e7t=+" O-t<e%en, mi-?*en Ba+4&uin a 7a+ieai >at(%vi&0-en v$+t e+#$7+a+va, minte78 e*e% e78i.t$mi +$va) +ec)a.$tte78 Ja##a 0) A%)*u# -?*?tt e+te%1+= *a%(n&$-t($%%a, 0) me7?+te a t($%+a-<-at" On4nan a* e78i.t$mia- Ram+(a +$va7$+ta-" A v(%$)t c)a- n8$+c +$va7 v0&te, a-i-et-?nn8en +e78=*te-" R$*$84i R$7e%, Ja##a -$%m(n8*</a e++en1- in&u+t, &e c)a.&(ae)ett, 0) c)a- C78 tu&$tt me7)*aa&u+ni, >$78 #e/ve)*tve Ja##a #e+0 mene-1+t" A*e78i.t$mia- ann8i%a R$7e% )a%-(an v$+ta-, >$78 a -a.u- e+=tt -inn%e-e&t ne78ven78a+$7$)(t e i) 0%t0- 0) +em0)*(%$+t(-" E*ut(n a* e78i.t$mia- e++$va7$+ta- Je%u*)(4+em #e+0, me7t(ma&t(- a -i) A%nau& e%=&?t, ame+8et Ba+&uin a* Ct =%*0)0%e +0te)'tett,) ame+8ne- mun-(+atai m07 e )em #e/e*=&te-" A mun-()$- me7a&t(- ma7u-at, &ea* e78i.t$mia- me7?+t0- =-et, a v(%na78, L$tt#%ie& -iv0te+0ve+, a-i a D(vi&4t$%$n8.a%anc)n$-a v$+t" t v(+t)(7&'/ %em0n80en ma7u--a+ vitt0-" 3071+ Ba+&uin tu&$4m()t )*e%*ett a* e78i.t$mia- 7a%(*&(+-$&()ai%<+, 0) )e%e70ve+ &0+%e in&u+t" A* e78i.4t$mia- A)*-a+$ni7 v$nu+tavi))*a"5

A -?vet-e*= 0ven e78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7 c)a-nem e+#$7+a+ta He%$nt, &e Ba+&uin)*em0+8e)en ve%te vi))*a a t(ma&<-at" 4en a* e78i.t$mia- e+/ut$tta- e70)*en

Ja##a a+(, $nnan a*$nan >i%te+en vi))*a#$%&u+ta-"55 T'* 0ven (t i&=%=+ i&=%e me7i)4m0t+=&te- e*e- a -i)e4na78$ t(ma&()$-, ame+8e- a -e%e)*t0n8 te+e.e)e- 0) a *a4%(n&$-$- )*(m(%a i*$n8ta+ann( tett0- a* 0+etet a .a%ti )'-)(7$n 0) a Ne7ev4)ivata74an" E*e- a*$nan a+i74a+i7 v$+ta- m0%>et=e- a*$->$* a -a+an&$*()$->$*, ame+8e4-et Ba+&uin ve*etett a mu)*+im te%1+ete-%e"

Ba+&uin C78 0%e*te, >$78 m$)t m(% )*aa&$n 78a%a.'t>at/a -i%(+8)(7a te%1+et0t" :=c0+/a a .a%ti v(%$)$- me7><&'t()a v$+t2 &0+en A)*-a+$n%a v(78$tt, 0)*a-$n .e&i7 T14%$)*%a, S*i&<n%a 0) Be/%Ct%a" A)*-a+$n 0) T1%$)* v(%a e%=) v$+t, na78)*(mC (++an&<>e+8=%)077e+, e*0%t e v(%a- ev0te+0>e* 7$n&$) #e+-0)*1+0)%e v$+t )*1-)07" M tava4)*(n i7en )$- an7$+, #+aman& 0) &(n *a%(n&$- ta%t<*-$&$tt a S*ent#?+&?n, ) e* a%%a?)*t?-0+te Ba+&uint, >$78 S*i&$n%a t(ma&/$n" Ami-$% a v(%$) -$%m(n8*</a >'%0t vet4te a te%ve*ett t(ma&()na-, 78$%)an e78 na78$ ?))*e7et -1+&?tt a -i%(+8na-" Ba+&u4

131Aac>eni A+e%t, IQ, G49, M4M" ."V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, i, I4iii, 5, G!495" ."V In a+4

A)*'%, G4!!" ."V In ;u/a))*a%, MM" ."132Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 4, M594M5G" ."133>o*, Q, 55, MM4M" ."V QI, G, MM" .

M5

in min&i7 .0n*>i(n8an )*enve&ett, e+#$7a&ta >(t a* a/(n&0-$t, 0) -0t 0vi7 nem >(4$%7atta S*i&<nt"5

G au7u)*tu)(an Ba+&uin i)m0t me7in&u+t S*i&<n e++en, e78, t? it(+iai -e%e)4-e&=v(%$) ten7e%0)*ei=+ 0) -a+an&$%ai<+ (++< >a/<%a/ t(m$7at()(va+" A -$%m(n8*<e--$% >a%mince*e% a%an80%t me7v()(%$+ta a &ama)*-u)*i t?%?-?- )e7't)070t" I&=-?*4en e%=) >a/<%a/ 0%-e*ett E78i.t$m<+, ) nem me))*e a -i-?t=t=+ ten7e%i c)at(an +e478=*te a* it(+iaia-at" Ba+&uin a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 #e+>a78/$n a* $)t%$mma+" A )*i4&<nia- .e&i7 nem en7e&t0- e a v(%$)a a t?%?-?-et, me%t att<+ ta%t$tta- F ) nemmin&en $- n0+-1+ F, >$78 T$7te-inne- te%vei vanna- S*i&<nna+" A -$%m(n8*< me74ta7a&ta a* '70%t i*(nci a%an8a- -i#i*et0)0t i)" A t?%?-?- a**a+ #en8e7et=*te-, >$78vi))*a>'v/(- Ba+&uint, ma/& ami-$% Ba+&uin e%%e >a/+an&<na- mutat-$*$tt, a t?%?-?-v071+ m07i)c)a- vi))*av$nu+ta-, 0) e0%t0- -i+ence*e% i*(nci a%ann8a+"59

A -?vet-e*= 0v n8a%(n Ba+&uin )e7'tett T$u+$u)e4i Be%t%an&na- e+#$7+a+ni T%i.$4+i)*t" 6)e%0e e+e/0n Be%t%an& -1+&?tt ne-i eme%e-et, >$78 Ba+&uin me7t(ma&4>a))a Be/%Ct$t" A ten7e%i +$-(&>$* 7en$vai 0) .i)ai >a/<- (++ta- a %en&e+-e*0)1-%e,0) e--$% m(% T%i.$+i)*<+ in&'t>att(- a t(ma&()$-at" A t1%$)*i 0) a )*i&<ni #(timi&a>a/<- )i-e%te+en1+ .%<(+-$*ta- a +$-(& (tt?%0)0ve+" :e%u(%t<+ m(%ciu) -?*e.0i7ta%t$tt a* $)t%$m" E--$% a -$%m(n8*< F a-i nem %em0+t C/a )e7't)07et F, a* 0/)*a-a+e.+e a+att e+mene-1+t, (t/ut$tt a* it(+iai +$-(&$n, 0) 6i.%u)%a ment, a>$+ me7a&tama7(t a i*(nci -$%m(n8*<na-" A #%an-$- m(/u) 54(n %$>amma+ evett0- a v(%$)t";ie+=tt m07 Ba+&uin %en&et te%emt>etett v$+na, a* it(+iaia- na78 m0)*(%+()t %en&e*4te- a +a-$))(7 -?%0en"5M

A*$n a n8(%$n N8u7at%<+ C/a >a/<- 0%-e*te- Ba+&uin )e7't)070%e" 4en -e+tCt%a Si7u%& ve*et0)0ve+ e78 #+$tta a n$%v07iai Be%7en=+" Si7u%& -0t te)tv0%0ve+e781tt $)*t$*$tt a n$%v07 t%<n$n" E* a #+$tta (t-e+t a* É)*a-i4ten7e%en, a Li%a+t(%i4)*$%$)$n, 0) a S*ent#?+& #e+0 ta%t$tt" t-?*en me7(++t An7+i(an, Ka)*t'+i(an, P$%4tu7(+i(an, a Ba+e(%i4)*i7ete-en 0) S*ic'+i(an" A >a/<- 0..en a--$% 0%te- A--$na,ami-$% Ba+&uin vi))*a#e+0 ta%t$tt Be/%Ct ev0te+e ut(n" Si7u%& v$+t a* e+)= -$%$n() #=,a-i e++(t$7at$tt a -i%(+8)(7a" Ba+&uin na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta, 0) )*em0+8e)en ve*et4te e Je%u*)(+eme" Si7u%& #e+a/(n+$tta )e7't)070t S*i&<n $)t%$m(>$*" O-t<e%enme7in&u+t a )*?vet)07e)e- %$>ama" S*i&<n -em0n8en v0&e-e*ett" A n$%v07 >a/<-atc)a-nem me7)emmi)'tette e78 e%=) t1%$)*i #(timi&a #+$tta" A >e+8*etet e78 ve+encei>a/<%a/ 0%-e*0)e mentette me7, ame+8ne- a .a%anc)n$-a ma7a a &<*)e, O%&e+a#$ :a4+ie%i v$+t" I&=-?*en S*i&<n -$%m(n8*</a te%vet e)*e+t -i Ba+&uin me778i+-$+()(%a"E78 mu)*+im %ene7(t, a-i Ba+&uin -?%n8e*et0en )*$+7(+t, e+v(++a+ta a 78i+-$))(7$t"De S*i&<nan a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- a* ?))*ee)-1v0)%=+, 1*ene4tet %?7*'tette- e78 n8'+ve))*=%e, 0) (t+=tt0- a #%an- t($%a, >$78 #i78e+me*te))0- a-i%(+8t" Deceme% 40n S*i&<n a* a--$ni>$* >a)$n+< #e+t0te+e--e+ me7a&ta ma7(t" Av(%$) e+=-e+=i in7<)(7ai--a+ Dama)*-u)*a t(v$*ta-, a )*e70n8ee- a*$nan ma4%a&ta-, 0) a #%an- -i%(+8 a+attva+C)*e*e% i*(nci a%an8 a&<t ve4tett -i %(/u-" A ve+enceie- /uta+ma e78 tem.+$m +ett 0) n0>(n8 in7at+an A--$nan" A)*i&<ni (%<)(7 La%nie%4i Eu)tac>e40 +ett, a-i m(% Kai)*a%eia -$%m(n8*</a v$+t, )

134>o*, Q, 4, M54M5" ."135

>o*, Q, G49, M954M99" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G" ."1366>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II +ii, 45, 95M" .", e78 a)*t%$n<miai -?+tem0n8en a &(tum$t m(/u) 54(an /e+?+i me7, Aac>eni A+e%t, M" .", m(/u) 40t a&/a me7, In a+4Ka+(ni)*'V !!4" ." m(/u) 5"

M

c)a->ama% m07 /$an me7e%=)'tette >e+8*et0t a*(+ta+, >$78 n=1+ vette A%nu+# .(t%i4(%-a un$-a>C7(t, Emm(t"5

A #%an-$- e--$% m(% a* e70)* )*'%iai .a%tvi&0- u%ai v$+ta-" 6)u.(n &0+en A)*-a4+$n 0) a -?*0.)= )*a-a)*$n T1%$)* e%=&/e v$+t -iv0te+" A t1%$)*i -$%m(n8*< i&e7e)v$+t, =)*0n, 0) a &ama)*-u)*i T$7te-int=+ ?t)*(* '/()*t #$7a&$tt #e+ >C)*e*e% i4*(nci a%an80%t, ) e78en en7e&0+8t -0%t, >$78 = 0) #=eme%ei 0%t0-e) >$+mi/ai-at Da4ma)*-u)*an +et0te >e+8e*>e))0-" T$7te-in e+ee78e*ett, 0) a .a%t%<+ e78 .0n**e+ 0)-inc)ei--e+ me7%a-$tt 7a*&a7 -a%av(n -e+t Ct%a Dama)*-u)* #e+0" ;ive+ a -a%av(n4na- #%ante%1+ete-en -e++ett (t>a+a&nia, a t1%$)*i -$%m(n8*<, I** a+4;u+- e78 Rain#4%e& nev #%an- +$va7$t 0%e+t #e+, >$78 a c)a.at ve*et=/e 0) v0&e+me*=/e +e78en"Rain#%e& a mun-(t e+#$7a&ta, &e a*$nna+ 0%te)'tette Ba+&uint, a-i %(vetette ma7(t a78anCt+an t1%$)*ia-%a, 0) e+%a$+ta min&en va78$nu-at" E*en a #$7()$n #e+(t$%$&vaBa+&uin n$veme% e+e/0n )e%e70ve+ T1%$)* $)t%$m(%a in&u+t" De nem (++t a %en&e+-e4*0)0%e #+$tta, c)a- ti*en-0t i*(nci >a/< Butumit0)* i*(nci -?vet ve*et0)0ve+" A i4*(ncia- .e&i7 nem v$+ta- >a/+an&<- a #(timi&(- e++en #e++0.ni, 0) me7%$ntani a #enn4(++< /< -a.c)$+at$-at" E%%e c)a- a--$% )*(nt(- v$+na e+ ma7u-at, >a -$m$+8 -(%.<t4+()t -a.ta- v$+na" A*t -0%t0-, te>(t Ba+&uint<+, >$78 c)e%0e )e7't)e =-et aan, >$78vi))*a)*e%e*>e))0- a*$-at a v(%$)$-at, ame+8e-et a* anti<->iai >e%ce7e- e+%a7a&ta-Bi*(nct<+" ;ive+ Ba+&uin >a$*$tt, ) nem a-a%ta e+-?te+e*ni ma7(t, a i*(ncia- )e7't4)07e a%%a -$%+(t$*<&$tt, >$78 0+e+emme+ 0) ut(n.<t+())a+ +(tt(- e+ a #%an-$-at" T1%$)*$)t%$ma a -?vet-e*= 0v (.%i+i)(i7 ta%t$tt" A v(%$)e+ie- /<+ v0&e-e*te-, #e+78C/t$tt(-a Ba+&uin (+ta+ #(<+ -0)*'ttetett na78 $)t%$mt$%n8$-at, v071+ a*$nan a%%a -0n8)*e4%1+te-, >$78 T$7te-in )e7't)070t -0%/0-" I** a+4;u+-, T1%$)* -$%m(n8*</a e +0.0)ee+=tt, c)e+e-e&et0t i7a*$+an&<, '%t a* e78i.t$mi -$%m(n8na-" T$7te-in e+)= -')0%+ete,>$78 #e+ve78e a -a.c)$+at$t T1%$))*a+, c)=&?t m$n&$tt, me%t a .$)ta7a+am$t e78#%an- )*$+7(+atan (++< a%a e+#$7ta" :%an- a/t(%)a Ct/(%a a-a%ta $c)(tani a ma&a%at,&e a* a%a e+vitte Ba+&uin>$*" Á+%u>() eme%e-et -1+&te- a &ama)*-u)*i -?vete-e+0, e+#$7t(- 0) -iv07e*t0- =-et" Enne- e++en0%e T$7te-in e+=%en8$mu+t T1%$)* #e+0,me7+e.ett e78 #%an- %a+<c)a.at$t, 0) me7t(ma&ta a* $)t%$m+< #%an-$- t($%(t" A vi4&0-et att<+ -e*&ve = .u)*t't$tta" Ba+&uinna- aa -e++ett >a78nia a* $)t%$m$t, 0)c)a- >a%c$- (%(n tu&$tt vi))*at0%ni A--$na"5G

Nem 0%t e+ )i-e%t A)*-a+$nn(+ )em" S*i&<n ev0te+e ut(n a -i%(+8 a*$nna+ A)*-a4+$n e++en in&u+t" Sam)* a+4Hi+(#(na-, a -a+m(%)*e++em -$%m(n8*<na- e+e7e v$+t m(%a )$- >($%C)-$&()<+" P0n*0%t #e78ve%)*1netet v()(%$+t, a* ?))*e7et a*ut(n a* u%a+4ma a+att (++< t1%$)*ia-t<+ .%<(+ta e>a/tani" T0n8-e&0)0%=+ tu&$m()t )*e%e*te-E78i.t$man, a+4A#&a+ &ina)*tia> c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt a >e+8)*'n%e, ) me7.a%anc)$+4ta, >$78 a+4Hi+(#(t v(+t)(- +e" A -$%m(n8*< )e/tette a /?vev0n8e- c0+/(t, 0) nem en47e&te e =-et a v(%$)a, )=t min&en-it e+$c)(t$tt, a-it a #(timi&(- i%(nti %$-$n4)*envve+ 78anC)'t$tt, 0) a >e+81-e ?%m0n8 *)$+&$)$-at (++'t$tt" E*ut(n Je%u*)(+em4e ment, 0) ?nma7(t 0) v(%$)(t Ba+&uin v0&e+m0e a/(n+$tta" H(%$m)*(* #%an- -at$4n(va+ t0%t >a*a, a-i-et a #e++e7v(%an >e+8e*ett e+" A* a)*-a+$nia-at a*$nan me7%en4

1376>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +iv, 4, 9549G" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, M, 545, M9", M" ."V T1%$)*i3i+m$), QI, , M4!" .", a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-%=+ '%V Si7u%&a% Sa7a, in Agrip af Noregs ,onungas?2

gum; !igurdar !aga 6orsaafara ok "roedra Hans, 9" )--" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9"

."V Dan&$+$, in ;u%at$n, !s* $* L*, QII" -?t" M" ."V Ta#e+ 0) T>$ma), I, GM, !, 9, Riant2 Les !/andina2%es, I3" #e/" .a))im"138Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, 54, M!4M!5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9" ."V In ;u/a))*a%, M" ."

M9

&'tette a -$%m(n8*< (%u+()a" /C+iu)(an e78i.t$mi )e7't)077e+ (++amc)'n8t >a/4t$tta- v07%e, me7?+t0- Sam)*$t, 0) +em0)*(%$+t(- a #%an-$-at" Ba+&uin $&a)ietett,>$78 me7ment)e eme%eit, &e e+-0)ett" A)*-a+$n m07 ne78ven 0ven (t t1)-e ma%a&ta #%an-$- $+&a+(an"5!

Ha)$n+< m<&$n a-a%t(- #%an- .%$te-t$%(tu))( tenni Baa+e-et i), a* $ttani -$%4m(n8*<, a* eunuc> a+4T(&*) L1m1)te-in -?*%em-?&0)0ve+, &e e* a -')0%+et i) -u4&a%c$t va++$tt tava)*(n" T$7te-in >'%0t vette a &$+$7na-, 0) T(&*) a+4;u+- Bu%'t,a )a/(t #i(t 1+tette a* eunuc> >e+80e"

Ba+&uin #=-0.. a*$n #(%a&$*$tt, >$78 me7#e+e+= ten7e%.a%ti te%1+etet i*t$)'t)$n a-i%(+8)(7 )*(m(%a" Nem #e+e&-e*ett me7 a )*(%a*#?+&i >at(%$-%<+, 0) a%%<+ )em, >$78te+/e) m0%t0-en -i>a)*n(+/a a*$-at a na78 a%a -e%e)-e&=uta-at, ame+8e- I%a-<+ 0)A%(i(<+ ve*ette- a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% 0) E78i.t$m #e+0" Ami-$% Tan-%0& e+>a78ta Pa4+e)*tin(t 0) Anti<->i(a ment, Ba+&uin a La+i+eai He%ce7)07et F ame+8 me7ta%t$tta aTan-%0& (+ta+ -ita+(+t na78*$+< e+neve*0)0t F, %07i #%ancia$%)*(7i )*$m)*0&/(%a, Saint4Ome%4i Hu7<%a '*ta" Hu7<t a%%a (t$%'t$tta, >$78 #$+8ta))$n t(ma&< .$+iti-(t amu)*+im$- e++en" Hu7< e+)= c)e+e-e&ete a* v$+t, >$78 #e+0.'ttette a >e78e-en T$%$nv(%(t, a mai Tinint, a T1%$)*t, B(n/()*t 0) Dama)*-u)*t ?))*e-?t= Ct ment0n" E*4ut(n, >$78 i*t$n)(7$)aan .$%t8(*>a))$n a La+i+eai4ten7e%t=+ -e+et%e #e-v= 7a*4&a7 vi&0-en, e78 m()i- v(%at 0.'ttetett a t<t<+ &0+n8u7at%a, ame+8et a* a%a$- a+4Á+4na- neve*te-" A -0t e%=& 9 =)*0%e -0)*1+t e+, &e a m()$&i- c)a- %?vi& i&ei7 ma4%a&t a -e%e)*t0n8e-0" Dama)*-u)*i T$7te-in nem >a78>atta, >$78 )a/(t te%1+et0ni+8en #en8e7et0))e+ -e++/en )*emen0*nie" A* 0v v070n, ami-$% Hu7< e78 )i-e%e) .$%4t8a ut(n *)(-m(nn8a+ me7%a-$ttan >a*a#e+0 ta%t$tt a+4Á+a, %(t(ma&t a &ama)*-u)*i)e%e7" A c)at(an Hu7< >a+(+$) )eet -a.$tt, eme%eit )*0t-e%7ett0-" T$7te-in min4&en ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ me7)*e%e*te a v(%at" Saint4Ome%4i L0%a%&, Hu7< #iv0%e e--$%m(% )C+8$) ete7 v$+t, ) nem )$--a+ 0+te tC+ c)at(an e+e)ett te)tv0%0t" E--$% Ba+&uina 7a+i+eai i%t$-$t Ba)$c>e) Le%va)e #%ancia +$va7na- a&$m(n8$*ta"

:$+8tat<&$tt a 7e%i++a>($%C" M4an a t1%$)*ia- me7t(ma&t(- T$%$nt, ) e78i&e4 /+e7 &ama)*-u)*ia- t?%te- Ti0%i()%a" E78i- t(ma&()t )em -$%$n(*ta )i-e%V Ba+&uin-?*e+e&t0%e a &ama)*-u)*ia- -?vete-et -1+&te-, 0) %?vi& #e78ve%)*1netet -0%te- Ba+4&uin -e78e)en 0) =-e*en #$7a&ta a &ama)*-u)*i -?vete-et, ami na78an ?%e7'4tette /<>'%0t a mu)*+im vi+(7an" A #e78ve%n8u7v() a*$nan va+<an na78$n %?vi&v$+t" G tava)*(n T$7te-in i)m0t La+i+e(an .$%t8(*$tt, 0) e78 Ti0%i() me++ettic)at(an )i-e%1+t e+#$7nia Ba)$c>e) Le%va)e4t, c)a-nem e70)* ve*0%-a%(va+ e781tt"E--$% Ba+&uin>$* #$%&u+t, ) a*t 1*ente, >$78 a #$7+8$- )*aa&u+()(na- (%a Ti0%i(),A--$n 0) Hai#a" Ami-$% Ba+&uin vi))*auta)'t$tta a* a/(n+at$t, Le%va)e4t me7?+t0- 0))-a+./(t, +$$7< =)* #1%t/eive+, .<*n(n vitt0- a 78=*te) mu)*+im )e%e7 e+=tt"5 Ba+&uine--$% i)m0t Tan-%0&na- a&$m(n8$*ta a La+i+ea >e%ce7e c'met, &e a te%1+etet va+<)*'4n+e7 = ma7a i7a*7atta Je%u*)(+em=+" 54an, Tan-%0& >a+(+a ut(n, ami-$%

139Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 5M45, MG4MG" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4" ."140In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* m* M" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', 95" ."141T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, 9, 9!4M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', , 9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, !45" ."V Aac>eni

A+e%t, Q, G, M594M5M" ."142

Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 94M, M4M5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9" ."143Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 9, M9G" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', GM4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, MG4M!" ." Le%va)e4%=+ a*t'%/a, >$78 Ba+&uin n=v0%0ne- a #ia"

MM

E&e))*ai Ba+&uin )*(m*te $%)*(7(<+ 6$u%tena84i J$)ce+int, a )*(m*?tt La+i+e(t-a.ta -(%.<t+()u+ a -i%(+8t<+"

G v070n Ba+&uin 0) T$7te-in F mive+ 0%&e-ei- min&-ett=t m()#e+0 >C*t(- F t'*e)*ten&=%e )*<+< #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt, me7$)*t$tta e78m() -?*?tt a* É)*a-4T4%an)*/$%&(ni(an ta+(+>at< S*aua& 0) A&*)+Cn -?%*eteine- a /?ve&e+m0t" E78>a%ma&Ba+&uin0 +ett, e78>a%ma& T$7te-in0, ) e78>a%ma& a >e+8i >at<)(7$-at i++ette"9

A #e78ve%)*1netne- va+<)*'n+e7 1*+eti $-ai v$+ta-" A )*1nte+en %a+<t(ma&()$-t?n-%etett0- a* $%)*(7$n (t>a+a&< -e%e)-e&e+met, ame+8ne- #e++en&1+0)0=+ min&-0t#0+ne- >a)*na )*(%ma*$tt v$+na" A #e78ve%)*1net u78ana--$% .u)*t(n >e+8i /e++e7v$+t" Nem ta%t$tta vi))*a T$7te-int att<+, >$78 me7)e7't)e a .a%t menti mu)*+im v(4%$)$-at, )em Ba+&uint, >$78 me7-')0%e+/e Baa+e-et >0%e) v(%$))( )1++8e)*teni" A*a%a t?%t0net'%<- m07i) >(+(va+ em+0-e*ne- me7 a%%<+, >$78 a #e78ve%)*1netne- -?4)*?n>et=en Ba+&uin nem t(ma&ta me7 a &ama)*-u)*i te%1+etet, ami-$% e%%e -iv(+<a+-a+mat n8C/t$tt a*, >$78 3i+m$)4J$%&(n A%-(n(+ +e78=*te T$7te-int"M e>et, >$78Ba+&uin a*0%t v(78$tt a #e78ve%)*1net%e, me%t Le%va)e4t me7?+t0-, 0) enne- -?vet4-e*t0en a t%an)*/$%&(niai te%1+et%=+ t(ma&()$-%a +e>etett )*(m'tani La+i+eia e++en" Amu)*+im$- .e&i7 a*0%t ?%1+te- enne-, me%t =- i) -0t .u)*t't< .$%t8a (+&$*atai v$+ta-"A* e78i- )$%(n 3i+m$) 6+it$n, N$%man&iai R<e%t #ia, e78 C/$nnan Pa+e)*tin(a 0%4-e*ett *a%(n&$- c)a.$tt +e e78 7a*&a7 a%a >e%ce7n=%e, a-i min&en in7<)(7(va+e781tt A%(i(<+ Dama)*-u)*a ta%t$tt" A m()i- t(ma&() e78 Dama)*-u)*<+E78i.t$ma ta%t< -a%av(nt )C/t$tt" A* e+)= a+-a+$mma+ a #%an-$- n078e*e% tev0%e tet4te- )*e%t, a m()$&i-$n me7)*e%e*t0- a -a%av(n min&en (%u/(t" A -a%av(n tC+0+=it -04)= e&uin$- ?+t0- me7" 54an 0%t v07et a #e78ve%)*1net, ami-$% Ba+&uin &a4ma)*-u)*i te%1+et%e t?%t e"G

4t=+ -e*&=&=en Ba+&uint F miut(n -u&a%c$t va++$tt T1%$)* a+att F, e78 i&=%e a*0)*a-4)*'%iai 178e- -?t?tt0- +e" !4en T%i.$+i)*n(+ m(% e78)*e% ti)*t(*ta, >$78 =a-a% a #%an- Ke+et e78et+en u%a +enni, ) a* anti<->iai 0) e&e))*ai e)em0n8e- +e>et=v0tett0-, >$78 me7va+<)'t)a e*t a* (+m(t"! E78i&e/+e7 n?ve+>ette ma7(ni%t$-ait i)";in&i7 i) tu&at(an v$+t anna- a ve)*0+8ne-, >$78 Pa+e)*tin(a &0+-e+et%=+, a Ne74even (t na78$n -?nn8 e)*iv(%$7ni, ma/& t(ma&ni, ) >$78 #e+t0t+en1+ )*i+(%&an -e++i%t$-$+ni a H$+t4ten7e% 0) a* A-aai4??+ -?*?tti te%1+etet a>>$*, >$78 E78i.t$m$te+v(7/a a -e+eti mu)*+im vi+(7t<+" 4en T$7te-in E&$ma -1+&?tt e78 &ama)*-u4)*i )e%e7et a >e+8e+i e&uin$- #e+-0%0)0%e, >$78 $+8an (*i)t +0te)'t)en, a>$nnan .$%4t8(-at +e>et in&'tani JC&e(a" A* i&$m0neu)$- va& vi&0-0n )*(m$) 7?%?7 m$n$)t$%(++t, 0) e78 T>e$&<%$)* nev )*e%*ete) )1%7ette Ba+&uin -?*e+0.0)0t" Ba+&uin $&av$4nu+t a 3(&i ;C)*( -?*e+0en +ev= t?%?- t($%>$*, Pet%a me++0, &e nem )*'ve)en $4c)(t-$*$tt 1t-?*ete" T>e$&<%$)* e--$% #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 mene-1+tne- a&/a -i ma47(t, #e+-e%e)i T$7te-in ve*0%0t, ) #i78e+me*teti, >$78 >ata+ma) #%an- )e%e7 -?*e+e7" E>'%%e a t?%?-?- me7%0m1+te-, 0) )ietve vi))*av$nu+ta- Dama)*-u)*a" Ba+&uin e--$%a**a+ 1ntette me7 a e&uin$-at, >$78 -i#1)t?+te =-et a%+an7/ai-<+, a>$+ 0+te-, ) e+4

144Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, , MMG" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , !" ."145In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M!" ."146In a+4A)*'%, M!4" ."

147

Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 9, M95" ."V In a+4A)*'%, " ."148()& e m II" -?t" A kiráyság megszer%ezése = 0gyens)y északon c" %0)*"149()& e m II" -?t" 949" ." 0) A kiráyság megszer%ezése = 0gyens)y északon c" %0)*"

M

%a7a&ta n8(/ai-at" Ami-$% vi))*ain&u+t 0)*a- #e+0, i7en )$- >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8 i)ve+e ta%t$tt, me%t #0+te- a e&uin$- $))*C/(t<+"9

Ba+&uin 94en i)m0t vi))*at0%t a* i&$m0neu)$- #?+&/0%e" E+>at(%$*ta, >$78 a te4%1+etet v07+e7 e+#$7+a+/a" He%$n<+ a H$+t4ten7e% c)1c)-0t me7-e%1+ve, a H$+t4ten47e%t=+ a* A-aai4??+i7 >C*<&< 3(&i a+4A%aa v?+780n (t e+/ut$tt a vi&0- e78 %it-ate%m0-en8 .$nt/(%a, S$a-a, ame+8 e%&=) te%1+et v$+t a ten7e%)*int a+atti vi&0- 0) a*a%a )ivata7 -?*?tt" Itt, a +e7-?*e+ei #%ante+e.1+0)t=+ va78 )*(* m0%#?+&%e, na78v(%at 0.'ttetett, ) aa >e+8=%)07et (++'t$tt" A >e+8=%)07et e%=)en #e+#e78ve%e*te, ) av(%at e K%a- &e ;$nt%ea+4na-, Ki%(+8i >e78ne- neve*te" M4an )e%e70ve+, a*ut(n.<t+()t )*(++'t< )*(m$) ?)*v0%%e+ m0+8en e>at$+t a* a&&i7 i)me%et+en A%(i(a"E++(t$7at$tt ;$nt%ea+a, ma/& &0+ #e+0 menete+t, m'7 -ime%1+t eme%ei e+ nem 0%t0-A-a(n(+ a 3?%?)4ten7e%t" ;e7C)*tatt(- +$vai-at a ten7e%en, #$7ta- a >'%e) v?%?)4ten7e%i >a+a-<+" A >e+8e+i +a-$)$- %0m1+et1-en >a/<%a )*(++ta-, 0) e+mene-1+te-"

Ba+&uin e+#$7+a+t e78 v(%$)t, ame+8et a #%an-$- Ai+(na- va78 E+8nne- neve*te-, 0)$tt e78 #e++e7v(%at 0.'ttetett" Onnan (t>a/<*$tt D*)a*'%a :a%un -i) )*i7et0%e, ame+8eta #%an-$- L%a8e4na- neve*te-, ) $tt e78 m()i- v(%at eme+tetett" ;in&-0t e%=&?t e++(t4ta >e+8=%)077e+" E*e-ne- a v(%a-na- -?)*?n>et=en a #%an-$- u%a+t(- a Dama)*-u)*t,A%(i(t 0) E78i.t$m$t ?))*e-?t= uta-at" K?nn8en e++en=%i*t0- a -a%av(n$-at, ) me74ne>e*'tett0- a mu)*+im )e%e7e- )*(m(%a, >$78 -e+et%=+ e+/u))ana- E78i.t$ma"9

Ba+&uin a 3?%?)4ten7e%t=+ vi))*at0%=en i)m0t T1%$)* e++en in&u+t, &e $)t%$m >e4+8ett e0%te )*$%$) +$-(& #e+(++'t()(va+, ame+8 e+)*i7ete+te a v(%$)t a )*(%a*#?+&t=+" Ec0+<+ S*-an&e+i$nn(+ v(%at eme+tetett, $tt, a>$+ a .a%ti Ct #e+-a.a)*-$&i- a )*i-+(-%a,a T1%$)*i4+0t%a nev >(7< #e+0"9 A T1%$)*t 0)*a- #e+=+ me7-?*e+'t= utat S*i&<n e++en4=%i*te, m'7 -e+et #e+=+ T$%$n v(%a e%=)'tette T1%$)* +$-(&/(t" A e-e%'t0)t S*-an&e+4i$n me70.'t0)e tette te+/e))0"

G4an Ba+&uin a )i-e%e-en #e+(t$%$&va m07 me%0)*e v(++a+-$*()a #$7$tt"A* A)*-a+$n<+ -iin&u+< #(timi&a t(ma&()$- nem )$--a+ -$%(an -0t)*e% i) )i-e%e4)en .u)*t't$tt(- a -i%(+8)(7$t" 54an, ami-$% Ba+&uin 0)*a-$n a t?%?-?--e+ v$+te+#$7+a+va, a #(timi&(- e70)*en Je%u*)(+em #a+aii7 me%0)*-e&te-, ) Ct-?*en %a$+ta-,.u)*t't$tta-, ma/& 94en me7+e.t0-, 0) c)a-nem evett0- Ja##(t" Ba+&uin a**a+a-a%t v(+a)*$+ni, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a ma7(t E78i.t$m$t" ;(%ciu) e+e/0n, a )ivata7i )e/-e-4-e+ #$+8tat$tt <vat$) t(%78a+()$- ut(n, M +$va)<+ 0) n078)*(* 78a+$7$)<+ (++<, /<+#e+)*e%e+t 0) e++(t$tt -i) )e%e77e+ e+in&u+t He%$n<+, (t-e+t a S'nai4#0+)*i7eten, e+/ut$tt:a%am(a, a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% .a%t/(%a, te>(t m0+8en e>at$+t e78i.t$mi te%1+et%e, e704)*en a N'+u) .e+u)iumi (7(na- t$%-$+at(i7" O)t%$mma+ -0)*1+t evenni a v(%$)t, &e a>e+8=%)07 #e/ve)*tve e+mene-1+t" Ba+&uin 0) eme%ei e+/ut$tta- a N'+u)i7, 0) me7c)$4&(+t(- a >'%e) #$+8<t" Ott a*$nan >a+(+$) -<% t(ma&ta me7 a -i%(+8t" Ha+&$-$+va in4&u+t vi))*a Pa+e)*tin(a"95

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 )*1net n0+-1+i >a%caiva+ 0) a -'n(+-$*< a+-a+ma- -i>a)*n(+()(va+?%?-)070=+ $+8an )*i+(%& (++am$t >$*$tt +0t%e, ame+8 a t?%t0ne+mi Pa+e)*tina e70)*te%1+et0t ma7(an #$7+a+ta" A* 0)*a-$n #e-v= Be/%Ctt<+ a &0+i Be%)*e(i7 F T1%$)* 0)

150Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, G4!, M4M9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4G" ." A te%1+et 7?%?7 -$+$)t$%aiva+ -a.4c)$+atan +()& e m, II" -?t" 95" ." /e78*et0t"

151Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, 4, 45" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, !, 99" ." Ai+(%<+ +()& ;u)i+ a* WAi+aX

)*<ci--, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam"1526>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +ii, I, M94MM" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, 5, 9" ."153Aac>eni A+e%t, QIII, 9, 9, ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" ."

MG

A)*-a+$n -iv0te+0ve+ F a* ?v0 v$+t a* $%)*(7" Ke+eti >at(%a a J$%&(n v$+t, 0) a me))*e&0+-e+eten e+=%et$+t >e+8=%)07ei v$+ta-, ame+8e- a* A%(i(va+ va+< ?))*e-?ttet0)t e+4+en=%i*t0-" A #%an- Ke+eten 0+= -e%e)*t0n8e- e+i)me%t0- #enn>at<)(7(t, 0) )i-e%1+t -i4v'vnia mu)*+im )*$m)*0&/ai me7ec)1+0)0t i)" Tev0-en8)07e %0v0n a Je%u*)(+emi Ki4%(+8)(7$t m(% nem +e>etett e78-?nn8en me7)emmi)'teni"

Na78$n -eve)et tu&un- a%%<+, >$78an i%(n8't$tta -i%(+8)(7a e+)= 0+et0t" E* a* $%4)*(7+() F t(7 0%te+emen F #eu&(+i) t'.u)C v$+t" A* $%)*(7 +e7na78$ %0)*0t a -i%(+8ma7a ta%t$tta -0*en, 0) a* (+ta+a -ineve*ett vic$mte4$- /(%ta- e+ a nev0en" ;07 a+e7na78$ >0%i%t$-, a La+i+eai He%ce7)07 i) n0>(n8 0vi7 #?+&e)C% n0+-1+ ma%a&t"A i%t$- tu+a/&$n-0..en nem v$+t ?%?-+ete)" Ami-$% Saint4Ome%4i Hu7<t me7?+t0-,a%%a 7$n&$+ta-, >$78 a >e%ce7)07et #iv0%e, Le%a%& ?%?-?+>eti, >a e70)*)07e me7en7e4&i, &e e /$7 nem v$+t #e+t0t+en 0) -i*(%<+a7$)" Ba+&uin e78 -e*&et+e7e) a+-$tm(n8t i)?))*e(++'t$tt a -i%(+8)(7 )*(m(%a" E78%e 78a%a.$&< +0t)*(mC u&va%a )e7't)070ve+-$%m(n8*$tt, 0) >0%e)eine- i) me7v$+t a* u&va%ta%t()a" Ba+&uin me7(++a.$&()$-at-?t?tt a ten7e%i -i-?t=v(%$)$-an 0+= it(+iaia--a+" A* it(+iaia-at nem +e>etett -at$nai)*$+7(+at%a -0n8)*e%'teni, &e a-t'v )*e%e.et -e++ett v(++a+niu- v(%$)u- ten7e%i v0&e+4m0en"9

Ba+&uin n8i+v(nva+<v( tette, >$78 e++en=%*0)e a+( <>a/t/a v$nni a* e78>(*at" Ami4-$% m(% i*t$) v$+t a* e78>(* t(m$7at()(an, >a/+an&< v$+t =-e*en (nni ve+e2 na478$n )$-, a >itet+ene-t=+ e+><&'t$tt te%1+ette+ a/(n&0-$*ta me7" Na78+e+-)07e i*$4n8$) m0%t0-i7 >ia v$+t, >i)*en a* e78>(*%a nem v$nat-$*$tt a -at$na(++'t() -?te+e)4)07e, Ba+&uin u78ana--$% .0n*t v(%t t=+e"

S*(m$) .0+&a mutat/a, >$78 Ba+&uin n0.)*e% v$+t a >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e- -?%0en"A* " 0vi >C)v0ti e.i*<& ut(n min&i7 7$n&$)an #i78e+eme vette 0%*0-en8)0714-et" U&va%(an )*aa&$n >a)*n(+>att(- n8e+v1-et 0) )*$-()ai-at, ) a* e78>(* )emavat-$*>at$tt va++()i 78a-$%+atu-a" U%a+-$&()a ut$+)< 0veien e+=m$*&'t$tta a)*$m)*0&$) mu)*+im (++am$-an 0+= -e%e)*t0n8e- ev(n&$%+()(t, te-intet n0+-1+a%%a, >$78 e%etne-e- va78 $%t$&$$- v$+ta-4e" S*$%7a+ma) .a%a)*ti +a-$))(7%a v$+t)*1-)07e, >$78 JC&ea mu)*+im$-t<+ e+>a78$tt te%1+eteit me7mve+te))e" P(%t$+ta a#%an-$- 0) a >e+8e+ie- >(*a))(7(t, 0) e t0%en = ma7a /(%t e+?+ /< .0+&(va+" A (%<--?*1+ c)a- -eve)en ta+(+ta- >e+8i )*1+et0) men8a))*$n8t, &e a )*e70n8e #%an- -a4t$n(- 0) te+e.e)e- -?*?tt e* e+te%/e&t )*$-() v$+t" E ve78e) >(*a))(7$-<+ )*(%ma*<78e%me-e-=+ -e%1+t -i a -0)=ie-en a -i%(+8)(7 #= -at$nai e%e/e"99

Ha)$n+<-0..en )*'v0+8e) ma7ata%t()t tanC)'t$tt Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a*$n mu)*+im$- 0)*)i&<- i%(nt, a-i- >a/+an&<- v$+ta- a+attva+<iv( v(+ni" N0>(n8 mec)et 0) *)ina7<7a i)#ennma%a&>at$tt" A t?%v0n8)*0-en a mu)*+im$- a K$%(n%a, a *)i&<- a T<%(%a e)-1&4>ette-, ) a >itet+en .e%e) #e+e- i) )*(m't>atta- i7a*)(7$) 't0+et%e" 9M A mu)*+im$--a+ a>(*a))(7$t i) en7e&0+8e*te" 4en A%nu+# .(t%i(%-(t a+a.$)an me7#e&&te Pa)*-(+.(.a, me%t ?))*ea&$tt e78 -e%e)*t0n8t e78 mu)*+im >?+778e+"9

Pa)*-(+ .(.a e**e+ i)m0t tanC/e+0t a&ta, >$78 menn8i%e nem 0%tette me7 a -e+etet"A #%an-$-, >a me7 a-a%tama%a&ni Pa+e)*tin(an, nem ma%a&>atta- min&?%?-%ei&e7en -i)e)07, >anem e -e++ett i++e)*-e&ni1- a* $ttani vi+(7a" 6>a%t%e)4i :$u4

154()& a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, G45" ."V +()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = (et a +engerent)on c"%0)*"

155

()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = (et a +engerent)on c" %0)*"156()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = (et a +engerent)on c" %0)*"157R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, !" ."

M!

c>e%, Ba+&uin -(.+(n/a -%<ni-(/a e78i- +'%ai #e/e*et0en #e+/e78e*te, >$78 I)ten c)$&()-?*%em-?&0)0ve+ a n8u7atia- >$78an v(+ta- -e+etie--0" A* = )*em0en c)$&(+at%am0+t<na- tnt a n8u7ati 0) a -e+eti n0.e- e78e$+va&()aV C78 't0+te me7, >$78 e*C/a +0.0) a nem*ete- e78e)1+0)e #e+0" E*e- a -0%&0)e- a -e%e)*te) (++am$- e70)*#enn(++()a )$%(n me7ma%a&ta-" Ke+eten a ?+c) #%an- (++am#0%#ia- Ba+&uin .0+&(/(t-?vett0-, e+)a/(t't$tt(- a >e+8i )*$-()$-at, a%(t)(7$t 0) )*?vet)07et -?t?tte- a >e+84e+ie--e+" A n8u7at%<+ C/$nnan 0%-e*=- a*$nan e+#$7u+t 0) t1%e+met+en 7$n&$+-$4&()m<&$t >$*ta- ma7u--a+, ami a* $%)*(7 )*em.$nt/(<+ v07*ete) +ett"

A -i%(+8 m(% a--$% me7)0%tette a .(.(t, ami-$% a )*'%iai .a%t$-$n e+#$7+a+ta 0) )a4 /(t #enn>at<)(7a a+( v$nta S*i&<nt 0) Be/%Ct$t, e*e-et a t?%t0neti+e7 a* anti<->iai .(t4%ia #enn>at<)(7a a+( ta%t$*< v(%$)$-at" A -i%(+8)(7 me7#e+e+= i%(n8't()a me7-?vete+4te, >$78 S*i&<n 0) Be/%Ct a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-(>$* ta%t$**$n, ) Ba+&uin enne- me74#e+e+=en c)e+e-e&ett" Be%n(t anti<->iai .(t%i(%-a ti+ta-$*$tt a .(.(n(+ a -(n$n/$7$t)0%t= c)e+e-e&et miatt" 4en Pa)*-(+ .(.a 0%te)'tette Je%u*)(+emet, >$78 a me74v(+t$*$tt -?%1+m0n8e- miatt e+ +e>et te-inteni a t?%t0ne+mi e+=*m0n8e-t=+" 4ena*$nan a 78en7e -e* .(.a me7v(+t$*tatta (++().$nt/(t, 0) i)m0t Anti<->ia i70n8eitt(m$7atta, Ba+&uin e78)*e%en nem vett tu&$m()t a .(.a C/a &?nt0)0%=+" Pa)*-(+min&en .ana)*a e++en0%e a* em+'tett .1).?-)07e- t$v(%a i) a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%4-(>$* ta%t$*ta-"9G

Ba+&uin -$m$+8 a++0.0)t -?vetett e+ a >(*a))(7(va+" S$>a)em %a/$n7$tt ?%m0n8>itve)00%t, a-ine- a./a F me7%ettenve c0+tu&at$) ve/0t=+ F e78 na. me7)*?-?tt a +e(4n8a >$*$m(n8(va+" Ba+&uin -e&ve+te a )*e%e+mi -a+an&$-at, &e na78$n &i)*-%0tenvi)e+-e&ett, ) a* u&va%n(+ a -i%(+8n0 /e+en+0te #0-e*te i+8et0n >a/+am(t" A -i%(+8n0%<+i) a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78 v'7 te%m0)*et, ) a*t e)*0+t0-, >$78 ami-$% Anti<->i(<+ >a/<nuta*$tt a -$%$n(*()%a, a -e78eien %0)*e)'tett e78 mu)*+im -a+<*t i)" A >(*a).(%na-nem v$+ta- 78e%me-ei, 0) n0>(n8 0vve+ -0)=, ami-$% a -a.c)$+at m(% nem /e+entett)emmi+8en .$+iti-ai e+=n8t, Ba+&uin >(*a))(7t?%0) v(&/(va+ e+$c)(t$tta u&va%(<+ a-i%(+8n0t, ) a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette, >$78 a /e%u*)(+emi S*ent Anna4-$+$)t$%a v$nu+/$nvi))*a" H$78 +e+-ii)me%et0n -?nn8't)en, 7a*&a7$n me7a/(n&0-$*ta a -$+$)t$%t" A -i4%(+8n0 a*$nan nem 0%*ett e+>ivat$tt)(7$t a -$+$)t$%i 0+et%e" Nem)$-(%a en7e&0+8t-0%t, >$78 K$n)tantin(.$+8a uta*>a))(-, 0) c)at+a-$**0- )*1+ei>e*, a-i- a*<ta 0+te-$tt, ami<ta a #%an-$- e+-e%7ett0- =-et ;a%a)<+" evetette a.(ca%u>(/(t, 0) e+evetet4te ma7(t a na78v(%$) n8C/t$tta ?%?m?-e"9! I&=-?*en Ba+&uin a n=t+en #0%#i 0+et04ne- e+=n8eit 0+ve*te" Ám (++an&<an .0n*)*-0en v$+t, 0) te+0n me7tu&ta, >$78Eu%<.a e78i- +e7-'v(nat$)a ?*ve78e #0%/et -e%e)" Sa+$nai A&e+ai&e, S*ic'+ia ?*ve787%<#n0/a e--$%ian v(+t me7 %07en)i ti)*t0t=+, mive+ #ia, II" R$7e% na78-$%C +ett" 3074te+en1+ 7a*&a7 v$+t, 0) c)('t$tta a -i%(+8i c'm" Ba+&uin )*em.$nt/(<+ nemc)a- a >$4*$m(n8 v$+t -'v(nat$), >anem A&e+ai&e4ne- a )*ic'+iai n$%mann$- #e+etti e#$+8()ai), a-i-ne- a )*?vet)07e ten7e%i >ata+mat i*t$)'t>at$tt Ba+&uin )*(m(%a, e++en)C+8$*4va a* anti<->iai n$%mann$- e%e/0t" Ba+&uin me7-0%te a >?+78 -e*0t" A 7%<#n0 i7entm$n&$tt, &e ne-i i) v$+ta- #e+t0te+ei" Ba+&uinna- nem v$+t 78e%me-e" E+)= #e+e)07e 0)78e%me-ei Anat<+i(an me7>a+ta- a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n, ?%m0n8 >(*a))(47a .e&i7 78e%me-te+en v$+t" A&e+ai&e -i-?t?tte, >$78 >a nem )*1+etne Ba+&uint<+ F

158

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, G, 95499" ."159N$7ent4i Luie%t, 9!" ."V e)*(m$+ a* ?%m0n8 -i%(+8n0 +a*a e%-?+c)ei%=+, T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, I,949" ." a%%a uta+, >$78 a v(+() ut(n t0%t %$))* Ct%a"

0) a /e78e)e- 0+et-$%a e te-inteten nem -ec)e7tetett )$- %em0nn8e+ F, a--$% Je%u*)(4+em -$%$n(/a a #i(%a, R$7e% 7%<#%a )*(++"

;e7-?t?tt0- a )*e%*=&0)t, 0) 5 n8a%(n a 7%<#n0 $+8an .$m.(va+ -e+t Ct%a >a/<i4va+, ami+8et a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% vi&0-0n a*<ta nem +(tta-, mi<ta K+e$.(t%a a 68&nu4)$n uta*$tt, >$78 ;a%cu) Ant$niu))*a+ ta+(+-$**0-" A men8a))*$n8 a%ann8a+ (t)*=tt)*=n8e7en >eve%t 7(+8(/(n, a >a/< $%%a a%ann8a+ 0) e*1)tte+ v$+t -ive%ve" K0t m()i-,>(%$m)$%eve*=) 7(+8a -')0%te, a >a/<- $%%a >a)$n+<-0..en &')*e) v$+t" E*e-en a >a/<4-$n uta*$tt A&e+ai&e -at$nai -')0%ete, ame+8en $tt v$+ta- a #ia te)t=%)070>e* ta%t$*<a%a -at$n(- i)" S?t0t =%1--e+ %a78$7<an mutatta- va-'t< #e>0% ?+t?*0-1-en" E*t a>(%$m >a/<t >0t m()i- -?vette, ame+8e- a 7%<#n0 )*em0+8e) va78$n(t )*(++'t$tt(-"Au7u)*tu)an 0%te- .a%t$t A--$nn(+" Ba+&uin a +e>et=)07ei>e* -0.e)t <%i()i .$m.(4va+ #$7a&ta /e78e)0t a -i-?t=en" A -i%(+8 0) a* u&va%i n0. &%(7a )e+8em ?+t?*0-e-etvi)e+t" $vai-at a%ann8a+ 0) '$%%a+ &')*'tett0-, a* utc(-at &%(7a )*=n8e7e- $%'t$t4t(-, a* a+a-$-an, a* e%-0+8e-en '$% *()*+<- +$$7ta-" Ha)$n+<an v$+t #e+0-e)'tvea Je%u*)(+eme ve*et= Ct i)" A* e70)* $%)*(7 ?%ven&e*ett2 nem ann8i%a a -i))0 0+te)C%n= /?tt0n, mint a ma7(va+ >$*$tt 7a*&a7)(7 miatt"M

A na78)*e% -e*&et e++en0%e a >(*a))(7 nem )i-e%1+t" Ba+&uin a*$nna+ %(tette a -e4*0t a -i%(+8n0 >$*$m(n8(%a, 0) -i#i*ette e+=+e a* e+ma%a&t *)$+&$-at 0) a* 0.'t-e*04)e-et" A 7a*&a)(7i 0+et (%am(a e-e%1+t .0n* #e++en&'tette a* $%)*(7 -e%e)-e&e+m0t"E*e- a* e+=n8?- a*$nan c)a- i&ei74<%(i7 0%e*tett0- >at()u-at, ) e78%e n8i+v(nva+<4( v(+ta- a >(*a))(7 e+=n8te+en $+&a+ai" A* =)*int0n va++()$) eme%e- em+0-e*te-a%%a, >$78 Ba+&uin )$>a)em v(+t e+ t?%v0n8e)en e+=*= #e+e)070t=+" ;e7$t%(n-$*tatta=-et, >$78 A%nu+# .(t%i(%-a mi+8en -0)*)07e)en a&ta (+&()(t e78 i7(mi)ta n()*%a"A%nu+#na- )$- e++en)07e v$+t, a-i- 78$%)an >a)*n$t a-a%ta- >C*ni e=+ a )*a(+8ta4+an +0.0)0=+" T(ma&()u- nem +ett v$+na $+8an >at0-$n8, >a Ba+&uin a+attva+<it nem>($%'t$tta v$+na #e+, >$78 a* u%a+-$&< tan(c)$)ai me7-0%&e*0)e n0+-1+ )*(n&0-$4*$tt &?nteni a* ut<&+() 1780en" E78m() ut(n #ut$tta- e R<m(a a* A%nu+# e++eni.ana)*$-" Be%en7(%, O%an7e .1).?-e .(.ai +e7(tu)-0nt e78 e)*ten&=ve+ a* e)-1v=ut(n 0%-e*ett Je%u*)(+eme" Ami-$% %(/?tt, >$78 A%nu+# a )*im<nia n0n -'v1+ m07e78 >(*a))(7t?%= -a.c)$+at me7(+&()(an i) v0t-e), e78e>'vta a .at%i(%-(tu) .1)4.?-eit 0) a.(t/ait, 0) a *)inat me7#$)*t$tta ti)*t0t=+ a .(t%i(%-(t" A%nu+#t<+ a*$nannem +e>etett i+8en -?nn8en me7)*aa&u+ni" Int0*-e&ett, >$78 >e+80e )en-it )e ne4ve**ene- -i 0) 9 te+0n R<m(a uta*$tt" Ott min&en %(e)*0+= -0.e))070t +ata ve4tette, >$78 a ma7a $+&a+(%a (++'t)a a .(.(t 0) a '$%$)$-at" S*avai me778=*= e%e/0tn?ve+t0- /<+ me7v(+a)*t$tt a/(n&0-ai" Pa)*-(+ A%nu+# >at()a a+( -e%1+t, 0) me7v(+t$*4tatta +e7(tu)a &?nt0)0t" A%nu+# e78et+en &$+$7an en7e&ett, me7'70%te, >$78 %(ve)*i a-i%(+8t, $c)())a e+ )*ic'+iai -i%(+8n0/(t" E--$% a .(.a -i/e+entette, >$78 a +e7(tu) t0ve4)en &?nt?tt" A%nu+#na- .a++ium$t a/(n&0-$*$tt, 0) '78 >e+8*et0t me7-0%&=/e+e*>etet4+enn0 tette" M n8a%(n A%nu+# &ia&a+ma)an t0%t vi))*a Je%u*)(+eme"M A%nu+# -?n84n8 )*'vve+ tette me7 '70%et0t, >i)*en tu&ta, >$78 Ba+&uin, miut(n e+-?+t?tte A&e+a4i&e >$*$m(n8(t, -e*&te (nni a >(*a))(7$t" A .a+e%me* )*$-$tt

160Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, 54, M!M4M!G" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , G4G!" ."V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II,+i, 9949" ." A&e+ai&e e78 i*$n8$) ;an#%0& m(%-i +(n8a 0) a )a+$nai B$ni#(c un$-a>C7a v$+t" G!4an >(*a)$&$tt ?))*e I" R$7e% )*ic'+iai -i%(++8a+, a-ine- a >a%ma&i- #e+e)07e v$+t" 6)a+(&#(/(t +()& 6>a4

+an&$n Histoire de a .omination Normandie en 1taie, II, 5!" .", 9" )*" /e78*et"161II" Pa)*-(+ M /C+iu) 94i +eve+e, ;" P" ", 6QIII" -?t" G4!" c$+"V Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, , "."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , !!49" ."

A&e+ai&e )em -e&ve+te me7 a Sa+am$n tem.+$ma n8C/t$tta nem tC+ -0n8e+me) /e%u4*)(+emi 0+etet" Ba+&uin m07i) >a$*$tt, nem )*'ve)en ve)*'tette e+ a )*ic'+iai )*?vet4)077e+ /(%< e+=n8?-et" 78 >(t nem te+/e)'tette A%nu+# -0%0)0t e70)*en a&&i7, am'7 m(%ciu)(an -$m$+8an me7 nem ete7e&ett" A >a+(+ -1)*?0n >a++7at$tt 78<n4tat<i%a, a-i- #i78e+me*tett0-, >$78 n?)-0nt #$7 me7>a+ni" Tan(c)u-%a e+ -e++ett $4c)(tania A&e+ai&e4t, 0) vi))*a -e++ett >'vni e+=*= #e+e)070t" Ba+&uin nem te+/e)'t>ettemin&-0t #e+t0te+1-et, me%t a* e4-i%(+8n0 nem v$+t >a/+an&< e+>a78ni a 7(+(n) ?%?m?4-et n8C/t< K$n)tantin(.$+8t" :e+78<78u+()a ut(n a*$nan Ba+&uin e/e+entette, >$78A&e+ai&e4&e+ -?t?tt >(*a))(7a 0%v0n8te+en" A&e+ai&e va78$n(t<+ me7#$)*tva, 78a4-$%+ati+a7 -')0%et n0+-1+, &1>?)en >a/<*$tt vi))*a S*ic'+i(a" A )*ic'+iai u&va% )$>a4)em $c)(t$tta me7 e*t a )0%t0)t" A Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 >$))*C i&=n (t nem -a.$tt)e7't)07et, )em (%mi+8en %$-$n)*env4me7n8i+v(nu+()t S*ic'+i(t<+"M

" /Cniu) M4(n >$+&#$78at-$*() v$+t, ma/& &eceme% 40n m07 e78" Öt na..a+-0)= %it-a te%m0)*eti t1nem0n8, a* au%$%a $%ea+i), a* 0)*a-i #0n8 vi+(7't$tta e a.a+e)*tinai e7et" Rettenete) e+=/e+ v$+t e*, -i%(+8$- >a+(+(na- e+=>'%n?-e"M5 A* e+=/e+e-nem >a*u&ta-"

G" /anu(% 40n R<m(an me7>a+t Pa)*-(+ .(.a"M Á.%i+i) M4(n A&e+ai&e v$+t-i%(+8n0 #e/e*te e me7a+(*tat()$--a+ te+i #?+&i 0+et0t"M9 Hami) a%(t/a, A%nu+# .(t%i(%4-a na..a+ 0+te tC+ A&e+ai&e4t"MM Á.%i+i) 940n I%(nan me7>a+t ;u>amma& )*u+4t(n"M Au7u)*tu) M4(n Ba7&a&an e+>un8t ;u)*ta*>'% -a+i#a"MG Au7u)*tu) 940n>$))*C 0) 78?t%e+me) ete7)07 ut(n K$n)tantin(.$+8an me7>a+t a +e7na78$ -e+etiu%a+-$&<, A+ei$)* c)()*(%"M! K$%a tava))*a+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8 +(*t<+ e+78?t?%ve t0%t>a*a E78i.t$m<+" E+n8tt, %en7ete7 me7.%<(+tat()na- -itett te)te m(% nem tu&$tte++en(++ni a ete7)07ne-" Kat$n(i a >a+&$-+<t a+4A%')i7, e78 -i), >at(% menti e%=&i7vitt0-" Ott, anna- a -i%(+8)(7na- a >at(%ain e+1+, ame+8 ne-i -?)*?n>ette +0te*0)0t,(.%i+i) 4(n a %am+ai .1).?- -a%/aian me7>a+t Ba+&uin -i%(+8" Te)t0t Je%u*)(+emevitt0-, 0) (.%i+i) 40n, vi%(7va)(%na., L$tt#%ie& te)tv0%e me++0 >e+8e*t0- ?%?- n8u7a4+$m%a a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(an"

A 78()*meneten #%an-$- 0) >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- )i%att(- a -i%(+8t, 0) m07 a +(4t$7at<an $tt ta%t<*-$&< )*a%ac0n$- i) me7>at<&ta-" Na78 -i%(+8 v$+t, -em0n8 0)-?n8?%te+en, a-it ta+(n nem )*e%ette-, &e a-it min&en-i ti)*te+t e%e/00%t, e+=%e+(t()(40%t, u%a+-$&()a %en&/00%t 0) i7a*)(7$))(7(0%t" E%=t+en, i*$n8ta+an $%)*(7$t ?%?-?+t,&e >a%ci e%0n8ei, -itn= &i.+$m(ciai 0%*0-e 0) ?+c) t1%e+me )e7't)070ve+ )*i+(%& >e4+8et i*t$)'t$tt $%)*(7(na- a -e+eti -i%(+8)(7$- -?*?tt"

162Aac>en4i A+e%t2 i* h*V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +i, 5, M" ."1636>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +i, 45, +iii, 4, M4M9", M4MG" ."V Ha7enme8e% /e78*eteien t(%78a+/a

a* i&=.$nt$-at" :$uc>e% me7em+'ti Pa)*-(+, Ba+&uin, A&e+ai&e, A%nu+# 0) A+ei$)* >a+(+(t"164Anna+e) R$mani, M* 3* H* !s*, 3 -?t" " ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 9, 9G" ."165Nec%$+$7ia Pan$%mitana, in <ors/hungen zur .euts/hen 3es/hi/hte, Q3III" -?t" ", " ."V T1%$)*i

3i+m$), QII, 9, 9G" ."166()& e m II" -?t" A /s)/spont = 11* Baduin kiráy c" %0)*"167In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 55" .", (.%i+i) G4(%a te)*i"168In a+4A)*'%, 545" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccvi, !" ."169Z$na%a)*, 9!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 9, 9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9" ." 0) E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc4

viii, 545" ." i) me7em+0-e*i- >a+(+(%<+"1706>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, iv, 49, M!4M5" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, M4!", M4!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+4m$), QI, 5, 9G49!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* h*

. %e&e'et

E("e!-*+" ,-'k!

+5s egyik hadak#zik a másik ellen2 ki@ki (ele'arátja ellen. /Izajás 1$2?3

I" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 n0>(n8 0vve+ a >a+(+a e+=tt a Ke+eten 0+= #%an-$- e+i)me%t ve*et=/ev$+t" Nem -?nn8en 0%te e+ e*t, 0) /<%0)*t anna- -?)*?n>ette, >$78 178e)en -i>a)*n(+4

ta a -?%1+m0n8e-et";iut(n e B$u%74i Ba+&uint 0) 6$u%tena84i J$)ce+int e+#$7t(- Ha%%ann(+, B$emun&

.e&i7 n8u7at%a uta*$tt, É)*a-4S*'%i(an Tan-%0& vet0+8t(%) n0+-1+ ma%a&t" A mu)*+i4m$- -?*?tti n0*ete+t0%0)e- +e>et=v0 tett0-, >$78 te+/e) m0%t0-en -i>a)*n(+/a a -'n(+4-$*< a+-a+ma-at" A )*e+&*)u- i%$&a+$m &a%a$-%a >u++$tt, nem ann8i%a -1+)= n8$4m()%a, mint a )*e+&*)u- ve*et=- -?*?tti t$%*)a+-$&()$- -?vet-e*t0en" A m$)*u+iata07, D*)e-e%mi) a >a%%(ni 78=*e+em -?vet-e*t0en É)*a-4S*'%ia 0) a D*)a*'%a t?4%?- >ata+ma))(7ai-?*?tt ve*et= )*e4%e.>e* /ut$tt" A#%an-$- e++eni $##en4*'v(/a -u&a%ca #u+4+a&t u78an, &e e*nem 78en7'tetteme7 a mu)*+im$--?*?tt -iv'v$tt .$*'4ci</(t" B(% e78-$%i)*?vet)07e)e, -0)=4i vet0+8t(%)a, ama%&ini $%t$-i&a)*u+t(n, S*u-m(n9 e+e/0n me7>a+t,0..en ami-$% T%i.$4+i)* me7)e7't0)0%e-0)*1+t" S*u-m(n #i4v0%e, I+7(*' 0) #ia, I4%a>im, ?))*ec)a.$tt a* ?%?-)070%t" A+e..$78 I+7(*' 78=*ni #$7, 0) (+ta+a e#$+8()%a te>et )*e%t a D*)a*'%(an" I+7(*'a*$nan >(+(t+an ma%a&t -$%(i >)07e) )*$+7(/(>$*, ) Ri&v(n tC+)(7$)an e+e v$+t

171

In a+4:u%at4$t 6a>en i&0*i La !yrie du Nord, G" .", M" )*" /e78*etV In a+4A)*'%, M4" ." I+7(*'4en vette e+ I%a>imt<+ ;a%&int" A mu)*+im em'%e- $n8$+u+t t?%t0net0%=+ +()& 6a>en, i* h*, M4!" ."

5

5szak@4zíria a II. század'an

$n8$+<&va a* anti<->iai #%an-$- e++eni 178e-e a>>$*, >$78 0%v0n8e)'t>ette v$+nae78-$%i #enn>at<)(7(t" ;a+i- L(*' L1m1)te-in, a na78 &ani)men& em'% M4anme7>a+t, ) $%)*(7(n t?en $)*t$*ta-" e7i&=)e #ia, L(*' -a.ta S*iva)*t 0) a* ana4t<+iai te%1+ete-etV a #iata+a #iC0, S*an7u%0 +ett ;e+it0n0 0) a )*'%iai i%t$-$-" S*an7u%#iata+)(7a 0) ta.a)*ta+at+an)(7a -')0%t0)e vitte a Bi*(ncca+ c)a- nem%07en me70-0+tKi+i&*) A%)*+(nt" Ke+et #e+0 #$%&u+t, me7t(ma&ta ;e+it0n0t, ) M =)*0n e+#$7+a+ta"5

E*ut(n i78e-e*ett a* e70)* t?%?- vi+(77a+ e+i)me%tetni a* ?nma7(na- a&$m(n8$*$tt)*u+t(ni c'met, ) min&en-ive+ -0)* v$+t )*?vet-e*ni, a-i e%%e >a/+an&<)(7$t muta4t$tt"

D*)e-e%mi) nem )$-(i7 0+ve*te -iv0te+e) >e+8*et0t" E+-e%1+>etet+en1+ e+e-eve%e4&ett a -e+eti )*e+&*)u- )*u+tan(tu) e+)= vi>a%aia" Ami-$% 4en Ba%-/(%C- )*u+4t(n a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 me7$))*a >ata+m(t #iv0%0ve+, ;u>amma&&a+, ;$)*u+;u>amma& >ata+ma a+( -e%1+t" D*)e-e%mi) C78 .%<(+ta me7=%i*ni #177et+en)070t,>$78 -i/e+entette2 c)a-i) Ba%-/(%C-nata%t$*i- en7e&e+me))077e+, ) )*eme)*(++t ;u4>amma& c)a.ataiva+" 9 /anu(%/(an a*$nan Ba%-/(%C- me7>a+t, ) ;u>amma& +04.ett a* ?%?-0e" D*)e-e%mi)ne- nem v$+t t?0 mi%e >ivat-$*nia, 0) )ietve >)07ete)-1&?tt ;u>amma&na-" ;u>amma& a--$% e0%te a**a+, >$78 -in8i+v(n't$tta a4%(t)(7(t, vi))*av$nu+t -e+et #e+0, ) nem -')0%e+te me7 a &ia&a+ma) ev$nu+()t ;$)*u+4a"9 D*)e-e%mi) e*ut(n, va+<)*'n+e7 ;u>amma& -0%0)0%e, C/ >a&/(%at )*e%ve*0)04e -e*&ett a #%an-$- e++en" S*?vet)07%e +0.ett A+e..e+8ta%4t</(va+, S*aava A)*.a>a&&a+, va+amint a* $%t$-i&a I+7(*'va+ 0) )a/(t ve/0ve+, aS*in&*)(%<+ va+< A+u in A%)*+(nta))a+" A )*?vet)07e)e- a*t /ava)$+t(- Ri&v(nna-0) A+una-, >$78 $-$)a 0) >a)*n$)a, >a a )*u+t(n -e78e e+n8e%0)00%t in-(D*)e-e%mi)%e t(ma&/ana-" E781tt v$nu+ta- D*)e-e%mi) m()$&i- +e7#$nt$)a v(%$4)a, Ni)*'in e++en" Itt a*$nan D*)e-e%mi) eme%ei e+#$7t(- I+7(*'t, a-i Ni)*'in #a+a4in -'v1+ e78 +a-$m(n vett %0)*t, 0) +(nc%a ve%t0-" ;a/& a* $%t$-i&a c)a.at$- Ri&v(n%at(ma&ta-, 0) vi))*a-0n8)*e%'tett0- A+e..<a"M D*)e-e%mi) '78 me7mene-1+t, 0)E&e))*(%a t(ma&>at$tt" ;iut(n )*e%enc)0)en vi))*ave%te Sa+e%n(%& t(ma&()(t,>a*ain&u+t, a>$+ a*$nan C/a ve)*e&e+me- v(%t(-"

E-?*en Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n a+i7>$78 e+#$7+a+ta a ;e+it0n0t, E&e))*(%a t(ma&t" Ami4-$% %(/?tt, >$78 a v(%$)t -em0n8en v0&i-, in-( Ha%%(n e++en #$%&u+t, ame+8et (t i)a&$tt ne-i D*)e-e%mi) >e+8=%)07e" 3i+(7$))( v(+t, >$78 a %umi )*e+&*)u-$- .e%*)a%$-$nai- %$v()(%a i78e-e*nete%/e)*-e&ni a mu)*+im vi+(7an"G

;u>amma& )*u+t(n )$>a)em $c)(t$tta me7 D*)e-e%mi)ne- ?n(++<)$&()i t?%e-4v0)eit, ) a%%a i) 78ana-$&$tt, >$78 D*)e-e%mi) 0) Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n ?))*e/(t)*ana-"M te+0n >ivata+$)an e+vette ;$)*u+t D*)e-e%mi)t=+, ) a v(%$)t a D*)a*'%a 0) Di/a%4a-i% #e+etti u%a+$mma+ e781tt e78 D*)av(+' S*a-ava nev t?%?- -a+an&$%%a '*ta"D*)av(+' )e%e7et ve*etett D*)e-e%mi) e++en" D*)e-e%mi) a t(ma&< e+0e ment, &e av(%$) me++ett ve%e)07et )*enve&ett, ) a* e++en)07 =t i) e+#$7ta" ;$)*u+ +a-$))(7a F

172In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*173S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !" ."174()& a WKi+i&/ A%)+anX )*<ci--et, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam" In a+4Ka+(ni)*', In a+4A)*'% 0) m()

a%a -%<ni-()$- <vat$)an c)a- ;a+i-na- >'v/(-, E&e))*ai ;(t0 0) S*'%iai ;i>(+8 neve*i (t )*u+t(nna-"175In a+4A)*'%, 49" ."176

In a+4A)*'%, 94M" ."177E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+i, M4M" ."178In a+4A)*'%, 5!" ."

a>$+ D*)e-e%mi) n0.)*e% u%a+-$&< v$+t F a*$nna+ ata0770 -i(+t$tta -i D*)e-e%mi)a.%< 78e%me-0t, Zan7't, a v(%$)$n -'v1+ 0+= a%(tai .e&i7 Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n>$* #$%&u+4ta- )e7't)070%t" D*)av(+' ?+c)ene- 't0+te a vi))*av$nu+()t, ann(+ i) in-(, me%tD*)e-e%mi), a-it #e+ a-a%t >a)*n(+ni a t(%78a+()$- )$%(n, >i%te+en me7>a+t a #$7)(74an" ;$)*u+ me7n8it$tta -a.uit Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n e+=tt, a-i me7'70%te, >$78 ti)*te+et4en ta%t/a a v(%$) -iv(+t)(7ait"!

D*)av(+' a* Eu#%(te)* v?+780en te+e.e&ett +e, ) $nnan #$+8tat$tt t(%78a+()$-atA+e..$78 e+=)*?% e+-e%7eti- Ki+i&*) A%)*+(nt,ma/& e781tt t(ma&/(- me7 Anti<->i(t" /Cniu)(an n078e*e% eme%%e+ mente-;$)*u+ e++en" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n >a*(/(t<+ t(v$+ >a%c$+t, a )e%e7e i) -i)e v$+t, enne- e+4+en0%e -iv$nu+t a Haa% #$+8< .a%t/(%a, ) $tt v(%ta e a t(ma&<-at" B(% na78$n (t%an>a%c$+t, )e%e7e )C+8$) ve%e)07et )*enve&ett, ) = ma7a i) me7>a+t, ami-$% me7.%<(+te+mene-1+ni a #$+8<n (t"G

Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n >a+(+a na78 >at())a+ v$+t a* e70)* -e+eti vi+(7%a" Bi*(nc me7)*aa4&u+t e78 +e>et)07e) e++en)07t=+, 0..en aan a -%iti-u) .i++anatan, ami-$% B$emun&a Ba+-(nt -0)*1+t me7t(ma&ni" e>et=v0 v(+t, >$78 a .e%*)a )*e+&*)u- )*u+tan(tu)m07 c)a-nem e78 0v)*(*a&i7 #enn(++/$n, ) e* v$+t a* e+)= (++$m()a a* anat<+iai 0) at(v$+ai, -e+eten 0+= t?%?-?- -?*?tti e+)*a-a&()i #$+8amatna-" A* e)em0n8 me74#$)*t$tta a mu)*+im S*'%i(t att<+ a* e78et+en e%=t=+, ame+8 -0.e) +ett v$+na e78)070tme7te%emteni"

D*)av(+' '78 ev$nu+>at$tt ;$)*u+a, a>$+ >ama%$)an me778+?+t0- -e78et+enu%a+m(t" H0%u%a, ;u>amma& )*u+t(n i%(nt )em mutat$tt t? ti)*te+etet, mint an4na- i&e/0n D*)e-e%mi)" E78 0v e+te+t0ve+ ;u>amma& a%%a 7$n&$+t, >$78 +ev(+t/a" Se4%e7et -1+&?tt e++ene a mame+u- ;au&C& ve*et0)0ve+, a-i a -?vet-e*= 0ve-en amu)*+im vi+(7 e78i- #=)*e%e.+=/e +ett"G

E*a+att e B$u%74i Ba+&uin ;$)*u+an %a$)-$&$tt, m'7 un$-ate)tv0%e, 6$u%te4na84i J$)ce+in S*u-m(n >a+(+a-$% I+7(*' #$7+8a +ett" I+7(*' a*$n me)te%-e&ett, >$78;a%&in<+ -itC%/a un$-a?cc)0t, I%a>im$t" E>>e* .0n*%e 0) )*?vet)07e)e-%e v$+t)*1-)07e" Be+ee78e*ett te>(t, >$78 >C)*e*e% &0n(% 0) -at$nai )e7't)07 '70%ete #e/0en)*aa&$n $c)())a J$)ce+int" J$)ce+in tu%e))*e+i a+attva+et=en I+7(*' e+ tu&ta #$7+a+ni ;a%&int" J$)ce+in e--$% >$**(-e*&ett Ba+&uin -i4)*aa&'t()(>$*, a-i, mint D*)e-e%mi) min&en in7<)(7a, D*)av(+' -e*0en v$+t" J<+v(+a)*t$tta me7 a* i&=.$nt$t2 D*)av(+'na- ;au&C& -?*e+7= t(ma&()a miatt i)m0t)e7't)07%e v$+t )*1-)07e" Hatvane*e% &0n(%t -0%t, va+amint a* E&e))*(an #$7va ta%4t$tt mu)*+im #$7+8$- )*aa&$n $c)(t()(t 0) -at$nai )*?vet)07et" ;i-?*en #$+8ta- at(%78a+()$-, D*)av(+'na- e+ -e++ett >a78nia ;$)*u+t2 a .$+7(%$- nem t(m$7att(-, 0)

179>o*, M4M" ."180>o*, M4" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccvi, M" ." Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n >a+(+(t C78 't0+te me7, >$78 a*

na78 c)a.() a* e70)* -e%e)*t0n8 vi+(7%a, a*a* a* ?%m0n8e-%e"181In a+4A)*'%, 9!4M" ."V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&" I, " ."182S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !94!M" .", a*t m$n&/a, >$78 a tu%e))*e+i .$+7(%$- tC)*u+ -'n(+-$*ta-, m'7

?))*e nem 78+i- a .0n*, a*ut(n me7)*?-te-, 0) '78 nem -e%1+t )$% #i*et0)%e" J$)ce+in a*$nan vi))*a4

t0%t a #$7)(7a, tC)*-0nt /e+ent-e*ett Ba+&uin0%t, 0) na78)*e% en8$m()t 78a-$%$+t a m$)*u+i )*u+t(n4%a, a-i -0%te, >$78 ta+(+-$*>a))$n ve+e" In a+4A)*'%, M" .", #e+t0te+e*i, >$78 a .0n*t %en&e)en me7#i4*ett0-"

9

me7n8it$tt(- ;au&C& e+=tt a -a.u-at" D*)av(+' a D*)a*'%(an te+e.e&ett +e 0) ma7(4va+ vitte Ba+&uint i)"G5

J$)ce+in min&en -1+?n?)e ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ ?))*e)*e&ett >a%mince*e% &0n(%t" ma7a ment a .0n**e+ D*)av(+' Eu#%(te)* menti v(%(a, Ka+at D*)aa%a" Önma7(ta/(n+$tta #e+ tC)*na- Ba+&uin >e+80e, >$78 Ba+&uin ?))*e)*e&>e))e a v(+t)(7&'/ #enn4ma%a&< %0)*0t" D*)av(+'t e* a 7e)*tu) me7>at$tta, 0) m0+8 en8$m()t tett %( a #%an-C% +$va7ia))(7a" E+#$7a&ta Ba+&uin >e+8ett J$)ce+int, ma/& .(% ><na..a+ -0)=, %0)*4en +$va7ia))(7<+, %0)*en ?n?) 0%&e-=+ F mive+ na78$n v(78$tt a #%an- )*?vet)074%e F )*aa&$n en7e&te, '*va '70%et0en, >$78 min&en-0..en me7 #$7/a #i*etni a >i4(n8*< .0n*t" Nem -e++ett c)a+<&nia"G

Tan-%0& a--$% m(% n078 0ve v$+t E&e))*a u%a, a>$+ un$-ate)tv0%e, Sa+e%n(%& -$%m(n8*$tt >e+8ette" Nem (++t )*(n&0-(an vi))*aa&ni E&e))*(t Ba+&uinna-"Ami-$% Ba+&uin me7/e+ent, e+ee78e*ett aa, >$78 e+=te%emti a >i(n8*< >a%minc4e*e% &0n(%t, &e c)a- a--$% +ett v$+na >a/+an&< vi))*aa&ni a v(%$)t, >a Ba+&uin >)07ete)-1)*i- ne-i" Ba+&uin, mint a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 >0%e)e e*t nem te>ette me7, ) &14>?)en Tu%e))*e+e ment" Itt c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( J$)ce+in, 0) e781tt -0%t0- D*)av(+')e7't)070t" Tan-%0& Tu%e))*e+ e++en v$nu+t, $tt va+ami ?))*ec)a.()#0+0%e -e%1+t )$%,ame+8ne- v07e*t0ve+ a %0)*tvev=- en8>e *ava%an -?*?) mu+at)(7$t %en&e*te-, ) i)4m0t me7vitatt(- a* e70)* -0%&0)t" Nem tu&ta- me7e78e*ni, 0) Ba+&uin F a-i e+=*ete4)en )*(*>atvan mu)*+im #$7+8$t $c)(t$tt e+, )*e%e+t #e+ 0) -1+&?tt a/(n&0--0nt D*)a4v(+'na- F 0)*a- #e+0 in&u+t, C/ )*?vet)07e)%e v(%va" Ric>(%& e%=) -0**e+ -$%m(n8*$ttE&e))*(an, -em0n8en me7a&<*tatta a +a-$))(7$tV u%a+m(t -1+?n?)en a* ?%m0n8e-vi)e+t0- ne>e*en" Ba+&uin e*0%t a vi&0- +e7/e+ent=)e ?%m0n8 u%a+-$&</(>$*, K$7>3a*u+>$* #$%&u+t" K$7> 3a*u+ te-int0+80t na78an n?ve+te, >$78 nem )$--a+ -$%(4an %(vette a* ?%m0n8 -at>$+i-$)*t, >$78 a* = v0&e+m0%e '**a ma7(t, a* = te%1+et0n0+/en" Raanan K$7> 3a*u+ #$7a&ta Ba+&uint, 0) )e7't)07et '70%t ne-i, m'7 Ki+i-ia-$%m(n8*</a, a* ?%m0n8 O)in, a#e+etti ?%?m0en, >$78 te>et va+amit Tan-%0& e++en,>(%$m)*(* e)en8= *)$+&$)t -1+&?tt Ba+&uinna-, a-i e )*?vet)07e)e--e+ 0%-e*ettTu%e))*e+e" Tan-%0& nem +ett v$+na -0.e) )*eme)*(++ni a* e70)* ?%m0n8 vi+(77a+,0) Be%n(t anti<->iai .(t%i(%-a i) #e+>a)*n(+ta e#$+8()(t Ba+&uin /av(%a" E--$% Tan-4%0& -e++et+en1+ vi))*a>'vta Ric>(%&$t E&e))*(<+" A v(%$) ?%?mu//$n7())a+ #$7a&taBa+&uint"G9

A #e78ve%n8u7v() c)a- i&ei7+ene) v$+t" Ba+&uin > ma%a&t a D*)av(+'va+ -?t?tta%(t)(7>$*" S$- mu)*+im #$7+8$t -1+&?tt vi))*a >$**(, 0) me7en7e&te, >$78 C//(40.'t)0- a mec)ete-et S*a%C&*)an, a>$+ a +a-$))(7 *?me mu)*+im v$+t" Ba+&uin -iv047e*tette a v(%$) -e78ve)*tett #='%(/(t, a-i, mint i)*+(m >it0t e+>a78< %ene7(t, -1+?n?4)en n0.)*e%t+en v$+t" E* a )*?vet)07 me7i/e)*tette A+e..$78 e+#$7$tt e78 (%u%a-$m(n8t, enne Ba+&uin v(+t)(7&'/(na- e78 %0)*0t, ame+8etTu%e))*e+=+ -1+&te- D*)av(+' u&va%(a" G )*e.teme%0en D*)av(+' me7%$>an4ta 0) e+#$7+a+ta Ba+i)* v(%$)(t a* Eu#%(te)* ment0n, ame+8 c)a- ?tven m0%#?+&%e v$+t

183In a+4A)*'%, M" ."V Ba% He%aeu), i* h*184S*'%iai ;i>(+8, i* h*, Chron* Anon* !yr*, G4G" ."V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&" I, 5" ."V In a+4A)*'%,

M" ."185

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, viii, 49, 4G" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, Q, 5, MG" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cci,MM, ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4M5" ." Be%n(t .(t%i(%-(%<+ e*t '%/a2 Wa* a -e%e)*t0n8e-n0+, ami a mu)*+im$-4n(+ a* imámX"

M

A+e..<t<+, ) $tt -e%e)*t%e #e)*'ttette Ri&v(nna- a v(%$)an 0+= /e+ent=)e >'veit" Ri&4v(n a*$nna+ Tan-%0&>$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t" O-t<e% e+e/0n Ba+&uin 0) J$)ce+in +$4va7/ai--a+ F ?))*e)en n0>(n8 )*(* eme%%e+ F c)at+a-$*ta- D*)av(+' )e%e70>e* a*A+e..< 0) a* Eu#%(te)* -?*?tt #e-v= ;ani&*)en" D*)av(+'va+ minte78 ?t)*(* t?%?-

/?tt ) m07 t? e&uin, a-i- a anC ma*/a& t?%*) em'%/e, S*a-ava #i(na- a .a%anc)4n$-)(7a a+att (++ta-" A* e78e)1+t )e%e7 -?%1+e+1+ -0te*e% eme%=+ (++t" Ri&v(n mint4e78 >at)*(* eme%t tu&$tt -i(++'tani e++en1-, &e Tan-%0& 9 #=ve+ 0%-e*ett" A -0t,-e%e)*t0n84mu)*+im >a& na78$n -em0n8 c)at(t v'v$tt e78m())a+" D*)av(+' c)a.atai#$-$*at$)an )*$%'t$tt(- vi))*a a* anti<->iai #%an-$-at, ) na78 ve)*te)07e-et $-$*ta-ne-i-" A e&uin$- 0)*%evett0- Ba+&uin +$va7/aina- ta%ta+0-+$vait, ) nem tu&ta- e++en4(++ni a c)('t()na-" O&a>a78t(- a c)atame*=t, >$78 e+-?t>e))0- a +$va-at" Ami-$%D*)av(+' t?%?-/ei +(tt(-, >$78 a e&uin$- e+mente-, =- i) e+mene-1+te-" Ba+&uin 0)

J$)ce+in c)a-nem ma7(%a ma%a&t" - i) mene-1+ni -0n8)*e%1+te- a ma%a&0- c)a.at4ta+, ) a+i7 -e%1+t0- e+ a #$7)(7$t" A*t e)*0+t0-, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8e- c)a-nem -0te*e%eme%t ve)*'tette- a c)at(an"GM

J$)ce+in vi))*av$nu+t Tu%e))*e+e, Ba+&uin .e&i7 Du+a-a, Raven&e+t=+ 0)*a-%a"Tan-%0& me7.%<(+-$*$tt itt e78 $)t%$mma+, &e #e+>a78$tt ve+e, me%t a*t >a++$tta,>$78 D*)av(+' -?*e+e7" K0)= Ba+&uin 0) J$)ce+in vi))*at0%t E&e))*(a" A* e70)* v(4%$) %ette7ett" A +a-$)$- att<+ ta%t$tta-, >$78 Ba+&uin e+e)i-, 0) vi))*a-e%1+ne- Sa+e%4n(%& 78+?+t u%a+ma a+(" A S*ent J(n$)4tem.+$man 78+0)t ta%t$tta-, a>$v(a* ?%m0n8 +a-$)$- a +atin .1).?-?t i) me7>'vt(-, >$78 ve78en %0)*t a v(%$) i&ei7+e4ne) -$%m(n8*()(an, a >e+8*et ti)*t(*<&()(i7" Ami-$% Ba+&uin -0t na..a+ -0)=me70%-e*ett, (%u+()%a 78ana-$&$tt, a*t >itte, >$78 a* ?%m0n8e- vi))*a a-a%t(- )*e4%e*ni #177et+en)071-et" L8$%)an 0) -em0n8en +e)C/t$tt" S$- ?%m0n8t +eta%t<*tat$tt,e78e)e-et me7va-'ttat$tt" A* ?%m0n8 .1).?- )*eme vi+(7(t c)a- a >'vei (+ta+ -i#i*e4tett )C+8$) v(+t)(7&'/ mentette me7" A* ?%m0n8e-et na78 )*(man a%%a -0n8)*e%'tet4t0-, >$78 >a78/(- e+ a v(%$)t" Nem +e>et tu&ni, mi t?%t0nt va+</(an, ann8i a*$nanvi+(7$), >$78 Ba+&uin -$m$+8an me7%0m1+>etett, >a i+8en 78?-e%e)en v(+t$*tat$tt a*?%m0n8e--e+ )*emen #$+8tat$tt .$+iti-(/(n"G

Anna- e++en0%e, >$78 78=*?tt, ) >$78 D*)av(+' n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= C78 &?n4t?tt, -i0-1+ >0%u%(va+, a )*u+t(nna+, a-i .a%anc)n$-i #e+a&at$t '*$tt %( a me))*iPe%*)i(an, Tan-%0& t?0 nem -')0%+ete*ett a**a+, >$78 Ba+&uint e+-e%7e))eE&e))*(<+" G =)*0n Sai*a% e++en ve*etett >a&/(%at$t" Ott +em0)*(%$+t e78 -i), e++en4)07e) c)a.at$t, ame+8%e e78 -=(n8(an u--ant, ma/& >a78ta ma7(t me7ve)*te7et4ni e78 .$m.() +<va+"GG A -?vet-e*= 0v tava)*(n e+e-eve%e&ett a 3i+m$)4J$%&(n 0)T$u+$u)e4i Be%t%an& -?*?tt a +ian$ni #%an- i%t$-$- -?%1+ -ia+a-u+t vit(a" Tan-%0&e+#$7a&ta 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt >0%e)0ne-, &e Ba+&uin -i%(+8 -e%e)*te*te a )*(n&0-(t a*4*a+, >$78 -i/e+entette2 = min&en -e+eten 0+= #%an- C% +e7#= >0%u%a" Ami-$% a -i4%(+8 Tan-%0&$t m() #%an- ve*0%e--e+ a t%i.$+i)*i t($%a %en&e+te, >$78 't0+et0t me74>a++7a))(-, Tan-%0& nem me%t )*eme)*(++ni ve+e" A* u%a- /e+en+0t0en a -i%(+8 nem4c)a- #e+$)*t$tta a t$u+$u)e4i ?%?-)07et, >anem a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette Tan-%0&$t,E&e))*ai Ba+&uint 0) J$)ce+int, >$78 0-1+/ene- -i, ) e781tt +0./ene- #e+ a >itet+ene-

186E&e))*ai ;(t0, cci, MM4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M94M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!9" ."V In a+4:u%at,

i&0*i 6a>en2 i* m *, 9" .", G" )*" /e78*et"187E&e))*ai ;(t0, cciv, M4MG" ."188U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", !!4" ."

e++en" Tan-%0& a -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7a a+( >e+8*ete ma7(t a**a+, >$78 '%()-$&()i /$7(te+i)me%te" 6)e%0e me7ta%t>atta >0%e)0ne- 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt, vi))*a-a.ta a La+i+ea>e%ce7e c'met, a /e%u*)(+emi tem.+$m tu+a/&$n/$7(t, ) a*t a* '70%etet, >$78 >a B$4emun& vi))*at0% Anti<->i(a, Tan-%0& i)m0t -$%m(n8$*>at/a i%t$-(t" E*e-et a* e+=4n8?-et c)?--entette, >$78 ami-$% 3i+m$)4J$%&(nt me778i+-$+t(-, i%t$-ai Be%t%an&-e*0%e -e%1+te-, a-i c)a- Ba+&uin -i%(+8t i)me%te e+ ma7a #e+ett" Tan-%0& enne- e++e4n0%e #e+(t$%$&$tt, 0) me7t(ma&ta D*)aa+(t, a anC amm(% t?%*) ut$+)< i%t$-(t,ame+8et ! /C+iu)(an e+#$7+a+t" 78 a >at(% &0+e%e t$+<&$tt, a -i%(+8)(7 Be%t%an&#?+&/0ve+ +ett >at(%$)"G!

Na78 )*1-)07 v$+t a%%a, >$78 a #%an- #e/e&e+me- Ba+&uin -i%(+8 ve*et0)e a+attme70-0+/ene- e78m())a+, me%t e+e/0n a m$)*u+i ata07 ;au&C&, a )*u+t(n uta4)'t()(na- me7#e+e+=en, >a&/(%at$t )*e%ve*ett a #%an-$- e++en" A* $%t$-i&a I+7(*' 0)t1%-m0n c)a.atai, va+amint a ma//(#(%(-'ni em'%, S*u-m(n a+4Kut' )e7't)070ve+ Fa-it a n0. c)a- Ö%m0n8$%)*(7 )a>/(na- neve*ett F (.%i+i)an E&e))*a e++en v$nu+t" Amu)*+im c)a.at?))*ev$n()$- >'%0%e e B$u%74i Ba+&uin Je%u*)(+eme -1+&te J$)ce4+int, >$78 -0%/en )e7't)07et a -i%(+8t<+, 0) /utta))a -i#e/e*0)%e a 78anC/(t, mi)*e%intTan-%0& (t$%'t/a a* e++en)07et" Tan-%0& a%(tai >a)$n+<, &e -ev0)0 me778=*= v(4&a-at )$%$+ta- #e+ Ba+&uin e++en" A -i%(+8t +e-?t?tte Be/%Ct $)t%$ma, nem a-a%t $nnane+m$*&u+ni, am'7 e+ nem #$7+a+/a" A*ut(n 0)*a-%a )ietett, -i-e%1+te Anti<->i(t, %04)*int, >$78 i&=t n8e%/en, %0)*int me%t nem '*$tt Tan-%0&an, 0) /Cniu) v07e e+=tt 0%tE&e))*(a" Amint a v(%$)>$* -?*e+e&ett, c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( a K$7> 3a*u+ 0) Au+4La%', a .a>+avun'- #e/e 0) Bi%e&*)i- u%a (+ta+ -1+&?tt >a&e%=" ;au&C& m(% -0t ><4na./a $)t%$m$+ta E&e))*(t, &e nem )i-e%1+t e>at$+nia a* e%=&e" Ami-$% a /e%u*)(+e4mi +$va7$- +(t<t(v$+)(7a -e%1+te-, me7.i++ant$tta +$$7< *()*+<i-at 0) a na.#0n84en %a78$7< .(nc0+/u-at, ;au&C& vi))*av$nu+t Ha%%(na, aan a %em0n8en, >$78e**e+ e+>ama%-$&$tt t(ma&()%a c)('t/a =-et"!

e B$u%74i Ba+&uin $+&$7an /?tt e+= v(%(<+, >$78 1&v?*?+/e un$-ate)tv0%0t 0)>0%u%(t, 0) a*$nna+ e.ana)*$+ta Tan-%0&$t" A -i%(+8 te>(t Anti<->i(a -1+&?tt,-0%te Tan-%0&$t, >$78 c)at+a-$**0- a -e%e)*t0n8 )*?vet)07>e*, 0) v(+a)*$+/$n a v(4&a-%a" Tan-%0& >a$*$tt, na78tan(c)a a*$nan )1%7ette, >$78 en7e&e+me)-e&/en a>'v()na-" Amint me70%-e*ett, a*$nna+ #e+)*<+a+t e B$u%74i Ba+&uin e++en" A*t (++'t$t4ta, >$78 O)*%$ene ta%t$m(n8, a>$+ E&e))*a #e-1&t, a t?%t0ne+em )$%(n min&i7 i) An4ti<->i(>$* ta%t$*$tt, ) '78 = anna- a te%1+etne- a /$7$) >0%u%a" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 )*i47$%Can a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 mint v(+a)*t$tt -i%(+8, = a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07 #e/e, ) emin=)070en -0%te Tan-%0&$t, >$78 0-1+/?n -i e B$u%74i Ba+&uinna+" Ha Tan-%0&e*t me7ta7a&/a, ) t$v( int%i-(+ a t?%?--e+, nem te-inti- t?0 -e%e)*t0n8ne-, >a4nem -?n8?%te+en1+ +e)*(m$+nave+e, mint e++en)077e+" A* e78e78+t +$va7$- >e4+8e)e+t0- a -i%(+8i )*ava-at, 0) Tan-%0&na- 0-0t -e++ett -?tnie"!

A* e78e)1+t #%an- )e%e7 e*ut(n 1+&?*=e vette ;au&C&$t, a-i e78%e >(t%( v$4nu+t, >$78 e++en)07e) te%1+et%e c)a+/a =-et" A* v$+t a )*(n&0-a, >$78 >i%te+en 0)*a-%a#$%&u+, 0) a* $+&a+u-a -e%1+" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 i&=en 0%te)'t0)t -a.$tt, ) Ha%%(nt<+0)*a-n8u7at%a me7(++t, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/a Sinav e%=&/0t" Ott a*$nan #e+$m+$tt a)*?vet)07" Tan-%0& a*t >a++$tta, >$78 a* a+e..ia e++en -0)*1+" K1+4

189()& e m II" -?t" 9" ." 0) Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 545, MM4MMG", MG94MGM, ."V In a+4A)*'%, " ."190

Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, M4G", M4M" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cciv, 45" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5" ."191Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 4", M4M" ."V 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +iii, 4M, 9549" ."V In a+4Ka+(n4i)*', " ."

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&?nc?- /?tte- Pa+e)*tin(<+ i), 0) /e+entett0-, >$78 a* e78i.t$mia- Je%u*)(+emet #e4n8e7eti-" 78 #0+ema%a&t a D*)a*'%(a te%ve*ett >a&/(%at" Tan-%0& S*am$)*at(a v$4nu+t vi))*a, 0) Ba+&uin a -i%(+8 tan(c)(%a C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 ninc) 0%te+me t$v( v04&eni a* Eu#%(te)*t=+ -e+et%e e)= te%1+ete-et" S'%t, ami-$% +(tta, >$78 menn8i%e e+.u)*4t't$tta ;au&C& a vi&0-et, mia+att = a* $)t%$m+$tt E&e))*(an v$+t" 78 te%ve*te,>$78 c)a- E&e))*a 0) S*a%u&*) na78 e%=&'tm0n8eit 0) n0>(n8 -i)e v(%at +(t e+>e+8=%)077e+, &e nem -')0%+i me7 a >at(%$- =%*0)0t" A -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7$t #e+-0%4t0-, >$78 -?+t?**0- a i*t$n)(7$)a /$ .a%t%a" A /< tan(c)$t )$-an me7#$7a&t(-"A vi&0-en 0+= -e%e)*t0n8e- F *?mme+ ?%m0n8e- F ?))*e)*e&t0- in7<)(7ai-at, 0) +a)4)an me7in&u+ta- n8u7at%a" Ám ;au&C&$t -0mei 0%te)'tett0- a te%ve-%=+" L8$%)an a*Ct%a-e+te- n8$m(a e%e&t, Ami-$% ;au&C& a* Eu#%(te)*>e* 0%t, a #%an- ve*0%e- m(%a tC+.a%t$n v$+ta-, &e a -0t na78 -$m.$t C78 me7%a-t(- -at$n(--a+, >$78 e+)1++8e&t,0) a .$+7(%i +a-$))(7 a a+ .a%t$n %e-e&t" ;au&C& +ec)a.$tt a #e78ve%te+ene-%e, ) am0)*(%+()na- a+i7 ma%a&t tC+0+=/e" E*e-et a .$+iti-ai+a7 ta+(n me7'*>atat+an, &e)*$%7a+ma), &$+7$) .a%a)*t$-at, a-i- a -e%e)*t0n8 -$% e+=tti i&=- <ta O)*%$en0en 0+4te-, -ii%t$tt(-2 a ta%t$m(n8 )$>a)em >eve%te -i e70)*en a c)a.()t" Ha(% m07 n0>(n80vi7 #%an- 7%<#$- v$+ta- E&e))*a u%ai, n8i+v(nva+< v$+t m(%, >$78 a* Eu#%(te)*en tC+i#%an- i%t$-$- nem ma%a&>atna- #enn )$-(i7" A #%an-$- c)=&/e t?n-%etette a )*e%en4c)0t+en >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e-et, a-i- e+#$7a&t(- a #%an- #enn>at<)(7$t"!

Ba+&uin &1>0en e78 c)a.atta+ vi))*a#$%&u+t, (t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en, >$78 $))*Ct(++/$n ;au&C&$n" Ám na78$n -ev0) eme%e v$+t, 0) me7)emmi)1+0) v(%t v$+na %(,>a Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a* i7enc)a- v$na-$&< Tan-%0&&a+ ut(na nem )iet, 0) me7 nemmenti %em0n8te+en >e+8*et0=+"!5

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 &0+%e in&u+t, 0) Tan-%0& e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 me71nteti Ri&v(nt, a-i4ne- a i%t$-ai e++en int0*ett t(ma&()(t (%u+()na- 't0+te" R$>amma+ evette Na-C%av(%(t, ame+8 0..en a >at(%$n #e-1&t, ma/& Ata%ee menete+t, ame+8 m(% c)a- >C)*m0%#?+&%e v$+t A+e..<t<+" Ri&v(nna- nem )e7'tette- >itte)tv0%ei" ;e7.%<(+ta me74ve)*te7etni Tan-%0&$t, &e = na78$n ma7a) (%at -0%t, ) a t(%78a+()$-at aa -e++ett>a78ni, ami-$% Ri&v(n -inc)ta%t</a u%a -inc)ei e78 %0)*0ve+ Tan-%0& t($%(a )*?4-?tt" ;iut(n Tan-%0& $)t%$m70.ei e%=)en me7%$n7(+t(- Ata%e #a+ait, a v(%$) &eceme%0en me7a&ta ma7(t" Ri&v(nna- a 0-e Ata%e 0) a &0+e%e #e-v= Ze%&a4na e+ve)*t0)0e, >C)*e*e% &in(%a 0) t'* .$m.() a%a m0ne -e%1+t"! Tan-%0& e*4ut(n Sai*a% 0) Ham( e++en in&u+t" Sai*a% mun-i&i&a em'%/e e*e% &in(%%a+ 0) e78 +<4va+ n0>(n8 >avi 0-e))07et v()(%$+t ma7(na-, ami-$% a*$nan tava)*(n a #e784ve%)*1net v07et 0%t, Tan-%0& i)m0t e+=%en8$mu+t, ) e78 -?*e+i &$m$n, In ;a)a%n(+v(%at 0.'ttetett, a>$nnan (++an&< e++en=%*0) a+att ta%t$tta a v(%$) -i4 0) e/?v= #$%7a+4m(t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= e+#$7+a+ta Bi)*i-%ai+ e%=&/0t, ame+8 a Sai*a%t<+ ata-i(i7 ve4*et= Ct$n (++t" A >um)*i em'% -0te*e% &in(%t #i*etett, ) 0-0n >a78t(-"!9

Tan-%0& )i-e%eit -0t t0n8e*= m$*&'t$tta e+=" E+=)*?% i) a i*(ncia- nem (++ta- -04)*en e++ent(ma&()%a" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n >a+(+a 4en -0.+0-en8 >e+8*etet te%emtett

192Aac>eni A+e%t2 i* h*V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , M" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+v, 5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*'54" ."

193Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 9, M9" ."194E&e))*ai ;(t0, cciv, " ."V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&" 5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 94M" ."V Ka4

m(+ a&4D'n, 9!M49!G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, G" ."195Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 54M, MG4MGM" ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", !94!M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9!!" ."V Ina+4Ka+(ni)*', " ."

!

Anat<+i(an" ;a+i-)(>, a +e7i&=)e #ia a -aa%i c)at(an #$7)(7a e)ett, 0) ;u>am4ma& )*u+t(n %a/a-0nt 0+t" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n ?*ve78e a +e7-i)e #iCna-, T$7%u+na-me7)*e%e*te ;e+it0n0t 0) a -e+eti ta%t$m(n8$-at" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n >a%ma&i- #ia, ;a4)*C&, a &ani)men& u&va%n(+ 0+t, m'7 e78 ne78e&i-, A%a, K$n8(t i%t$-$+ta" ;u4>amma& )*u+t(n att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 ;a)*C& va78 T$7%u+ me7)*e%e*>eti a* e70)*?%?-)07et" E*0%t )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta ;(+i-)(>$t, a-i K$n8(an te+e.e&ett +e, 0) >(4+(t+anu+ #e+vette a )*u+t(ni c'met"!M A )*e+&*)u- u%a+$m ?))*e$m+()a Anat<+ia -?*0.4)= %0)*0n nem )*$+7(+t e780%te+men Bi*(nc /av(%a2 a )*e+&*)u-$- ett=+ -e*&ve #e+e4+=t+en1+ t(ma&t(- a i*(nci te%1+ete-et, (% A+ei$)* u78ana--$% e+#$7+a+t n0>(n8 >a4t(% menti e%=&?t" A%%a vi)*$nt nem (++t -0)*en, >$78 >a&/(%at$t -$c-(*ta))$n Ki+i-iava78 S*'%ia e++en"! K0n8)*e% t0t+en)07e nemc)a- Tan-%0&na- /?tt -a.<%a, >anem a*?%m0n8 K$7> 3a*u+na- i), a-i va+<)*'n+e7 c)()*(%i /<v(>a78())a+ me7e%=)'tette >e%4ce7)070t a* Anti4Tau%u)*4>e78)07en, 0) -iv0&te a t?%?- t(ma&()$-at" A Tau%u)*%u.eni&a u%a+-$&<i, a-i- /$an )*enve&te- a )*e+&*)u- t(ma&()$-t<+, ) a-i-etTan-%0& c)a.atai me7a-a&(+8$*ta- aan, >$78 Ki+i-ia #e+0 te%/e)*-e&/ene-, nemtu&t(- n?ve+ni >ata+mu-at, '78 K$7> 3a*u+ vet0+8t(%) n0+-1+ (++t a* ?%m0n8 vi+(74an"!G

Amenn8i%e )e7't)07et /e+entett Tan-%0&na-, ann8i%a >(t%(+tatta e78 +e>et)07e)mu)*+im e++ent(ma&() )*e%ve*0)0t, >$78 a m$>ame&(n vi+(7an C/, %$m$+< e%e/)*e-ta /e+ent me7" A .e%*)a Ha)*an a)*4S*a(> a QI" )*(*a& ut$+)< 0vti*e&eien me74a+a.'t$tt 0) me7)*e%ve*ett e78 va++()$) te)t1+etet, ame+8et -0)= a >a)i)i/un va78a)*a)*in )*e-ta n0ven i)me%te-" Ha)*an a* i)*mai+ita tan >'ve +ett, ame+8ne- a #(timi4&a -a+i#(- v$+ta- a .(%t#$7<i, 0) eavat()t n8e%t a atan/(a, a* i)*mai+ita e+m0+et tit4-$) tan't()(a" Nem e70)*en vi+(7$), >$78 Ha)*an tan't()a mit me%'tett a* i)*mai+i4t(- mi)*ti-u) 0) a++e7$%i-u) te$+<7i(/(<+" Ha)*an )$--a+ in-( 78a-$%+ati e%e&m04n8e--e+ 1)*-0+-e&>etett" O+8an %en&et >'v$tt 0+et%e, ame+8ne- ta7/ai a Na78me)te%4ne- )*i7$%C en7e&e+me))077e+ ta%t$*ta-" A %en&et .$+iti-ai c0+$-%a >a)*n(+ta #e+ aa7&a&i a()*i&a -a+i#(- e++en" Ha)*an -0t)07e v$nta a* a()*i&a -a+i#(- +e7iti4mit()(t" Tev0-en8)07e a* a()*i&a -a+i#(- )*e+&*)u- u%ai e++en i) i%(n8u+t, me%t a* =>ata+mu- 0+tette a -a+i#(tu)t" := .$+iti-ai #e78ve%e a 78i+-$+() v$+t, 0) -?vet=i m-?4&0)e n8$m(n a )*e-ta neve )$- eu%<.ai n8e+ven a .$+iti-ai 78i+-$))(77a+ a*$n$)u+t"A mu)*+im vi+(7 >ete%$&$ )*e-t(i 78a-%an a+-a+ma*t(- a 78i+-$))(7$t a >it 0%&e-04en, &e e*t a* e)*-?*t Ha)*an t?-0+8%e #e/+e)*tette" Tan'tv(n8ai te+/e) $&aa&())a+ vi4)e+tette- i%(nta, >$))*C uta-%a v(++a+-$*ta-, 0) 0+et1-et i) -$c-(%a tett0-, >$78 u%u-.a%anc)ait te+/e)'t)0-" Ha)*an '78 a mu)*+im vi+(7an (%me+8i- e++en)070%e -0.e)v$+t +e)C/tani" !4en H$%()*(nan 1t?tte #e+ #=>a&i)*(++()(t, a Sa)#0)*e-en, A+a4mCt eve>etet+en v(%(an" !4en -e%1+t )$% a* e+)= 78i+-$))(7$-%a2 me7?+t0- a*i%(ni )*e+&*)u- &ina)*tia +e7#= t(ma)*(t, a -iv(+< na78ve*0%t, Ni*(m a+4;u+-$t"K0)= a +e7en&a m07 c)a- n?ve+te a tett $%*a+m(t, me%t a*t me)0+t0-, >$78 Ha)*an,Ni*(m 0) a -?+t= Om(% Ha//(m a tu&<) Ni)(.C%i ;uva#a- tan'tv(n8ai v$+ta-, ) e784-$% me7e)-1&te- a%%a, >$78 e70)* 0+et1-en )e7'teni #$7/(- e78m()t" A )*e+&*)u-)*u+t(n$- /<+ +(tt(- a* a)*a)*in )*e-ta ve)*0+8e))070t, &e nem )i-e%1+t me7)emmi)'te4

196S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !4!9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G" ." *ava%$) t?%t0net" ()& 6a>en, i* m*, 954

9" ."197Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, i, v4vi, 4M, MM4" ." ()& 6>a+an&$n2 i* m* 949M" ."198K$7> 3a*u+%<+ +()& E&e))*ai ;(t0, c+vii, 9G49!" ."V cc, G4G" ."

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ni1- A+amCt e%=&/0t" A )*(*a&#$%&u+< ut(n %?vi&e)en me7/e+ente- S*'%i(an i) a 78i+4-$) )*e-ta )*e%ve*etei" A+e..at()t tett a* a)*a)*in$- tan't()a, .(%t4

#$7()(a vette =-et" AC T(4>i%, .e%*)a a%an8mve) v$+t ave*et=/1-, a-ine- na78 e#$4+8()a v$+t Ri&v(n%a" A* a)*a4)*in$- )*em0en e78#$%m(n78+?+ete)e- v$+ta- a -e%e)*4t0n8e- 0) a )*unnita mu)*+i4m$-, ) Ri&v(n va+<)*'n+e7a*0%t v$+t >a/+an&< e781ttm4-?&ni Tan-%0&&a+, me%t %$4-$n)*enve*ett a* a)*a)*in)*e-ta tan't()(va+" S*'%i(an a)*e-ta e+)= t0n8-e&0)e D*)a4

na a&4Dau+a me778i+-$+()a v$+t 54an" H(%$m 0vve+ -0)= me7?+t0- Ha+a# in;u+(i$t, a* a.ameai em'%t" A* = >a+(+(<+ c)a- a* anti<->iai #%an-$- >C*ta- >a)*4n$t" N$>a e--$% a* a)*a)*in$- )*e-t(/a m07 c)a- e+)*i7ete+t 78i+-$))(7$-$n -e%e)*4t1+ a&$tt -i#e/e*0)t .$+iti-(/(na-, m(% $+8an t0n8e*=/e v$+t a mu)*+im vi+(7na-,ame++8e+ a -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- i) )*(m$+niu- -e++ett"!!

4en a m$)*u+i ;au&C&, )*u+t(n/a #e+-0%0)0%e, i)m0t )e%e7et -0)*'tett #e+ a#%an-$- e++en" A* 0v e+e/0n a+e..($%$&va u%a+-$&</u- >ete%$&$i(/a 0) Tan-%0&>$* #*=&= )*$+47ai a%(t)(7a miatt, 0) )*ent >($%Ct )1%7ette- a #%an- ve)*e&e+em e+>(%'t()(%a" Ami4-$% a* u&va%<+ 1%e) '70%ete--e+ $c)(t$tt(- e+ =-et, *en&1+0)t %$ant$tta- -i a a74&a&i n0. -?%0en a .a+$ta mec)et/e e+=tt" E--$% 0%-e*te- a -a+i#(>$* a -$n)tantin(.$4+8i c)()*(% -?vetei" Een nem v$+t )emmi )*$-at+an2 K$n)tantin(.$+8 0) Ba7&a&e78#$%m(n e++en)07e)en vi)e+-e&ett a %umi )*e+&*)u- &ina)*ti(va+ )*emen" 78 +(t4)*i- a*$nan, >$78 A+ei$)* a%%a uta)'t$tta -?veteit, >$78 e78, Tan-%0& e++eni e)et+e47e) -?*?) #e++0.0)%=+ i) t(%78a+/ana-"

E t(%78a+()$- a+a./(n a +(*a&<- a**a+ v(&$+>att(- a -a+i#(t, >$78 %$))*a mu)*4+im a -e%e)*t0n8 c)()*(%n(+" A+4;u)*ta*>'%t me7%0m'tette a na78 #e+#$%&u+(), ann(+ i)in-(, me%t a %en&$nt()$- me7a-a&(+8$*t(- aan, >$78 me7#e+e+=en #$7a&/a a#e+e)070t, a-i 0..en >a*a#e+e ta%t$tt I)*#a>(n<+, a./(t<+, ;u>amma& )*u+t(nt<+"

*ent a.<)(na-, a-i a*$nna+ #e+)*<+'t$tta ;au&C&$t, >$78 C/ -$a+'ci<t >$**$n +0t%e,ame+8ne- a n0v+e7e) #e/e )a/(t -i)ei- #ia, ;a)*C& +ett v$+na" ;au&C& me7)*e%e*i ama//(#(%(-'ni S*u-m(n, I+7(*' #ia, A/a*, A>ma&4I+ ma%(7ai -u%& >e%ce7ne-, a* a%i+i

199A* a)*a)*in$-%<+ +()& v$n Hamme%2 Histoire de '5rdre des Assassins, 0) a* WA))a))in)X 0) WI)ma4i>X )*<ci--e-et, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1samV B%$ne2 Literary History of &ersia, II" -?t" !5" )--" ."

200In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* m* 45" .", a*t m$n&/a, >$78 a c)()*(% = a Wit$%+<X )*<t >a)*n(+/a, a mu2tame ik4et, me71*ente a mu)*+im$-na- a #%an-$- te%veit, 0) uta+ a%%a, >$78 a -?vet)07 e++(t$7at$ttDama)*-u)*a" A+ei$)* a va+<)(7an i*$n8(%a c)a- va+ami a-ci<t )1%7etett Tan-%0& e++en" A #%an-ve*et=- -?*?tt nem ta+(+t t(m$7at<-%a a>>$*, >$78 Tan-%0&$t a Dev$++i4e78e*m0n8 eta%t()(%a -0n84

)*e%'t)e +()& e -?tet 545" ."" In a+4A)*'%, !4G" ." In Ham&unt i&0*ve e)*(m$+ a a7&a&i -?4vet/(%()%<+"201In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*

G

Btkelés kietlen -idékeken

AC+ Hai&*)(na- ) n0>(n8 .e%*)a neme)ne- a t(m$7at()(t i), a-i-ne- a >ama&amBu%)*u- in Bu%)*u- v$+t a ve*et=/1-" JC+iu)%a -0)*en (++ta- a )*?vet)07e)e-, 78$%4)an (tv$nu+ta- a D*)a*'%(n, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/(- Tu%e))*e+t, J$)ce+in v(%(t" E >'%>a++at(%a a )ai*a%i )*u+t(n 1*ent ne-i- ) -0%te, >$78 )ie))ene- a me7ment0)0%e, ) Ri&4v(n i) $-$)ana- v0+te, >a )1%7eti =-et, me%t m(% c)a- na78$n ne>e*en tu&$tt e++en4(++ni Tan-%0&na-" ;au&C&%a na78 >at())a+ v$+t Ri&v(n (++().$nt/(na- a m<&$)u+()a,0) A>ma&4I+ /ava)+at(%a F a-ive+ J$)ce+in tit-$) -a.c)$+at$t ta%t$tt #enn F, #e+>a78$ttTu%e))*e+ $)t%$m(va+, 0) A+e..< #e+0 ve*ette a )e%e7et" Ri&v(n 1*enete a*$nannem v$+t =)*inte" ;u)*+im )*?vet)07e)ei -?*e+e&t0ne- >'%0%e e*(%atta a -a.u-at,e+=vi78(*at$))(7<+ )*(m$) %an7$) .$+7(%t e?%t?n*?tt, >$78 e+e/0t ve78e a *en&14+0)e-ne-" ;au&C& -u&a%c$t va++$tt, '78 A+e..< -?%n80-0t .u)*t't$tta, ma/& Sai*a%#e+0 in&u+t &0+%e" Ott c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( Dama)*-u)*i T$7te-in, a-i T%i.$+i)* vi))*a4#$7+a+()(an a-a%t )e70&-e*ni"

A Sai*a% a+att t($%$*< Tan-%0& vi))*av$nu+t A.ame(a, 0) Ba+&uin -i%(+8t<+ -0%t)e7't)07et" A -i%(+8 me7>a++7atta a -0%0)t, 0) #e+)*<+'t$tta a #%an- Ke+et min&en +$va74

/(t, >$78 c)at+a-$**0- >$**(" 3e+e ta%t$tt Lie+in .(t%i(%-a 0) a -i%(+8)(7 +e7#= >40%u%ai, a )*i&$ni La%nie%4i Eu)tac>e, He%$ni Lautie% 0) T%i.$+i)*i Be%t%an& Ct -?*4en c)at+a-$*ta- -i%(+8u->$*" É)*a-%<+ E&e))*ai Ba+&uin 0%-e*ett, -0t /e+ent=) va*a+4+u)(va+, Tu%e))*e+i J$)ce+inne+ 0) S*a%C&*)i Pa7anna+" Tan-%0& a* anti<->iai #e/e&e4+em)07=+ )*e&te ?))*e va*a++u)ait2 Ta%)*$)*<+ 0) ;ami)*t%(<+ a Kec)-ea-na- ne4ve*ett Lui&$, ;a%a)<+ Ric>(%&, Ha%enc<+ a B1--ne- neve*ett Lui&$, Sua&i(<+R<e%t, Te++ ;anna)*<+ P$n), ata-i(<+ ;(%t$n, S*a%me&(<+ B$na.+u)*, Ha<+R$7e%, A.ame(<+ En7ue%%an&" K$7> 3a*u+ 0) a %u.eni&(- e78 ?%m0n8 e78)07et-1+&te-, ) m07 am.%$ni O)in i) -1+&?tt n0>(n8 eme%t, a-i-ne- va+<)*'n+e7 a*v$+t a #e+a&atu-, >$78 -0m-e&/ene- a c)()*(%na-" A* 0)*a-i vi&0- te+/e)en =%i*et+enma%a&t, ) e*t a*$nna+ -i>a)*n(+ta ;e+it0n0i T$7%u+ A%)*+(n, a-i e+#$7+a+ta a -i))*(mC#%an- >e+8=%)07t=+ A+i)*t(nt 0) -?%n80-0t 0) et?%t Ki+i-i(a i)"5

A minte78 ti*en>ate*e% #=) #%an- )e%e7 +(tt(n ;au&C& <vat$)an vi))*av$nu+t Sai4*a% #a+ai m?70, ) nem v$+t >a/+an&< e+=/?nni $nnan 0) )*a(+8$) c)at(t v'vni" Se%e704en nem mente- %en&en a &$+7$-" T$7te-in c)a- a--$% v$+t >a/+an&< )e7'teni ne-i,>a ;au&C& )$--a+ &0+e%e i) >a/+an&< >a&/(%at$t ve*etni, m(%.e&i7 e78 i+8en +0.0))t%at07iai+a7 i7en -$c-(*at$) +ett v$+na" A -u%& Bu%)*u- me7ete7e&ett, ) >a*a a-a%tmenni" S*u-m(n >i%te+en me7>a+t, c)a.atai a >$+tte)tte+ vi))*av$nu+ta- 0)*a-%a" A>4me&4I+ a*$nna+ e+>a78ta a )*?vet)07e)e-et, >$78 +())a, mi i) /ut ne-i a* ?%?-)07=+"A* $%t$-i&a A/a* $ttma%a&t, &e a./a, I+7(*', me7t(ma&ta a S*u-m(n -$.$%)</(t )*(+4+'t<-at, aan a >iC %em0n8en, >$78 me7)*e%*i a -inc)eit" ;au&C& na.%<+ na.%a0)*+e+te >a&e%e/e c)?--en0)0t ) nem -e*&ett t(ma&()a" A%%a )em v$+t >a/+an&<, >$78$tt>$n(t<+ t(v$+ te+e+/en" ))*e+ vi))*av$nu+t ;$)*u+a"

Ku&a%ca me7mutatta, >$78 a mu)*+im$- nem -0.e)e- a* e78e)1+t #%an- e%=--e+)*eme)*(++ni" Ba+&uin -i%(+80 a* 0%&em, >$78 %(e%=+tette a #%an-$-%a a* e78)07et"

202In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 49" .", Kam(+ a&4Din, M4M" .", In a+4A)*'%, G" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI,5G, MG" ."

203Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 5!4, MG4MG5" ." a )*?vet)07e)e- +i)t(/(va+ -a.c)$+atanV E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccvi,9" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 9" ." e)*(m$+ A+i)*t(n e+ve)*t0)0%=+"

204

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +v, 4!, 9!499" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QI, 45, MG54MG" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*',M4!" ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", !4!G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, G5" .", ?))*e-eve%i a* Ina+4Ka+(ni)*'t=+ 0) In Ham&unt<+ (tvett t?%t0netet" ()& 6a>en2 i* m*, 5M5" ." 55" /e78*et"

G

Pi++anatn8i+a7 me7mene-1+te- a #%an- (++am$-" ;au&C& a -?vet-e*= 0v n8a%(n>a)*n$t >a/t<, &e e%e&m0n8te+en t(ma&()t ve*etett a* e&e))*ai te%1+ete-%e, T$7te-in.e&i7 i)m0t Ri&v(nna+ )*?vet-e*ett, amien v$+t va+ami na78v$na+C)(7, >i)*en Ri&4v(n me7.%<(+ta %(venni a)*a)*in a%(tait, >$78 ?+/0- me7 T$7te-int"9 ;e7 -e++a*$nan (++a.'tani, >$78 a mu)*+im ve)*0+8 c)?--ent" E--$% a -e%e)*t0n8e- <>atat+a4nu+ C/%a-e*&t0- a* e78m() -?*?tti vi)*(+8-$&()t" A #%an-$- e+=)*?% e+>at(%$*t(-,>$78 me7t(ma&/(- K$7> 3a*u+t, a-ine- >ata+m(%a min& E&e))*ai Ba+&uin, min&Tan-%0& #0+t0-en8 +ett" Tan-%0& me7)*(++ta K$7> 3a*u+ te%1+eteit, evette Raant, )-0)*en (++t Kai)*un $)t%$m(%a, ami-$% me7)*1+etett a 0-e"M E*ut(n E&e))*ai Ba+&u4in v(%at+anu+ un$-ate)tv0%e, J$)ce+in e++en #$%&u+t" Ami-$% n8a%(n ;au&C&me7t(ma&ta E&e))*(t, J$)ce+in #e+#e&e*ett e78 ?%m0n8 ?))*ee)-1v0)t, ame+8 a v(%$)ta mu)*+im$- -e*0%e a-a%ta /uttatni" :i78e+me*tette ) e*(+ta+ me7mentette Ba+&uint,a-i 78$%)an #e+ tu&$tt +0.ni a* (%u+<- e++en" A -?vet-e*= t0+en a*$nan Ba+&uin>$*$+8an >'%e)*te+0)e- /ut$tta- e+, mint>a J$)ce+in a ve)*t0%e t?%ne" Tu%e))*e+ vi%(7*<i%t$- v$+t, m'7 E&e))*a )$-at )*enve&ett a et?%0)e-t=+ 0) a -0n8)*e% emi7%(ci<t<+"A* ?%m0n8e- )*e%ett0- J$)ce+int, ) imm(% 78+?+t0+ Ba+&uint" J$)ce+in vi)e+-e&0)enem n8C/t$tt a+a.$t Ba+&uin 78anC/(>$*2 va+<)*'n+e7, min&enne- Ba+&uin #0+t04-en8)07e v$+t a* $-a" A* 0v v070n Ba+&uin E&e))*(a >'vatta J$)ce+int" Ba+&uin e4te7)07et )*'n+e+t, ) a*t 1*ente, >$78 me7 -e++ e)*0+ni1- a* ut<&+()t" Ami-$% a 78a4nCt+an J$)ce+in me70%-e*ett, a**a+ v(&$+t(-, >$78 nem +(tta e+ i%t$-ai%<+ a )*1-)07e)0+e+emme+ E&e))*(t, 0) ?%t?ne vetett0-" 6)a- a--$% en7e&t0- )*aa&$n, ami-$%me7'70%te, >$78 +em$n& >0%i%t$-(%<+" A* C/0v -e*&et0n &0+%e in&u+t, Je%u*)(+em4e ment, a>$+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8 %(%u>(*ta a La+i+eai He%ce7)07et"

A* " 0v )$- v(+t$*()t >$*$tt É)*a-4S*'%i(an" O-t<e% 40n me7>a+t K$7> 3a4*u+" Ö*ve78e )ietett a/(n&0--a+ -e&ve)-e&ni Tan-%0&na-, m07 a )a/(t -$%$n(/(t i) e+4-1+&te 6ec'+ia >e%ce7n0ne-, c)a->$78 3a*u+ D7>a, ?%?-e#$7a&$tt #ia )*(m(%a i*t$4)'t>a))a a* ut<&+()t, &e Tan-%0& ma7(na- -?vete+te a* ?%?-)07et"G A tava)* #$+8a4m(n me7>a+t Sa+e%n(%&,! /anu(%an va78 #e%u(%an T%i.$+i)*i Be%t%an&" Be%4t%an& #ia 0) ?%?-?)e, P$n), a./(va+ e++ent0ten nem )*e%ette a i*(ncia-at, &e Tan-%0&)em 78+?+te" Tan(c)$)ai va+<)*'n+e7 C78 v0+t0-, >$78 a* i#/C >e%ce7ne- )*1-)07ev$+t Tan-%0& /<a-a%at(%a .$*'ci</a me7=%*0)0>e*" 78 )*1+etett 0-e a t%i.$+i)*i 0) a*anti<->iai u&va% -?*?tt, 0) e* i) n?ve+te Tan-%0& e#$+8()(t" Tan-%0& +e7#= >ata+4ma i*t$)na- +(t)*$tt, miut(n J$)ce+in -e78ve)*tett +ett, T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a a a%(t/a +ett) me7>a+t a +e7na78$ ?%m0n8 u%a+-$&<" É..en >a&/(%at$t te%ve*ett K$7> 3a*u+i%t$-ai e++en, ami-$% >i%te+en me7ete7e&ett" ;in&en-i m0%7e*0)%=+ )utt$7$tt, &eva+<)*'n+e7 t'#u)*t -a.$tt" Ami-$% 0%e*te, >$78 ninc) )*(m(%a 78<78u+(), Sa+e%n<iR$7e%4t, Sa+e%n(%& #i(t neve*te me7 ?%?-?)01+" R$7e%4t a*ut(n e%=ve+ me7e)4

205Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t QI, 5, MG" ." e%%e a* i&=%e te)*i A*a* ev0te+0t, >$+4$tt a* m07 G4an i) a mu)*+im$-0 v$+t" ()& e m II" -?t" !5" ."

206E&e))*ai ;(t0, cci, G4G" ."207T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI, , G!4!" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccviii, G" ." uta+ a%%a, >$78 ;au&C& $)t%$ma

a+att ?))*ee)-1v0) v$+t a #%an-$- e++enV Chron* Anon* !yr , GM" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', i* m* 55" ."208E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc, G4G" ." I)me%et+en Ric>(%& >a+(+(na- a* i&=.$nt/a" Tan-%0& >a+(+a-$%

m(% >a+$tt v$+t, &e a* e+=*= t0+en m07 0+t"209

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', " .", a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Be%t%an& >a+(+(na- >'%e #e%u(% 54(n 0%t e+ Dama)*-u)*4a"210P$n) va+<)*'n+e7 e78 &a%ai7 Tan-%0& -')0%et0>e* ta%t$*$tt, 0) Tan-%0& 1t?tte =t +$va77("

G5

-ette, >$78 e78)*e% ma/& min&ent (ta& B$emun& -i)#i(na-, >a a 78e%me- -e+et%e /?n"E78en me7-0%te P$n)t, >$78 ve78e #e+e)071+ )*inte m07 78e%me- ?*ve780t, #%ancia4$%)*(7i 6ec'+i(t" Tan-%0& " &eceme% 40n >a+t me7V c)a- 5M e)*ten&=) v$+t"

T?%t0ne+mi t(v+at<+ n0*ve )em e780%te+men .$*it'v Tan-%0& )*em0+8i)07e"Ren&-'v1+ tev0-en8 0) 178e) eme% v$+t, na78 -0.e))07 &i.+$mata, -iv(+< -at$na, )a>$78 ?%e7e&ett, e78%e ?+c)e +ett" De )$>a)em )i-e%1+t a--$%a >'%n0v%e )*e%t ten4nie, mint ami+8en na78(t8/(t, B$emun&$t ?ve*te" 78 tni-, eme%ei -?%0en )emv$+t n0.)*e%, +e)*(m'tva >'*e+7= 0+et%a/*'%</(t, 6aen4i Ru&$+#$t" Kem0n8, ?n*=, -'4m0+et+en eme% v$+t, B$emun&&a+ )*emen -$%%e-t, &e nem =)*inte, a t?i -e%e)*te)ve*et= -?*1+ .e&i7 E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna+ )*emen e78ene)en >it)*e7=" Ha nem (++ve+e )*emen Ba+&uin -i%(+8, a-i u78an$+8an >a/t>atat+an v$+t, mint Tan-%0&, &e n(+a)$--a+ )*0+e)e +(t<-?%, Tan-%0& .u)*t(n %0)*0%&e-e-et )*em e+=tt ta%t< ma7ata%4t()(n me7#ene-+ett v$+na a -e%e)*t0n8 Ke+et )$%)a" Tan-%0& #= c0+/a a* Anti<->iaiHe%ce7)07 me7)*i+(%&'t()a 0) te%1+et0ne- n?ve+0)e v$+t2 e*en a t0%en %en&-'v1+i )i-e4%e-et 0%t e+" A* = mve n0+-1+ a B$emun& a+a.'t$tta (++am ?))*e$m+$tt v$+na" A* an4ti<->iai >e%ce7e- >$))*C )$%a a* = ene%7i(/(na- -?)*?n>ette +0te*0)0t" A* e+)= -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%at ve*0%ei -?*1+ c)a- Ba+&uin -i%(+8 #ut$tt e a* ?v0n0+ na78)*e%.(+8(t, a-i )*int0n ninc)te+en -a+an&$%-0nt -e*&te" Enne- e++en0%e, ami-$% a S*entP0te%4)*0-e)e78>(*a -')0%t0- >$+tte)t0t, a -%<ni-()$- e)*(m$+a+(+(t"

A #%an-$- me7e+07e&0)0%e R$7e% #$7+a+ta e+ a* anti<->iai >e%ce7i t%<nt" Anna- e+4+en0%e, >$78 me7'70%te2 ti)*te+ni #$7/a B$emun& #i(na- a /$7ait, #e+vette a >e%ce7i c'4met i)" :e+e)07e E&e))*ai Ba+&uin te)tv0%e, 6ec'+ia v$+t,5 0) R$7e%, >a(% >'%e)en >t4+en #0%/ v$+t, min&i7 /< -a.c)$+atan ma%a&t )<7$%(va+" R$7e% ;(%ia nev te)tv0%e6$u%tena84i J$)ce+in m()$&i- #e+e)07e +ett" T%i.$+i)*i P$n), a-i Tan-%0& -'v(n)(7(4na- me7#e+e+=en a*$nna+ n=1+ vette Tan-%0& ?*ve780t, :%ancia$%)*(7i 6ec'+i(t, R$7e%>)07e), /< a%(t/a ma%a&t"9 A >(%$m, /< vi)*$n8an +ev= C% e+i)me%te >0%u%(na-Ba+&uin -i%(+8t" Enne- a %it-a ?))*eta%t()na- -?)*?n>et=en F ame+8>e* a mu)*+im$--?%0en -it?%t C/a vi)*(+8$- t(%)u+ta- F, É)*a-4S*'%i(an a #%an-$- u%a+ma c)Cc)4.$nt/(%a 0%t"

54an Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a &ama)*-u)*i T$7te-in e++en in&'t$tt >a&/(%at$t, a-ine-v07%e )i-e%1+t me7)*e%e*nie ;au&C& 0) a* $%t$-i&a A/a* )e7't)070t" T$7te-in mu)*4+im )*?vet)07e)ei ec)a+t(- a -i%(+8t &ama)*-u)*i te%1+et%e, a J$%&(n #e+)= #$+8()(n(+#e-v= S*enna%(i7" Ba+&uin me7#e+e&-e*ett )*$-$tt <vat$))(7(%<+, me7t(ma&t(- 0)

2116>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +vii, I, 9M49M5" ." &eceme% "V Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, G, M!5" ." a&vent4-$%V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 545" ." &eceme% "V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ." &eceme% 9""

212E&e))*ai ;(t02 i* h*V W;in&en >'v= -?*?tt a +e7na78$X"213T1%$)*i 3i+m$) QI, !, 95" ." 0) a+te%, a Kance++(% i) II, M, 5" .", Ba+&uin )<7$%(na- neve*i

R$7e%t" 6ec'+ia neve e78 M4an -ia&$tt $-+ev0+en )*e%e.e+ R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, Additamenta, !" .""5rderi/us Vitais, Q, 5, I3, 9G" ." )*e%int R$7e%4na- e78 ;e+a* nev t?%?- #e+e)07e v$+t, e78 &ani)4men& em'% +e(n8a, a*, a-i e+=)e7'tette B$emun& )*aa&$n $c)(t()(t" ()& e m II" -?tete 5" ."

214;(%i(%<+ ann8it tu&un-, >$78 -0)= vita t(ma&t a >$*$m(n8a -?%1+" ()& e m II" -?t" A /s)/s2 pont = 11* Badauin kiráy c" %0)*" A Chron* Anon* !yr " a*t (++'t/a, >$78 J$)ce+in 4en vette =t n=1+ G!".", &e n8i+v(n R$7e% 0+et0en te%ve+t0- -i a >(*a))(7$t" M4en Ste#(nia nev +(n8u- m(% i&=) a)*4

)*$n8na- )*(m't$tt F +()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = A /sászár %isszatérése c" %0)*"215Aac>eni A+e%t )*e%int QII, !, " ." 94i7 nem -e%1+t )$% e%%e a >(*a))(7%a" II" Ra/mun&,P$n) #ia a*$nan 5M4an m(% >u)*$n-0t 0ve) v$+t"

G

)C+8$) ve%e)07et )*enve&ett"M P$n)>$* 0) R$7e%4>e* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t, ) =- )*aa4&'t$tt(- -i )*$%u+t >e+8*et0=+" A* e++en)07 e70)*en Ti0%i() vi&0-0i7 me%0)*-e&ett,&e nem me%t )*eme)*(++ni a* e70)* #%an- )e%e77e+" N0>(n8 >eti >a$*() ut(n ;au4&C& T$7te-inne+ vi))*av$nu+t Dama)*-u)*a" Ott )*e.teme% ut$+)< .0nte-0n,amint ven&07+(t</a t(%)a)(7(an e+0.ett a Na78mec)ete, e78 a)*a)*in t=%%e+ me7478i+-$+ta" T$7te-in i78e-e*ett e+>(%'tani ma7(t<+ a 78anC (%n80-(t i), 0) a*$nna+ -i4v07e*tette a 78i+-$)t" A -?*v0+em0n8 a*$nan =t ta%t$tta n?)ne-, ) c)a- a*0%t v$+4ta- e+n0*=e- ve+e )*emen, mive+ ;au&C& -?*tu&$ttan #ente a #$7(t Dama)*-u)*4%a"

;au&C& >a+(+a, me+8et 5" &eceme% 40n -?vetett A+e..$78 mu)*+im t(%)aiva+ -a.c)$+atai >4v?)e- v$+ta-, na78an e+=)e7'tette a #%an-$- +ete+e.e&0)0t S*'%i(an" Ha+(+a a*$nannem v(+t a* i)*+(m vi+(7 /av(%a" He+80t #ia, A+. A%)*+(n #$7+a+ta e+, e78 78en7e, e+-04n8e*tetett, -e78et+en ti*en>at 0ve) #iC, a-i #e+ett te+/e) m0%t0-en -e&venc eunuc>/a,C+C u%a+-$&$tt" A Ri&v(n (+ta+ t(m$7at$tt a)*a)*in )*e-t(t a* C/ -$%m(n8*at, ;u4>amma& )*u+t(n >at(%$*$tt .a%anc)(%a, ma7(%a >a78ta" A )*u+t(n -?vete, a .e%*)aIn Ba&' a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette A+. A%)*+(nt, >$78 '%/a a+( AC T(>i% 0) a )*e-ta m() ve4*et=ine- >a+(+$) 't0+et0t" A+e..< n0.e m(% %07<ta 78+?+te a* a)*a)*in )*e-t(t, m$)t#e+-utatta 0) +em0)*(%$+ta e+0%>et= ta7/ait" ;ia+att Ri&v(n >a+&$-$+t, a )*e-ta ?nv0&e4+em=+ me7.%<(+ta me7)*e%e*ni a #e++e7v(%at, &e nem /(%ta- )i-e%%e+"! Nem )$--a+-0)= a )*e-ta ta7/ai me7-')0%e+te- +ec)a.ni Sai*a% #e++e7v(%(%a i), mia+att a* em'% 0)c)a+(&/a t(v$+ v$+t, >$78 me7)*em+0+/e a -e%e)*t0n8e- >C)v0ti 1nne.)07eit" Sai*a%ana*$nan a +a-$)$- >'ve- ma%a&ta- a* em'%>e* 0) a* a)*a)*in$- e++en #$%&u+ta-" A)*e-ta e78et+en )i-e%e a Ba+i)* -?*e+0en +ev= K$+aia e%=& e+#$7+a+()a v$+t" K$+aia $tt#e-1&t, a>$+ a* A+e..<4Ba7&a& Ctv$na+ e+0%te a* Eu#%(te)*t" ;()>$+ a )*e-ta ta7/ai i+4+e7a+it()a v$nu+ta-, va78 a #%an-$- v0&e+m0t -0%t0-, &e m07 min&i7, na78$n >ata+4ma)$- v$+ta-, 0) #i78e+m1- e78%e in-( ian$n #e+0 #$%&u+t" A+. A%)*+(n c)a- %?4vi& i&ei7 u%a+-$&$tt" Ba%(ti +(t$7at()%a ment Dama)*-u)*a, a>$+ T$7te-in -i%(+8iti)*te+eta&())a+ #$7a&ta" )*e.teme%0en A+. A%)*+(n #0-te+en ma7ata%t()a a%%a-0)*tette C+Ct, a-i m(% )a/(t 0+et0t #0+tette, >$78 (78(an me778i+-$+ta))a u%a+-$&<4

/(t, ) >e+80e anna- >at0ve) ?cc)0t, S*u+t(n)(>$t 1+te))e" A -?vet-e*= n0>(n8 0v )$4%(n a #e++e7v(% 0) a* a+e..a&ve*0%e, Ra#an'/a v$+t em'%/e, Sam)* a)4Sava)* -e*0en v$+t" A va+<&i >ata+$m a*$nan a* a+e..ata+ma))(7$-0 v$+t, ) a*= <>a/ai--a+ C+C )em me%t )*eme)*(++ni" A+e..< na78$n 78en7e v$+t e%=) u%a+-$&<n0+-1+, 0) a )e%e7 i) vi)*$n8+a7 -ic)in8 v$+t, a+i7 e+e7en&= a* ?nv0&e+em%e" Ha(% -i4*t0- a v(%$)<+ a* a)*a)*in$-at, )*$m)*0&ai ve)*e&e+me) )'ita e+t0ve+8e&0)e--e+ v(4&$+t(- A+e..<t, mive+ a .e%*)(- na78 e#$+8()%a tette- )*e%t a v(%$)an" 78 C+C-0)* v$+t Ri&v(n .$+iti-(/(na- #$+8tat()(%a, ) )*$+7(+at-0)*en a* anti<->iai #%an-$-%en&e+-e*0)0%e (++t"

216In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 545M" ."217>o*, 54" ."218>o*, " ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."219In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 94M ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54M" ." ()& 6a>en2 i* m* M4MG" ."220

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4G" ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", M", 95" ." nem m$n&/a me7, mi-$% v$+t a )ai4*a%i W(++amc)'n8X"221In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4!" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M94MM" ."

G9

;au&C& >a+(+a ut(n a )*u+t(n ;$)*u+t A-)*$n-$% i+4Bu%)*u-ina- a&ta, a-i ;au4&C&$t a -a+i#a u&va%(an -0.vi)e+te" i) t?%?- *)$+&$) -at$na v$+t, mint a* e+=&/e"A* = -?te+e))07e +ett, >$78 -?*vet+en1+ >a%c$+/$n a #%an-$- e++en" m(/u)(an ti4*en?te*e% eme%%e+ v$nu+t E&e))*a e++en" 3e+e v$+t ;a)*C& Temi%e- i), a )*u+t(n #ia,a-i a--$%ian S*in&*)a% em'%/e v$+t 0) e78 #iata+ Im(& a&4D'n Zan7' nev t?%?-, a-i4ne- a./a, A-)*$n-$% a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- e+=tti i&=-en A+e..< 0) Ham( -$%m(n84*</a v$+t" :e+)*<+'t$tt(- a ma%&ini I+7(*'t, >$78 c)at+a-$**0- a >a&/(%at>$*, &e = e+4uta)'t$tta a #e+-0%0)t" A )e%e7 n8$man C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 e+=)*?% ;a%&in e++en #$%4&u+" I+7(*' e--$% e+ee78e*ett, >$78 #i(t, A/a*t t1%-m0n c)a.at$--a+ $&a-1+&/e" Amu)*+im$- -0t ><na.i7 t($%$*ta- E&e))*a a+att, &e a v(%$) >e+8=%)07e e%=) v$+t 0)min&enne+ /<+ e+ v$+t +(tva" K?%1+?tte a*$nan a* e+.u)*t't$tt vi&0- nem tu&ta t(.+(+4ni a* $)t%$m+<-at" I+4Bu%)*u-i a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 #e+a&/a a* $)t%$m$t ) e0%te a*4*a+, >$78 t$v( .u)*t't$tta a vi&0-et, m'7 c)a- a* ?%m0n8e- C/ >a&)*'nte%et nem -'4n(+tane-i"

4en a* ?%m0n8e- a*t #$nt$+7att(-, >$78 ;au&C&na- /(t))*(- (t E&e))*(t"Ha)$n+< ?))*ee)-1v0)%e -e%1+t )$% e78 0vve+ -0)= i), ami-$% ;au&C& a #%ante%14+ete- e+#$7+a+()(%a -0)*1+t, ) Ba+&uin Tu%e))*e+en v$+t, >$78 (tve78e J$)ce+in >40%i%t$-(t" I&=en #e+#e&e*t0- a* ?))*ee)-1v0)t, 0) Ba+&uin e%=ve+ (t-?+t?*tette #=4v(%$)a ?%m0n8 +a-$))(7(t S*am$)*at(a" ;iut(n '78 me7+ec-0*tette =-et, 4en+e>et=v0 tette a >a*at0%0)1-et, &e e78e)e- K$7> 3a*u+ ut<&a, 3a*u+ D7>a te%1+et0%emente-, a-i %ette7ett a 7$n&$+att<+, >$78 a #%an-$- a* ?%?-)070%e t?%ne-" Ö%?-e#$47a&< an8/(va+ e781tt I+4Bu%)*u-i>$* #$%&u+t, >$78 )*aa&'t)a me7 =-et a #%an-$-t<+"I+4Bu%)*u-i H$))*C S*un-u% nev >a&ve*0%0t -1+&te e+, >$78 t(%78a+/$n Kai)*unan3a*u+ D7>(va+" A #%an-$- tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- e%%=+, 0) me7t(ma&t(- S*un-u%t 0) a*?%m0n8e-et, &e nem /(%ta- )i-e%%e+" ;ie+=tt a*$nan a mu)*+im$- e+=n8t tu&ta- v$+4na -$v(c)$+ni a* C/ )*?vet)07=+, I+4Bu%)*u-i ?))*eve)*ett a* $%t$-i&a A/a**a+ 0) e4?%t?n?*te" I+7(*', A/a* a./a a*$nna+ e78e>'vta -+(n/(t 0) t1%-m0n/eit, ) I+4Bu%)*u-ie++en v$nu+t, me7ve%te ) -0n8)*e%'tette, >$78 vi))*av$nu+/$n ;$)*u+a" I)m0t -u&a%4c$t va++$tt a mu)*+im$-na- a -e%e)*te)e- e++en in&'t$tt >a&/(%ata"5

Enne- i) a* ?%m0n8e- #i*ett0- me7 a* (%(t" A #%an-$- e+=%en8$mu+ta-, >$78 me741nte))0- 3a*u+ D7>(t" Nem )i-e%1+t evenni1- a #=v(%$)(t, Raant, &e 3a*u+ D7>a$-$)ana- +(tta, >a T$%$)* %u.eni&a >e%ce7 )e7't)070t -0%i" T$%$)* me7>'vta 3a*u+D7>(t a**a+ a* 1%1778e+, >$78 vita))ana- me7 e78 >(*a))(7i te%vet, &e e+#$7ta 0) (t4a&ta E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna-" 3a*u+t c)a- a--$% en7e&t0- e+, ami-$% me7'70%te, >$78 (t4en7e&i min&en i%t$-(t E&e))*ai Ba+&uinna-" E--$% me7en7e&t0- ne-i, >$78 vi))*a4v$nu+/$n K$n)tantin(.$+8a" Ba+&uin, miut(n M4an e-ee+e*te Kai)*unt 0) Ra4ant, C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a a* Eu#%(te)* v?+780en m07 me7ma%a&t -i) ?%4m0n8 >e%ce7)07e-et" 4en +e)*(m$+t AC+ La%'a+, Bi%e&*)i- u%(va+, a-it m07Ba+&uin i-tat$tt e ee a ti)*t0e a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n" E&e))*ai Ba+&uine Pui)te4i La+e%anna-, a* un$-ate)tv0%0ne- a&ta Bi%e&*)i-et, La+e%an .e&i7 n=1+vette AC+ La%' +e(n8(t" E*ut(n Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e78-$%i a%(t/(t, ma/& -0)=i e++en4)070t, K$7> 3a*u+ #iv0%0t, Ba7%at$t t(ma&ta me7, a-ine- v$+t e78 -i) i%t$-a K$%$)*4an, a* Eu#%(te)*t=+ n8u7at%a" 3071+ e+#$7+a+ta La%7a% >e%ce7e, K$n)tantin #?+&/0t,a-i )*int0n Ba+&uin -i%(+8 )*?vet)07e)e v$+t" K$n)tantint e+#$7ta 0) S*am$)*at(an

222E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccii, G4G5" ."V ccvi, G" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, GM" ."V In a+4A)*'%, !4!5" ."223E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccii, G4G" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, M4 ."V In a+4A)*'%, !4!5" ."

GM

e?%t?n?*te, a>$+ a )*e%enc)0t+en (+&$*at e78 #?+&%en70) )$%(n %?vi&e)en me7>a+t"A %u.eni&a >e%ce7 >ama%$)an me7e+07e&0))e+ vette tu&$m()u+, >$78 = ma%a&t a*e78et+en #177et+en ?%m0n8 u%a+-$&<" A %u.eni&(- -iv0te+0ve+ a* ?%m0n8 n0. a #%an4-$-a vetett min&en i*a+m(t e+ve)*'tette"

E&e))*ai Ba+&uin ?%m0n8 ><&'t()ait e+=)e7'tette, >$78 c)?--ent a -e+et #e+=+ #en8e47et= ve)*0+8" A* e+=*= 0ve- =ve+-e&te- a77a)*t< e)em0n8e-en" n$veme%04en %ettenete) #?+&%en70) .u)*t't$tta e+ a #%an-$- (+ta+ me7><&'t$tt te%1+ete-et Anti<4->i(t<+ 0) ;ami)*t%(t<+ ;a%a)i7 0) E&e))*(i7" Anti<->iai R$7e% 78$%)an -?%e+(t$47atta v(%ait, >$78 me7e%=)'tte))e, -i/av'tta))a a #a+a-at, me%t >'%e /(%t, >$78 ;u>am4ma& )*u+t(n C/a >a&/(%at%a -0)*1+"9

;u>amma& v$+t a* ut$+)< na78 )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n" :iv0%0t=+, Ba%-/(%C-t<+ >an8at4+< (++am$t ?%?-?+t, ma/& %en&et te%emtett I%a-an 0) I%(nan, G4an +ei7(*ta a -e4+eti )ivata7 +(*a&< a%a/ait, 0) -$%&(an ta%t$tta a* a)*a)*in$- )*e-t(/(t" A+ ;u)*ta*4>'% -a+i#a, a-i a7&a&i .a+$t(/(an )*e%e+me) ve%)e- '%()(va+ mC+atta a* i&=t, me7>a4

/$+t a )*u+t(n te-int0+8e e+=tt" Ám e78%e4m()%a -u&a%ca #u++a&ta- ;u>amma& -')0%4+etei, >$78 -i**e S*'%i(<+ a #%an-$-at" A )*u+t(n %(/?tt, >$78 e>>e* e+= en7e&e+4me))0 -e++ tennie a* a*$-$n a te%1+ete-en 0+= mu)*+im #e/e&e+me-et, me%t a* = en7e4&et+en)071- 0) #0+t0-en8)071- %en&)*e%e)en me7>iC)'t$tta te%veit" 9 #e%u(%/(anF miut(n ;$)*u+ >)070t i*t$)'t$tta a**a+, >$78 #i(t, ;a)*C&$t tette me7 -$%m(n84*</(na- F, Bu%)*u- in Bu%)*u-, Hama&(n -$%m(n8*</(na- .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+attna78 )e%e7et in&'t$tt n8u7at%a" A -0t ve*0% D*)u/C) 07, ;$)*u+ e78-$%i -$%m(n8*<4

/a 0) Temi%e- )*in&*)(%i em'% v$+t"S*'%ia mu)*+im #e/e&e+mei c)a-nem ann8i%a me7%0m1+te-, mint a #%an-$-" E*e-en

a te%1+ete-en c)a- a )ai*a%i mun-i&i&(- 0) In Ka%a&*)a, a >um)*i em'% )*(m't$tt a)*u+t(n > va*a++u)(na-" A >a&/(%at >'%0%e a* $%t$-i&a I+7(*' Dama)*-u)*a )ietett,>$78 me7e%=)'t)e T$7te-inne+ -?t?tt )*?vet)070t" Ha*a#e+0 a*$nan -e+e.c0e c)a+ta0) e+#$7ta =t a >um)*i em'%" A* em'% -0)= T$7te-in n8$m()(%a e+en7e&te #$7+8(ta**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >$78 a #i(t, A/a*t -1+&i ma7a >e+8ett tC)*na-" I+7(*' '78 vi))*at0%4>etett ;a%&ina 0) ?))*e)*e&>ette c)a.atait" E*ut(n vi))*av$nu+t n8u7at%a, >$78T$-te7in>e* c)at+a-$**0-" A* a+e.. C+C, miut(n min&-0t #0+4ne- me7'70%te t(m$7at()(t, C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 a )*u+t(n 78=*e+me nem v(+na >a)*n(4%a, e*0%t T$7te-in>e* 0) I+7(*'>$* c)at+a-$*$tt" E-?*en Anti<->iai R$7e% i) ?))*e4)*e&te )e%e70t, 0) a* O%$nt0)*n0+, a 3a)4>'&n(+ a+a-'t$tta -i (++()ait" E*ut(n F nemtu&ni, -ine- a >at()(%a F +e.a-t(+t T$7te-inne+ 0) )*?vet)07e)eive+, ) #e+)*<+'t$tta )e4%e71-et, >$78 e78e)1+/?n a* = )e%e70ve+ A.amea #a+ai a+att" Innen #i78e+emme+ tu&4t(- -')0%ni Bu%)*u- m$*7()(t, amint (t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en 0) me7in&u+t Sai*a%a, aa%(tai>$*" A #%an-$- -0te*e% +$va7$t 0) 78a+$7$)t (++'t$tta- -i, mu)*+im )*?vet)07e4)ei- va78 ?te*%et"

A D*)a*'%(n (tv$nu+va Bu%)*u- na78 )e%e7e nem 1t-?*?tt e++en(++()a" Aan %e4m0n8-e&ett, >$78 A+e..<an 1t>eti #e+ #=>a&i)*(++()(t, &e miut(n me7>a++$tta, >$78C+C a* e++en)07>e* c)at+a-$*$tt, ) >$78 T$7te-in (++ a* e++en)07e) mu)*+im$- 0+0n,&0+%e in&u+t 0) e* utum)*i em'% )e7't)070ve+ me7+e.et0))*e%4

224E&e))*ai ;(t0 cciii4cciv, !54!9" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, GM" ." 6a+e%an va+<)*'n+e7 Pui)e+4iHu7< te)tv0%e v$+t, a* an8/u- A+'*, II" Ba+&uin na78n0n/e 0) Tan-%0& e+)= un$-ate)tv0%e v$+t" ()& e

m II" -?t" A /s)/spont = A második nemzedék c" %0)*"2256>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +ii, 49, 9G49G" ."V a+te%, a Kance++(% I, G54G" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccvii,G4G!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !" .", Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."

G

en +ec)a.$tt Ham(%a" Ham( T$7te-in>e* ta%t$*$tt, ) $tt =%i*te -inc)ei na78 %0)*0t"Bu%)*u- e+#$7+a+ta 0) -i#$)*t$tta a v(%$)t, ami a >e+8i mu)*+im$-at i7enc)a- #e+&1>'4tette" Onnan Ka#a%ta #%an- e%=& e++en #$%&u+t" R$7e% )*'ve)en v(++a+-$*$tt v$+na e78e+te%e+= >a&mve+et%e, &e T$7te-in me778=*te, >$78 a* tC+ ve)*0+8e) +enne" A )*?4vet)07e)e- e>e+8ett )e7't)07et -0%te- Je%u*)(+emi Ba+&uint<+ 0) T%i.$+i)*i P$n)t<+,a-i- 0)*a-%a )iette-, Ba+&uin ?t)*(* +$va77a+ 0) e*e% 78a+$7$))a+, P$n) -0t)*(* +$va747a+ 0) -0te*e% 78a+$7$))a+" :an#(%$- >an7/a me++ett v$nu+ta- e a* a.ameai t($%a"Bu%)*u-, a-ine- a t($%a Sai*a%an v$+t, ?+c)ne- +(tta, >a vi))*av$nu+ a D*)a*'%a#e+0" A c)e+ ev(+t" Ba+&uin 0) P$n) C78 't0+te, >$78 a ve)*0+8 e+>(%u+t, 0) >a*at0%t" A)*?vet)07e) )e%e7 #e+$m+$tt" E--$% Bu%)*u- >i%te+en i)m0t vi))*ament Ka#a%taa"R?vi& -1*&e+em ut(n evette a v(%at, 0) (ta&ta a mun-i&i&(-na-" A* a+e..et tu&ni, >$78 (%u+()<+ va78 78(va)(7<+, a*$nna+ '%t ne-i, $c)(nat$t -0%t amC+t nei0%t 0) c)a.at$t -0%t A+e..< e+#$7+a+()(>$*" Bu%)*u- )a/(t )e%e70t 78en7'4tette me7 a**a+, >$78 e+-1+&te ne-i D*)u/C) 07et 0) c)a.at(t" R$7e% nem )*e%e+te +e)e%e70t" Nem v(%>atta e )em a Ba+&uin -i%(+8t<+, )em a P$n)t<+ 0%-e*= )e7't)07et, &em07 T$7te-in0t )em" E&e))*ai Ba+&uint<+ -0%t )e7't)07et, me7-0%te Be%n(t .(t%i(%-(t,>$78 (+&/a me7 a c)a.at$-at, a&/a (t ne-i- a S*ent Ke%e)*t e78 &a%a-(/(t, ma/& )*e.4teme% 40n e+in&u+t Anti<->i(<+" D0+ #e+0 menete+t a* O%$nt0)* #$+8()a ment0n6>a)te+ R$u7e4i7, m'7 Bu%)*u- .(%>u*am$)an ta%t$tt 0)*a- #e+0 a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/04en" E78i- )e%e7 )em tu&$tt a m()i- >e+8*et0%=+, m'7 e78 Te$&$% Be%nevi++e nev +$4va7 a #e+&e%'t0)%=+ vi))*a nem t0%t 6>a)te+ R$u7e4a, ) nem /e+entette, >$78 +(tta a)*u+t(n )e%e70t, amint Te++ D(ni)* &$m/a #e+0 v$nu+t a* e%&=n (t, S*i%min v(%$) -?4*e+0en" 40n %e77e+ a #%an- )e%e7 tit$-an (t-e+t a )e%e7e-et e+v(+a)*t< >e78>(t$n,+ec)a.$tt Bu%)*u-%a, amint c)a.ataiva+ 78anCt+anu+ v$nu+t" A te>e%>$%&< (++at$- a>(tv0&&e+ ta%t$tta-, a -i)e c)a.at$- m(% me7 i) (++ta-, >$78 )(t%at ve%/ene- a &0+i.i>en=>?*" N0>(n8 em'% e+in&u+t, >$78 -i#$))*a a -?%n8e*= ma/$%)(7$-at, m()$- Bi4*aa ev0te+0ve+ v$+ta- e+#$7+a+va" A c)ata -e*&et0n nem v$+ta- Bu%)*u--a+ +e7/$ a+4ve*0%ei"

A mu)*+im$- e78(+ta+(n nem )*(m't$tta- a #%an-$- t(ma&()(%a" A #%an-$- e784)*e% c)a- e+=C/ta- a #(- -?*1+, 0) me7%$>ant(- a #0+i7 -0)* t($%t" Nem)$-(%a a*e70)* mu)*+im )e%e7 #e+$m+$tt" Bu%)*u- nem tu&ta i%(n8'tani a* eme%eit" Ki) >'/(n#$7)(7a e)ett, &e v071+ n0>(n8 )*(* +$va))a+ vi))*av$nu+t a Te++ D(ni)*4&$m e78i-n8C+v(n8(%a" Itt e78 &a%ai7 vi))*ave%te a* e++en)07 t(ma&()(t ) a*t -'v(nta, (% e)ettv$+na e+ a >a%can, )em>$78 i+8en me7)*078en't= ve%e)07et )*enve&/en e+" Te)t=%eiv07%e me778=*t0-, >$78 m(% nem te>et )emmit, ) a--$% +<>(t$n -e+et #e+0 mene-1+t"A )*in&*)(%i em'%, Temi%e- -e*&eten t? )i-e%t 0%t e+, ) vi))*ave%te a #%an-$- /$4)*(%n8(t" :%e)ne+ Lui&$, Ha%enc u%a a*$nan #%i)) e%=-et vetett e, c)a->ama% -?%1+4vette a )*in&*)(%ia-at, ) c)a- a +e778$%)a +$va)$- tu&ta- 0+ve e+mene-1+ni" E)t0%e Fa mu)*+im )e%e7 ma%a&0-a %en&e*et+en t?me7en v$nu+t a D*)a*'%a #e+0"M

A Te++ D(ni)*4i #%an- 78=*e+emme+ v07et 0%t a* i%(ni )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n$- S*'%iavi))*a#$7+a+()(%a i%(n8u+< ut$+)< -')0%+ete" A me7a+(*$tt, )*078en-e*= Bu%)*u- n04>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= me7>a+t, ) ;u>amma& )*u+t(n nem v$+t #e+-0)*1+ve a%%a,>$78 v(++a+/a e78 C/a >a&/(%at -$c-(*at(t" Ke+eten m(% c)a- a #0+i7 #177et+en em'4%e- /e+ent>ette- ve)*0+8t a #%an-$- )*(m(%a, &e e*e- i) c)177e&te- v$+ta- 0) )*0t>C*4

226

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, II, +iv, 4M, 9GM49!" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, !, " ."V a+te%, a Kance++(%, ,M4, !4!M" ." a +e7a+a.$)a e+e)*0+0)V a+4A*'mi, 9!" ."V In Ham&un In a+4A)*'%n(+, !94!G" ."VU)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", 4M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, GM" ."

GG

ta-" R$7e% anti<->iai >e%ce7 te-int0+8e tet=.$nt/(n v$+t" Eme%ei 78$%)an vi))*a#$74+a+t(- Ka#a%ta$t, ami+8et Bu%)*u- a mun-i&i&(-na- a&$tt" E--$% a* a+e..amma& )*u+t(nna+, a-i me7$c)(t$tt ne-i, &e nem '70%t an8a7i )e7't)07et"G

C+C eunuc> A+e..<an te>etet+en1+ )*em+0+te, >$78 -?%1+?tte >$78an e%=)'ti- me7>e+8*et1-et a #%an-$-" S*$%$)a )*?vet)07%e v(78$tt T$7te-inne+, &e %( m(% )en-i)em >a++7at$tt, ) v071+ m(/u)(an >e+8=%)07e t?%?- ta7/ai me7?+t0-" Ut<&a )*in4t0n eunuc> v$+t, e78 Ja%u-ta) nev ?%m0n8 %ene7(t, a-i a*$nna+ #%an- )e7't)07 ut(nn0*ett, ) #e+a/(n+$tta R$7e%4na- a+4Kua e%=&/0t, me+8 a* A+e..<<+ Dama)*-u)*ave*et= Ct ment0n (++t" A%%a >a+a&ta- e+ a ;e--(a ta%t< *a%(n&$-$-, ) a v(% u%(na-

/$7a v$+t )C+8$) v(m$-at )*e&ni t=+1-"! A v(% (ten7e&0)e nem )$- /<t >$*$tt Ja%u-4ta)na-" C+C 78i+-$)ai Ri&v(n i#/ai- #ia, S*u+t(n)(> nev0en c)e+e-e&te-, 0) S*u+4t(n)(> nem v$+t >a/+an&< e+i)me%ni Ja%u-ta)t" a--$% a* $%t$-i&a I+7(*'>$* #$%&u+t)e7't)070%t, (m mi%e I+7(*' c)a.atai A+e..<a 0%te-, Ja%u-ta) m(% me7u-$tt, ) a -$%4m(n8*() S*u+t(n)(> mini)*te%e, a &ama)*-u)*i In a+4;i+>' -e*0e -e%1+t" I+7(*' e-4-$% vi))*av$nu+t 0) #i(t, Ki*i+t >a78ta A+e..<an, >$78 -0.vi)e+/e =t" E+#$7+a+ta Ba+i)*v(%(t a* Eu#%(te)* ment0n2 e*t '70%t0- ne-i, >a i+4Bu%)*u-i F a-i m$)t m(% a%4Ra>(4an te+e.e&ett +e, ) a*t >'%e)*te+te, >$78 a )*u+t(n ne-i a&ta A+e..<t F, me7.%<(+/a0%v0n8%e /uttatni i70n8eit" In a+4;i+>' C78 't0+te me7, >$78 I+7(*' me7'*>atat+an)*?vet)07e), e*0%t A+e..<t 0) Ki*i+t (ta&ta Hi%-(nna-, a >um)*i em'%ne-, ) #%an- )e47't)077e+ #e+-0)*1+t Ba+i)* vi))*a><&'t()(%a" De I+7(*' 0) T$7te-in )*?vet)07e i&=t(+4+<na- i*$n8u+t" ;ia+att T$7te-in Hum)*a ment, 0) >u%-(n vi))*av$nu+()%a -0n84)*e%'tette, I+7(*' #e+mentette Ba+i)*t, 0) G n8a%(n ev$nu+t A+e..<a" E--$%%a Ina+4;i+>' >e+80e m(% e78 #e-ete eunuc>, Ka%a&*)a +0.ett, a-it I+7(*' e?%t?n?*tetettIn a+4;i+>'ve+ 0) S*u+t(n)(>>a+ e781tt"5 E*en e)em0n8e- 0) c)e+)*?v0)e- i&e/0nmin&-0t .(%t i&=n-0nt a #%an-$->$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t, ) >a(% R$7e% )$>a)em v$+ta )*< )*$%$) 0%te+m0en A+e..< u%a, e+ tu&ta #$7+a+ni a v(%$)t<+ 0)*a-%a #e-v= te%1+e4te-et2 G4an A*a*t, !4en Bi*aat, 0) '78 e+v(7ta A+e..<t a* Eu#%(te)*t=+ 0) Ke4+ett=+"5

K?%1+e+1+ een a* i&=en R$7e%ne- )i-e%1+t i*t$)'tania &0+i >at(%ait a**a+, >$78e+#$7+a+ta ;a%-a v(%(t, ame+8 Bu+uni/()* m?7?tt, e78 ten7e%%e n0*= ma7a) &$m$n(++t"5

G v070%e e78en)C+8>e+8*et a+a-u+t -i É)*a-4S*'%i(an" A #%an-$- imm(% )*e%ve4)en ei++e)*-e&te- a vi&0- 0+et0e" Nem v$+ta- )$-an, &e /<+ #e+ v$+ta- #e78ve%e*ve, )+a))an me7tanu+ta- a+-a+ma*-$&ni a >e+8i 0+et-?%1+m0n8e->e*" Ami a*$nan enn0+i) #$nt$)a v$+t, e78)07e)e- v$+ta-, +e7a+(i) .i++anatn8i+a7" A* 0)*a-i -e%e)*t0n8u%a+-$&<- -?*1+ ma7a)an -ieme+-e&ett Anti<->iai R$7e%" He7em<ni(/(t nem i%i78e+4te )em E&e))*ai Ba+&uin, )em T%i.$+i)*i P$n), me%t R$7e% )$>a)em i78e-e*ett #?+04

227U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", M" ."228In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 949" ." C78 t1nteti #e+, >$78 a )*u+t(n -e*&em0n8e*ett" In Ham&un2 i* h*229In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9949M" ."230In a+4Ka+(ni)*'@ i* h*V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5G45!" ."231E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccvii, !4!G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M9" ."2326a>en2 i* m*, !" ." M" /e78*et t(%78a+/a a* a%a #$%%()$-at" T%i.$+i)*i P$n) C78 +(t)*i-, )e7'tette

R$7e%t e78, -i) n0*ete+t0%0) -a.c)(n, ame+8 6ec'+ia, Tan-%0& ?*ve78e 0) P$n) #e+e)07e >$*$m(n8a -?4%1+ a+a-u+t -i" 6ec'+ia D*)aa+(t -0%te, &e a v070n e0%te 6>a)te+ R$u7e4*)a+ 0) A%e*7(nna+ T1%$)*i3i+m$), QI3, 9, M" .""

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1- -e%1+ni 0) va*a++u))( )1++8e)*teni =-et" U78ana--$% min&>(%man e+i)me%t0- a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7(t" A mu)*+im #e/e&e+me- )*(me+i #?+0n8en v$+ta-,&e #0+t0-en8-e&te- e78m()%a, 0) nem v$+ta- e78)07e)e-" A mu)*+im vi+(7$t a te+/e)-($)*t<+ c)a- a T$7te-in 0) a* $%t$-i&$- -?*?tt #enn(++< )*?vet)07 mentette me7" A>e+8*et '78 n0mi+e7 a #%an-$-na- -e&ve*ett" Nem v$+t $+8an -1+)= >ata+$m, ame+8me7 tu&ta v$+na $ntani a -ia+a-u+t e78en)C+8t" Ba+&uin /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8, a-i (++an4&<an 0%e*>ette a >(t(an a #(timi&a ve)*0+8t, nem tu&$tt tC+ 78a-%an eavat-$*ni a*0)*a-i 178e-e" I%(n )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n/a a Te++ D(ni)*4i )*e%enc)0t+en)07 ut(n nem.%<(+-$*$tt t?0, >$78 -ite%/e))*e #enn>at<)(7(t S*'%i(%a" Anat<+ia -0t #= >ata+ma,Bi*(nc 0) a %umi )*e+&*)u-$- -?*?tt .i++anatn8i+a7 )*int0n e78en)C+8 (++t #enn"

E78en)C+8 a+a-u+t -i a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- -?*?tt i)" E&e))*a 0) Anti<->ia ?%4m0n8 a+attva+ a+attva+<-"A* e78et+en #ennma%a&t )*aa& ?%m0n8 (++am, a Tau%u)*an e+te%1+= %u.eni&a >e%4ce7)07 a*$nan -0)*en (++$tt a #%an-$--a+ va+< e781ttm-?&0)%e" E >e%ce7)07 u%a+4-$&</a, e<, c)a.at$-at ve*etett A*a* $)t%$ma-$% Anti<->iai R$7e% me7)e7't0)0%e"55

A /a-$ita e78>(*at )*a-a&() $)*t$tta me7" G t(/(n enne- a* e78>(*na- a #e/e,Atan(* .(t%i(%-a, a-i Anti<->i(an )*0-e+t, i*$n8$) )*ent -?n8ve- i%t$-+()a miatt?))*eve)*ett Ba%4S*auniva+, a* e&e))*ai met%$.$+it(va+, a-i e+ti+t$tta =t >ivat()a 78a4-$%+()(t<+" Ba%4S*auni, c)a- >$78 a/t -eve%/en, Be%n(t>$*, Anti<->ia +atin .(t%i(%4-(/(>$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t" Be%n(t ma7(>$* >'vatta Atan(*t, >$78 *)inat e+=tt a +atin)*0-e)e78>(*an vita))(- me7 a -0%&0)t" Atan(* me70%-e*ett 0) ti+ta-$*$tt" E78 t$+4m(c) me++0#$7()a -?vet-e*t0en Be%n(t a*t >itte, >$78 a -0t #=.a. -?*?tti vita e78ma7(n/e++e7 a&<))(7 miatt a+a-u+t -i, 0) '78 Be%n(t -i/e+entette, >$78 >a Atan(* nem$c)(t me7 a&<)(na-, a )*im<nia v0t-0e e)i-" Atan(*t #e+&1>'tette a &?nt0), ame+8etnem 0%tett, ) ame+8ne- a* 0%v0n8e))070t nem v$+t >a/+an&< e+i)me%ni" Du%v(n ti+ta-$4*$tt, mi%e Be%n(t e+%en&e+te, >$78 $)t$%$**(- me7" Atan(* e78 $%t$&$ a%(t/a, a #i+$4*<#u) A& a+4;a)*'> tan(c)(%a R$7e%4>e* #e++ee*ett, a-i 0..en nem ta%t<*-$&$tt av(%$)an" R$7e% in7e%1+ten me7#e&&te Be%n(t$t, me%t nem %e( ta%t$*< 178e-e avat4-$*$tt, ) me7en7e&te Atan(*na-, >$78 e+>a78/a Anti<->i(t 0) vi))*at0%/en $tt>$n(a,a ;a% Ba%)*auma4e+i m$n$)t$%a, me+8 a* =t v0&e+me*= $%t$-i&(- te%1+et0n v$+t"Atan(* -i-?*?)'tette Ba%4S*aunit 0) a* e&e))*ai /a-$ita e78>(*at inte%&i-tum a+(>e+8e*te" E--$% )$- e&e))*ai /a-$ita, mive+ nem %0)*e)1+>etett e78>(*a )*$+7(+atai4an, (tt0%t a +atin )*e%ta%t()%a" 3$+ta-, a-i >'ve- ma%a&ta- a .(t%i(%-(>$*" A 0-ec)a- )$-4)$- 0v mC+va, Atan(* >a+(+a ut(n (++t >e+8%e"5

Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a $%t$&$ -?*?))07ei nem -e&ve+t0- a +atin$- u%a+m(t, &e a*"?%m0n8e-t=+ 0) a /a-$it(-t<+ e+t0%=en )$>a)em 0%intette me7 =-et a mu)*+im$--a+va+< e781ttm-?&0) c)('t()a" 6)a- e78et <>a/t$tta-2 a vi))*at0%0)t a i*(nci u%a+$ma+(" E )*(n&0-u-na- a*$nan -$%+(t$-at )*a$tt a 78+?+et, ame++8e+ a* ?%m0n8e- 0)a /a-$it(- vi)e+tette- i%(ntu-"

Am'7 a* e&e))*ai #%an-$- $--a+ ta%t>atta- a -e+et%=+ 0%-e*= ve)*0+8t=+, a* anti<4->iai #%an-$- )*(m(%a a #= e++en)07 Bi*(nc ma%a&t" A+ei$)* c)()*(% nem a&ta #e+Anit<->i(%a #$%m(+t i70n80t" K0)*en (++t a /e%u*)(+emi +atin -i%(+8)(7 e+i)me%0)0%e, /<4in&u+at(t a**a+ i) -imutatta, >$78 =-e*en me7#i*ette a v(+t)(7&'/at a* 4enRam+(n(+ #$7)(7a e)ett #%an- ve*0%e-0%t, 0) a**a+, >$78 >a/<--a+ %0)*t vett 4en

233E&e))*ai ;(t02 i* h* A %u.eni&(- t?%t0net0%=+ +()&2 T$u%nei*e, i* m* MG" )--" ."234S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !54!", 4" ."

!

A--$n )i-e%te+en $)t%$m(an" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 min&i7 u&va%ia)an 0) -$%%e-t1+ vi)e+4-e&ett a c)()*(%%a+, &e nem v$+t >a/+an&< n8$m()t 78a-$%$+ni Tan-%0&%a, >$78 ta%t)ae a Dev$++i4me7(++a.$&()t"59

A #%an-4i*(nci -a.c)$+at$-at m(% a* " 0vi -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at <ta 78ana-v()vette -?%1+, 0) K$n)tantin(.$+8 )$>a)em $c)(t$tta me7 Pa)*-(+ .(.(na-, >$78M4an B$emun& /av(%a eavat-$*$tt a* 178e-e" A+ei$)* a*$nan na78$ #$%4m(tumC (++am#0%#i v$+t ann(+, )em>$78 me7en7e&te v$+na, >$78 0%*e+me- 0) )0%t=4&0) )*'ne**0- .$+iti-(/(t" 4en 0) 4en a ;$nte 6a))in<4i a.(t -?*vet't0)0ve+t(%78a+()$-at #$+8tat$tt a .(.(va+" ;e7'70%te, >$78 e+)im't/a a %<mai 0) a 7?%?7 e784>(* -?*?tt #enn(++< +e7#$nt$)a n0*ete+t0%0)e-et, %(vette a %<mai >at<)(7$-at, >$78ne-i, va78 a #i(na- a/(n+/(- #e+ a n8u7ati c)()*(%i -$%$n(t" A*t i) me7'70%te, >$78 e+4+(t$7at R<m(a" Pa)*-(+ .(.a a--$%ian i7en %$))* vi)*$n8an v$+t 3" Hen%i- c)(4)*(%%a+, 0) ma7a) (%at i) >a/+an&< +ett v$+na #i*etni a i*(nci t(m$7at()0%t" A+ei$)*ta*$nan a t?%?- >($%C- 0) )a/(t %$m+< e70)*)07e me7a-a&(+8$*ta aan, >$78 me74va+<)'t)a te%veit"5M A t(%78a+()$- nem ve*ette- e%e&m0n8%e" 54an 6>%8)$+an P04te% mi+(n(*i 178e-et vitat$tt me7, &eNi-aia .1).?-0ve+, Eu)*t%ati$))*a+ #$+8tat$tt te$+<7iai vit(/a nem v(+t a -0t e78>(*-?*?tti -a.c)$+at$- /av(%a"5 3a+<)*'n, >$78 A+ei$)* ma7a )em vette -$m$+8anna78%a t?%= it(+iai te%veit" A .(.a a%(t)(7a c)a- a%%a v$+t /< ne-i, >$78 me7#0-e*>e)4)e a n$%mann$- t?%e-v0)eit, 0) -ite%/e)*t>e))e #enn>at<)(7(t a -e+eti +atin$-%a"

A i*(ncia- nem )$-at te>ette- Anti<->ia vi))*a)*e%*0)00%t" A c)()*(% 0) B$4emun& )*e%*=&0)e c)a- '%$tt ma+a)*t ma%a&t, 0) Tan-%0& nemc)a- nem vette #i78e4+eme e*t a me7(++a.$&()t, >anem t$v( n?ve+te te%1+eteit a i*(ncia- %$v()(%a"R$7e% Tan-%0& .$+iti-(/(t #$+8tatta" A+ei$)* aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 T%i.$+i)*7%<#/ai a* = 1780t #$7/(- -0.vi)e+ni S*'%i(an" P0n*t i) /uttat$tt T%i.$+i)*a a -?*?)i*(nci4t%i.$+i)*i v(++a+-$*()$- c0+/ai%a" Be%t%an& >a+(+a ut(n a*$nan a #ia, P$n) in4-( a* anti<->iaia--a+ m-?&?tt e781tt" Butumit0)*, a-i a +atin (++am$-an -0.vi4)e+te uta*< -?vet-0nt Bi*(nc$t, e--$% a*t -0%te, >$78 a )*<an #$%7< ?))*e7et )*$+7(+4ta))(- vi))*a Bi*(ncna-" A .0n*>e* a*$nan c)a- a--$% tu&$tt >$**(/utni, ami-$%-$m$+8an me7#en8e7ette P$n)t, >$78 T%i.$+i)* nem -a. t?0 0+e+mi)*e%t 6i.%u)<+"E*e- ut(n Butumit0)* ?+c)ene- 't0+te, >a P$n)na- $&aa&/a a Be%t%an&4na- '70%ta%an8at 0) 0%t0-e) >$+mi-at" 6)e%0e a*ut(n P$n) >)07e)-1t tett a c)()*(%na-,ame+8 va+<)*'n+e7 >a)$n+< v$+t a na78at8/a, Ra/mun& (+ta+ e78-$% tett, W(%ta+m(%anem +enniX t'.u)C e)-1ne-" A Butumit0)* (+ta+ vi))*a)*e%*ett .0n*en Bi*(nc +$va-atv()(%$+t a )e%e7 )*(m(%a Dama)*-u)*an, E&e))*(an 0) A%(i(an"5G

N8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 P$n)$t nem +e>etett %(venni e78 Anti<->ia e++eni #e++0.0)4%e, a t?%?-?- m$*7$+<&()a .e&i7 me7a-a&(+8$*ta a c)()*(%t aan, >$78 -?*vet+en1++0./en #e+ S*'%i(an" Anat<+i(an nem v$+t /e+ent=) t?%?- u%a+-$&< a*<ta, >$78 M4an me7>a+t a &ani)men& ;a+i- L(*' L1m1)te-in 0) 4en a )*e+&*)u- Ki+i&*)A%)*+(n" Ha 0-0n >a78t(- a n$%mann$-, A+ei$)* >$**(#$7>at$tt, >$78 Anat<+ian8u7ati ta%t$m(n8aian 0) a &0+i .a%t$- ment0n #$-$*at$)an >e+8%e(++'t)a >ata+m(t"E--$%ian a ve*et= mu)*+im u%a+-$&< a -a..a&<-iai Ha)*an v$+t, a-i 4en me74

235Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, ii, 45, 9495" ."236()& 6>a+an&$n2 i* m* M4M5" .", min&en #$%%()t me7a&"237

an&$+.>, in ;u%at$%i2 !s* $* 1*, 9" -?t" G" ."V 6>%8)$+an e)*0&e in M* &* L*, cvii" -?t" !4!!"c$+" Eu)*t%ati$)* e)*0&ei in Demet%ac$.$u+$)2 Bi"iothe/a 0//esiasti/a, " -?t" 9" ."238Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, ii, , 9549" ."

!

.%<(+-$*$tt i*(nci te%1+ete-%e et?%ni" P>i+a&e+.>ia #e+0 ta%t$tt, a c0+/a S*m1%na +ettv$+na" Eu)*tati$n P>i+$-a+0)* nem )$--a+ e+=tte D0+n8u7at4Anat<+i(an -e%1+eti .a4%anc)n$- +ett, a**a+ a #e+a&atta+, >$78 ti)*t't)a me7 a vi&0-et a t?%?-?-t=+" Ki) )e%e704ve+ )i-e%1+t me7)emmi)'tenie Ha)*an -i)e .$%t8(*< c)a.at$-%a )*a-a&t )e%e70t2e78en-0nt ve%te me7 a -i)e e78)07e-et" Ha)*an na78 )ietve vi))*av$nu+t 0) a*É7ei4ten7e% .a%t/(n v07et 0%t a .u)*t't()" U78anaan a* 0ven Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n +e74i&=)e #ia, ;(+i-)(> -i)*aa&u+t .e%*)a #$7)(7(<+" K$n8(an )*e%ve*te me7 #=v(4%$)(t, 0) nem)$-(%a vi))*a)*e%e*te /$7$) ?%?-)070t, +e78=*te Ha)*ant, e+#$7+a+ta #?+&4

/eit" At8/a )$%)a a%%a intette, >$78 ne $n8$+<&/0- a -e+eti 178e-e, &e amint e%=)e4ne- 0%e*te ma7(t, e+in&u+t, >$78 vi))*a)*e%e**e a*$-at a #?+&e-et, ame+8e-et a./am07 a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at i&e/0n ve)*'tett e+" e+)= ><na./aian me7-e*&te ai*(nci te%1+ete- e++eni t(ma&()t, P>i+a&e+.>i(a v$nu+t, &e $tt ve%e)07et )*enve&ettLa%a)* i*(nci >a&ve*0%t=+" :e78ve%)*1netet -0%t, &e 54an i)m0t = t(ma&$tt278$%) >a&/(%at$t in&'t$tt Bit>1ni(n (t e70)*en Ni-ai(i7" A+ve*0%e, ;u>amma& e+#$74+a+ta P$emamenum$t Ni-ai(t<+ n8u7at%a, +e78=*?tt ) e+#$7$tt e78 i*(nci t($%n$-$t";(+i-)(> e78 m()i- ve*0%e, ;ana+u7 A1&$)*t .u)*t't$tta e+ a He++e)*.$nt$)*n(+,-i#$)*tva a 7a*&a7 v(m>(*a-at" ;(+i-)(> Pe%7am$nt #$7+a+ta e+" A c)()*(% e+in&u+t aet$+a-$&<- me7#0-e*0)0%e, ) a >a*at0%=, *)(-m(nn8a+ me7%a-$tt )e%e7%e t(ma&t"D$%1+ai$n$n -e%e)*t1+ &0+ #e+0 ta%t$tt 0) 6$t8aeumn(+ +ec)a.$tt a t?%?-?-%e" Dia&a+ate+/e) v$+t, vi))*a)*e%*ett min&en *)(-m(n8t 0) #$7+8$t" 94en a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78;(+i-)(> me7 a-a%/a i)m0te+ni a t(ma&()t, '78 A+ei$)* a* 0v na78 %0)*0t a**a+ t?+4t?tte, >$78 a it>1niai &$m$-%a vi78(*$tt" M4an a c)()*(%, (% m(% na78ete7v$+t, e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 t(ma&" D0+%e in&u+t K$n8a #e+0 0) P>i+$m0+i$nn(+ me71t-?4*?tt a t?%?-?--e+" I)m0t = 78=*?tt" ;(+i-)(> $+8an 0-e a+('%()(%a -0n8)*e%1+t,ame+8en me7'70%te a i%$&a+$m >at(%aina- ti)*te+eten ta%t()(t" Bi*(nc e--$% a*e70)* .a%tvi&0- u%a v$+t, T%a.e*untt<+ a -i+i-iai S*e+eu-i(i7, Anat<+ia e+)e/0en a>at(% An-a%(t<+ n8u7at%a, a )<) )ivata7n(+, 0) P>i+$m0+i$nn(+ >C*<&$tt" ;(+i-)(>vi))*a><&'t()i -')0%+etei -u&a%c$t va++$tta-" P(% ><na..a+ -0)= #iv0%e, ;a)*C& a&ani)men&e--e+ )*?vet)07en me7#$)*t$tta a t%<n/(t<+ 0) me7?+te ;(+i-)(>$t" A t?4%?-?- a*$nan )*i+(%&an me7ma%a&ta- Anat<+ia -?*.$nt/(an, ) Bi*(nc m07 min&i7nem tu&$tt >at0-$n8an #e++0.ni S*'%i(an" E*e-=+ a >($%C-<+ a Tau%u)*4>e78)074en +a-< ?%m0n8ei 0) Anti<->ia #%an- u%a+-$&</a >C*ta a +e7t? >a)*n$t"5!

239Anna K$mn0n0, QI3, v4vi, Q3, i4ii, iv4vi, M4", G4", G4!", !!45" ." ()& 6>a+an&$n2i* m* M94" ."

!



3. kö!"#

A SSONT

!5

1. %e&e'et

II. +B2! k2)6+"

+Cem (#gy el a te nemzetséged'ől -al& (ér(iD Izrael királyi széké'ől. /1Király#k $2%3

I" Ba+&uin nem te+/e)'tette ut$+)< -i%(+8i -?te+e))070t2 nem %en&e*te a t%<nut<&+()-0%&0)0t" Sietve e78e78+t a -i%(+8)(7 tan(c)a" E78e) neme)e- )*(m(%a e+-0.*e+>e4

tet+en v$+t, >$78 a -$%$na -i-e%1+/?n a B$u+$7ne4>(*<+" I" Ba+&uin i) #iv0%e, L$tt#%ie&?%?-0e +0.ett, 0) m07 0+t a +e7i&=)e #iv0%, Eu)tac>e, B$u+$7ne 7%<#/a" A*$nna+ tu4&att(- a 7%<##a+ te)tv0%e >a+(+>'%0t, 0) -0%t0-, >$78 ve78e (t ?%?-)070t" Eu)tac>e4na-nem v$+t -e&ve $&a>a78ni )*0. i%t$-ait e78 -$c-(*at$) -e+eti v(++a+-$*()0%t, &e #i478e+me*tett0-, >$78 e* -?te+e))07e" 78 e+in&u+t Je%u*)(+eme" A.u+i(a 0%ve C/a>'%n?-?--e+ ta+(+-$*$tt, a-i- -?*?+t0- ve+e, >$78 e+-0)ett" A -$%$n(t m()va+a-i -a.tame7" Eu)tac>e e+uta)'t$tta a*t a /ava)+at$t, >$78 t$v(uta**$n 0) >a%c$+/$n a* ?%?-4)070%t" E78(+ta+(n nem v$+t e++en0%e, >$78 vi))*at0%>etett B$u+$7ne4a"

A tan(c)an c)a- -eve)en (++tame++ette" ;ive+ me))*e 0+t, me7v(+a)*t()a t?><na.i inte%%e7num$t /e+entett v$+na" A tan(c) +e7e#$+8()$)a ta7/a 6$u%tena84i

J$)ce+in v$+t, La+i+ea >e%ce7e, = .e&i7 a*t -0%te, >$78 E&e))*a 7%<#/a, e B$u%74i Ba+4&uin -e%1+/?n t%<n%a" Ne-i )emmi $-a )em v$+t a%%a, >$78 -e&ve+/e Ba+&uint, ) e%%e7$n&$)an em+0-e*tette i) a tan(c)ta7$-atV Ba+&uin u78ani) a+a.ta+anu+ (%u+())a+ v(4&$+ta me7 0) )*(m*te =t 0)*a-i i%t$-ai%<+" Ba+&uin a*$nan -i.%<(+t, (t$%, %(te%4mett, 178e) un$-ate)tv0%e v$+t a* e+>un8t -i%(+8na-, 0) a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -i4eme+-e&= +$va7/ai -?*1+ a* e78et+en, a-i m07 0+t" J$)ce+in te%m0)*ete)en a%%a i) )*(4m't$tt, >$78 >a Ba+&uin e+>a78/a E&e))*(t Je%u*)(+em0%t, a +e7-eve)e, amit me7te4>et, a* +e)*, >$78 7$n$)*)(7(t e--$%a /<)(77a+ vi)*$n*< %$-$n(t me7/uta+ma**aE&e))*(va+" A%nu+# .(t%i(%-a t(m$7atta J$)ce+int, 0) -etten me778=*t0- a tan(c) t?ita7/(t" ;inte78 &?nt= 0%v-0nt a -i%(+8 temet0)0ne- na./(n e B$u%74i Ba+&uin v(%at4+anu+ me7/e+ent Je%u*)(+emen" Ta+(n >a++$tt a -i%(+8 e+=*= e)*ten&ei ete7)070%=+, )e*0%t ta+(+ta a+-a+ma)n(+, >$78 >C)v0t-$% #e+-e%e))e a )*ent >e+8e-et" Ö%?mme+ #$47a&t(-, 0) a tan(c) e78>an7C+a7 me7v(+a)*t$tta Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8(v(" G" (.%i+i)40n, >C)v0t va)(%na./(n A%nu+# .(t%i(%-a me7-$%$n(*ta Ba+&uint"

II" Ba+&uin e+=&/0t=+ na78$n -1+?n?*= eme% v$+t" B(% c)in$) #0%#i v$+t, >$))*C,)*=-e )*a-(++t vi)e+t, me7/e+en0)e nem 7e%/e)*tett #0+e+met, mint I" Ba+&uin0" K?n84n8e v$+t a -?*e+0e #0%-=*ni, &e%), -e++eme) eme% v$+t, )*e%ette a* e78)*e% t%04#(-at, u78ana--$% -?%m?n#$nt 0) %ava)* i) v$+t, -ev0)0 n8it$tt 0) =)*inte, mint e+=&4

240T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 5, 9549M" ." Nem vi+(7$), >$78an %en&e*t0- e+ B$u+$7ne -0%&0)0t" :e+e)04

7e, S-<ciai ;(%ia M4an me7>a+t"2416>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III" i, I", M94MM" ."V Aac>eni A+e%t, QII, 5, 4" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII,, 9" ."

!

/e, &e nem v$+t $+8an >eve) )em, na78$ v$+t a* ?n#e78e+me" K0.e) v$+t +(tv(n8$)7e)*tu)$-%a, (m (+ta+(an -ic)in8e) v$+t, nem =-e*" A* e78>(*i 178e-et u78an ?n4-0n8e)en -e*e+te, &e m0+8enva++()$) v$+t, a =% i) me74-em0n8e&ett t0%&0n a )$-im(&-$*()t<+" I" Ba+&uinna+e++ent0ten ma7(n0+et0ennem v$+t )emmi -ivetniva+<";$%#i(va+, ?%m0n8 #e+e)0704ve+ a #%an- Ke+eten %it-(n +(4t$tt t?-0+ete) >(*a)t(%)i $+4&$7)(7 .0+&(/(va+ )*$+7(+4ta-"

J$)ce+in -i0%&eme+teE&e))*a 7%<#)(7(t, II" Ba+&u4in va*a++u)a +ett, 0.. C78,a>$78 e+=tte e B$u%74i Ba+4&uin I" Ba+&uin va*a++u)av$+t" A* C/ -i%(+8t e+i)me%te>0%u%(u+ a )<7$%(t, Anti<4->iai R$7e% 0) T%i.$+i)*iP$n) i)" A #%an- Ke+etet t$4v(%a i) a /e%u*)(+emi -$%$4na e78e)'tette"5 K0t >0tte+Ba+&uin me7-$%$n(*()aut(n me7>a+t A%nu+# .(t%i(%4-a" H 0) )i-e%e) )*$+7(/av$+t a* (++amna-, &e -iv(+<.%0&i-(t$%i -0.e))07ei e++e4n0%e )em ?%ven&ett na78me7ec)1+0)ne- e78>(*i -?4%?-en, me%t 0+ete )$%(n tC+)$- $t%(n8a -eve%e&ett"Ba+&uin va+<)*'n+e7 nemna78$n 78()*$+ta" A%nu+#C78 int0*-e&ett, >$78 >e+804%e e78 .i-(%&iai .a.$t v(4+a))*ana-, Pic[ui7n8 L$%4m$n&4t, a-ine- a* e+=&/0%=+mit )em tu&un-" A v(+a)*t()a*$nan )*e%enc)0) v$+t, me%t L$%m$n& A%nu+# 78a-$%+atia) e%0n8eit e78 )*ent em4e% /e++em0ve+ e78e)'tette, 0) '78 (+ta+(n$) ti)*te+etne- ?%ven&ett" A -ineve*0), ame+8

242

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, , 9495" ." ()& e m II" -?t" 5" ."243Ba+&uin -?*vet+en1+ t%<n%a +0.0)e ut(n ma7(>$* >'vta R$7e%4t 0) P$n)t, >$78 ve*et0)e a+att >a%4c$+/ana- a* e78i.t$mia- e++en"

!9

4zíria déli része a II. század'an

nem )$--a+ -?vette Pa)*-(+ .(.a >a+(+(t, >e+8%e(++'t$tta a /< -a.c)$+at$t R<ma 0) Je4%u*)(+em -?*?tt"

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a+i7 #$7+a+ta e+ a t%<n/(t, ami-$% e+/ut$tt >$**( a* e78i.t$mia- 0) a&ama)*-u)*ia- )*?vet)070ne- a+/<) >'%e" A+4A#&a+, a #(timi&a ve*0% me7 a-a%ta t$4%$+ni Ba+&uin et?%0)0t E78i.t$ma, a &ama)*-u)*i T$7te-in .e&i7 a #%an-$- e78%en?ve-v= >ata+ma miatt a77<&$tt" Ba+&uin 78$%)an -?vete-et mene)*tett >$**(, T$74te-in a*$nan, '*va a* e78i.t$mi )*?vet)07en, a*t -?vete+te, >$78 a J$%&(n$n tC+min&en #%ante%1+etet a&/ana- (t ne-i" A n8(% #$+8am(n na78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7 78+t?))*e a >at(%$n 0) A)&$&n(+ c)ata%en&e (++t" A .a%anc)n$-)(77a+ T$7te-int '*t(-me7" Ba+&uin a /e%u*)(+emi c)a.at$- e%=)'t0)0%e ma7(>$* %en&e+te Anti<->ia 0) T%i4.$+i)* mi+'ci(it, ) e+01- v$nu+t" H(%$m ><na.i7 n0*ett #a%-a))*emet a -0t )e%e7"E78i- #0+ )em me%t -e*&em0n8e*ni, >i)*en F 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e% )*avaiva+ F min&-0t#0+ /$an )*e%etett 0+ni, mint me7>a+ni" 3071+ a -0t )e%e7 -at$n(i >a*at0%te-"9

E-?*en J$)ce+in m07 min&i7 nem in&u+t e+ E&e))*(a" 3a+<)*'n+e7 na78$)*1-)07 v$+t %( La+i+e(an, mint a* 0)*a-i $%)*(7an, a>$+, C78 tni-, $tt ma%a&t;$%#ia -i%(+8n0, ) a>$+ La+e%an, Bi%e&*)i- u%a -$%m(n8*$tt"M J$)ce+inne- La+i+eia>e%ce7e-0nt a* v$+t a #e+a&ata, >$78 me7v0&/e a te%1+etet Dama)*-u)* e++en" ))*e+Ba+&uin c)at+a-$*$tt J$)ce+in>e*, et?%te- a >au%ane+i De%a(a, Dama)*-u)* 0+0)4-am%(/(a"

T$7te-in #ia, Bu%' e+01- ment, &e me77$n&$+at+an)(7a miatt )C+8$) ve%e)07et)*enve&ett" E* ut(n a -u&a%c ut(n T$7te-in i)m0t 0)*a-%a ?))*.$nt$)'t$tta a #i78e+4m0t"

! tava)*(n J$)ce+in me7tu&ta, >$78 e78 7a*&a7 e&uin t?%*) T%an)*/$%&(ni(4an, a Ja%mC- #$+8< ment0n +e7e+teti n8(/ait" K0t na78>ata+mC 7a+i+eai C%%a+, Bu%e)4iLe$##%$84va+ 0) 3i+m$))a+ 0) -" +$va))a+ e+in&u+t, >$78 -i#$))*a a t?%*)et" A c)a4.at me7-e*&te a e&uin$- e-e%'t0)0t" A &$+7$- a*$nan %$))*u+ a+a-u+ta-" A e&u4in t?%*)#=n?-?t va+a-i e+=%e #i78e+me*tette, J$)ce+in .e&i7 e+t0ve&t a &$m$- -?*?tt"A t($% me7t(ma&()(%a Ct%a -e+t Le$##%$84t 0) 3i+m$)t t=%e c)a+t(-, Le$##%$84tme7?+t0-, eme%ei na78 %0)*0t e+#$7t(-" J$)ce+in +et?%ve t0%t me7 Ti0%i()a 0) Ba+&u4in>$* -1+&etett, >$78 tu&a))a ve+e a t?%t0nte-et" A -i%(+8 na78 e%=--e+ me7/e+ent 0)C78 me7#0+em+'tette a e&uin$-at, >$78 a*$- )*aa&$n en7e&t0- #$7+8ai-at, )=t -(%4t0%'t0)t i) #i*ette-" E*ut(n a e&uin$- 0-0en t?+t>ett0- e+ a n8a%at"G

Ami-$% Ba+&uin %?vi& >a&/(%at(<+ vi))*at0%=en me7(++t Ti0%i()an, -1+&?nc?- /?tte- >$**( Anti<->i(<+, 0) a%%a -0%t0-, )e%e70ve+, ami+8en 78$%)an c)a- tu&, )ie)4)en 0)*a-%a"

Ami<ta Anti<->iai R$7e% 78=*e+met a%at$tt Te++ D(ni)*n(+, a )*e%enc)0t+en )$%)CA+e..< nem tu&$tt e++en(++ni a #%an- t(ma&()na-" A v(%$) -0n8)*e%)07=+ a* $%4t$-i&a I+7(*' v0&e+me a+( >e+8e*te ma7(t, ami-$% a*$nan R$7e% e+#$7+a+ta Bi*a(t,A+e..<t m(% >(%$m $+&a+%<+ vette -?%1+ a* e++en)07" Bi*aa e+ve)*t0)e me7>a+a&ta I+47(*' t%=-0.e))070t" E70)*en a&&i7 )em =, )em (++an&< &ama)*-u)*i )*?vet)07e)e,T$7te-in nem v$+t >a/+an&< te+/e) >a&e%e/0t -$c-(*tatni a #%an-$- e++en, mive+ a #%an4

244Aac>eni A+e%t2 i* h*V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, M, 9!" ."2456>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, ii, 45, M4M!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, M, 9G49!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5459"

."246

6>%$n" An$n" S8%", GM" ."247In a+4A)*'%, 5945M" ."248>o*, 5945M" ."

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-$-n(+ i) /$an ta%t$tta- a -e+eti )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n$-t<+" G (.%i+i)(an me7>a+t;u>amma& )*u+t(n, 0) >a+(+a #e+0%e)*tette a ec)v(78at i%$&a+ma min&en -$%4m(n8*</(an 0) >e%ce70en" A )*u+t(n i#/C #ia 0) ut<&a +(tv(n8$)an i78e-e*ett e+i)4me%tetni #enn>at<)(7(t, &e ! au7u)*tu)(an a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 (ta&/a a +e74#= >ata+mat na78(t8/(na-, H$%()*(n -i%(+8(na-, S*an&*)(%na-" H(t%a+ev= %?vi&0+et0t a va&()*at ?%?meine- )*ente+te" S*an&*)(%, u%a+-$&(*(<+ a* ut$+)< )*u+4t(n, a-i a* e70)* -e+eti S*e+&*)u- Bi%$&a+$m #e+ett u%a+-$&$tt, &inami-u) u%a+-$&<v$+t, &e c)a- a Ke+et i%(nt 0%&e-+=&?tt, )$>a)em #$7+a+-$*$tt S*'%i(va+" Rumi %$-$nai)*int0n nem tu&ta- eavat-$*ni a )*'%iai 178e-e, me%t %0)*int e78m())a+ vi)*(+84-$&ta-, %0)*int .e&i7 a &ani)men&e--e+ 0) a i*(ncia--a+ >($%C)-$&ta-"! A +e7%(4men=)e >e+8i #e/e&e+em, I+7(*' )*(m(%a v07%e itt v$+t a* a+-a+$m" Nem a #%an- (++a4m$- me7)emmi)'t0)0%e t?%e-e&ett, c)u.(n A+e..<t a-a%ta me7)*e%e*ni ma7(na-,m$)t a*$nan a -0t c0+ ?))*e-a.c)$+<&$tt"

! tava)*(n I+7(*' -?%euta*ta i%t$-ait, ?))*e)*e&te t1%-m0n c)a.atait, 0) me74)*e%ve*te, >$78 a -u%&$- 0)*a-%a /?//ene-, 0) a )*'%iai )ivata7an 0+= a%a$- )*int0n-1+&/ene- c)a.at$-at" A #$%ma -e&v00%t ;a>mC& )*u+t(nt<+ i) -0%t )e7't)07et, &e -04%0)0%e v(+a)*t )em -a.$tt" S*?vet)07e)e, T$7te-in >a/+an&< v$+t Dama)*-u)*<+0)*a-%a menni, 0) a )ai*a%i mun-i&i&(- me7'70%t0-, >$78 R$7e% $%)*(7a &0+i %0)*0ne+te%e+= >a&mve+etet >a/tana- v07%e"9 ;(/u) v070n a* (++'t<+a7 ne78vene*e% #=) $%4t$-i&a )e%e7 Ct%a -e+t" R$7e% >i77a&tan #$7a&ta a >'%t, &e Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a )1%7ette,>$78 #$%&u+/$n )e7't)070%t Ba+&uin -i%(+8>$* 0) T%i.$+i)*i P$n)>$*" Ba+&uin Ti0%i()4<+ a*t 1*ente, >$78 me78, ami+8en 78$%)an c)a- +e>et, 0) ma7(va+ vi)*i a t%i.$+i)*ic)a.at$-at i)" A&&i7 v0&e-e**en 0) ta%t)$n -i R$7e%" Ba+&uin e--$% ?))*et$$%$*ta a

/e%u*)(+emi )e%e7et, ) me7e%=)'tette a S*ent Ke%e)*t e78i- &a%a-(/(va+, ame+8et Ka4i)*a%eia 0%)e-0%e, Ev%ema%%a '*$tt"9

;i-?*en a mun-i&i&(- me7t(ma&t(- A.ame(t, I+7(*' &0+n8u7at%a -1+&te a t1%-4m0n c)a.at$-at, >$78 c)at+a-$**ana- >$**(/u- 0) a Dama)*-u)*<+ 0)*a-%a ta%t< )e4%e7>e*" I+7(*' a #=)e%e77e+ E&e))*a vi&0-0t .u)*t't$tta, &e nem -')0%e+t me7 t(ma&()ta #=v(%$)4e%=& e++en" JCniu) &e%e-(n Ba+i)n(+ (t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en 0) A+e..<t<+ ti4*en?t m0%#?+&%e &0+%e, Kinne)*%'nn0+ +et($%$*$tt, >$78 ev(%/a T$7te-int" R$7e%nem v$+t i+8en t1%e+me)" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 1*enete, Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a 1nne.0+8e) #i78e+4me*tet0)e 0) a #%an- u%a- min&en -$%(i ta.a)*ta+ata e++en0%e e+>at(%$*ta, >$78a*$nna+ me71t-?*i- a* e++en)077e+" JCniu) 4(n -ive*ette Anti<->i(<+ a* e70)* )e4%e7et2 >0t)*(* +$va) 0) n078e*e% 78a+$7$) -e+t (t a 3a)4>'&$n, ma/& Te++ A-i%in -i)e%=&/0ve+ )*emen, a S*a%me&ai4)'-)(7 -e+eti .e%em0n t($%t ve%t, a>$+ a vi&0- &$m4$%*ata /< te%m0)*ete) v0&e+emme+ )*$+7(+t" B(% )e%e7e )$--a+ -i)e v$+t, mint a* e+4+en)070, a*t %em0+te, >$78 -ita%t>at Ba+&uin me70%-e*t0i7"

Kinne)*%'nen I+7(*'t .$nt$)an 0%te)'tett0- R$7e% m$*7()(%<+" Ke%e)-e&=ne- (+c(4*$tt -0me- #1%-0)*t0- a #%an- t($%t, 0) /e+entett0- a* e++en)07 )*(me+i 78en7e)070t"I+7(*' )*e%ette v$+na ev(%ni T$7te-int, &e t1%-m0n em'%/ei tette-%e ?)*t?n?*t0-" JC4niu) 40n a )e%e7 e78 %0)*e me7t(ma&ta Ata%e #%an- e%=&/0t" R$7e%ne- v$+t i&e/en0>(n8 eme%0t $&a-1+&eni 3ieu4P$nt)4i R<e%t ve*et0)e a+att" K0)=, mive+

249

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A* 1t-?*et a -e%e)*te)e- )*(m(%a e+eve -i+(t()ta+an v$+t" A t1%-m0n +$vat$- 0) '/(4)*$- )*$%'t()(<+ nem v$+t mene-1+0)" A >e+8en t$$%*$tt )*'% 0) ?%m0n8 78a+$7$4)$- %0m1+te- me7 e+)=-0nt, &e nem v$+t >$va mene-1+/ene-" Be)*$%u+ta- a +$va)$--?*0 0) me7*ava%t(- +$vai-at" A )*0+ >i%te+en 0)*a-i i%(n8a #$%&u+t, #?+e%=)?&?tt 0).$%#e+>=t #C/t a #%an-$- a%c(a" A c)ata e+e/0n -eve)e, mint )*(*t'* +$va) -it?%t 0)c)at+a-$*$tt a vi))*at0%= 3ieu4P$nt)4i R<e%t>e*, a-i tC+ -0)=n t0%t me7 Ata%e=+,>$78 %0)*t ve78en a c)at(an, 0) e781tt Anti<->i(a mene-1+te-" 3a+amive+ -0)=;a*$i% Ra/na+& 0) n0>(n8 +$va7/a mene-1+t e+ )*e%enc)0)en 0) e+0%te a )'-)(7$n #e-4v= S*a%me&a v(%$)-(t" E*e-en a* eme%e-en -'v1+ )en-i )em mene-1+t me7 a* anti<4->iai )e%e7=+" R$7e%t >ata+ma), 0--?ve--e+ -i%a-$tt -e%e)*t/e t?v0en >a%c$+va 0%tea >a+(+" $va7/ai i) )$%%a e+e)te- -?%1+?tte, a* a n0>(n8 -ev0)0 )*e%enc)0) .e&i7, a-i0+eten ma%a&t, #$7)(7a -e%1+t" D0+%e v07et 0%t a* 1t-?*et, ame+8et a #%an-$- a 30%4me*=n A7e% San7uini) +e*a/+$tt c)at(na- neve*te- e+"9

A ti*en?t m0%#?+&&e+ t(v$+ai A+e..<an a* i7a*>ite- na78$n v(%t(- a >'%e-et"D0+ #e+0 0%-e*ett a /e+ent0), >$78 na78 78=*e+em%e )*(m't>atna-, 0) a &0+ut(ni ima<%(/(an m(% $&a i) 0%-e*te- a 78=*te) )e%e7 e+)= -at$n(i" I+7(*' c)a- ann8i i&=t t?+4t?tt a c)atame*=n, m'7 eme%ei n0mi *)(-m(n8>$* /ut$tta-, ma/& S*a%me&(a ment,a>$+ ;a*$i% Ra/na+& me7a&ta ma7(t ne-i" Ra/na+& 1)*-e vi)e+-e&0)e m0+8 en8$4m()t tett I+7(*'%a, a-i me7-'m0+te a #%an- >a%c$) 0+et0t" A t?ie-et +em0)*(%$+t(-" A#%an- %a$-at +(nc%a ve%ve >a/t$tt(- v07i7 a )'-)(7$n, +e78=*=i- m?7?tt" ;'7 I+7(*'Ra/na+&&a+ t(%78a+t, a t1%-m0ne- a #$7+8$-at a )*=+=)-e%te-en me7-'n$*t(- 0) me74?+t0-, m'7nem I+7(*' v07et vetett a m0)*(%+()na-, me%t nem a-a%ta, >$78 A+e..< n04.0t te+/e)en me7#$))*(- a )*<%a-$*()t<+" A me7ma%a&t #$7+8$-at A+e..<a vitt0-,a>$va na.n8u7ta-$% &ia&a+meneten v$nu+t e I+7(*'2 e*e-et a #$7+8$-at a v(%$) ut4c(in -'n$*t(- >a+(+%a"95

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I+7(*' a*$nan nem >a)*n(+ta -i 78=*e+m0t" ev0+en 0%te)'tette a mu)*+im vi+(7u%a+-$&<it na78 &ia&a+(%<+, ) a -a+i#a v(+a)*u+ &')*%u>(t 0) a Hit 6)i++a7a c'met a&$4m(n8$*ta ne-i"99 I+7(*' A%ta e++en v$nu+t" A* $ttani .1).?-, a-i a* e78i- t$%$n8 .a4%anc)n$-a v$+t, #e+a&ta a t$%n8$t, >$78 c)e%0e )*aa&$n e+v$nu+>a))$n Anti<->i(a,&e e78 i*$n8$) J<*)e#, va+<)*'n+e7 ?%m0n8 )*(%ma*()C, anna- a #e++e7v(%na- a .a4%anc)n$-a, a>$+ R$7e% -inc)t(%(t =%i*t0-, e+>itette I+7(*'va+, >$78 = a mu)*+im$--a+%$-$n)*enve*, &e a #i(t tC)*-0nt ta%t/(- vi))*a Anti<->i(an" I+7(*'t me7>at$tta a t?%4t0net 0) J<*)e# -e*0n >a78ta A%t(t, c)a- e78 em'%/e -0.vi)e+te =t a v(%$)an"9M I+7(*'A%te)*i(<+ vi))*at0%t A+e..<a 0) a--$%a 1nne.+0)e -e*&ett, ame+8 v071+ a+(()taa* e70)*)070t" T1%-m0n c)a.at$-at -1+&te- Anti<->ia -1+v(%$)ai 0) S*ent Sime$n -i4-?t=/e #?+&C+()(%a, &e vi))*at0%=en a*t /e+entett0-, >$78 Anti<->i(an e%=) a >e+8=%4)07" A mu)*+im$- e+e)te- att<+, >$78 -i>a)*n(+/(- a v0%me*ei c)ata ut(ni >e+8*eti e+=4n8ei-et"9

Enne- e++en0%e na78$n ne>0* v$+t a #%an-$- >e+8*ete" Ba+&uin F n8$m(an P$n)*4)*a+ F e+0%te ata-i(t, ) c)a- $tt >a++$tta me7 a >'%t" Sietve t$v(ment, me7 )em t(4ma&ta a* Ct ment0n t($%$*< v0&te+en t1%-m0ne-et, 0) au7u)*tu) e+)= na./aianmin&en a/ n0+-1+ e+0%te Anti<->i(t" I+7(*' -1+&?tt n0>(n8 c)a.at$t a #e+ment= )e%e7#e+ta%t<*tat()(%a, 0) P$n), a-i e78na.i /(%<#?+&n8i%e -?vette Ba+&uint, ?))*ec)a.$ttve+1-, &e nem )$-at -0)+e-e&ett miattu-" A -i%(+8t na78 ?%?mme+ #$7a&ta te)tv0%e,a* ?*ve78 6ec'+ia >e%ce7n0, a .(t%i(%-a, a* e70)* n0., 0) a S*ent P0te%4)*0-e)e78>(*4an >(+aa&< i)tenti)*te+etet ta%t$tta-" A -i%(+8 e+=)*?% me7ti)*t't$tta a -1+v(%$)$-at ac)ava%7<-t<+, ma/& ta+(+-$*$tt a v(%$) u%aiva+, 0) me7vitatt(- a v(%$) /?v=eni -$%4m(n8*at(t" A t?%v0n8e) >e%ce7, II" B$emun&, a-ine- /$7ait R$7e% min&i7 i) e+i)me%te,t'*0ve) #iC v$+t 0) an8/(va+ It(+i(an 0+t" A n$%mann u%a+-$&<>(* e78et+en ta7/a )em0+t m(% -e+eten, 0) a n$%mann +$va7$- .e&i7 min& e+e)te- a v0%me*ei c)at(an" E+>a4t(%$*t(- >(t, >$78 Ba+&uin -i%(+8, mint +e7#= >0%C% ve)*i (t Anti<->ia -$%m(n84*()(t" II" B$emun& na78-$%C)(7(i7, ami-$% B$emun& ma/& #e+e)071+ ve)*i a -i%(+8e78i- +e(n8(t" Ba+&uin e*ut(n i)m0t #e+$)*t$tta a >e%ce7)07 i%t$-ait, me+8e- a )*e4%enc)0t+en)07 -?vet-e*t0en i%t$-$) n0+-1+ ma%a&ta-" Amenn8ien +e>et)07e) v$+t,a* e+e)ette- ?*ve78eit n8$man >$**(a&t(- e78 me7#e+e+= +$va7>$*, a-i va78 Ba+&in)e%e70en )*$+7(+t, va78 C/$nnan 0%-e*ett n8u7at%<+" A -0t n0>ai >e%ce7 >itve)e,Tan-%0& ?*ve78e, m$)t T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/a 0) R$7e% ?*ve78e C/ va*a++u)$-at i-tat$tte ?*ve78i i%t$-ain" E78i&e/+e7 Ba+&uin va+<)*'n+e7 (t)*e%ve*te a* e&e))*ai 7%<#4

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is QI, 9, I3" -?t" 9" ." '%/a, >$78 6ec'+ia, T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/a a&$m(n8$-at a&$tt +$va7$-na-" M4an R$7e% ?*ve78e i) >0%i a&$m(n8$-at a&$tt +$va7$-na- R?>%ic>t2 Re7e)ta, Additamema !"" ;a4%a) va+<)*'n+e7 e--$% -e%1+t (t Anti<->ia >at()-?%0=+ E&e))*(a"

Királyi esk7-ő Jeruzsálem'en

)$- +e>et)07e) v(+t)(7&'/t<+ e)ne- e+" e.%() R<e%tt=+ me7-0%&e*t0-, >$78 mit 0%, 0)= t'*e*e% a%an8%a ta%t$tta ma7(t" I+7(*' aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 m07 /$an #?+ve%4>eti a* (%(t, >a R<e%tet T$7te-in>e* -1+&i" T$7te-in a*$nan m07 nem e+07'tette -iv0%)*$m/(t" J<++e>et R<e%t 9 <ta /< a%(t/a v$+t, = ma7a vette a #e/0t, I+7(*' na78me7&?en0)0%e, a-ine- )*1-)07e +ett v$+na a .0n*%e -at$n(i )*(m(%a"9!

A P$n) )e%e70=+ e+mene-1+t -at$n(- a c)atave)*t0) >'%0t vitt0- Anti<->i(a, &e>ama%$)an me70%-e*ett 6ec'+ia >e%ce7n0>e* a -i%(+8 eme%e a -i%(+8 78%/0ve+, amia 78=*e+met /e+entette" Ba+&uin nem .%<(+ta 1+&?*=e venni a )e%e7et, >anem &0+%ement ;aa%%at an4Num(n 0) Ru)ia #e+0, ame+8 a )ai*a%i mun-i&i&(- i%t$-(an v$+t"E+-e%7ette =-et a v(%$)<+, &e e*ut(n me7(++a.$&$tt ve+1-, 0) e+en7e&te a* 0ve) a&<t,ame+8et R$7e%ne- -e++ett #i*etni1-" Bi%e&*)i-, Ata%e 0) Ze%&ana -iv0te+0ve+ vi))*a4#$7+a+ta a mu)*+im$- (+ta+ e+#$7+a+t t?i e%=&?t" E--$% Ba+&uin &ia&a+meneten v$4nu+t e Anti<->i(a, a S*ent Ke%e)*tet .e&i7 &0+%e -1+&te, >$78 )*e.teme% 40%e, aS*ent Ke%e)*t #e+ma7a)*ta+()(na- 1nne.0%e Je%u*)(+emen +e78en" Ba+&uin a* =)*tAnti<->i(an t?+t?tte, 0) e#e/e*te a c)ata miatt #0+ema%a&t teen&=it" Deceme%envi))*ament Je%u*)(+eme, Be%n(t .(t%i(%-(%a >a78va Anti<->i(t, >$78 a nev0en-$%m(n8$**a, J$)ce+int .e&i7 ei-tatta e&e))*ai i%t$-(a"M A -i%(+8 Je%u*)(+emevitte #e+e)070t 0) +(n8(t" A -a%(c)$n8i 1nne.)07e- a+-a+m(<+ Bet+e>emen -i%(+8n04v( -$%$n(*t(- ;$%#i(t"M

I+7(*' nem me%te i)m0t me7t(ma&ni a #%an-$-at" Se%e7e e%=)en me7#$78at-$*$tt"A t1%-m0ne- in-( c)a- a *)(-m(n8 -e&v00%t (++ta- e >$**(" A Te++ D(ni)*4i c)ataut(n nem v$+t mit tenni1-, unt(- ma7u-at, a #i*et0)1-et )em -a.t(- me7, E+in&u+ta->a*a#e+0, 0) ve+1- ta%t$tta- a D*)a*'%a a%a t?%*)#=i i)" I+7(*' e*t nem tu&ta me7a-a4&(+8$*ni, me%t i)m0t me7ete7e&ett, 0) -0t >0ti7 0+et 0) >a+(+ -?*?tt v$+t" Ami-$% #e+40.1+t, m(% nem tu&ta e781tt ta%tani a )e%e7et" A+e..<<+ vi))*at0%t ;a%&ina, -e+eti#=v(%$)(a, 0) T$7te-in vi))*ament Dama)*-u)*a"M

E**e+ a na78 $%t$-i&a >a&/(%at -u&a%ca #u++a&t" A mu)*+im$- )*(m(%a nem /(%tan8a7i e+=n8?--e+, .u)*t(n n0>(n8, >at(% menti e%=&?t )*e%e*te- me7 0) en8>'tett0-a* A+e..<%a ne>e*e&= #%an- n8$m()t" De e%-?+c)i &ia&a+t /e+entett a mu)*+im vi+(7)*(m(%a" A te++4&(ni)*i -u&a%c nem >$m(+8$)'t$tta e+ a 30%me*=n a%at$tt #0n8e) &ia4&a+t" Ha I+7(*' 178e)e 0) #1%70 +ett v$+na, me7)*e%e*>ette v$+na Anti<->i(t i)"A* a t0n8, >$78 >e%ce71--e+ e781tt +em0)*(%$+t(- a n$%mann +$va7$-at, #e+(t$%'t$t4ta D*)a*'%a 0) É)*a-4;e*$.$t(mia em'%eit, >$78 me7C/'t)(- t(ma&()ai-at, m$)t,>$78 e78Ctta+ me7)*aa&u+ta- n0v+e7e) .e%*)iai )*e+&*)u- >0%u%u- #enn>at<)(7(4t<+ i)" Nem )$--a+ e*ut(n #e+u--ant e78 #0%#i, a-i )$--a+ /e+ent=)e v$+t I+7(*'n(+" A#%an-$- )*em.$nt/(<+ a >a&/(%at +e7)*?%n8 -?vet-e*m0n8e a %ettenete) eme%4ve)*te)07 v$+t" A 30%me*=n e+e)ett +$va7$-at 0) #=-0nt a 78a+$7$)$-at nem v$+t-?nn8 .<t$+ni" De imm(% a+a.$)an me7tanu+t(- a +ec-0t, >$78 a -e+eti #%an-$-na-min&i7 e78)07e)en -e++ #e++0.ni1-" Ba+&uin 78$%) eavat-$*()a me7mentette Anti<4->i(t, ) a .i++anat )*1-)07+eteit #e+i)me%ve a #%an-$- min&n8(/an -0)*)077e+ e+#$7a&4t(- >0%u%u-na- Ba+&uint" A )*e%enc)0t+en)07 e78e-$v(c)$+ta a )*'%iai #%an-$-at"

2593a+te%, a Kance++(%, II, 49, G4G" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 4, 9495" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n,M4M" .", U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", !49" ."

260

3a+te%, a Kance++(%, II, M, !45" ."V T1%$)*t 3i+m$), QII, , 95" ."2616>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, vii, , M59" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, , 95" ."2623a+te%, a Kance++(%2 i* h*V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M9" ."

Ba+&uin Je%u*)(+eme va+< vi))*at0%te ut(n a -i%(+8)(7 178eine- )*ente+te ma7(t"A 7a+i+eai >e%ce7)07et Bu%e)4i 3i+m$) -a.ta me7, ame+8 a*ut(n a c)a+(&/(an i) ma4%a&t" /anu(%/(an a -i%(+8 ?))*e>'vta -i%(+8)(7a e78>(*i m0+t<)(7ait 0) #= i%4t$-$)ait N(+u)*a, >$78 a* a+attva+<- e%-?+c)ei%=+ tan(c)-$**ana-, va+<)*'n+e7 a*4*a+ a c0++a+, >$78 me7#0-e**e a +atin te+e.e)e-et, a-i- )*'ve)en a+-a+ma*-$&ta- a >e4+8i +a*(, >an8a7a )*$-()$->$*" De a -i%(+8 a+attva+$78 Je%u*)(+emente+e.e&/ene- +e, '78 a v(%$)an a >a%c$)$- 0) e78>(*i eme%e- me++ett -e*&ett -ia+a4-u+ni a +atin .$+7(%)(7 i)" E*e- a .$+7(%$- m$)t te+/e) )*aa&)(7$t -a.ta-, >$78 -e4%e)-e&>e))ene- a v(%$)$n -'v1+, u78ana--$% a v(%$) /< e++(t()a 0%&e-0en a >e+8i -e4%e)*t0n8e- 0) a%a -e%e)-e&=- i) en7e&0+8t -a.ta-, >$78 *?+&)07et 0) 7a$n(t )*(++'t4)ana- v(mmente)en a v(%$)a"M5

E*e-ne- a* 0ve-ne- a +e7#$nt$)a e+)= e)em0n8e a +$va7%en&e- me7a+a.'t()av$+t" A* 4e) 0ve-en n0>(n8 -e78e) ama+#i .$+7(% )*e70n8 *a%(n&$-$- )*(m(%amen>e+8et a+a.'t$tt Je%u*)(+emen" A v(%$) a--$%i e78i.t$mi -$%m(n8*</a me7en47e&te a* ama+#i -$n*u+na-, >$78 -iv(+a))*a a me7#e+e+= >e+8et a* int0*m0n8 )*(m(4%a, ame+8et A+ami*)n() S*ent J(n$)na-, A+ean&%ia a&a-$*< te%m0)*et >ete&i- )*(4*a&i .(t%i(%-(/(na- )*ente+te-" A ven&07>(* #ennta%tat<)(7a a+att (++< me)te% i%(n8't$tta =-et" Aan a* i&=en, ami-$% a -e%e)*te4)e- e+#$7+a+t(- Je%u*)(+emet, a %en& me)te%e e78 i*$n8$) L0%a%& v$+t, va+<)*'n+e7ama+#ie+i" A* $)t%$m -e*&ete e+=tt a mu)*+im -$%m(n8*< >itte)tv0%eive+ e781tt -i4*te =t a v(%$)<+, &e na78 >e+8i)me%ete i7en >a)*n$) v$+t a -e%e)*te)e- )*(m(%a" A*C/ #%an- -$%m(n8*at$t me778=*te a%%<+, >$78 a&$m(n8$--a+ +())a e+ a* i).$t(+8t"S$- *a%(n&$- c)at+a-$*$tt a* i).$t(+8 ta7/ai>$*" Hama%$)an -i-e%1+te- a enc0)e-#enn>at<)(7a a+<+, ?n(++< %en&et a+-$tta-, a /$>annit(- i).$t(+8$)$- %en&/0t, ame+8e78ene)en a .(.(nata%t$*$tt en7e&e+me))077e+" A %en& )$- i%t$-$t -a.$tt, a -i4%(+8)(7 +e7#= e78>(*i eme%ei ev0te+ei- e78 %0)*0t i) a %en&ne- a/(n+$tt(-" L0%a%&G -?%1+ >a+t me7" Ut<&a, a #%ancia e Pu84i Ra/mun& na78%a t?%= te%ve-et &0&e+47etett" 78 >at(%$*$tt, %en&/e nem 0%i e t?0 c)a- a**a+, >$78 a *a%(n&$-$--a+ t?4%=&/?n, >anem a %en& #e+a&at(u+ t*te -i a *a%(n&$-uta- )*aa&$n ta%t()(0%t #$+8ta4t$tt >a%c$t i)" E--$%ian a %en&en m07 v$+ta- $+8an te)tv0%e-, a-i- -i*(%<+a7 0-0)teen&=-et +(tta- e+, &e ett=+ -e*&ve a %en& #e+a&ata e78 +$va7i te)t1+et #ennta%t()av$+t, me+8ne- ta7/ai va++()i #$7a&a+mat tette- a )*e70n8)07, a )*1*e))07 0) a* en7e4&e+me))07 eta%t()(%a 0) a .$7(n8$- e++eni >a%cna- )*ente+t0- ma7u-at" K?%1+e+1+een a* i&=en +0.ett, minte78 a %en& eme+-e&0)0t >an7)C+8$*an&<, A+ami*)n()S*ent J(n$) >e+80e S*ent J(n$) evan70+i)ta 0) +ett a %en& v0&=)*ent/e" A /$>annita +$4va7$- me7-1+?n?*tet= /e+e a #e>0% -e%e)*t v$+t, ame+8et a .(nc0+/u-%a te%'tett -?.e4n8en vi)e+te-"

E*t a* (ta+a-u+()t e+=)e7'tette a tem.+$m$) +$va7%en& e78i&e/ me7a+a.'t()a" A* a7$n&$+at, >$78 )*1-)07 van e78 %en&%e, ame+8 e78)*e%%e va++()$) 0) -at$nai /e++e7i), e78 c>am.a7ne4e+i +$va7, Pa8en)4i Hu7< #e/0en #$7ant me7, a-i G4an me7478=*te Ba+&uin -i%(+8t2 en7e&/e me7, >$78 n0>(n8 t(%)(va+ e781tt +ete+e.e&/0- a -i%(4+8i .a+$ta e78i- )*(%n8(an, a* e78-$%i a+4A-)*( mec)eten, a /e%u*)(+emi Tem.+$mt0%en" A /$>annit(->$* >a)$n+<an e+=)*?% a tem.+$m$)$- i) a enc0) %e7u+(t -?vet4

263R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, " ."V ;an)i2 Consiia, QQI" -?t", M4MM" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, iii, 95" ."

t0-, &e m(% a* a+a.'t()a-$% c)a-nem ?n(++< %en& v$+t, >(%$m ta7$*atta+, me+8e- -?4*1+ a* e+)=e ta%t$*ta- a neme)i )*(%ma*()C +$va7$-, a m()$&i-a a .$+7(%i )*(%ma4*()C )*$+7(+< a%(t$-, a -?*?))07 +$v()*ai, 0) =- #$7+a+-$*ta- a* e++(t())a+, m'7 a >a%4ma&i-a a* e78>(*i )*em0+8e-" E* ut<ia- )*$+7(+at$t v07e*te-, 0) nem v$+ta- -a4t$nai /e++e7 #e+a&atai-" Je+v0n81- a v?%?) -e%e)*t v$+t, ame+8et +$va7$- #e>0%, a #e784ve%e)e- #e-ete -?.en8en vi)e+te-" A #$7a&a+$m a+a./(n a %en& e+)= #e+a&ata a* v$+t,>$78 t(v$+ ta%t)a a an&it(-at a ten7e%.a%t%<+ Je%u*)(+eme ve*et= Ctt<+, &e c)a->a4ma% $tt v$+ta- min&en $+8an >a&/(%atan, ame+8et a -i%(+8)(7 in&'t$tt" Hu7< i&e/ena78 %0)*0t Eu%<.(an t?+t?tte 0) C/$nc$-at t$$%*$tt a %en& )*(m(%a"

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 te+/e) t(m$7at()(%<+ i*t$)'t$tta a +$va7%en&e-et" A %en&e- #177et4+ene- v$+ta- a -i%(+8t<+, c)a- a .(.(nata%t$*ta- en7e&e+me))077e+" A*$- a na78>0%i%t$-$- )em ta%t$*ta- -at$n(t (++'tani a -i%(+8 )e%e70e, ame+8e--e+ a -i%(+8 0)va*a++u)ai me7a/(n&0-$*t(- a %en&e-et, &e m07 e78 nem*e&0-n8i i&=%e )*1-)07v$+t, m'7 a %en&e- C78 me7e%=)?&te- 0) me77a*&a7$&ta-, >$78 )*eme tu&ta- )*(++4ni a -i%(+8i >ata+$mma+" A&&i7 a*$nan i*t$)'t$tt(- a -i%(+8)(7na- a*t, ami%e a +e74in-( )*1-)07e v$+t2 a /<+ -0.*ett -at$n(-<+ (++< %e7u+(%i) )e%e7et, ame+8 min&i7 a*$%)*(7an ta%t<*-$&$tt" Ha e78 #?+&i%t$-$) me7>a+t 0) ?%?-)07e n=%e va78 78e%4me-%e )*(++t, e+=#$%&u+t, >$78 nem +e>etett -at$n(-%a )*(m'tani a%%<+ a i%t$-%<+, 0)a* u%a+-$&< min&unta+an -e++emet+en 0) #(%a)*t< 178e-e -eve%e&ett miattu-" A%%a)em )*(m't>at$tt, >$78 a* e+e)ett #%an- u%a-at n8u7at%<+ 0%-e*= #%i)) e%=- #$7/(- .<4t$+ni, ami-$% c)a- )*1-)07e)" A +$va7%en&e- >at0-$n8 )*e%ve*et1--e+, a* e70)* -e4%e)*t0n8 vi+(7an e+te%/e&t >'%nev1--e+, v$n*e%e/1--e+ $+8an e+-?te+e*ett >a%c$)$-<+(++< ut(n.<t+()t i*t$)'t$tta-, a-i-et )*em0+8e) ec)v(78 0) .0n*0>)07 nem t0%'t>e4tett e+ #e+a&atu-t<+"M

4an Ba+&uin vi))*at0%t Anti<->i(a, I+7(*' ata%ei -$%m(n8*</a, Bu+(- e4e4t?%t anti<->iai te%1+ete-%e, I+7(*' .e&i7 E&e))*a e++en in&u+t" ;in&-0t t(ma&()t -i4v0&t0- a -e%e)*te)e-, &e I+7(*' e70)*en -?*e+ /ut$tt Anti<->i(>$*" Be%n(t .(t%i(%-ai*7at$ttan Je%u*)(+eme 1*ent a -i%(+80%t, 0) /Cniu)an Ba+&uin me7in&u+t 0)*a-%a"I)m0t ma7(va+ vitte a S*ent Ke%e)*tet a /e%u*)(+emi e78>(* na78 a77$&a+m(%a, mive+%$))* n0ven vett0-, >$78 a &%(7a e%e-+80t -ite)*i- a >($%C ve)*0+8eine-" L$%m$n&.(t%i(%-a i) a )e%e77e+ ta%t$tt, = vi78(*$tt a* e%e-+80%e" Ami-$% Ba+&uin me70%-e*ett0)*a-%a, me7tu&ta, >$78 I+7(*' m(% vi))*av$nu+t, me%t e%e/0t na78an 78en7'tette,>$78 t1%-m0n c)a.atai e+>a78t(-, a mu)*+im$- .e&i7 ann8i%a me7i/e&te-, >$78 T$74te-int A+e..<a >'vt(-" A* e+-?vet-e*= >a&/(%at )$%(n min&-0t #0+ i&e4$&a v$nu+t,m'7 v071+ a mu)*+im$- -ime%1+te-" A--$% T$7te-in vi))*at0%t Dama)*-u)*a, I+7(*'.e&i7 #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt Ba+&uinna+" E780%te+m >at(%v$na+at >C*ta- 0%&e-)*#04%(i- -?*?tt, ame+8 e78 >e+81tt e78 ma+m$t, m()utt e78 v(%at )*e+t -ett0, '78 -?*?)me7e78e*0))e+ a* 0.'tm0n8e-et +e%$m$+t(-" Ze%&ana mu)*+im *(%v(n8 ma%a&t, -a4t$n(it +e#e78ve%e*t0-"M9 A -?vet-e*= 0v tava)*(n Ba+&uin >a*at0%t, miut(n v0%$nt()

264A +$va7%en&e--e+ -a.c)$+atan +()& T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 949" ." a tem.+$m$)$-, Q3III,I, G4G5" ."V a /$>annit(-" J<, m$&e%n #e+&$+7$*() De+avi++e e R$u+2 Les Hospitaiers en +erre !ainte,6u%*$n2 La $9ge du +empe, ;e+vi++e2 La Vie des +empiers" S*'%iai ;i>(+8 III, 45" ." +e'%/a a tem.+$4m$)$-at a-i-et W:%an-i)> P+ue%X4ne- neve*" ()& m07 e ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, 49" ."

2656>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, i, 4, M5G4M" ."V 3a+te%, a Kance++(%, II, M, 5" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc,

5455" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 94M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."V L%$u))et, i*m*, I, 9" .", S*'%iai ;i>(+8t -?vetve ?))*e-eve%i Bu+a-$t I+7(*' Ba+a- nev un$-a?cc)0ve+, a-i a--$%me))*e 0)*a-$n >a&a-$*$tt In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* h*"

5

n0+-1+i e%-?+c)i 78=*e+met a%at$tt" S*1-)07 v$+t %( &0+en, mive+ T$7te-in, a-i a*t >it4te, >$78 a -i%(+8t +e-?ti- a* 0)*a-i 178e-, na78 e%=--e+ et?%t La+i+e(a" /C+iu)(4an Ba+&uin v(+a)*-0..en (t-e+t a J$%&(n$n 0) #e+&C+ta a D*)au+(nt, e+#$7+a+t 0) +e4%$m$+t e78 e%=&?t, ame+8et T$7te-in eme+t D*)e%a)an"MM E*a+att J$)ce+in et?%t I+47(*' #?+&/0%e D*)a*'%ata 0) na78 *)(-m(n8%a tett )*e%t"M

n8a%(n C/ t0n8e*= /e+ent me7 a -e+eti .$+iti-(an" ;e))*e 0)*a-$n, a -au-(4*u)i &$m$- +((n(+, L%C*ia a7%ati&a -i%(+8ai #enn>at<)(7u- a+( v$nt(- a*$-at a-e%e)*t0n8e-et, a-i- m07 nem (++ta- mu)*+im u%a+$m a+att, ma/& II" D(vi& -i%(+8 a*A%ae)* v?+780t=+ &0+%e te%/e)*-e&ett, ) $tt ?))*e1t-?*0)e -e%1+t A%%an -$%m(n8*<4

/(va+, T$7%u+ )*e+&*)u- >e%ce77e+" D(vi& 78=*e+me ut(n T$7%u+ I+7(*'t -0%te #e+, >$78c)at+a-$**0- >$**(, 0) #$+8ta))ana- )*ent >($%Ct a )*078ente+en -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en"A >a&/(%at i7en )*e%enc)0t+en1+ a+a-u+t a mu)*+im$- )*(m(%a" 5 au7u)*tu)(anT$7%u+ 0) I+7(*' e78e)1+t )e%e70t c)a-nem me7)emmi)'tett0- a 7%C*$-, I+7(*' a+i7tu&ta me7menteni a* 0+et0t, amint vi))*a#e+e mene-1+t ;a%&ina" D(vi& #=v(%$)(t i)4m0t a* =)i 7%C* #=v(%$)a, Ti+i)*ie te+e.'tette, 0) 4%e me7><&'t$tta É)*a-4Ö%4m0n84$%)*(7$t, ) Ani v(%$)(t i), c)a+(&/a =)i #0)*-0t" Ett=+ -e*&ve a* e70)* t?%?- vi4+(7 +(tta m(%, >$78 L%C*ia na78)*e% )t%at07iai >e+8*et0n0+ #$7va me--$%a ve)*0+8t

/e+ent, ) e* a ve)*0+8 II" D(vi& 94en e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+(va+ )em c)?--ent"MG D(4vi& ut<&ai 0.. $+8an e%=te+/e) .$+iti-(t #$+8tatta-, mint =" H=)ie) ma7ata%t()u--a+ (+4+an&<an #en8e7ett0- a mu)*+im$- 0)*a-i )*(%n8(t, ami i7en >a)*n$) v$+t a #%an-$-4na-, >a(% a /e+e- )*e%int nem v$+t -?*vet+en -a.c)$+at a -0t -e%e)*t0n8 >ata+$m -?4*?tt" A 7%C*$-at va++()u- 0) >a78$m(n8ai- Bi*(nc>$* -a.c)$+t(-, ) '78 nem -e&ve+4t0- a #%an-$-at" A* a #a78$) (n()m<&, ame+8en a #%an-$- a 7%C*$- /e%u*)(+emiva++()i +0te)'tm0n8eit %0)*e)'tett0-, nemi7en n8e%>ette e+ e78 1)*-e n0. tet)*0)0t"M!

I+7(*'t a* ?%m0n8e- -e*e (+ta+ 0%te e+ a v07*et, ami $+8an a+-a+mat te%emtett Ba+&u4inna-, >$78 a -i%(+8 nem )*a+a)*t>atta e+" I+7(*' #ia, S*u+e/m(n, a-it a./a nem )$--a+-$%(an neve*ett -i -$%m(n8*<na- A+e..<a, -i>a)*n(+va a./a ve%e)070t #177et4+enn0 n8i+v(n't$tta ma7(t, 0) miut(n nem tu&$tt e++en(++ni Ba+&uin t(ma&()(na-,me70-0+t a #%an-$--a+ 0) (ta&ta ne-i- Ze%&an(t 0) Ata%eet, I+7(*' 78=*e+m0ne-781m?+c)eit" I+7(*' )ietett me71ntetni >it)*e7= #i(t, &e = i) ?+c)ne- +(tta, >a me74e%=)'ti a )*e%*=&0)t Ba+&uinna+, a-i a* 0v )$%(n e+0%t e%e&m0n8eive+ e+07e&etten t0%tvi))*a Je%u*)(+eme"

e+e/0n T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a e78)*e% c)a- me7ta7a&ta a* en7e&e+me))07et a -i%(+84na-" Nem tu&/u-, mi $-$*ta en7e&et+en)07et" A*t i) ne>0* e+-0.*e+ni, >$78 -ine- a)e7't)070%e )*(m't$tt, >$78 -ita%t>a))$n" Ba+&uin %en&-'v1+ in7e%1+t +ett, ?))*e>'vtava*a++u)ait, >$78 me71nte))e a +(*a&<t" A -i%(+8i )e%e7 A--$n<+ 0)*a-%a v$nu+t,0%-e*0)1- >'%0%e P$n) i)m0t e+i)me%te a -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7(t, ) a -i%(+8 me7$c)(t$tt

2666>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, Q, 4M, M54M9" ."267In a+4Ka+(ni)*', i* m*, M5" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54MM" ."2683r)z ,rónika, 7%C* n8e+ven, !4", 9" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cci4ii, cci, cc+iii, 55459",

545", 5545" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 55455" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MG4M!" ."V 3a+4te%, a Kance++(%, II, M, 5" ." a-i )*e%int a #%an- *)$+&$)$-na- -?)*?n>et=en 78=*te- a 7%C*$-V S*'%i4ai ;i>(+8, III, M" ."

269A 7%C*$- /e%u*)(+emi e%en&e*-e&0)0%=+ +()& 3r)z ,rónika, 45" ." 0) B%$))et2 Additions et 0/2aire/issements, Q, !49" .", 0) %?vi&en )*<+ %<+a Re82 Les Coonies <ran4ues4an, !54!" ." e>et)07e),

>$78 a 7%C*$- a*(+ta+, >$78 )*1nte+en1+ #en8e7ett0- Pe%)a%menia $%t$-i&/ait 0) )*e+&*)u-/ait, -?*ve4tetten )e7'tett0+ Zan7' >ata+m(na- n?ve-e&0)0t"270Kam(+ a&4D'n, M!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5!459" ."

ne-i" Na78$n /<-$% vi))*a-$*$tt, me%t I+7(*' un$-ate)tv0%e, Ba+a- F e78-$% S*a4%u&*) >e%ce7e, m$)t Han*it u%a F ?)*t?n*0)0%e i)m0t >a&a )*(++t" Ami-$% Ba+&uine*t me7>a++$tta, e+ )em a-a%ta >inni" E78e*)07et -?t?tte- I+7(*'va+, 0) Ba+&uin >itt a4an, >$78 e78 C%ieme% F a* a%a -%<ni-() a W)e/-X )*<t >a)*n(+/a F me7ta%t/a a )*a4v(t" I+7(*' a*$nan nem v$+t C%ieme%, 0) T$7te-in i) )e7't)07et '70%t ne-i" ;e7$)t%$4m$+ta Ze%&an(t, ame+8et a #%an-$- C//(0.'tette-, 0) m(% e+#$7+a+ta a* e%=&'tm0n8 e78%0)*0t, ami-$% Ba+&uin $&a0%t" /a c)ata n0+-1+i >a&/(%at -?vet-e*ett, mive+ Ba+&u4int nem t0ve)*tette me7 a )*$-()$) t?%?-, mene-1+0)t )*'n+e+= >a&ic)e+" E*Ctta+ i) amu)*+im$- unt(- me7 e+= a* i&e4$&a v$nu+()t 0) >a*amente-" Ba+&uin e+07e&etten-1+&te Je%u*)(+eme a S*ent Ke%e)*tet ) e+ment Anti<->i(a"

;07 mie+=tt >a*at0%t v$+na a -e%e)*t, %$))* >'%e- 0%-e*te- E&e))*(<+" " )*e.4teme% 54(n J$)ce+in 7%<# 0) Bi%e&*)i-i La+e%an S*a%C&*) -?*e+0en +$va7$+t -i) +$4va) c)a.atta+, ami-$% >i%te+en Ba+a- )e%e70e $t+$tta-" ;e7t(ma&t(- a* e++en)07et,&e e78 #e+>=)*a-a&() a )'-)(7$t )(%ten7e%%0 v(+t$*tatta" A +$va- me7c)C)*ta- 0) e+e)4te-, a -?nn8#e78ve%*et t1%-m0ne- e-e%'tett0- a #%an-$-at" J$)ce+int, La+e%ant 0)>atvan t(%)u-at #$7+8u+ e/tett0-" Ba+a- a*$nna+ #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 E&e))*(0%t )*aa4&$n $c)(t/a =-et" Ami-$% J$)ce+in e*t a #e+t0te+t e+uta)'t$tta, Ba+a- a #$7+8$-at >a%4.u%ti v(%(a vitte"5

J$)ce+in e+#$7()a nem na78$n e#$+8()$+ta a -e%e)*te) (++am$- +0t)*(m7$n&/ait" A*e&e))*ai +$va7$- a -?vet-e*= ><na.$-an t$v(%a i) )i-e%e)en .u)*t't$tt(- a mu)*4+im$- #?+&/0t" A +$va7$- #$7)(7a e)0)e a*$nan me7in7atta a #%an-$- te-int0+80t, )Ba+&uin%a i)m0t t? #e+a&at >(%u+t, ne-i -e++ett i%(n8'tani E&e))*(t i)" S*e%enc)0%en$veme%en I+7(*' me7>a+t ;a//(#(%(-'nan, 0) #iai 0) un$-ate)tv0%ei #e+$)*t$tt(-ma7u- -?*?tt a* $%t$-i&a ?%?-)07et" A +e7i&=)e #iC, S*u+e/m(n ;a//(#(%(-'nt -a.4ta, a* i#/ai-, Timu%ta) ;a%&int" A+e..< Ba&% a&4Dau+a S*u+e/m(n0, I+7(*' e78i-un$-a?cc)00 +ett" Ba+a- me7e%=)'tette >e+8*et0t 0)*a-$n, &0+en .e&i7 e+#$7+a+ta Ha%4%(nt"

A mu)*+im$- nem )$--a+ a*e+=tt vi))*a#$7+a+t(- Ata%eet, ) a -?vet-e*= 0v (.%i+i4)(an Ba+&uin -i>a)*n(+ta a #enn(++< *%*ava%t 0) %(-0n8)*e%'tette A+e..< 78en7e-e4*, C/ u%(t, >$78 e78)*e% ) min&en-$%%a a&/a vi))*a Ata%eet" Bi%e&*)i- vi))*a#$7+a+(4)a ut(n a -i%(+8 E&e))*(a v$nu+t, >$78 me7)*e%ve**e a* $ttani -$%m(n8*ati mun4-(t" ;a%a) u%(t, S*e%*ete) Le$##%$84t (++'t$tta a* (++ami7a*7at() 0+0%e, = .e&i7 -i) c)a4.atta+ 0)*a--e+et%e in&u+t, >$78 #e+m0%/e J$)ce+in #$7va ta%t()(na- >e+8)*'n0t" Á.%i+i)G4(n a* Eu#%(te)* menti La%7a%t<+ nem me))*e ve%t t($%t" ;i-?*en e78 -e++eme)&0+e+=tti )$+8m()*at%a -0)*1+t, Ba+a-, a-ine- -?*e+e&t0%=+ )en-i )em tu&$tt, +ec)a.$tta -i%(+8i t($%%a" A )e%e7 na78$ %0)*0t me7?+t0-, a -i%(+8 #$7)(7a e)ett" Ti)*te+et4te+ (nta- ve+e 0) e+-')0%t0- Ha%.u%t v(%(a, J$)ce+in>$*"9

2716>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, i, M4MG" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, , 95M495" ."2726>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, i, 54, MG4M9" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54M55" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MM" ."2736>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, ii, , M94M9" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cciv, 5M45" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M5,

."V Chron* Anon* !yr " !" ." A*t m$n&/a, >$78 J$)ce+in >a*avitte C/ #e+e)070t, R$7e% te)tv0%0t" Nem t?%4t0ni- a*$nan em+'t0)i e+#$7()(%<+, ) mive+ R$7e% >$*$m(n8t a&$tt te)tv0%0ne-, a >(*a))(7n(+ m07R$7e% >a+(+a e+=tt -e++ett +0t%e/?nnie"

274In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MM" ."V In Ham&un, 9M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54M5" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t02 i* h* na4

78$n tu&at+an m<&$n '%/a +e a* $%t$-i&a ut<&+()t"2756>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, vi, , M9G4M9!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, II, 95" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QI, M,I3 -?t" " ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, ccv, 545G" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 59" ."

9

Ba+&uin 0) J$)ce+in i)m0t e781tt %a$)-$&$tt, &e m$)t )C+8$)a v$+t a >e+8*et,mint 4en, >i)*en Ba+&uin -i%(+8 v$+t, a* e70)* #%an- (++am)*e%ve*et -u+c)#i7u%(4

/a" Á++am)*e%ve*= -0.e))070t &ic)0%i, >$78 #$7)(7a a+att i) m-?&=-0.e) ma%a&t a:%an- (++am" S*e%*ete) Le$##%$8 t$v( -$%m(n8$*ta E&e))*(t" Anti<->i(an a >'%>a++at(%a Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a i)m0t (tvette a #e+e+=) ve*et= .$)*t/(t" Je%u*)(+emen e+=4)*?% a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78 a -i%(+8t me7?+t0-" L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a ?))*e>'vta a -i%(+8)(7tan(c)(t A--$na, &e mi%e e78e78+te-, m(% min&en-i tu&ta, >$78 a -i%(+8 c)a-#$7)(7a e)ett" A tan(c) Kai)*a%eia 0) S*i&<n u%(t, La%nie%t4i Eu)tac>e4t v(+a)*t$ttama%)a++( 0) >e+8ta%t<v( a -i%(+8 -i)*aa&u+()(i7" A* (++ami7a*7at() min& a >(%$m te4%1+eten *ava%ta+anu+ #$+8t t$v("M

Ba+a- em'% te-int0+8e /e+ent=)en me7n?ve-e&ett, &e nem a%%a >a)*n(+ta, >$78 v074*ete) c)a.()t m0%/en a #%an-$-%a,>anem a%%a, >$78 me7)*i+(%&'t)a>ata+m(t A+e..<an" E* a v(++a+-$4*() ne>e*e v$+t, mint -0.*e+te,me%t n0.)*e%t+en v$+t" JCniu)%a av(%$) u%a +ett, a*ut(n a &0+e%e #e-4v= #%an- i%t$-$-%a t(ma&t, au7u)*4tu)an e+#$7+a+ta A+a%(t, 0) e--$% i)c)a- a Ha%.u%t<+ 0%-e*= )*en*(ci<)>'%e- miatt t0%t vi))*a 0)*a-%a"

J$)ce+int min&i7 i) )*e%ett0- a*?%m0n8e-" Nem )$--a+ Ke+et%e 0%4-e*0)e ut(n, I" Ba+&uin>$* 0) II" Ba+4&uin>$* >a)$n+<an, = i) ?%m0n8 n=tvett #e+e)071+, a %u.eni&a T$%$)*te)tv0%0t, a-i F e+t0%=en a -0t /e%u4*)(+emi -i%(+8n0t<+ F nem $%t$&$4na- )*1+etett, >anem a* ?n(++< ?%4m0n8 e78>(* ta7/a v$+t, ) mint i+8en, >$n#it(%)ai %$-$n)*env0t 0+ve*te" A* a))*$n8e--$% m(% >a+$tt v$+t, 0) J$)ce+in C/%a n=)1+t, enne- e++en0%e na78$n /< -a.c)$+atanma%a&t a* ?%m0n8e--e+, 0) )$>a)em v$+t $+8an )*i7$%C ve+1-, mint II" Ba+&uin -i%(+8"Ha%.u%t v(%a ?%m0n8e- +a-ta vi&0-en #e-1&t, 0) e78 >e+8e+i .a%a)*t %((++t a%%a,>$78 1*enetet vi78en J$)ce+in ?%m0n8 a%(taina-" K1+?n#0+e (+%u>(-an ?tvenenHa%.u%ta mente-, a>$va, mint -e%e)-e&=-et 0) )*e%*ete)e-et een7e&t0- =-et" A*t(++'t$tt(-, >$78 .ana)*t a-a%na- a -$%m(n8*< e+0 te%/e)*teni" Amint e/ut$tta- a v(%4a, e+=vett0- #e78ve%ei-et a -?.?n8e7e- a+<+ 0) a >e+8=%)07 #?+0 -e%e-e&te-" Ba+&uin0) J$)ce+in e78)*e%ien ?%t?n1- u%ai +ette-" R?vi& tan(c)-$*() ut(n C78 >at(%$*ta-,>$78 J$)ce+in e+>a78/a a v(%at, mie+=tt a* $%t$-i&a )e%e7 )e7't)07et -a.na 0) Ba+&uinme7.%<(+-$*i- a v(% me7v0&0)0ve+" J$)ce+in >(%$m ?%m0n8 t(%)(va+ e781tt Ct%a-e+t" Amint (t/ut$tt a t?%?- c)a.at$- -?*?tt, -1+&?nc?t mene)*tett a -i%(+8>$*, >$78me7n8u7ta))a" E++en)07e) te%1+eten uta*$tt, na..a+ %e/t=*-?&?tt, 0//e+ menete+t" Amene-1+=- v071+ e+0%t0- a* Eu#%(te)*t" J$)ce+in nem tu&$tt C)*ni, &e v$+t n(+a -0tt?m+=, me+8e-en vi*et )*$-$tt t(%$+ni" E*e-et #C/ta #e+ C)*<?vne-, 0) -0t /<+ C)*< t(%4

276

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, vi, 45, M9!4MM" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, , 95G" ."277Kam(+ a&4D'n, M5M4M5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4MG" ." A+e..< e+#$7+a+()(na- t?#0+e e+e)*0+04)0%=+ 6a>en@ i* m*, 59" )*" /e78*et"

M

A jeruzsálemi Keresztelő 4zent Ján#s@templ#mkeresztmetszete

)a a )?t0ten (tta)*i7(+ta =t a #$+8<n" ;()na. e78 .a%a)*t ta+(+t %(/u-, #e+i)me%te 0)?%?mme+ 1&v?*?+te a 7%<#$t, a-it=+ e78)*e% a+ami*)n(t -a.$tt" A .a%a)*t 0) c)a+(&/a)e7't)070ve+ J$)ce+in tit$-an Tu%e))*e+e uta*$tt, a>$+ #e+#e&te -i+0t0t #e+e)07e 0) a*u&va% e+=tt" Nem ma%a&t $tt, >anem Anti<->i(a )ietett, >$78 c)a.at$-at 78/t)?n a-i%(+8 -i)*aa&'t()(%a" A* anti<->iai )e%e7 -ic)i v$+t, a .(t%i(%-a .e&i7 n8u7ta+an" Ja4va)+at(%a J$)ce+in a +e>et= +e778$%)aan Je%u*)(+eme ment" Ott a 7%<# e+=)*?% #e+4a/(n+$tta %a+(ncait a K(+v(%ia $+t(%(n" E*ut(n ?))*e>'vta a -i%(+8i tan(c)$t 0) e+=a&taa t?%t0nte-et" L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a 0) Eu)tac>e )e7't)070ve+ c)a.at$- (++ta- #e+, ma47u--a+ vitt0- a S*ent Ke%e)*tet 0) e%=+tetett meneten vi))*ain&u+ta- Tu%e))*e+e"Ott tu&t(- me7, >$78 e+-0)te-"

Ba+a-, amint >'%0t vette a >a%.u%ti e)em0n8e-ne-, a*$nna+ Ct%a -e+t 0) &0+%=+, -$%4t(%)ait me7&?ent= )ee))077e+, ve*0n8e+te $&a )e%e70t" A>$78 me70%-e*ett, #e+4a/(n+$tta Ba+&uinna-, >$78 )*aa&$n >a*av$nu+>at, >a #e+a&/a a v(%at" Ba+&uin a*a/(n+at$t vi))*auta)'t$tta, va78 a*0%t, me%t nem '*$tt a* em'%en va78 a*0%t, me%tnem a-a%ta c)e%en>a78ni t(%)ait" A v(% a*$nan nem v$+t $+8an e%=), mint 7$n&$+4t(-" Ba+a- m0%n?-ei c)a->ama% a+(a-n(*t(- a #a+a-at, 0) et?%t a v(%a a* $%t$-i&a)e%e7" Ba+a- e--$% m(% nem -e78e+me*ettV >(%em0t, ame+8 a v(%an v$+t, a -e%e)*te4)e- me778a+(*t(-" A v(% v0&=it, #%an-$-at, ?%m0n8e-et 0) a*$-at a n=-et i), a-i- a-e%e)*te)e-et )e7'tett0- a >(%emen va+<)*'n+e7 v$+ta- ?%m0n8 %an=- F +e&$t(- av(%#a+a-%<+, 0) >a+(+%a *C*t(- ma7u-at" 6)a- a -i%(+8na-, e78i- un$-ate)tv0%0ne- 0)a+e%(nna- -e78e+me*te- me7, &e =-et a i*t$n)(7 -e&v00%t (t)*(++'t$tt(- Ha%%(nv(%(a"G

J$)ce+in nem me%t Ha%%(n e++en t(ma&ni" Be0%te a**a+, >$78 v07i7.u)*t't$tta A+e.4.< -?%n80-0t, e+$c)(t$tta a )e%e7et 0) vi))*at0%t Tu%e))*e+e" De Ba+a- )em tu&$tt>a)*n$t >C*ni a >e+8*et=+" A+e..e+8ta%t</a c)a- C78 tu&$tt vi))*av(7ni a #%an4-$-na-, >$78 a* ?))*e) tem.+$m$t mec)ett0 a+a-'t$tta a v(%$)an, amive+ ma7(%a >a4%a7't$tta a >e+80+i -e%e)*t0n8e-et, 0) )emmi -(%t )em $-$*$tt a +atin$-na-" Ba+a-ma7a uta*$tt A+e..<a, >$78 C/a >a&/(%at$t )*e%ve**en" e+e/0n a*$nan ;an4i&*) -$%m(n8*</a #e++(*a&t Ba+a- e++en" Ba+a- #e+-0%te a* $%t$-i&a Timu%ta)t, >$78#$/t)a e+ a +(*a&()t" Timu%ta) +eta%t<*tatta a -$%m(n8*<t, &e a +(*a&< (t8/a, I)*( a #e+4+e7v(% u%a ma%a&t, 0) J$)ce+int<+ -0%t )e7't)07et" Ba+a- me71t-?*?tt J$)ce+in )e%e70ve+0) +e78=*te, a c)at(an e+e)ett S*e%*ete) L$tt#%ie& i)" Ba+a- innen ;ani&*)a -0)*1+t,>$78 $tt i) %en&et te%emt)en, &e e--$% )1%7=)en &0+%e >'vt(-, T1%$)*a" ;(/u) M4(ne78 e+t0ve&t n8'+ve))*= -i$+t$tta Ba+a- 0+et0t" A >a+&$-+< a*t )utt$7ta, >$78 >a+(+av07*ete) c)a.() a* i)*+(m%a" I7a*a v$+t2 va+amenn8i mu)*+im ve*0% -?*1+, a-i--e+ a-e%e)*te)e- me71t-?*te-, = v$+t a +e7ene%7i-u)a 0) a +e7?+c)e" A* $%t$-i&(->ata+ma nem )$--a+ 0+te tC+ Ba+a- >a+(+(t"!

2786>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, iii4vi, M, MM4M!5" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QI, M, I3" -?t" G49" ." A*t'%/a, >$78 a* ?%m0n8 )*1+et0) ;$%#ia -i%(+8n0 >$n#it(%)ait t$$%$*ta a -i%(+8 me7ment0)0%e" H$**(te4)*i, >$78 #$7+8$-at -1+&te- Pe%*)i(a, &e a*$-at -0)= -i)*aa&'t$tt(-" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, G4," ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0 ccvi, 5G45" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M!" ." )a/n$) >i(n8$) a )*?ve7V Kam(+a&4D'n, M5" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ." Ba+&uin un$-a?cc)e va+<)*'n+e7 Hie%7e)*i ;ana))*e)* #iv04%e v$+t, a n=v0%e, H$&ie%na #ia +()& e m II" -?te+e, A /s)/spont = 0dessza eeste c" %0)*" ;i>(+8, a-i Ba%N$u+4na- A%nu+#_ >'v/a, a*t (++'t/a, >$78 e78 +e(n8te)tv0% #ia v$+t" Ba+&uin m()i- +e(n8te)tv0%0ne-,;a>a+&(na-, 3it%8 C%n=/0ne- c)a- e78 #i v$+t, a-i e+vett e78 ?%?-?)n=4un$-ate)tv0%t, 0) me7?%?-?+te

Ret>e+t" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, I, 9495" ."2796>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, i, 4, 4" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QI, M, I3" -?t" M" ."V T1%$)*i3i+m$), QIII, II, 949" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+, 545" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M" ."V U)*(ma, Hitti

A Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 nem )'n8+ette me7 Ba+&uin t(v$++0t0t" A* e78i.t$mia-ata*$nan a%%a c)('t$tta a -i%(+8 #$7)(7a, >$78 i)m0t +e%$>an/(- a* $%)*(7$t" 5 m(4

/u)(an na78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7 in&u+t e+ A)*-a+$n<+ Ja##a #e+0" La%nie%4i Eu)tac>ea*$nna+ me7in&u+t a /e%u*)(+emi )e%e77e+, >$78 #e+ta%t<*ta))a" ;a7(va+ vitte a S*entKe%e)*tet, mi-?*en Je%u*)(+em -e%e)*t0n8ei me*'t+(a) -?%menetet ta%t$tta- tem.4+$mt<+ tem.+$mi7" A -e78e) e+=-0)*1+ete- a*$nan #e+e)+e7e)e- v$+ta-, me%t ami-$%Ie+inn0+ m(/u) !40n a #%an-$- e+0%t0- a* e78i.t$mia-at, a*$- F anna- e++en0%e,>$78 t?)07en v$+ta- F )a%-$n #$%&u+ta- 0) e+mene-1+te-" H(t%a>a78t(- t($%u-ati), ame+8et a -e%e)*t0n8e- -i#$)*t$tta-"G E* v$+t Eu)tac>e ut$+)< t0n8-e&0)e, mive+

/Cniu) 940n me7>a+t" A -i%(+8)(7 )*$-()aina- me7#e+e+=en ?*ve78e, A%nu+# .(t%i(%4-a un$-a>C7a, a 7a*&a7 Emma a*$nna+ #0%/>e* ment Ja##a 7%<#/(>$*, e Pui)et4i Hu47<>$*, >$78 i%t$-ai ne ma%a&/ana- 7a*&a n0+-1+" A -at$nai .a%anc)$-)(7$t a tan(c)La+i+ea >e%ce70%e, Bu%e)4i 3i+m$)%a %u>(*ta"G

!4en, a v0%me*ei c)ata ut(n, Ba+&uin -i%(+8 )e7't)070%t #$%&u+t a 3e+encei K?*4t(%)a)(7>$*" A* e78i.t$mia- nem na78$n vit0*-e&te- a )*(%a*#?+&?n, &e a #+$tt(/u-m07 min&i7 u%a+ta a .a+e)*tin vi*e-et" A -i%(+8 a )e7't)070%t c)e%0e -e%e)-e&e+mi-e&ve*m0n8e-et '70%t 3e+enc0ne-" A .(.a t(m$7atta a -i%(+8 -0%0)0t, 0) D$menic$;i>(+8 &<*)e e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 v(+a)*$+ %(" 6)a-nem >(%$m 0ve te++ett, mi%e #e+-04)*1+t a ve+encei e.e&'ci<" " au7u)*tu) G4(n e78, t?, mint )*(* na78 >a&i>a/<4<+ (++< #+$tta -e+t Ct%a 3e+enc0=+, ame+8 )*(m$) eme%t, +$vat 0) -at$nai #e+)*e%e+0)ti) )*(++'t$tt" A #+$tta a*$nan nem >a/<*$tt e78ene)en Pa+e)*tin(a" 3e+enc0ne- n04*ete+t0%0)e t(ma&t Bi*(ncca+, me%t K$mn0n$)* J(n$) me7.%<(+-$*$tt a ve+encei -e4%e)-e&=- -iv(+t)(7aina- me7n8i%(+()(va+" 78 a ve+encei #+$tta e+=)*?% a i*(nci u%a4+$m a+att (++< K$%#u e++en #$%&u+t" A &<*)e F5 te+0n minte78 >at ><na.$n (t$)t%$m$+ta e%e&m0n8te+en1+ K$%#ut" Á.%i+i) v070n e78 78$%)/(%atC .a+e)*tinai >a/<>$*ta me7 a ve+enceie-ne- a >'%t, >$78 mi+8en a/ t?%t0nt a -i%(++8a+" A &<*)e e--$%v$na-$&va #e+>a78$tt a* $)t%$mma+ 0) a >a/<>a&&a+ -e+et%e in&u+t, &e >a i*(nci >a4

/<va+ ta+(+-$*$tt, me7)*a-'t$tta Ct/(t 0) me7t(ma&ta =-et" ;(/u) v070n 0%t A--$na,a>$+ me7tu&ta, >$78 A)*-a+$n e+=tt ci%-(+ a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta" e#e+0 >a/<*$tt >(t,>$78 c)at(%a -0n8)*e%'t)e a* e78i.t$mia-at, ) n0>(n8 -?nn8en #e+#e78ve%*ett >a/<t-1+&?tt e+=%e c)a+0te-ne-" A* e78i.t$mia- e+ee)te- a c)a.&(a" A i*t$) 78=*e+em%em0n80en -i>a/<*ta-, ) a ve+enceie- e-e%'tett0- =-et" A c)at(<+ a+i7 mene-1+tme7 e78i.t$mi >a/<" N0me+8i- e+)1++8e&t, m()$-at e+#$7ta-" A ve+enceie- m07 n?ve+4t0- i) &ia&a+u-at, ami-$% A--$n #e+0 >a/<*va e78 t'* >a/<<+ (++<, &%(7a %a-$m(n8C-e%e)-e&=>a/<4%a/t i) e+#$7ta-"G

A ve+enceie- /e+en+0te na78$n 0%t0-e) v$+t, 0) a >e+8e+ie- i78e-e*te- e*t -i>a)*4n(+ni" A -e%e)*te)e- a%%<+ vit(*ta-, >$78 a ve+encei #+$tta )e7't)070ve+ A)*-a+$nt va78T1%$)*t ve780-4e $)t%$m a+(, a .a%tvi&0-en m(% c)a- e* a -0t mu)*+im e%=& (++t" JC4&ea neme)ei A)*-a+$nt %0)*e)'tett0- v$+na e+=n8en, a 7a+i+eiai u%a- )*e%int T1%$)*-i-?t=/e v$+t a +e7/$ a .a%tvi&0-en, innen +e>etett me7-?*e+'teni a 7a*&a7 &ama)*4-u)*i te%1+ete-et" T1%$)* )$--a+ /e+ent=)e -e%e)-e&e+mi -?*.$nt v$+t, mint A)*-a4

-ia&", M5", M", 5" ." In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MG4M!" ." &e nem em+'ti Ba+a- >a+(+(t"2806>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, vi, 54i, I, MM4MMG" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, I, 95499" ."2816>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, ii, M4M9"V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h* Pui)et4i Hu7<%<+ +()& e m II" -?t" M"

)--" ." (.%i+i)a e+=tt vette e+ Emin(t R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 9" ."2826>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, , 4G, MM!4M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 5, 9M49" ."V Hi)t$%ia Ducum3enetic$%um, in M* 3* H* !s* QI3" -?t" 5" ."

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+$n, ame+8ne- -i-?t=/e te+/e)en v0&te+en, n8it$tt v$+t, >(t$%)*(7a )*e70n8" A* $&ava4+<)ia- a*$nan nem a&t(- $+c)<n ma7u-at" A* e70)* =)*t -it?+t?tt0- a* e**e+ -a.c)$4+at$) t(%78a+()$-" 5 -a%(c)$n8(n a ve+encei .a%anc)n$-$-at 1nne.0+8e)en ven&0471+ +(tt(- Je%u*)(+emen, 0) %0)*t ve>ette- a et+e>emi )*e%ta%t()$-$n i)" A* C/ e)*4ten&= e+e/0n A--$nan e78e*)07et '%ta- a+( a 3e+encei K?*t(%)a)(7 -0.vi)e+=i, va+a4mint a #$7$+8 -i%(+8 nev0en L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a, 3i+m$) -at$nai #=.a%anc)n$- 0)Pa7an -ance++(%" A ve+enceie-ne- a -i%(+8)(7 min&en v(%$)(an e78 utc(t /uttatta-tem.+$mma+, #1%&=ve+ 0) .0-)077e+, t$v(( v(mmente))07et -a.ta-" Sa/(t )C+8ai-at0) m0%t0-ei-et >a)*n(+>att(- min&en 178+et1-en, nemc)a- e78m() -?*?tt" Nem-e++ett me7#i*etni1- a -i%(+8)(7 e+)= v(m/ait 0) i++et0-eit" A--$nan t$v(i >(*a-at-a.ta-, 0) ne-i- '70%t0- T1%$)* 0) A)*-a+$n e78>a%ma&(t, >a )e70&-e*ne- e+#$7+a+(4)u-an" E*en -'v1+ m07 >(%$m)*(* )*a%ac0n a%an8 i) /(%t ne-i- 0vente, ame+8et A-4-$n -i%(+8i /?ve&e+mei=+ #$+8<)'t$tta-" 6)e%0e me7'70%t0-, >$78 t$v(%a i) me7#i4*eti- a *a%(n&$-$-na- #e+)*(m't$tt Cti-?+t)07 e78>a%ma&(t a -i%(+8i -inc)t(%na-" Ave+enceie- m07 a*t i) -i-?t?tt0-, >$78 e+ee78e*0)1- n0+-1+ a -i%(+8)(7 ne c)?--ent4)e m() nem*ete- v(mte%>eit" L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a me7e)-1&?tt a* evan70+ium%a,>$78 Ba+&uin -i%(+8 -i)*aa&u+()a ut(n /<v( #$7/a >a78ni a )*e%*=&0)t" E%%e -0t 0vve+-0)= va+<an )$% -e%1+t, >a(% Ba+&uin nem #$7a&ta e+ a* ut$+)< *(%a&0-$t, ame+8te+/e)en a+(%en&e+te v$+na a -i%(+8)(7 -e%e)-e&e+m0t a ve+encei 0%&e-e-ne-"G5 Ami4-$% a )*e%*=&0)t a+('%t(-, a #%an- )e%e7 me7in&u+t a .a%t$n T1%$)* #e+0, a ve+encei#+$tta .e&i7 a )e%e77e+ .(%>u*am$)an >a+a&t a ten7e%en" T1%$)* $)t%$ma " #e%u4(% 940n -e*&=&?tt me7"G

T1%$)* m07 min&i7 a #(timi&a -a+i#(tu) i%t$-a v$+t" 4en .$+7(%ai F a-i-et#e+>($%'t$tt, >$78 a* " 0vi $)t%$m a+-a+m(va+ mi+8en -ev0) )e7't)07et -a.ta-E78i.t$m<+ F, me7en7e&t0-, >$78 T$7te-in -$%m(n8*<t (++'t)$n a v(%$) 0+0%e" T$74te-in e78i- +e7te>et)07e)e -a.it(n8(t, ;a)*C& em'%t -1+&te T1%$)*a" A v(%$)u78ana--$% e+i)me%te a #(timi&a -a+i#a #enn>at<)(7(t, a mec)ete-en i) =0%te im(&4-$*ta-, >i)*en i&=%=+ i&=%e t=+e -0%te- >a/<-at a v(%$) me7)e7't0)0%e"G9 E* a -ett=)u%a+$m t'* 0ven (t $+a/$*$ttan m-?&?tt, #=-0nt, me%t a+4A#&a+ ve*0% #enn a-a%ta ta%4tani a /< vi)*$n8t T$7te-inne+, mive+ )*1-)07e v$+t %( a #%an-$- e++en" &eceme4%0en a*$nan a* a)*a)*in )*e-ta ta7/ai Kai%< utc(in me7?+t0- a+4A#&a+t" A+4Ámi% -a4+i#a v07%e a ma7a u%a +ett, ) )*e%ette v$+na i)m0t e++en=%*0)e a+( v$nni T1%$)*t" 4en #+$tt(t -1+&?tt $&a, mint>a a v(%$) v0&e+m0t e%=)'ten0 me7" A ten7e%na78 #e+-0%4te ;a)*C&$t, >$78 te-int)e me7 a #+$tt(t, ) ami-$% a -$%m(n8*< me7+(t$7atta a >a/<4-at, e+%a$+ta 0) Kai%<a vitte" ;a)*C&$t na78$n /< #$7a&tat()an %0)*e)'tette a -a+i4#a, ma/& na78%aec)1+0)e /e+eive+ e+>a+m$*va T$7te-in>e* -1+&te, a-i e+ee78e*ettaa, >$78 nem v$n/a -0t)07e a #(timi&a %e)tau%(ci<t" De ami-$% a #%an-$- -?*e+e&4te- a v(%$)>$*, a+4Ámi% -i/e+entette, >$78 e+.u)*t't$tt #+$tt(/(va+ )emmit )em te>et av(%$)0%t ) 78a-$%+ati+a7 T$7-etin%e '*ta a v0&e+m0t, a-i >0t)*(* t?%?-?t 0) ta%ta+0-$4-at vitt $&a a* $)t%$m i&e/0%e"GM

T1%$)* v(%$)(t a )*(%a*#?+&&e+ c)a- e78 #?+&)*$%$) -?t?tte ?))*e, me+8et m07Na78 S(n&$% -0)*'ttetett" A* e%=&'tm0n8 /< (++a.$tan v$+t" T1%$)* e78et+en 78en704

283Ta#e+ 0) T>$ma), I, G4G!" ."V R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 549" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 49, 94995" ."V6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, vii, 45, M!54M!9" ."

284

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, viii, , M!94M!M" ."285In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G45", " ."286>o*, M94MM", 4 ."V In a+4A)*'%, 59M459G" ."

!

/e a* v$+t, >$78 a* iv<vi*et v'*ve*et0-en -a.ta a )*(%a*#?+&%=+, me%t a -i) #0+)*i7etennem v$+ta- -uta-" A #%an-$- me70%-e*0)1- m()na./(n t?n-%etett0- a v'*ve*et0-et"A t0+i e)=v'* me7t?+t?tte a v(%$) ci)*te%n(it, '78 a v'*>i(n8 c)a- i*$n8$) i&= e+te+teut(n /e+ent-e*ett" A #%an-$- a -e%te-en ve%te- t($%t, $tt, a>$+ a #?+&n8e+v e+0%te a)*(%a*#?+&et" A -e%te- -?*e+0en >$%7$n8$*ta- a ve+encei >a/<-, &e +e7a+( e78 7(4+8a min&i7 a n8'+t ten7e%en ta%t<*-$&$tt, >$78 e+#$7/a a -i-?t=e 0%-e*= >a/<-at" A)e%e7 #=.a%anc)n$-a L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a v$+t, me%t va+<)*'n+e7 ne-i na78$ v$+t ate-int0+8e, mint a -at$nai .a%anc)n$-na-" Ami-$% T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a )e%e70ve+ c)at+a4-$*$tt a* $)t%$m+<->$*, = i) min&enen >a/+an&< v$+t en7e&e+me)-e&ni a .(t%i(%-(4na-, amit va+<)*'n+e7 nem tett v$+na, >a Bu%e)4i 3i+m$) a #=ve*0%"G

A* $)t%$m e70)*en n8(% e+e/0i7 e+>C*<&$tt" A #%an-$- )*1nte+en $m(*t(- a )*$4%$)$n (t a #a+a-at a ve+enceie- (+ta+ >$*$tt an8a7$-<+ -0)*1+t $)t%$m70.e--e+" A v04&=- i) %en&e+-e*te- -=vet= 70.e--e+, 0) 7?%?7t1*et i) a+-a+ma*ta- a t(ma&<--a+)*emen" Na78)*e%en >a%c$+ta-, &e ann8i v0&= nem v$+t, >$78 -it?%0)e-et i) -$c4-(*tat>atta- v$+na" ;ive+ att<+ #0+te-, >$78 a* 0>)07, a )*$m/C)(7 va78 a* eme%>i4(n8 e+= va78 ut< me7a&()%a -0n8)*e%'ti =-et, #ut(%$-at -1+&te- T$7te-in 0) a*e78i.t$mia- me7)1%7et0)0%e, >$78 )ie))ene- #e+ment0)1-%e" E78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7e78ene)en Je%u*)(+em e++en in&u+t, >$78 e+te%e+/e T1%$)*%<+ a #i78e+met" E* a )e%e7 e+4

/ut$tt a S*ent 3(%$) -1+v(%$)aia" A .$+7(%i +a-$))(7, a -e%e)-e&=-, a ti)*tvi)e+=i 0) a.a.$- a*$nna+ a v(%$)#a+a-%a (++ta-, ) a* e78i.t$mi .a%anc)n$- nem me%te me7t(4ma&ni v(%$)t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= e78 m()i- e78i.t$mi )e%e7 -i#$)*t$tta a Je%u*)(4+emt=+ n0>(n8 m0%#?+&%e 0)*a-%a +0v= Be+int, a*a* a ;a>$me%ie4t, 0) me7?+te a -i)4v(%$) +a-$)ait" A* i+8en, e+)*i7ete+t t(ma&()$- nem ment>ett0- me7 T1%$)*t" T$7te4-in m07 enn8it )em tett" Ám a* $)t%$m -e*&et0n )e%e70t a J$%&(n #$%%()(>$*, B(n4

/()*a vitte, ) a%%a a >'%%e v(%t, >$78 0%-e*i-4e e78i.t$mi #+$tta, ame++8e+ ?))*e>an7$+4>at/a a-ci</(t a #%an-$- t($%a e++en" De )emmi+8en e78i.t$mi #+$tta nem 0%-e*ett2 a-a+i#a e78et )em tu&$tt -i(++'tani" A #%an-$- i) ta%t$tta- ett=+ a +e>et=)07t=+" N0>(n8>0ten (t a ve+encei #+$tta a T1%$)*i4>(7<n(+ >$%7$n8*$tt, >$78 e+#$7/a a* e78i.t$mia4-at, 0) a .(t%i(%-a T%i.$+i)*i P$n)$t 0) Bu%e)4i 3i+m$)t /e+ent=) +0t)*(mC -1+?n't4m0nn8e+ T$7te-in e+0e -1+&te" Ami-$% B(n/()*>$* -?*e+e&te-, T$7te-in C78 &?n4t?tt, >$78 nem -$c-(*tat/a a c)at(t, 0) vi))*av$nu+t Dama)*-u)*a" A* $)t%$m+$tt v(4%$) e78et+en %em0n8e a* $%t$-i&a Ba+a- ma%a&t, a -i%(+8 >'%e) #$7vata%t</a" Ba+a- te%4ve*te i), >$78 T1%$)* )e7't)070%e )iet, &e m(/u)an ;ani&*)en me7?+t0-"

JCniu) v070%e %em0n8te+enn0 v(+t T1%$)* >e+8*ete" Nem v$+t )em 0+e+em, )em v'*,0) a >e+8=%)07 )$- ta7/a e+e)ett" :i78e+me*tett0- T$7te-int, >$78 me7 -e++ a&niu- ma47u-at" T$7te-in a #%an- t($%a -1+&?tt, 0) #?+a/(n+$tta a v(%$) #e+a&()(t a )*$-()$)#e+t0te+e- me++ett2 a-i e+ a-a%/a >a78ni a v(%$)t, v$nu+/$n e+ 0-0en in7<)(7aiva+, a-i.e&i7 ma%a&ni a-a%, me7=%i*>eti .$+7(%/$7ait" A #%an- 0) a ve+encei ve*et=- e+#$7a&4t(- a #e+t0te+e-et, >a(% a -?*-at$n(- 0) a ten7e%0)*e- &1>?)e- v$+ta-, >$78 e+e)te- a)*aa& %a+()t<+, 0) +(*a&())a+ #en8e7et=*te-" " /C+iu) 40n a v0&=- me7n8it$tt(-a -a.u-at 0) a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 (tvette a v(%$)t" A #=-a.u #?+0 -it*t0- a -i%(+8 +$$47</(t, a -0t $+&a+$n a t$%n8$-%a .e&i7 T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a 0) a &<*)e *()*+ait" A ve*et=-me7ta%t$tt(- )*avu-at" Nem v$+t %a+(), a mu)*+im$- >$))*C )$%an 0-0)en v$nu+4>atta- (t a -e%e)*t0n8 t($%$n" 78 -e%1+t a -e%e)*t0n8e- -e*0%e a* A)*-a+$nt<+

2876>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, viii, I4, 5, M!94" ." e+-a+an&$*i- 0) -it0% T1%$)* t?%t0net0%e, T14%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9M9" ."

0)*a-%a e+te%1+= .a%tvi&0- ut$+)< mu)*+im v(%$)a i)" A )e%e7 ?%ven&e*ve t0%t me7 Je4%u*)(+eme, ) a ve+enceie-, miut(n me7-a.t(- a ma7u- %0)*0t, >a*avit$%+(*ta- 3e4+enc0e"GG

A /< >'% Sai*a%an 0%te Ba+&uint" Ba+a- >a+(+a ut(n a -i%(+8 =%*0)e I+7(*' #i(%a, Ti4mu%ta)%a >(%u+t, a-i nem na78$n ?%1+t a na78 #e+e+=))077e+ /(%< #e+a&atna-, 0) )*'ve4)een +(t$tt v$+na e78 te-int0+8e) v(+t)(7&'/at" ;e7-0%te a )ai*a%i em'%t, >$78 -e*&4

/en t(%78a+()$-at a #%an-$--a+" ;$%#ia -i%(+8n0 0)*a-%a uta*$tt, >$78 a +e>et= +e7-?4*e+e +e78en a #0%/0>e*, 0) a -i%(+8n0 0) J$)ce+in 7%<# me7e78e*te- a* em'%%e+" Av(+t)(7&'/ na78$n ma7a) v$+t" A -i%(+8na- n8$+cvane*e% &in(%t -e++ett #i*etnie Timu%4ta)na-, 0) A+e..< %0)*0%e, a>$+ Timu%ta) Ba+a- ut<&a v$+t, (t -e++ett a&nia Ata%e,Ze%&ana 0) Ka#a%ta v(%$)ait 0) a D*)a)*%$t, t$v(( )e7'tenie -e++ett Timu%ta)t Du4ai)* in S*a&a-a e&uin t?%*)#= e++en, a-i a D*)a*'%(an te+e.e&ett me7" HC)*e*e%&in(% e+=+e7et -e++ett #i*etnie, a #ennma%a&< ?))*e7 -ie78en+'t0)0i7 .e&i7 tC)*$-at-e++ett -1+&enie Sai*a%a" Amint (ta&/(- a tC)*$-at a mu)*+im$-na-, Ba+&uin -i)*a4a&u+" Timu%ta) a*t -0%te, >$78 a -i%(+8 +e7-i)e 78e%me-e, a n0780ve) J$veta >e%4ce7n= 0) J$)ce+in #ia 0) ?%?-?)e, e78 ti*ene78 0ve) -i)#iC, va+amint t'* neme) i#/C a+4-$))a a tC)*$- c)$.$%t/(t" Sai*a% em'%/e, S*u+t(n, /<>i)*em)070t i*$n8'tan&<, )*(4m$) c)a+(&ta7/(t e+-1+&te A+e..<a" " /Cniu) v070n Ba+&uin e+>a78ta Ha%%(nt )a4

/(t c)atam0n/0n, me+8et vi))*aa&$tt ne-i Timu%ta), 0) )$-m() &%(7a a/(n&0-$t i) -a.$tt t=+e" Sai*a%a ment, a>$+ a*em'% /< em+0-et =%*?tt Ba+&uin%<+ ?t 0vve+ -$%(%<+, ami0%te+en7e&te a*t a* ?))*e7et, ame+8et Sai*a% +ett v$+na -?te+e)Anti<->i(na- -i#i*etni, 0) )*'v0+8e)en #$7a&ta" A -i%(+8 Sai4*a%an ta+(+-$*$tt -i)+(n8(va+ 0) a t?i tC))*a+" ;e70%-e4*0)1- ut(n Ba+&uin t$v(uta*>at$tt Anti<->i(a, a>$vaau7u)*tu) ut$+)< na./aian 0%t e+"G!

;$)t, >$78 )*aa& v$+t, Ba+&uin m(% nem ta%t$tta ti)*te4+eten a* e78e*)07et" Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a em+0-e*tette a%%a,>$78 = c)a- >0%u%a 0) %07en)e, &e nem i%t$-$)a Anti<4->i(na-, 0) nem a&$m(n8$*>at/a e+ #?+&/eit, ame+8e- /$7)*e%int II" B$emun&$t i++eti-" Ba+&uint -?nn8 v$+t me778=*ni, 0) Timu%ta) e+n0*0)0t-0%ve me71*ente, >$78 )a/n(+/a, &e nem +e>et en7e&et+en a .(t%i(%-(va+ )*emen" Ti4mu%ta)t /$an 0%&e-e+te a .0n*, mint a #?+&, 0) me7$c)(t$tta a )0%t0)t, me%t att<+#0+t, >$78 nem -a./a me7 a v(+t)(7&'/ >i(n8*< %0)*0t" Ami-$% Ba+&uin +(tta, >$78 Ti4mu%ta) i+8en en7e&0-en8, a*$nna+ me7)*e7te a*t a* '70%et0t i), >$78 me7)e7'ti =t ae&uin Duai)* e++en0en" E>e+8ett Ba+&uin #$7a&ta Duai)* -?veteit, 0) e+te%ve*te-e78 A+e..< e++eni -?*?) a-ci<t" A )*?vet)07et me7-?t?tt0-, 0) $-t<e%en a* anti<4->iai 0) e&e))*ai )e%e7 A+e..< #a+ai a+att c)at+a-$*$tt Duai)* a%a/ai>$*" S*?vet)0471-et e%=)'tette, >$78 $&a0%t S*u+t(n)(> i), A+e..< )*e+&*)u- t%<n-?vete+=/e, a-i

2886>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, ii, 4iv, 5, G45!" .", -?*+i a* e+#$7() i&=.$nt/(t i7a*ta+anu+ a**a+v(&$+/a a* anti<->iaia-at, >$78 nem m-?&te- e781ttV T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, 54, 9549M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ." me7a&/a a* i&=.$nt$tV In a+4A)*'%, 59G459!" ." /C+iu) !4%e te)*iV AC+ :i&a, 94M" ." /C+iu) 94%e te)*iV E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+iv, 5" ."

289U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", 55", 9" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54M9" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+i, 5455" ."me7em+'ti, >$78 J$)ce+in 0) a -i%(+8n0 %en&e*te e+ a v(+t)(7&'/at, 0) >$**(#*i, >$78 La+e%ant 0) a -i4

%(+8 un$-ate)tv0%0t Timu%ta) me7?+ette F va+<)*'n+e7 a*0%t, me%t a -i%(+8 nem ta%t$tta ti)*te+eten av(+t)(7&'/ #e+t0te+eit" S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 49" ." J$vet(t a* $-m(n8$- vette4ne-, Ivett(na- 0) Ju4&itt(na- i) neve*i-"

A templ#m#s#k pe:sétje

nem )$--a+ e+= )*aa&u+t a* $%t$-i&(- ?%t?n0=+ un$-ate)tv0%0ve+, T$7%u+ A%)*4+(nna+ e781tt" T$7%u+ A%)*+(n a %umi )*u+t(n #iv0%e v$+t, a-it nem%07 *te- e+ ;e+it04n0=+ a &ani)men&e-, 0) m$)t )*?vet)07e)t -e%e)ett"

Timu%ta) nem i) .%<(+-$*$tt A+e..< v0&e+m0ve+" :iv0%e, S*u+e/m(n, ;a//(#(%(4-'nan >a+&$-+$tt, 0) i*t$)'tani a-a%ta a* ?%?-?)?&0)t" ;a%&inan ma%a&t 0) a +a-$4)$-%a '*ta, >$78 v0&/0- me7 A+e..<t, a>$78an tu&/(-" A* a+e..<ia- >(%$m ><na.i7-ita%t$tta-" K1+&?ttei-et Timu%ta) nem #$7a&ta )*'ve)en, nem i) a-a%t ve+1- t?0#$7+a+-$*ni" ;$)*u+a mente- 0) #e+-e+tett0- A-)*$n-$% i+4Bu%)*u-i ata07 0%&e-+=4&0)0t, a-i 4en a )*u+t(n )e%e70t ve*ette a #%an-$- e++en" I+4Bu%)*u-i, a-i 78+?+tea* $%t$-i&$-at, e+-1+&te eme%eit, >$78 ve780- (t a* a+e..$* -?*e+e&ett, me7.a%an4c)$+ta Hi%-an >um)*i em'%ne- 0) a &ama)*-u)*i T$7te-inne-, >$78 c)at+a-$**ana->$**(" ;in&-etten -1+&te- c)a.at$-at" A #%an-Fe&uin )*?vet)07, a*$nan m(% e*e+=tt a* e%=#it$7tat() e+=tt #e+$m+$tt" Duai)* -e+et #e+0 in&u+t t?%*)0ve+, Ba+&uin .e4&i7 vi))*av$nu+t a* ata%ei e%=&e" Janu(% v070n i+4Bu%)*u-i ev$nu+t A+e..<a, &enem -')0%+ete*ett a #%an-$- 1+&?*0)0ve+" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e*t +(tva vi))*ament Anti<4->i(a, ma/& $nnan Je%u*)(+eme, a>$v( 9 (.%i+i)(an 0%-e*ett me7, -0t0vn8i t(4v$++0t ut(n"!

Nem ma%a&>at$tt )$-(i7 $tt>$n, me%t i+4Bu%)*u-i >a%cia)a v$+t a* $%t$-i&$-n(+"I+4Bu%)*u-i ;$)*u+ 0) A+e..< u%a v$+t, ma7a m?7?tt tu&>atta a )*u+t(n te-int0+80t"U%a+ma a+att ?))*e tu&ta #$7ni É)*a-4S*'%ia mu)*+imait" T$7te-in 0) a >um)*i em'% e+4#$7a&ta #enn>at<)(7(t" ;(%ciu)an Ba+&uin me7+(t$7atta Sai*a%t, 0) a v(%$) em'%/e,S*u+t(n, a-i min&i7 178e+t a%%a, >$78 a #$nt$) eme%e--e+ a%(ti vi)*$n8an +e78en,(ta&ta ne-i a #%an- tC)*$-at, J$veta >e%ce7n=t, a -i) J$)ce+int 0) t(%)ai-at" ;(/u)anC/ mu)*+im )*?vet)07 0+0n me7t(ma&ta 0) evette Ka#a%ta #%an- e%=&/0t, 0) $)t%$ma+( vette Ze%&an(t" Ba+&uin 0)*a-%a )ietett 0) Ze%&ana me7ment0)0%e ve*0n8e+te +$va)<+ 0) 78a+$7$)<+ (++< )e%e70t, ame+8 Anti<->ia, T%i.$+i)* 0) E&e))*a em4e%eit e78e)'tette" A mu)*+im$- A*a*a v$nu+ta-, a>$+ m(/u) v070n a -e%e)*te) >(4$%C- t?%t0net0ne- e78i- +e7v0%e)e c)at(/a *a/+$tt +e" A mu)*+im$- '*ta- )*(me+i#?+0n81-en, -0*itu)(t -e*&em0n8e*te-, &e a #%an-$- /$ #e78ve%*et1-ne-, .(nc0+4

/u-na- 0) /$ #i*i-ai e%=n+0t1-ne- -?)*?n>et=en )C+8$)an me7ve%t0- a mu)*+im$4-at" Ba+&uin $+8an 7a*&a7 *)(-m(n8%a tett )*e%t, >$78 a<+ te++ett a n8$+cvane*e%&in(%n8i v(+t)(7&'/%a i)2 min&en #%an- +$va7 +em$n&$tt *)(-m(n8a e78 %0)*0%=+,>$78 -iv(+t>a))(- a -i%(+8 +e(n8(t" A .0n* va+</(an Timu%ta)t i++ette, &e i+4Bu%)*u-ie+#$7a&ta a .0n*t, 0) )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta a tC)*$-at" E78 m()i- ?))*e7et Sai*a%a-1+&te- a* $tt )'n8+=&= %a$- 0) tC)*$- -iv(+t()(%a" E*e-et )*aa&u+()u- ut(n me74t(ma&ta a >um)*i em'%, &e a mun-i&i&(- a )e7't)071-%e )iette- 0) i*t$)'t$tt(- Ct/u4-at"

A c)ata ut(n a #e+e- #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tte-" A mu)*+im$- me7ta%t$tt(- Ka#a%ta4$t, ) (ta&t(- a >um)*i em'%ne-, &e m() te%1+eti v(+t$*() nem t?%t0nt" I+4Bu%)*u-i>e+8=%)07et (++'t$tt A+e..<a 0) vi))*at0%t ;$)*u+a" Ti*enn8$+c ><na.i7 0-e v$+t0)*a-$n"!

2906>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, viii4i, !, , 949M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, 9, 9M49" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 45" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M54M9" ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", 55" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, 5459"

." 2916>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +ii, 4+iv, , M4" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, II, 9G49G" ."V Lem+$u4iSi7ee%t, M* 3* H* !s*, 3I" -?t" 5G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M9" ."V Busztán, 9!" ."V U)*(ma2 i* h*V E&e))*ai

Ba+&uin vi))*ament Pa+e)*tin(a" 9 =)*0n et?%t &ama)*-u)*i te%1+ete-%e 0)A)*-a+$nt i) #en8e7ette" M /anu(%/(an -$m$+8 >a&/(%at%a )*(nta e+ ma7(t Da4ma)*-u)* e++en, 0) me7)*(++ta a Hau%(nt" T$7te-in e+0e ment" Te++ e+4S*a->an(+,Dama)*-u)*t<+ >C)* m0%#?+&%e &0+n8u7at%a c)a.ta- ?))*e a )e%e7e-" E+einte a mu)*4+im$- v$+ta- #?+0n8en, 0) T$7te-in $tt$m(n/ai e>at$+ta- a -i%(+8i t($%a, v071+a*$nan Ba+&uin0 +ett a 78=*e+em" 6)a-nem #0+Cti7 1+&?*te a* e++en)07et, &e i&=-?*4en )*(m$t vetett )a/(t )C+8$) ve)*te)07eive+ 0) ?+c)ene- +(tta, >a #e+>a78 a* 1+&?4*0))e+, 0) *)(-m(nn8a+ me7%a-va vi))*at0% Je%u*)(+eme"!

M m(%ciu)(an T%i.$+i)*i P$n) me7t(ma&ta Ra#ani/a mu)*+im e%=&/0t, ame+8 a*O%$nt0)* v?+780=+ a Bu-ai(a va+< e/ut()t e++en=%i*te" Ami<ta 94en T$7te-ine+#$7+a+ta e*t a v(%at, a -e%e)*t0n8e- e78i- #= c0+-it*0)e v$+t, >$78 vi))*a#$7+a+/(-" Av(% .a%anc)n$-a T$7te-in>e* 0) i+4Bu%)*u-i>$* #$+8am$&$tt )e7't)070%t, P$n) .e&i7Ba+&uin -i%(+8>$*" A -0t -e%e)*t0n8 ve*et= )ietve a v(% a+( v$nu+t, /<va+ e+=, minta>$78 a mu)*+im$- #e+ment= c)a.at$-at tu&ta- v$+na -1+&eni" A v(% ti*enn8$+c na.i$)t%$m ut(n me7a&ta ma7(t" Na78$n 0%t0-e) 78=*e+em v$+t e* a #%an-$- )*(m(%a, av(% nemc)a- T%i.$+i)* v0&e+m0t )*$+7(+ta, >anem /av't$tta a Je%u*)(+em 0) Anti<->ia-?*?tti ?))*e-?ttet0)t i)"!5

I&=-?*en a* e78i.t$mia- C/ #+$tt(t (++'t$tta- -i" M =)*0n e* a #+$tta e+in&u+tA+ean&%i(<+, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 .a%t$-at .u)*t't)a" Enne- >a++at(n i+4Bu%)*u-i e+4>at(%$*ta, >$78 t(ma&()t -e*&em0n8e* 0)*a-$n, 0) $)t%$m a+( vette Ata%eet" Ba+&u4in na78$n $-$)an e+(tta, >$78 a* i7a*i ve)*0+8t e* a* uti(a )ietett" A* e78i.t$mia- u78ani), miut(n Be/%Ct -1+v(%$)aina- -i#$)*t()(va+.%<(+-$*ta-, a%%a a -?vet-e*tet0)%e /ut$tta-, >$78 a .a%t menti v(%$)$- >e+8=%)07eina78$n e%=)e-, 0) >ama%$)an vi))*ain&u+ta- a N'+u)>$*"! É)*a-$n Ba+&uin J$)ce+in)e7't)070ve+ e+-e%7ette a mu)*+im$-at Ata%e a+<+" E78i- #0+ )em a-a%t me71t-?*ni,0) >ama%$)an C/%a #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tte-" I+4Bu%)*u-i A+e..< -$%m(n8*</(v( tette#i(t, I** a&4D'n ;a)*C&$t, 0) >a*ain&u+t ;$)*u+a, a>$+ >a*a0%-e*0)e na./(n, n$4veme% M4(n a* a)*a)*in$- )*e-t(/(na- e78i- ta7/a t=%%e+ +e&?#te"!9

I+4Bu%)*u-i >a+(+a *%*ava%a &?nt?tte a mu)*+im vi+(7$t, 0) a >e+8*etet c)a- %$n4t$tta, >$78 #ia, ;a)*C&, a-ive+ T$7te-in m(%i) ?))*eve)*ett, n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)=F va+<)*'n+e7 m0%7e*0) -?vet-e*t0en F )*int0n me7>a+t" A+e..<%a e*ut(n t?en i)i70n8t ta%t$tta-2 ;a)*C& me7'*$tt/a, Tum(n, a )*u+t(n Kut+u> nev mame+u-/a, a*$%t$-i&a Ba&% a&4Dau+a S*u+e/m(n 0) a )*e+&*)u- I%a>im, Ri&v(n e78i- #ia, ) >$+e78i->e*, >$+ m()i->$* -e%1+t a v(%$)"!M

K?%1+e+1+ e* i&= t(/t Ba+&uin )*e%enc)0)en me7)*aa&u+t Anti<->ia i7a*7at()(4na- a 7$n&/(t<+" A* i#/C II" B$emun& ti*enn8$+c 0ve) +ett, 0) e+/?tt, >$78 (tve78e ?%?-4)070t" It(+iai i%t$-ait un$-ate)tv0%0%e, S*ic'+ia -i%(+8(%a, II" R$7e%4%a '*ta, 0) M)*e.teme%0en >u)*$nn078 >a/<<+ (++< %a//a+, %a/ta )*(m$) >a%c$))a+ 0) +<va+, -i>a4

/<*$tt Ot%ant<<+" O-t<e% e+e/0n 0%t .a%t$t S*ent Sime$nan 0) e78ene)en Anti<->i4

;(t0, cc+vii, 5945G" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."2926>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +vi, 4, I, 49, 4", G4!5" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, 4G, 9G49G9"

."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 949" ."2936>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +i, , +ii, I, !94!" .", !G4!!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, !" 9G949GM" ."V In

a+4Ka+(ni)*', G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M9" ."294

6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +vi, 49, G54G9" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9G49GG" ."2956>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +v, 9, G4G5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4G" .", Kam(+ a&4D'n, M954M9" ."296In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M9" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 9" ."

5

(a ment, a>$+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8 na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta" II" B$emun& /< en8$m()t-e+tett" A./(>$* >a)$n+<an -itn= me7/e+en0), ma7a), )*=-e, /<-0. #0%#i v$+t, 0)0%e*>et= v$+t na78)*e% neve+tet0)e, me+8et an8/(na-, K$n)tanci(na-, I" :1+?. #%an4cia -i%(+8 +e(n8(na- -?)*?n>etett" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 +e+-ii)me%ete)en (ta&ta ne-i a >e%4ce7)07et, min&en i%t$-(va+ e781tt" A )ai*a%i -?vet%e na78 >at()t tett, >$78 Ba+&uin-i%(+8 -0)*.0n**e+ #i*etett a >e%ce7ne- a /e%u*)(+emi )e%e7 +$vaina- e++(t()(0%t" Ba+4&uinna+ /?tt m()$&)*1+?tt +e(n8a, A+i* >e%ce7n=, ) a* e+=*ete) te%ve-ne- me7#e+e+=ena #iata+$-at ?))*e>(*a)'t$tt(-" B$emun& %a78$7<an -e*&te u%a+-$&()(t2 a >um)*iem'%t=+ vi))*a)*e%e*te Ka#a%ta$t, ) >ama%$)an )$-at e)*0+te- +$va7i tettei%=+ a )ai4*a%i )e%e7 e++eni c)ete.at0- -a.c)(n"!

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 aan a %em0n8en t0%t vi))*a &0+%e, >$78 i+4Bu%)*u-i >a+(+a ) B$4emun& me70%-e*0)e v07%e +e>et=v0 te)*i, >$78 )a/(t -i%(+8)(7(va+ t?%=&/0-" A* "0vet $+8an 0-0)en t?+t?tte, >$78 )*inte )emmit )em tu&un- tev0-en8)070%=+, .u)*4t(n ann8it, >$78 au7u)*tu)an %?vi& >a&/(%at$t ve*etett a H$+t4ten7e% -?%n80-0%e"!G

G e+e/0n me7>a+t > a%(t/a, L$%m$n& .(t%i(%-a" Ut<&a e78 m()i- #%ancia .a., a*e+=-e+= neme)i )*(%ma*()C :e%t04i I)tv(n, a 6>a%t%e)4i Saint4Jean4en43a++0e a.(t/a,Ba+&uin e78i- %$-$na +ett" Ha a -i%(+8 aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 a %$-$ni -a.c)$+at)*'v0+8e)e e781ttm-?&0)>e* #$7 ve*etni, a--$% >ama%$)an c)a+<&nia -e++ett" A*C/ .(t%i(%-a )*inte a*$nna+ #e+e+even'tette anna- a* e78e*)07ne- a -0%&0)0t, ame+8ete78-$% L$tt#%ie& -?t?tt Daime%t .(t%i(%-(va+" A .at%i(%-(tu) i%t$-(u+ -?vete+te Ja#4#(t ) #i78e+me*tette a -i%(+8t a%%a, >$78 >a me7><&'t/a A)*-a+$nt, Je%u*)(+emet (t -e++ma/& a&nia a .(t%i(%-(na-" Ba+&uin nem #$7a&ta e+ e*e-et a -?vete+0)e-et, &e nemtu&ta 178e)en -e*e+ni a &$+7$t" ! #$+8am(n t$v( %$m+$tt a* u&va% 0) a .(t%i(%-avi)*$n8a" A n8'+t )*a-'t()%a c)a- a*0%t nem -e%1+t )$%, me%t 5 e+e/0n I)tv(n %?vi&ete7)07 ut(n me7>a+t" Ba%(tai m0%7e*0)%e 78ana-$&ta-" Ami-$% a -i%(+8 me7+(t$47atta a >a+&$-+<t 0) >$78+0te i%(nt 0%&e-+=&?tt, I)tv(n -e)e%en v(+a)*$+ta2 WU%am,m(% Ct$n va78$-, a* Ön -'v(n)(7(na- me7#e+e+=enX" 3a+<an, a .(t%i(%-a >a+(+ai7enc)a- -'v(nat$) v$+t" Ut<&(u+ Ba+&uin e78 -iv(+<, /< 0) -e78e) eme%t, a S*ent)'%.%i$%/(t, ;e))ine)4i 3i+m$)t v(+a)*tatta me7, a-i a*$nan -i))0 e78)*e% 0) i)-$+(*at4+an eme% v$+t" Nem t(.+(+t .$+iti-ai am'ci<-at 0) $+&$7an me7tett min&ent, amit a-i%(+8 -0%t t=+e" 78 a*ut(n -?*)*e%etetne- ?%ven&ett"!!

Ba+&uinna- e*ut(n a t%<n?%?-+0) -0%&0)0t -e++ett %en&e*nie" ;$%#ia -i%(+8n0 nem)*1+t ne-i #iCt, &e v$+t n078 +(n8u-, ;e+i)en&a, A+i*, H$&ie%na 0) J$veta" A+i* m(%Anti<->ia >e%ce7n0/e v$+t, H$&ie%na 0) J$veta .e&i7 m07 -i)+e(n8$- v$+ta-" ;e+i4)en&a +ett te>(t a* ut<&, 0) a >e%ce7n= )*(m(%a me7#e+e+= #0%/et -e++ett -e%e)ni" G4an, miut(n Ba+&uin me7vitatta a -0%&0)t a -i%(+8i tan(c)an, e+-1+&te Bu%e)4i 3i+4m$)t 0) Lui&$ B%i)ea%%e4t, Be/%Ct u%(t :%ancia$%)*(7a, >$78 me7-0%/0- 3I" a/$)#%ancia -i%(+8t, v(+a))*a -i a me7#e+e+= #%ancia neme)t e%%e a #$nt$) .$)*t%a" a/$) An4

/$u 7%<#/(t, 3" :u+-<t /ava)$+ta" :u+-< -" ne78ven0ve) v$+t, I3" :u+-< 7%<# 0) ;$nt42976>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%, III, +vii, 4, +i, 49, G94G!", G!4G" ." A -?*1+)= #e/e*ete- a :?+&-?*i4ten4

7e% ve)*0+8ei%=+ 0) a .a%tvi&0-en ta+(+>at< -'78<#a/t(-%<+ )*<+na-" A -?vet-e*= #e/e*et e78, " 0vie70%inv(*i<t '% +e, 0) e**e+ v07et 0% :$uc>e% e+e)*0+0)e" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9GG49G!" ."V O%&e%i4cu) 3ita+i), QI, !, I3" -?t" MM" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+, 5!" ." a*t m$n&/a, >$78 Ba+&uin me7'70%te B$4emun&na-, >$78 = +e)* Je%u*)(+emen a* ut<&aV S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", 9"."

298

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G" ."299T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, 94M, 9!49!9", 9!G" ."V 3i+m$)t n0>a W&e ;a+me)X4ne- i) >'v/(-" ;e))ine):+an&%ia n8u7ati %0)*0n ta+(+>at<"

#$%t4i Be%t%a&a #ia" An8/(t a* I" :1+?. #%ancia -i%(++8a+ e+-?vetett >(*a))(7t?%0)e tette>'%>e&tt0" :u+-< e+=-e+= c)a+(& #e/e v$+t, me+8 a* e+=*= -0t 0v)*(*a& )$%(n :%ancia$%4)*(7 e78i- +e7na78$ 0) +e77a*&a7a i%t$-e781tte)0t te%emtette me7, 0) >($%C)4-$&())a+, >(*a))(77a+, int%i-(va+ ma7a :u+-< i) /e+ent=)en n?ve+te i%t$-ait" É..enaan a* 0ven na78 c)a+(&i )i-e%t 0%t e+, #i(t 0) ?%?-?)0t, Le$##%$84t ?))*e>(*a)'t$tta;ati+& ?*ve78 c)()*(%n0va+, I" Hen%i- an7$+ -i%(+8 e78et+en +e(n8(va+, a-i An7+ia 0)N$%man&ia ?%?-?)e v$+t" ;ive+ :u+-< nem )$--a+ -$%(an me7?*ve781+t, e+>at(4%$*ta, >$78 a #i(%a >a78/a c)a+(&i i%t$-ait, 0) a -e%e)*t )*$+7(+at(na- )*ente+i ma7(t"4an /(%t m(% *a%(n&$-Ct$n Je%u*)(+emen, '78 Ba+&uin )*em0+8e)en i) i)me%te"I+8en /e+ent0-en8 -0%=t, a-i m?7?tt $tt (++t a #%ancia -i%(+8 0) II" H$n$%iu) .(.a i),Ba+&uin -0)*)077e+ e+#$7a&$tt, 0) na78$n )*e%ette v$+na, >$78 $%)*(7a (%a%c$) 0) neme) C% ve)*i e+ a -i4%(+8 +e7i&=)e +e(n8(t, a--$% )en-i )em v$n>at/a -0t)07e a* u%a+-$&()>$* va+< /$47(t"

:u+-< ! -$%a tava)*(n -e+t Ct%a Bu%e)4i 3i+m$) 0) Lui&$ B%i)ea%%e -')0%et0en";(/u)an 0%te- A--$na, a>$nnan a*$nna+ Je%u*)(+eme in&u+ta-" A ><na. v070nme7ta%t$tt(- :u+-< 0) ;e+i)en&a e)-1v=/0t, ame+8et na78 1nne.)07e- -')0%te-" Ame7$+&()na- a* e70)* $%)*(7 ?%1+t, e78et+en )*em0+8 -iv0te+0ve+" ;e+i)en&a >e%ce74n=t nem v?+te e+ a* a+ac)$n8, )*i-(%, v?%?) >a/C, -?*0.-$%C #0%#i, a-i>e* .$+iti-ai$-$-<+ >$**(-0n8)*e%'tett0-"5

!4en Ba+&uin :u+-< )e7't)070ve+ e+e#$7$tt u%a+-$&()a +e7na78$ v(++a+-$*(4)(a, Dama)*-u)* me7><&'t()(a" Dama)*-u)*i T$7te-in G" #e%u(% 40n me74>a+t" Éve-en (t = v$+t Dama)*-u)* te+/>ata+mC u%a 0) N8u7at4S*'%ia +e7na78$ ti)*4te+etne- ?%ven&= mu)*+im ve*et=/e"5 N0>(n8 0vve+ -$%(an A)*te%aa&i Ba>%(m,a* a)*a)*in )*e-ta e78i- ve*et=/e Pe%*)i(<+ A+e..<a mene-1+t, $tt +ete+e.e&ett, 0) =+ett a* 0)*a-4)*'%iai #?+&a+atti i)*mai+ita m$*7a+$m ve*et=/e" Ha(% Ba>%(m I+7(*' t(4m$7at()(t 0+ve*te, A+e..< n0.e 78+?+te a* a)*a)*in$-at, 0) Ba>%(mna- t$v( -e+4+ett (++nia" I+7(*' t(m$7at()(va+ Dama)*-u)*a ment, a>$+ T$7te-in )*'v0+8e)en #$47a&ta" Ba>%(m $tt ma%a&t, tan'tv(n8$-at 78/t?tt ma7a -?%0 0) e+n8e%te T$7te-in ve4*0%e, a+4;a*&a7(n' %$-$n)*env0t i)" A )*e-ta >ata+ma a &ama)*-u)*i )*unnita +a-$4)$- %$))*a++()a e++en0%e e78%e n=tt" Ba>%(m a+4;a*&a7(n't<+ -0%t v0&e+met, ) a ve*0%-0%0)0%e T$7te-in M n$veme%0en (ta&ta a )*e-t(na- B(n/()* >at(% menti v(%(t"E*t a v(%at a #%an-$- )*1nte+en1+ #en8e7ett0-, ) T$7te-in C78 7$n&$+ta, >$78 a* e%=&ma/& >a)*n$)an +e-?ti a )*e-ta ene%7i(it" Ba>%(m me7e%=)'tette a v(%at, ) $&a>'vtamin&en -?vet=/0t" Hama%$)an %0m1+eten ta%t$tt(- a -?%n80-et" T$7te-in e--$% m07>ivata+$)an a v0&e+me*=/1- v$+t, &e tit$-an m(% a* e+.u)*t't()u-at te%ve*7ette, (mmie+=tt m07 a+-a+ma n8'+t v$+na te%ve me7va+<)'t()(%a, me7>a+t" N0>(n8 ><na..a+-0)= Ba>%(m Baa+e- -?*e+0en e+e)ett e78 a%a t?%**)e+ va+< ?))*ec)a.()an,

300T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9!5" .", QI3, , MG" ."V Ha+.>en 0) P$u.a%&in2 Chroni4ues des Comtesd'An8ou; 3esta Am"azi/n/ium .ominorum, 9" ." 0) 3esta Consuum Andega%orum, M!4" ." :u+-< !t(/(n e+vette A%enu%7(t va78 Luine%7(t, ;aine ?%?-?)n=/0t, 0) An7+iai I" Hen%i--e+ >($%Ct #$+8ta4t$tt a* ?%?-)070%t" A -0%&0)t v071+ #ia, Le$##%$8 0) ;ati+&a ?*ve78 c)()*(%n0 G" /Cniu) 40n -?t?tt>(*a))(7a &?nt?tte e+" e(n8a S*ii++a, e--$% m(% :+an&%ia 7%<#/(na-, E+*()*i T>ie%%8na- a #e+e)07e

v$+t" A 7%<# 4an m(% e+*a%(n&$-$+t Je%u*)(+eme T1%$)*i 3i+m$), MG" ."" II" H$n$%iu)na- Ba+4&uin>$* '%t a/(n+< +eve+0t -?*+i" R$*i`%e Cartuaire du !aint !épu/re, 4G" ."301In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G54GM" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 545G" ."

9

ame+8ne- a )e/-/0t e+=*ete)en me7?+te" He+80t e78 m()i- .e%*)a, i*$n8$) I)*m('+#$7+a+ta e+"5

A* C/ &ama)*-u)*i ata07, T$7te-in #ia, T(&*) a+4;u+- Bu%' +ett" Bu%' e+>at(%$*ta,>$78 me7)*aa&u+ a* a)*a)*in$- )*e-t(/(t<+" ! )*e.teme%0en e+)= +0.0)-0ntme7?+ette .(%t#$7</u-at, a+4;a*&a7(n' ve*'%t, mi-$% a &ama)*-u)*i R<*)a.avi+$n4an tan(c)-$*()$n vett %0)*t" E78i&e/+e7 Dama)*-u)* v(%$)(an -it?%t a Bu%' (+ta+e+=-0)*'tett *ava%7(), me+8ne- )$%(n a )*e-ta min&en #e++e+>et= ta7/(t me7?+t0-" AB(n/()*an ta%t<*-$&< I)*m('+ me7%0m1+t" H$78 )*e-tat(%)ait me7ment)e, t(%78a+(4)$-a -e*&ett a #%an-$--a+"

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e%%e a* a+-a+$m%a v(%t" T$7te-in >a+(+>'%0%e Pa8en)4i Hu7<t, atem.+$m$)$- na78me)te%0t Eu%<.(a -1+&te, >$78 -at$n(-at t$$%$**$n Dama)*4-u)* ev0te+0%e" Ami-$% I)*m('+ -1+&?ttei me7/e+ente-, #%an- c)a.at$- in&u+ta- B(n4

/()* (tv0te+0%e, I)*m('+t 0) )*e-t(/(t .e&i7 #%ante%1+et%e te+e.'tett0-" Ott I)*m('+ v0%4>a)an me7ete7e&ett 0) n0>(n8 ><na.$n e+1+ me7>a+t, >'vei .e&i7 )*0t)*<%<&4ta-"55 Ba+&uin n$veme% e+e/0n ment B(n/()*a, 0) ve+e ta%t$tt a* e70)* /e%u*)(+emi)e%e7, ame+8et #e+&u**a)*t$tta- a n8u7at%<+ #%i))en 0%-e*ett -at$n(-" A )e%e7 -$m$4+8a e++en(++() n0+-1+ >a+a&t 0) a :a4>'&n(+, Dama)*-u)*t<+ -" >at m0%#?+&%e &0+4n8u7at%a ve%t t($%t" Bu%' ve+1- )*em-?*t v$nu+tatta #e+ >a&)e%e70t, >(t(an $tt v$+ta v(%$)" P(% na.i7 e78i- )e%e7 )em m$*&u+t" I&=-?*en Ba+&uin a* C/$nnan 0%-e*et4te-=+ c)a.at$-at a+a-'t$tt, 0) Bu%e)4i 3i+m$) ve*et0)e a+att e+-1+&te =-et, >$78 0+e+4met 0) m() >a)*n$) &$+7$t 78/t)ene-, mie+=tt e-e%'ti- a v(%$)t" 3i+m$) a*$nannem tu&$tt .a%anc)$+ni eme%eine-, a-i- in-( )a/(t ma7u-na- *)(-m(n8$+ta-,mint)em ut(n.<t+()t 78/t?tte- v$+na a )e%e7ne-" Bu%' e%%=+ tu&$m()t )*e%*ett, 0) e78n$veme% v07i %e77e+en t1%-m0n +$va))(7a me7t(ma&ta 3i+m$)t, >C)* m0%#?+&%e&0+%e a #%an- t($%t<+" A #%an-$- /<+ -1*&?tte-, &e a* e++en)07 +e78=*te =-et" 6)a-3i+m$) mene-1+t me7 ne78ven?t t(%)(va+, =- vitt0- me7 a >'%t a -i%(+8na-"5

Ba+&uin e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 a*$nna+ a* e++en)07%e t(ma&, am'7 a* a 78=*e+met 1n4ne.+i, 0) -ia&ta a .a%anc)$t a* e+=%en8$mu+()%a" E--$% )*a-a&ni -e*&ett a* e)=" A)'-)(7 )(%ten7e%%0 v(+t, a* uta-at m0+8 v'*#$+8()$- )*e+t0- -e%e)*t1+4-a)u+" I+8en -?4%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt +e>etet+en v$+t t(ma&ni" A -i%(+8 -e)e%en c)a+<&$tt, &e #e+ -e++etta&nia a* $)t%$m 7$n&$+at(t" A #%an- )e%e7 t?-0+ete) >a%ci %en&en vi))*av$nu+t B(n4

/()* #e+0, Pa+e)*tin(a ment, ma/& #e+$)*+$tt"59

A* 0)*a-i #e/+em0n8e- m07 #(/&a+ma)a( tett0- a c)a+<&()t" Ba+&uin aan %e4m0n8-e&ett, >$78 II" B$emun& 0) J$)ce+in ma/& -i>a)*n(+/a a* A+e..<an u%a+-$&<*%*ava%t, ) v07%e me7><&'t/a a na78 mu)*+im v(%$)t" Anna- e++en0%e, >$78 min&-0t#%an- ve*0% )i-e%e)en .$%t8(*$tt a+e..<i te%1+eten =)*0n, nem tu&ta- e781ttm4-?&ni" K?+c)?n?)en #0+t0-en8e- v$+ta- e78m()%a" J$)ce+in e78 i+4Bu%)*u-iva+ -?t?tt#e78ve%)*1net e%e&m0n8e-0nt $+8an te%1+ete-et )*e%*ett me7, ame+8e- e78-$% m(%Anti<->i(>$* ta%t$*ta-" Enn0+ i) -'n$)a v$+t a*$nan, >$78 J$)ce+in m()$&i- #e+e4)070ne-, Anti<->iai R$7e% ;(%ia nev te)tv0%0ne- $&a'70%t0- >$*$m(n8-0nt A*a*v(%$)(t" De B$emun& C78 v0+e-e&ett, >$78 R$7e% c)a- -$%m(n8*$tt a* = nev0en, 0)nem v$+t /$7a anti<->iai te%1+ete- e+a/(n&0-$*()(>$*" :e+m$n&ta a me7(++a.$&()t"E--$% J$)ce+in a t?%?- *)$+&$)$--a+ me7e%=)'tett c)a.atait a >at(% menti anti<->iai

302In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !4G", G4!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5G4GG" ."303

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !4!9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5G45GM" ."304In a+4Ka+(ni)*' !94!G" ."305T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, M, 9!949!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !G4" ."

M

#a+va- e++en ve*ette" A* )em ta%t$tta vi))*a, >$78 Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a a* e70)* e&e))*ai7%<#)(7$t -i-?*?)'tette" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 na78$n >a%a7$)an #$7a&ta e vi)*(+8 >'%0t"

G e+e/0n 0)*a-%a )ietett 0) 0-e-?t0)%e -0n8)*e%'tette a >e%ce7e-et" J$)ce+in v$+ta >a%a7ta%t<, (m = me7ete7e&ett ) ete7)070en a* 07 1ntet0)0t +(tta" Be+ee78e4*ett, >$78 vi))*aa&/a B$emun&na- a me7)*e%*ett *)(-m(n8t ) C78 +(t)*$tt, -0)* +e4m$n&ani A*a*%<+ i)" E--$% a*$nan m(% tC+ -0)= v$+t" É..C78, mint Dama)*-u)*e)et0en e78 0vve+ -0)=, a -e%e)*te)e- itt i) )$>a vi))*a nem t0%= a+-a+mat )*a+a)*4t$tta- e+, me%t a mu)*+imna- C/ 0) a* e+=*=-n0+ na78$ a/n$-a t(ma&t"5M

M ut$+)< ><na./aian a+4;u)*ta%)i& a()*i&a -a+i#a F a-i G4an -e%1+t a+4;u)*ta*>'%, a )*e%etet%e m0+t< -?+t= >e+80e F C78 a-a%ta -i>a)*n(+ni a )*e+&*)u-)*u+t(n$--a+ #enn(++< c)a+(&i vi)*(+8$-at, >$78 me7)*aa&u+/$n #enn>at<)(7u-t<+Ba7&a& ;a>mC& )*u+t(n te%1+et0n #e-1&t, a-i -0n8te+en v$+t #0+e)*a-'tani va&()*a4t(t, >$78 )e%e7et -1+&/?n Ba7&a&a" A )e%e7et Im(& a&4D'n Zan7' ve*et0)0%e '*ta"Zan7' a./a, A-)*$n-$% a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- e+=tti i&=-en A+e..< -$%m(n8*</av$+t, ) Zan7' m(% /< nevet )*e%*ett ma7(na- a #%an-$- e++eni >a%c$- )$%(n" R?vi&>a&/(%at ut(n a)*itn(+ +e78=*te a -a+i#a )e%e70t, 0) a -a+i#(t a+attva+</(v( tette" A+4;u)*ta%)i&na- tet)*ett Zan7' ta.intat$) vi)e+-e&0)e, me+8et a 78=*e+em ut(n tanC)'4t$tt, ) ami-$% i+4Bu%)*u-i >a+(+a ut(n C/ ata07et -e++ett ;$)*u+a -ineve*ni, ;u>am4ma&, a-i e+einte e78 Duai)* nev e&uin ve*et=%e 7$n&$+t, e78et0%tett a -a+i#(va+aan, >$78 Zan7' /$ v(+a)*t() v$+na" A )*u+t(n i#/C #i(t, A+. A%)*+(nt neve*t0- -i;$)*u+ -$%m(n8*</(v(, 0) Zan7' +ett A+. A%)*+(n ata07/e" A* " 0v te+0t Zan7';$)*u+an t?+t?tte, 0) me7)*e%ve*te a v(%$) i7a*7at()(t" G tava)*(n A+e..< e++env$nu+t, me%t a*t i) i+4Bu%)*u-i i%t$-(na- v0+te" A+e..< .$+7(%ai e+e#(%a&ta- m(% a*(tv0)*e+t *%*ava%$) i&=-e, 0) ?%?mme+ 1&v?*?+t0- Zan7't, a-i /Cniu) G4(n 1nne4.0+8e)en ev$nu+t a v(%$)a"5

Zan7' a #%an-$- e++en -1*&= mu)*+im$- a/n$-(nate-intette ma7(t" De nema-a%t +ec)a.ni -e++= #e+-0)*1+0) n0+-1+" K0t 0v%e #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt J$)ce+inne+, )e*a+att me7)*i+(%&'t$tta >ata+m(t S*'%i(an" A )ai*a%i 0) a >um)*i em'% )ietve e+i)me%4te #enn>at<)(7(t" A* e+=it=+ Zan7' nem ta%t$tt" A* ut<it .e&i7 %(vette, >$78 )e47't)e =t a &ama)*-u)*i #enn>at<)(7 a+( ta%t$*< Ham( v(%$) e++eni >a&/(%at(an, c)e4%0e ne-i '70%te a v(%$)t" De ami-$% e+#$7+a+t(-, Zan7' me7ta%t$tta ma7(na- 0) a>um)*i Hi%-(nt e?%t?n?*te, >a(% e78e&1+ nem v$+t -0.e) me7ta%tani Hum)*$t" A&ama)*-u)*i Bu%i F a-i me7'70%te, >$78 c)at+a-$*i- >$**(, 0) e781tt #$+8tatna- ma/&)*ent >($%Ct a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en F, e+ v$+t #$7+a+va a ma7a >($%C/(va+, ame+8et Je4%u*)(+emme+ v'v$tt 0) nem ti+ta-$*>at$tt" 5 v070%e Zan7' S*'%ia vitat>atat+an u%av$+t e70)*en a &0+en #e-v= Hum)*i7"5G

;07 u78anaan a* 0ven na78 )*e%enc)0t+en)07 0%te a #%an-$-at" II" B$emun&4na- a* v$+t a c0+/a, >$78 vi))*a)*e%e**en >e%ce7)070ne- min&en $+8an #?+&et, ame+8e78-$% $&a ta%t$*$tt" Ki+i-i(an +e(+&$*$tt a* anti<->iai u%a+$m na./a" Ta%)*$)* 0)A&ana m07 a #%an-$-0 v$+t, va+<)*'n+e7 Ba+&uin -i%(+8 te)tv0%0ne-, 6ec'+i(na-,R$7e% ?*ve780ne- ?*ve78i i%t$-a v$+t, 0) m07 ;ami)*t%(an i) ma%a&t #%an- >e+84=%)07" A e+/e #e-v= Ana*a%$)* a*$nan a %u.eni&a T$%$)* ?%m0n8 >e%ce70 +ett,a-i a -?*e+i S*i)*en %en&e*te e #=v(%$)(t" !4en T$%$)* me7>a+t, 0) e78 .a+$t(ne+1+i c)e+)*?v0) e%e&m0n8e-0..en n0>(n8 ><na.$n e+1+ me7>a+t a #ia, K$n)tantin

306

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9!" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MM9" ."307Zan7' t?%t0net0t G4i7 +()& 6a>en2 i* m*V 5M45" ." 0) ", 5" /e78*et #$%%()$--a+"308In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M9G" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+ii, 5" ."

i)" A -?vet-e*= u%a+-$&< T$%$)* #iv0%e, e< v$+t"5! B$emun& e+0%-e*ettne- v0+te a*i&=t Ana*a%$)* vi))*a><&'t()(%a" 5 #e%u(%/(an -i) )e%e77e+ a D*)i>(n #$+8<ment0n >a+a&t c0+/a #e+0" e< me7i/e&t 0) L(*' &ani)men& em'%t=+ -0%t )e7't)07et, a-i4ne- a i%t$-a a--$%ian a Tau%u)*4>e78)07i7 0%t" B$emun& nem tu&$tt e%%=+ a )*?4vet)07%=+" Amint <vat+anu+ v$nu+t a #$+8< ment0n F a* ?%m0n8e- u78ani) c)a- c)e4-0+8 e++en(++()t tanC)'t$tta- F, e78)*e% c)a- &ani)men& t?%?-?- t(ma&t(- me7 =-et0) +e78i+-$+t(- a* e70)* )e%e7et" A*t e)*0+t0-, >$78 >a #e+i)me%t0- v$+na a >e%ce7et,me7-'m0+t0- v$+na a %em0+t v(+t)(7&'/0%t" 78 a*$nan a #e/0t vitt0- e+ a &ani)men&em'%ne-, a-i ea+*)am$*va e+-1+&te a/(n&0-a a -a+i#(na-"5

6)a- a i*(nci eavat-$*()na- v$+t -?)*?n>et=, >$78 a t?%?-?- nem >a)*n(+t(- -i /$an 78=*e+m1-et, 0) Ana*a%$)* ?%m0n8 -0*en ma%a&t"5 B$emun& >a+(+a a*$n4an na78 c)a.() v$+t Anti<->i(%a" B$emun& Anti<->i(t ?%?-)07e -a.ta, ) /$7aina-?%?-?)0%e -e++ett v$+na )*(++nia" A+i**a+ -?t?tt >(*a))(7(<+ c)a- e78 -i)+(n8a )*1+e4tett, K$n)tancia, a-i e--$% -0te)*ten&=) v$+t" A+i* nem v(%ta e, >$78 a./a, mint +e74#= >0%C% %07en)t neve**en -i, >anem e78)*e%ien (tvette a* i%(n8't()t" A+i* na478$n ec)v(78< v$+t" Anti<->i(an c)a->ama% a*t e)*0+t0-, >$78 nem %07en)-0nt,>anem )*uve%0n u%a+-$&<-0nt a-a%/a -$%m(n8$*ni a >e%ce7)07et" E*0%t K$n)tanci(tva78 -$+$)t$%a -e++ett *(%atni, va78 >$**(e%=+tetni e78 a+ac)$n8 %an7C eme%>e*" Aevett )*$-()$-t<+ e+t0%=en vi)e+-e&= an8a e+ve)*'tette n0.)*e%)070t a >e%ce7)074en, a>$+ a #0%#ia- t?)07e a*$n a n0*eten v$+t, >$78 a ne>0* i&=-en a v(%$)na- %047en)-0nt -at$n(%a van )*1-)07e" Ami-$% A+i* me7>a++$tta, >$78 a -i%(+8 Ct%a -e+tAnti<->ia #e+0, 0%e*te, >$78 a >ata+$m -i)i-+i- a -e*0=+, 0) -0t)07ee)ett +0.0)%e)*(nta e+ ma7(t" E78 .$m.()an #e+)*e%)*(m$*$tt +$vat -1+&?tt A+e..<a Zan7' ata407ne-, 0) e/e+entette, >$78 >a/+an&< e+i)me%ni #enn>at<)(7(t, >a Zan7' me7>a78/a=t Anti<->ia i%t$-(an"

Amint Ba+&uin me7>a++$tta B$emun& >a+(+>'%0t, m()i- ve/0ve+, :u+-<va+ a*$nna+0)*a-%a )ietett, >$78 78(m)(7(a ve78e a* ?%?-?)n=t, 0) %07en)t neve**en -i" A v(4%$) -?*e+0en eme%ei e+#$7t(- a*t a -?vetet, a-it A+i* in&'t$tt Zan7'>e*" A -i%(+8 a-?vetet a*$nna+ #e+a-a)*tatta" Ami-$% Anti<->i(>$* 0%t, +e(n8a e*(%atta e+=tte a -a4.u-at" Ba+&uin J$)ce+in>$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t 0) +et($%$*$tt Anti<->ia e+=tt" A+i* (t4meneti+e7 t(m$7at<-%a ta+(+t a v(%$)an, me%t a -at$n(-na- 0) a n0.ne- =ven $)*4t$7atta a >e%ce7i -inc)t(% .0n*0t" A* i) +e>et, >$78 ?%m0n8 v$+ta miatt n0.)*e% v$+ta >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- -?%0en" A #%an- neme))07 a*$nan )$>a)em t(m$7at$ttv$+na e78 a))*$n8t u%a+-$&</a e++en0en" N0>(n8 na. mC+va e78 n$%mann +$va7,Ave%)ai 3i+m$) 0) e78 atin P0te% nev )*e%*ete) me7n8it$tta a He%ce74-a.ut J$)ce4+in 0) a S*ent P(+4-a.ut :u+-< e+=tt" ;()na. a -i%(+8 ev$nu+t a v(%$)a" A+i* a t$4%$n8an a%i-(&$*ta e+ ma7(t, 0) c)a- a--$% /?tt e+=, ami-$% a v(%$) u%ai /<t(++ta- a*0+et00%t" :(/&a+ma) ta+(+-$*<%a -e%1+t )$% Ba+&uin 0) +e(n8a -?*?tt2 A+i* %ette7ve 0))*078en-e*ve t0%&e+t a./a e+0" A -i%(+8 nem a-a%t $t%(n8t, 0) -0t)07-'v1+ at8ai )*'vei) me7+(78u+t" ;e7$c)(t$tt A+i*na-, &e e+vette t=+e a %07en))07et 0) ata-ia, i++etveD*)aa+a te%1+et0%e, a II" B$emun& (+ta+ -i/e+?+t ?*ve78i i%t$-%a )*(m*te" A -i%(+8

3093a>%am2 rmény $mes ,rónika, 9" ."310T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9!G49!!" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QI, , I3" -?t" M4MG" ."V R$mua+&, M* 3*

H* !s*, QI3" -?t" " ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."V Chron* Anon* !yr* !G4!!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, MG" ."311S*'%iai ;i>(+8 III, 5" ." a*t '%/a, >$78 K$mn0n$)* J(n$) a*$nna+ t(ma&ta a t?%?-?-et" ()& em II" -?t" A /s)/spont = A /sászár k?%eteései c" %0)*"

G

+ett a %07en), Anti<->ia u%ai ne-i 0) un$-(/(na- tette- e)-1t" Ba+&uin a v(%$) #e+178e4+et0t J$)ce+in%a '*ta, 0) 5 n8a%(n vi))*at0%t Je%u*)(+eme"5

E* v$+t a -i%(+8 ut$+)< uta*()a" ;e7vi)e+te =t >$))*C, tev0-en8 0+ete, me+8 a+att -0t)an8a%C %a)(7an t?+t?tt i&=)*a-$t v0)*e+t (t" 54en e70)*)07e %$m+ani -e*&ett"Au7u)*tu)an m(% n8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 >a+&$-+i-" K'v(n)(7(%a a /e%u*)(+emi .a4+$t(<+ a S*ent)'%>$* 0.'tett .(t%i(%-ai %e*i&enci(%a vitt0-" A K(+v(%ia -?*e+0ena-a%t me7>a+ni" Ha+(+a -?*e+e&te-$% ma7(>$* %en&e+te a -i%(+8)(7 neme)eit, +e(n8(t,;e+i)en&(t, ve/0t, :u+c>e%t 0) e78e)*ten&=) un$-(/(t, a-i na78at8/a ut(n a Ba+&uinnevet -a.ta" ;e7(+&$tta ;e+i)en&(t 0) :u+c>e%t, 0) -0%te a /e+en+ev=-et, >$78 #$7a&4

/(- e+ =-et u%a+-$&<i-na-" E*ut(n )*e%*ete)i %u>(t ?+t?tt, 0) #e+vett0- =t a S*ent)'% -a4n$n$-/ai )$%(a" A+i7 0%t v07et a )*e%ta%t() 5" au7u)*tu) 40n, e78 .0nte-i na.$n,a -i%(+8 me7>a+t" A S*ent)'% tem.+$m(an temett0- e+, na78 -i%(+8na- -i/(%< 78()*41nne.)077e+ Cc)C*tatt(-"55

Un$-ate)tv0%e 0) >a%c$)t(%)a, a* e&e))*ai J$)ce+in nem )$--a+ 0+te =t tC+" Ba+&uin>a+(+a-$% A+e..<t<+ 0)*a--e+et%e e78 -i) v(%at $)t%$m$+t" ;i-?*en a c)ata)$%$-ate++en=%i*te, e$m+$tt a+atta a )a/(t eme%ei (+ta+ ()$tt a-na" SC+8$)an me7)ee)1+t, %e4m0n8 )em v$+t, >$78 #e+0.1+/?n" Ha+(+$) (78(n #e-1&t, ami-$% >'%e /?tt, >$78 L(*'&ani)men&i em'% i)m0t Kai)*un v(%$)a, a na78 e%=& e++en v$nu+t, a>$v( J$)ce+in nem)$--a+ -$%(an neve*te -i Anti<->ia /a-$ita .(t%i(%-(/(t" Kai)*unt -em0n8en $)t4%$m$+t(- a t?%?-?-" J$)ce+in e+%en&e+te, >$78 #ia men/en a v(%$) me7)e7't0)0%e" De a*i#/C J$)ce+in a*t #e+e+te, >$78 a* e&e))*ai )e%e7 tC+ -ic)i e>>e* a #e+a&at>$*" A* i&=)7%<# e%%e #?+-e+t ete7(78(<+, 0) >$%&(78$n vitette ma7(t a )e%e7 0+0n a t?%?-?- e+4+en"

J?vete+0%e L(*' me7%ettent, mive+ m(%i) >$+tna- v0+te J$)ce+int, 0) #0+e+m0en e+v$4nu+t Kai)*un #a+ai a+<+" E78 #ut(% )ietve J$)ce+in>$* +$va7$+t, a-i #?+&%e t0tette >$%&4(78(t 0) >(+(t a&$tt I)tenne-" A* e%=#e)*'t0) 0) a +e+-i me7%(*-<&tat() tC+ )$- v$+t)*(m(%a, $tt >a+t me7 a* $%)*(7Ct )*0+0n"5

Ba+&uinna+ 0) J$)ce+inna+ -i>a+t a* Ctt?%= -e%e)*te)e- nem*e&0-e" A -?vet-e*=0ve-en C/#a/ta -$n#+i-tu)$- /e+ent-e*te- a -e%e)*te)e- -?*?tt" A* e78i- $+&a+$n am()$&7ene%(ci<) #0%#ia- 0) n=- (++ta-, mint II" J$)ce+in, A+i* >e%ce7n=, va78 a t%i.$+i4)*i >(* ta7/ai2 min& >a/+am$)a- -e+eti m<&%a 0+ni, 0) a m(% me7+0v= i%t$-ai-na-a-a%t(- )*ente+ni ma7u-at" A m()i- $+&a+$n a n8u7at%<+ C/$nnan 0%-e*=-et ta+(+/u-2>a%c%a -0)*e-, a >e+8i -?%1+m0n8e->e* -0.te+ene- a+-a+ma*-$&ni, mint :u+-<, P$i4tie%)4i Ra/mun&, va78 mint a v07*etet >$*< 6>ti++$n4i Ra/na+&"59

312T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, , 9!!4M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MM4MM" ."313T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIII, G, M4M" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QIII, 5, I3" -?t" 5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*',

4G" ."V c)1t?%t?-%e, Rama&(n >< 9" na./(%a te)*i, &e %$))*u+ a&/a me7 a* 0vet a >i&*)%a ut(n 9M""314

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 5, M!4M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5V Chron* Anon* !yr " !!4" ."315In a+4A)*'%, 5G!45!" ." #e+i)me%i, >$78 me7v(+t$*ta- a -?%1+m0n8e-" A* e78i- $+&a+$n e+tnte-a* Ctt?%= -e%e)*te)e-, 0) a m()i- $+&a+$n Zan7' ve*et0)e a+att me7in&u+t a mu)*+im e78)07 -ia+a-'t()a"

!

3. %e&e'et

A /6-2k !e/'e,k

+Idegen (iakat nemzettek. /Ezeás %2"3

5" )*e.teme% 40n, >(%$m >0tte+ a*ut(n, >$78 II" Ba+&uin -i%(+8t ?%?- n8u7a4+$m%a >e+8e*t0- a S*ent)'%4tem.+$man, u78an$tt me7-$%$n(*t(- :u+-< -i%(+8t 0)

;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0t" Na78 1nne.)07e--e+ 1+t0- me7 a* C/ u%a+-$&< t%<n%a +0.0)0t"5M

A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7 (%e%ce7e- c)a- v$na-$&va i)me%t0- e+ =t >0%u%u-na-" I" 0) II" Ba+&uinm07 C78 +0.>etett #e+, mint a* ?))*e) #%an- +e7#= >0%u%a, me%t me7v$+t >$**( a-e++= >ata+ma 0) te-int0+8e" A /$7i >e+8*et a*$nan t(v$+%<+ )em v$+t te+/e)en e780%4te+m" E&e))*a e)et0en I" J$)ce+in, mint e+=tte II" Ba+&uin, >)07et e)-1&?tt e+=&/04ne-, ami-$% a* Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8a +ett, 0) )*em0+8e)en t=+e -a.$tt i%t$-$t" E* a +0.0)

J$)ce+in ?%?-?)eit va/$n II" Ba+&uin va*a++u)aiv( tette_ T%i.$+i)*an Be%t%an& 7%<# e+4#$7a&ta I" Ba+&uin #enn>at<)(7(t, >$78 v0&ve +e78en Tan-%0& t(ma&()aiva+ )*em4en, &e #ia, P$n) m(%i) me7.%<(+-$*$tt a**a+, >$78 me7ta7a&/a II" Ba+&uin /$7ait,ame+8e-et v071+ c)a- a*0%t i)me%t e+, me%t nem v$+t e%e/e, >$78 )*eme)*(++/$n a -i4%(+8 )e%e70ve+" I" B$emun& Anti<->i(an )*uve%0n u%a+-$&<nate-intette ma7(t, 0)Tan-%0&, n$>a nem u%a+-$&< v$+t, c)a- +e7#e+/e %07en), a 7a+i+eiai i%t$-ai miattnem v$+t >a/+an&< a -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7(t e+i)me%ni" B(% R$7e% 0) II" B$emun& e+i)4me%te II" Ba+&uin #enn>at<)(7(t, vitat>at< v$+t, >$78 /<+ tett0-4e va78 )em" A >e+8*e4tet t$v( $n8$+'t$tta, >$78 a i*(nci c)()*(% anna- a* e78e*)07ne- a* a+a./(n,ame+8 a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at i&e/0n )*1+etett K$n)tantin(.$+8an A+ei$)* 0) a-e%e)*te) ve*0%e- -?*?tt, t?%v0n8e)en i70n8t ta%t$tt Anti<->i(%a 0) E&e))*(%a, va+a4mint a T%i.$+i)* #e+etti #enn>at<)(7%a i), >i)*en Be%t%an& i) >)07et e)-1&?tt ne-i"

:u+-< t%<n%a +0.0)e tette i&=)*e%v0 e*e-et a -0%&0)e-et" A >0%i #enn>at<)(7(te++en*=- ve*0%e )<7$%n=/e, A+i* +ett" A+i* m(% a./a u%a+m(t i) c)a- na78$n ne>e*en i)4me%te e+" ;$)t i)m0t a**a+ a* i70nn8e+ +0.ett #e+, >$78 = +e>e))en +e(n8a nev0en a%07en)" E* nem i) tnt 0))*e%t+enne-, >a )i-e%1+ e+i)me%tetnie, >$78 a /e%u*)(+emi -i4%(+8 nem >0%u%a Anti<->i(na-, >i)*en min& a i*(nci vi+(7an, min& n8u7at$n a*v$+t a )*$-(), >$78 a 78e%me- u%a+-$&< me++ett a* an8/a v$+t a %07en)" I" J$)ce+in >a4+(+a, ame+8 a+i7 e78 ><na..a+ -?vette Ba+&uin0t, /< +e>et=)07et -'n(+t A+i*na-, >i)*en

J$)ce+in v$+t K$n)tancia >e%ce7n= 78(m/a, 0) Anti<->ia (%e+80e" 6)a+<&$tt)(7(an a* C/ e&e))*ai 7%<# i))*'ve)en >a++7atta A+i* >'*e+70)eit" K0t)07-'v1+ = )em a-a%ta e+#$7a&ni :u+-<t u%a+-$4&</(u+" T%i.$+i)*i P$n) i) t(m$7atta A+i*tV 6ec'+ia, P$n) #e+)07e, e+)= #0%/0t=+, R$7e%4t<+

316T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , MG4M!" ."

?*ve78i i%t$-u+ 6>a)te+ R$u7e4t 0) A%e*7(nt -a.ta, '78 #e+e)070n -e%e)*t1+ P$n) a*anti<->iai >e%ce7)07 e78i- na78i%t$-$)a v$+t" P$n) C78 v0+te, >$78 >a Anti<->iae78en%an7C +e)* Je%u*)(+emme+, T%i.$+i)* i) -?vet>eti a .0+&(t" A+i* me7n8e%te 17804ne- a >e%ce7)07e &0+i %0)*0n 0+= +e7na78$ (%<-at, a -0t te)tv0%t, Za%&anai 3i+m$)t0) La%ent$nt, S*a>/Cn u%ait, a-i- a ata-ia m?7?tti &$m$-$n 0.1+t i*(nci e%=&?ti%t$-$+t(-, t$v(( Anti<->i(an i) v$+ta- .(%t>'vei-" De a* anti<->iai u%a- t?)047e #0+t a n=u%a+$mt<+" Ami-$% tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- A+i* te%v0%=+, -1+&?nc?t mene)*4tette- Je%u*)(+eme 0) $&a>'vt(- :u+-< -i%(+8t"

:u+-< a*$nna+ e+in&u+t )e%e70ve+ Je%u*)(+em=+" O+8an -i>'v() v$+t e*, ame++8e+)*eme -e++ett n0*nie" Ami-$% a t%i.$+i)*i >at(%%a 0%t, P$n) nem en7e&0+8e*te ne-i a*(tv$nu+()t" 6ec'+ia 7%<#n0 :u+-< #0+te)tv0%e v$+t, &e :u+-< >i(a >ivat-$*$tt a %$-$n4)(77a+ /(%< -?te+e))07e-%e" A /e%u*)(+emi )e%e7ne- ten7e%en -e++ett Be/%Ct<+ S*ent Si4me$na /utnia" Amint .a%t%a )*(++ta- a* anti<->iai te%1+eten, a -i%(+8 &0+%e v$nu+t 0)6>a)te+ R$u7e4n(+ +eve%te a +(*a&<-at" A>>$* a*$nan nem v$+t e+07 e%=), >$78 me741nte))e e++en)07eit" P$n) a -i%(+8 $c)(nat(t -0%te 0) e+ i) n8e%te" A+i* (ntat+anu+me7ma%a&t ata-i(an, ?*ve78i i%t$-(n" S*a>/Cni 3i+m$)na- 0) La%ent$nna- me74$c)(t$tt a -i%(+8, 0) me7$c)(t$tt E&e))*ai J$)ce+inna- i), a-i nem vett %0)*t )*em04+8e)en a c)at(an" Nem i*$n8$), >$78 P$n) 0) J$)ce+in >)07e)-1t tett :u+-<na-, 0)nem )i-e%1+t me7t?%nie A+i* .(%t/(t )em" S*a>/Cni 3i+m$)t n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)=me7?+t0- e78 Ze%&ana e++eni -i)e mu)*+im t(ma&() )$%(n, 0) J$)ce+in a*$nna+ #e+e4)071+ vette Beat%i$t, 3i+m$) ?*ve780t, a-i va+<)*'n+e7 Ze%&an(t -a.ta ?*ve78i i%4t$-u+" I&=-?*en a*$nan >e+8%e(++t a 0-e" :u+-< +ett Anti<->ia %07en)e, &e a -?*4vet+en i%(n8't()t a >e%ce7)07 #=ve*0%0%e, a ma%-ai ;a*$i% Ra/na+&%a '*ta" A -i%(+8vi))*at0%t Je%u*)(+eme, 0) a* u&va%n(+ )*?%n8 &%(ma %0)*e)0v0 v(+t"5

É+t a* u&va%an e78 c)in$) neme) i#/C, e Pui)et4i Hu7<, Ja##a u%a" A./a, a* $%+0an4nai)4i Pui)et u%a I" Hu7<, II" Ba+&uin e+)= un$-ate)tv0%e, 3I" a/$) #%ancia -i%(+8 (%<ie++en*0-0ne- a ve*0%e v$+t" A #%ancia -i%(+8 G4an +e%$m$+ta e Pui)et v(%(t, 0)me7#$)*t$tta i%t$-ait<+ I" Hu7<t" Hu7< #iv0%ei, Li+&$in, a J$*a#(t4v?+78e+i S** ;(4%ia4a.(t)(7 #e/e 0) Bi%e&*)i-i La+e%an, m(% -$%(an Ke+et%e mente-, 0) ami-$% Ba+4&uin /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 +ett, Hu7< e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 -?veti te)tv0%eit, 0) #e+e)070ve+,;ai++(va+ = i) -e+et%e uta*$tt"5G ;a7u--a+ vitt0- Hu7< nev 78e%me-1-et i)" A.u+i4(n (tuta*<an a 78e%me- me7ete7e&ett, 0) II" B$emun& u&va%(an >a78t(-" II" B$4emun& ;ai++a e+)= un$-ate)tv0%e v$+t" Ami-$% a >(*a).(% Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*ett,Ba+&uin -i%(+8 ne-i- a&ta Ja##(t" I" Hu7< nem)$-(%a me7>a+t, e--$% ;ai++a 0) a i%4t$- e78 va++$n +$va70 Namu%i A+e%t0 +ett" ;in& ;ai++a, min& A+e%t %?vi&e)en -?4vette a )'%a Hu7<t, 0) a* e--$% -?%1+e+1+ M 0ve) II" Hu7< A.u+i(an >a/<%a )*(++t,0) e+/?tt, >$78 (tve78e ?%?-)070t" Ba+&uin )*'ve)en #$7a&ta 0) (ta&ta ne-i )*1+ei i%4t$-(t" Hu7<t a -i%(+8i u&va%a >'vta, a>$+ +e7-e&ve)e .a/t()a un$-ate)tv0%e, a #ia4ta+ ;e+i)en&a >e%ce7n= v$+t" t(/(n Hu7< #e+e)071+ vette A%nu+# .(t%i(%-a un$-a4

317T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 49, M4M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 55" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MM" ." a*t (++'t/a,>$78 Ze%&enai 3i+m$)t a .$+7(%>($%Can ?+t0- me7, &e In a+4Ka+(ni)*' 9" ." )*e%int 55 e+e/0nme7?+t0-" A+i* +(*a&()a 5 e+e/0%e +e>et="

318Pui)et4i Hu7< an8/a, ;$nt+>0%8 A+i*, II" Ba+&uin ;e+i)en&a nev an8/(na- v$+t a te)tv0%e" 6ui)4)a%&2 Les !eigments du &uiset, G!" ." A J$*a#(t4e+i S** ;(%ia4-$+$)t$% a.(t/a, Li+&$in 0) Bi%e&*)i-i La4+e%an #e+te>et=en Hu7< te)tv0%ei v$+ta-" ;a>i++a a./a R$uc8 7%<#/a, Hu7< v$+t, an8/a .e&i7, Lui)ca%&

R<e%t S*ii++a nev +(n8a" ()& e m III" -?tete #177e+0-0en, c)a+(&#(-, I, 0) " 0) " T1%$)*i 3i+m$),+()& e m II" -?tet !" ." >e+8te+en1+ a*t #e+t0te+e*i, >$78 II" Hu7< A.u+i(an )*1+etett, >a e* '78 +en4ne, a--$% M 0ve) -$%(an n=)1+t v$+na"

>C7(t, La%nie%4i Eu)tac>e ?*ve780t, Emm(t, a-i m(% -?*0.-$%C, &e na78 i%t$--a+%en&e+-e*= >?+78 v$+t" Emma na78$n ?%1+t &0+ce7 i#/C #0%/0ne-, &e i-e%#iai, II" Eu)ta4c>e, S*i&<n ?%?-?)e 0) Lautie%, a-i%e Kai)*a%eia v(%t, 78+?+t0- a n(+u- a+i7 va+ami4ve+ i&=)e m$)t$>aa./u-at"5! I&=-?*en ;e+i)en&(t i) #0%/>e* a&t(- :u+-<>$*, a-ita >e%ce7n= )$>a)em )*e%etett me7, (% :u+-< na78$n )*e%e+me) v$+t ne/0e" A -i%(+84n= t$v(%a i) i*a+ma) a%(t)(7an ma%a&t Hu7<va+" A* u&va% .+et8-(+t, 0) :u+-<e78%e #0+t0-en8e +ett" Hu7<na- na78$n )$- e++en)07e v$+t, 0+1-?n -0t m$)t$>a#i(4va+" - c)a- )*'t$tt(- a -i%(+8 78anC/(t, m'7 v071+ Hu7< ?nv0&e+em=+ e70)* .(%t$t>$*$tt +0t%e ma7a -?%1+, ame+8ne- ve*et=/e &e e Pu84i R$main, a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%14+ete- i%t$-$)a v$+t" Nem)$-(%a a -i%(+8)(7 e70)* neme))070t me7$)*t$tta a -i%(+8 0)a 7%<# e++ent0te, 0) -?*tu&$tt v$+t, >$78 a 7%<# a -i%(+8n= %$-$n)*env0t 0+ve*te" 5n8a%(n min& na78$ +ett a #e)*1+t)07" A n8(% v070n, ami-$% a .a+$ta te+e v$+t a -i4%(+8)(7 na78/aiva+, La%nie%4i Lautie% me7v(&$+ta a m$)t$>aa./(t, >$78 a -i%(+8 0+et04%e t?%, 0) #e+)*<+'t$tta, >$78 (++/$n -i e++ene .(%via&a+%a" Hu7< a v(&at ta7a&ta 0) e+#$47a&ta a -i>'v()t" A +e7#e+)= '%$78 me7te78e a* e+=-0)*1+ete-et"

E+0%-e*ett a na., 0) Lautie% me7 i) /e+ent, &e Hu7< t(v$+ ma%a&t" Ta+(n a -i%(+8n=-0%te a%%a, >$78 ne (++/$n -i, me%t #0+t, >$78 a &$+$7na- v07*ete) -imenete+e i) +e>etVta+(n Emma 7%<#n0 ma%a)*ta+ta, a-i a via&a+an va78 a #0%/0t, va78 a #i(t ve)*'tettev$+na e+V a* i) +e>et, >$78 Hu7< n?)ne- 0%e*te ma7(t, 0) #0+t I)ten $))*C/(t<+" B(%4mi i) v$+t t(v$+ma%a&()a $-a, 78(va)(7(t (%u+()a i*$n8't0-(nate-intett0-" Ba%(taie*e- ut(n nem ta%t>atta- -i me++ette" A -i%(+8i tan(c) t(v$++0t0en n?)ne- m$n&ta-i" Hu7< me7i/e&t, A)*-a+$na mene-1+t, >$78 a* e78i.t$mi >e+8=%)07t=+ -0%/en me4ne&0-et" E78i.t$mi c)a.atta+ t0%t vi))*a Ja##(a, 0) e+-e*&te .u)*t'tani S(%$n )'-)(47(t" E**e+ n8'+tan (%u+<v( +ett" Ba+ian, Ie+in i%t$-$)a 0) Ja##a #=.a%anc)n$-a, Hu7<e+)= )*(mC a+attva+</a )*int0n Hu7< e++en #$%&u+t, 0) ami-$% )ietve -i%(+8i )e%e7 0%-e4*ett Je%u*)(+em=+ Ja##(a, a v(%$) -a%&c)a.() n0+-1+ me7a&ta ma7(t" ;07 a* e78i.4t$mia- i) e+>a78t(- Hu7<t, mint 0%t0-te+en )*?vet)07e)t" K0n8te+en v$+t me7a&nima7(t a -i%(+8na-"

Hu7< nem -a.$tt )*i7$%C 1ntet0)t" A -i%(+8n= a%(t/a v$+t, 0) ;e))ine)4i 3i+m$).(t%i(%-a i) a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 -a./$n -e78e+met" A -i%(+8 i) min0+ >ama%a e+ a-a%4ta )im'tani a &$+7$t, me%t n8i+v(nva+< v$+t a .$+7(%>($%C ve)*0+8e" Deceme% 40n,ami -$% a -i%(+8i )e%e7et Ja##a e++en ?))*e>'vt(-, a &ama)*-u)*i ata07 me7+e.et0)4)*e%en +ec)a.$tt B(n/()* e%=&/0%e 0) vi))*a><&'t$tta a* i)*+(mna-" A* a >at(%$*at)*1+etett, >$78 Hu7<na- >(%$m 0v%e )*(m*et0)e -e++ v$nu+nia, a*ut(n 1ntet+en1+e+#$7+a+>at/a i%t$-ait"

319Nem va78un- i*t$)a- Eu)tac>e La%nie% #iaina- a nev0en" Lautie% e78, G" )*e.teme% 40n-e+t $-+ev0+ )*e%int Kai)*a%eia 0) S*i&<n u%a v$+t R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 59" ."V II" Eu)tac>e M4an S*i4&<n u%a v$+t R?>%ic>t2 $egesta; Additamenta, G" ."" Eu)tac>e 0) Lautie% I" Eu)tac>e #iai-0nt )*e%e.e+4ne- e78 )*int0n M4an -e+t $-+ev0+en R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, G" ."" A Lignages )*e%int a*$nan Le%a%&

0) Lautie% a #iC- neve, 0) Le%a%&4t Lui&<na- i) >'v/a a* Assises" ()& a ;$nte2 T>e $%&) $# Si&$n,Byzantion, Q3II" -?t" GG4!" ."V )*e%inte Le%a%& II" Eu)tac>e #ia v$+t" II" Eu)tac>e >a+(+(t 5 e+=tt%ete)*i, ami-$% 3a+te% +ett Le%a%& nev0en a %07en)"

;'7 Hu7< >a/<%a v(%t, >$78 It(+i(a uta**0-, a* C/0v e+e/0n #e+ment Je%u*)(+eme,>$78 e+Cc)C**0- a%(tait<+" E78i- e)te, ami-$% a S*c)?- utc(/(n e78 1*+et e+=tt -$c4-(*$tt, e78 %et$n +$va7 m?70 $)$nt, 0) -e%e)*t1+>a)'t$tta a #e/0t 0) a te)t0t"

Hu7< c)a-nem e+v0%*ett" A 78anC %?7t?n a -i%(+8%a te%e+=&?tt, &e :u+-< 78$%)an0) me7#$nt$+tan c)e+e-e&ett" A %et$n +$va7$t '%<)(7 e+0 (++'t$tt(-, a>$+ eva++$tta,>$78 )a/(t ?t+ete v$+t a me%0n8+et2 '78 a-a%ta e+n8e%ni a -i%(+8 -e780t" A +$va7$t >a4+(+%a 't0+t0-, v07ta7/ait e784m() ut(n v(7t(- +e" A -iv074*0) n8i+v(n$) v$+t" Ami-$%m(% -a%/(t4+((t +ev(7t(- )c)a- a #e/e v$+t a t?%*)0n, e+i)4m0te+tett0- ve+e a va++$m()(t"A -i%(+8 ec)1+ete me7 v$+tmentve" De a -i%(+8n= nem>a78ta enn8ien a &$+7$t"Ann8i%a >a%a7u&$tt Hu7< e+4+en)07ei%e, >$78 a*$- ><na4.$-$n (t a* 0+et1-et #0+tett0-,0) ve*0%1-, a N(+u)*i Ra$4u%t -')0%et n0+-1+ -i )em me4%0)*-e&ett a* utc(%a" Á++'t<+a7m07 :u+-< -i%(+8 i) #0+tette a*0+et0t" Ne-i a*$nan c)a- a*v$+t a v(78a, >$78 e+n8e%/e#e+e)07e -e780t" ;in&enen%(>a78at-$*$tt, 0) a )*e%e4+emen $+&$7ta+an -i%(+8n=c)a->ama% a >ata+$man ta4+(+t vi7a)*t"5

Hu7< tC+0+te a me%0n8+e4tet, >a nem i) )$--a+" 3i))*a4v$nu+t un$-ate)tv0%e, II"R$7e% )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 u&va%(4a, a-i La%7an<t a/(n&0-$*tane-i" Nem )$--a+ -0)= $tt >a+t me7"5

:u+-< -0t)07-'v1+ me7-?nn8e1+ve )*ente+te e*e- ut(n ma7(t a* 0)*a-i 178e-4ne-" Ott %$))*au+ (++t a #%an-$- 178e, mint II" Ba+&uin i&e/0en" Anti<->i(an nemv$+t i7a*i u%a+-$&<" E&e))*ai II" J$)ce+inan nem 0+t a./a ene%7i(/a 0) .$+iti-ai 0%*0-e,0) nem i) v$+t v$n*< eme%2 a+ac)$n8 v$+t, va)-$), )?t0t =%, )?t0t >a/C, >im+=>e+8e)-0., >$))*C $%%C, &1++e&t )*em" 3$+ta- na78+e+- 7e)*tu)ai, &e +u)ta, .$m.a-e&4ve+=, >e&$ni)ta eme% +0v0n, t?-0+ete)en a+-a+mat+an v$+t a #%an- -e%e)*t0n8 vi+(7e+=%et$+t ()t8(/(na- i%(n8't()(%a"5

320A t?%t0netet %0)*+ete)en e+=a&/a T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 94, M4M55" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9" ."

%?vi&en )*<+ a #%an-$- -?*?tti n0*ete+t0%0)e-%=+, ame+8e-, mint '%/a, nem 78a-$%ia-"321T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , M55" ."322T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 5, M" ." II" J$)ce+in 54an )*1+etett Chron* Anon* !yr*, 59" .""

5

A Jeruzsálemi Királyság a II. század'an

Ann(+ i) in-( )C+8$) v$+t e78 %(te%mett #%an- ve*et= >i(n8a, me%t Zan7' ?))*etu&ta #$7ni a mu)*+im vi+(7 e%=it" E--$%ian Zan7' m07 -iv(%t" Ann8i%a +e v$+t -?tveI%a-an, >$78 nem tu&ta -i>a)*n(+ni a #%an-$- >e+8*et0t" ;a>mC& in ;u>amma&)*u+t(n 54en me7>a+t, 0) i%a-i 0) &0+4.e%*)iai i%t$-ait #i(%a, D(vC&%a >a78ta" DeS*an&*)(%, a )*e+&*)u- &ina)*tia me7>at(%$*< a+a-/a C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 a* ?%?-)07et;a>mC& #iv0%0ne-, Ka*vin i%t$-$)(na-, Tu7%i+na- -e++ene me7-a.nia" ;a>mC&-0t m()i- #iv0%e, ;a)*C& :(%)*<+ 0) S*e+&*)u-4)(> A*e%a/&*)(n<+ )*int0n i704n8e--e+ +0.ett #e+" D(vC& >ama%$)an vi))*a+0.ett, me%t )em ;u)*ta%)i&, )em a* a+att4va+<i nem t(m$7att(-" Ba7&a&an e78 i&=%e e+#$7a&t(- a S*an&*)(% t(m$7at()(t 0+4ve*= Tu7%i+t, ) e78Ctta+ S*an&*)(% n8$m()(%a ;a)*C& i) vi))*a+0.ett" S*an&*)(% )*(4m(%a a*$nan 0%&e-te+enn0 v(+ta- a* e)em0n8e-, ami-$% S*e+&*)u-4)(> Ba7&a&ament, ) e+n8e%te a -a+i#a t(m$7at()(t" ;a)*C& Zan7'>e* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t" Zan7'Ba7&a& e++en v$nu+t, &e a -a+i#a 0) S*e+&*)u-4)(> )C+8$) ve%e)07et m0%t %( Te-%'t -?4*e+0en" Ha Te-%'t -u%& -$%m(n8*</a, Na&*)m a&4D'n A//C nem mene-'ti (t Zan7'ta Ti7%i) #$+8<n, e+#$7t(- va78 me7?+t0- v$+na" Zan7' ve%e)07e #e+(t$%'t$tta a -a+i#(t,a-i a%%<+ (%(n&$*$tt, >$78 >e+8%e(++'t>at/a c)a+(&/a e78-$%i >ata+m(t" ;07 S*an&*)(%i) me7%0m1+t, 0) Zan7', mint S*an&*)(% -0.vi)e+=/e, 5 /Cniu)(an i)m0t Ba7&a&%at(ma&t, e* a+-a+$mma+ a -?.?n8e7#$%7at< e&uin t?%*)#=, Duai)* $+&a+(n" A c)at(4an e+=)*?% Zan7'ne- -e&ve*ett a )*e%enc)e, &e a*ut(n a -a+i#a )*em0+8e)en eavat4-$*$tt, me7ve%te Duai)*t, 0) &ia&a+ma)an +ec)a.$tt Zan7'%a, a-i -0n8te+en v$+t vi)*4)*av$nu+ni ;$)*u+a" ;u)*ta%)i& a -?vet-e*= tava)*$n 0%-e*ett $&a, na78 )e%e70+0n" 78 +(t)*$tt, >$78 a* a()*i&(-na- )i-e%1+ vi))*a)*e%e*ni1- e78-$%i &ic)=)0471-et, >i)*en a* i%a-i )*e+&*)u- )*u+tan(tu) e--$%ian m(% a+i7 v$+t t? a -a+i#ae78i- c)at+<) (++am(n(+" Zan7' a*$nan me7)*?-?tt ;$)*u+<+, >$**(-e*&ett a -a+i#at($%(na- .u)*t't()(>$* 0) e+v(7ta a* ut(n.<t+()i v$na+a-at" H(%$m ><na..a+ -04)= ;u)*ta%)i& vi))*av$nu+t"55 De a* a()*i&a C//()*1+et0) na78$n %?vi& 0+etv$+t" A -?vet-e*= 0ven ;a)*C& )*e+&*)u- >e%ce7 )$%%a +e78=*te min&a*$-at, a-i-i70n8t ta%t$tta- a* I%a-i )*u+tan(tu)%a" ;u)*ta%)i&nanem )i-e%1+t =t me7#0-e*nie"594en a Daima%7n(+ v'v$tt c)at(an ;a)*C& me7ve%te a -a+i#a )e%e70t ) e+#$7ta a-a+i#(t" A*e%a/&*)(na -1+&t0- )*(m*et0)e, ) $tt a)*a)*in$- ?+t0- me7, va+<)*'n4+e7 ;a)*C& /<v(>a78()(va+" A -a+i#a #ia 0) ut<&a, Ra)'&, D(vC& )*e+&*)u- t%<n-?ve4te+=>?* 0) Zan7'>$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t, &e >i(a" ;a)*C& e+0%te a a7&a&i -(&i-n(+,>$78 #$))*(- me7 a t%<nt<+ Ra)'&$t" ;u-ta#', a* C/ -a+i#a, 7a*&a7 a/(n&0-$--a+ e+c)(4't$tta Zan7't D(vC&t<+ 0) Ra)'&t<+" ;u-ta#' 0) ;a)*C& C/a me7ti)*te+= c'me--e+>a+m$*ta e+ Zan7't, 0) '78 Zan7' 594t=+ -e*&=&=en i)m0t a n8u7ati 178e-ne- )*en4te+>ette ma7(t"5

;ia+att Zan7' a* i%a-i 178e--e+ #$7+a+at$)-$&$tt, S*'%i(t S*aua%%a, e78 &ama)*-u4)*i -at$n(%a '*ta, a-it me7tett A+e..< -$%m(n8*</(v(" Nem tu&$tt )$- -at$n(t a%en&e+-e*0)0%e $c)(tani, &e i*tat()(%a )*(m$) *)(-m(n8-e&ve+= t1%-m0n (++t eS*aua% )*$+7(+at(a, a-i 55 tava)*(n ve+1- -0)*'tett e+= t(ma&()t Anti<->ia e++en"A me7%0m1+t anti<->iaia- :u+-< -i%(+8>$* #$%&u+ta- )e7't)070%t" ;i-?*en a -i%(+80)*a- #e+0 ta%t$tt )e%e70ve+, S*i&<nan ta+(+-$*$tt T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/(va+, a-i e+e)*0+tene-i, >$78 #0%/0t a N$)*ai%i4>e78)07en t=%e c)a+ta e78 t1%-m0n an&a, ma/& a 7%<#

323In a+4A)*'%, 5!G45!!" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, G4G9" ."V +()& W;a)u& in ;$>amme&X, WTu7>%i+

IX 0) WSan&/a%X )*<ci--e-et, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam"324AC+ :i&(, 45" ."V In a+4A)*'%2 A moszui ata"égek, GG4!" ."V In a+4Ti-ta-(2 Kit\ a+4#a>%] !4!G" ."

a* O%$nt0)*4v?+78 .e%em0n, ;$nt#e%%at v(%(an ta+(+t mene&0-et" A >?+78 -0%0)0%e:u+-< ;$nt#e%%at #e+0 in&u+t, ) -?*e+e&t0%e a t1%-m0ne- vi))*av$nu+ta-" E* a -?*/(4t0- >e+8%e(++'t$tta a )*'v0+8e) vi)*$n8t P$n) 0) :u+-< -?*?tt" Nem )$--a+ -0)=P$n) #ia 0) ?%?-?)e, Ra/mun& e+vette a -i%(+8n0 >C7(t, Je%u*)(+emi H$&ie%n(t, +e(n8a.e&i7 #0%/>e* ment :u+-< anti<->iai -at$nai .a%anc)n$-a, a ma%-ai ;a)*$i%i Ra/4na+& #i(>$*"59

;iut(n T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/(t me7mentette, :u+-< t$v(ment Anti<->i(a" Ott me74tu&ta, >$78 S*aua% )i-e%e) .$%t8(t ve*etett a* e&e))*ai Tu%e))*e+ v(%$)(a, 0) m(%?))*e78/t?tte )e%e70t Anti<->ia e++en" :u+-< <vat$))(7<+ n0>(n8 na.$t v(%t, ma/&me7in&u+t a -inna)*%'ni mu)*+im t($% e++en, 0) 0//e+ me7+e.et0))*e%en +ec)a.$tt %("S*aua%t vi))*av$nu+()%a 0) )(t%a #e+a&()(%a -0n8)*e%'tette, &e 78=*e+me -$%(nt)emv$+t te+/e)" A* e+-?vet-e*= c)ete.at0-an a mu)*+im$- t? #%an- -1+?n'tm0n8t me74)emmi)'tette-" :u+-< m07i) &ia&a+meneten v$nu+t e Anti<->i(a, mie+=tt 55n8a%(n vi))*at0%t v$+na Pa+e)*tin(a" De amint e+t(v$*$tt, S*aua% C/%a-e*&te .$%t8(ita -e%e)*t0n8 te%1+eten"5M A* e##0+e >at(% menti ?))*ec)a.()$-t<+ e+te-intve a* 5"0v vi)*$n8+a7 0-0)en te+t e+" 594en a mu)*+im vi+(7$t #$%%a&a+ma- 78en7'tett0-me7" E78i.t$man a+4H(#i* #(timi&a -a+i#a C78 .%<(+ta me7#0-e*ni a ve*0%e- >ata+4m(t, >$78 )a/(t Ha)*an nev #i(t neve*te -i ve*'%%0" A* i#/C a*$nan )*inte ete7e)en-e78et+en v$+t" Hami) v(&a- a+a./(n ne78ven em'%t -iv07e*tetett, mi%e +(*a&() t?%t-i" A -a+i#a c)a- C78 tu&$tt me7mene-1+ni, >$78 me7m0%7e*tette )a/(t #i(t, 0) >$+t4te)t0t -ia&ta a +(*a&<-na-" E*ut(n e78 3a>%(m nev ?%m0n8t neve*ett -i ve*'%%0, a-i)*'ve)een t?%=&?tt a%(tai 0) -e%e)*t0n8 >itte)tv0%ei $+&$7u+()(va+, mint a #%an4-$- e++eni >a%cca+"5 Dama)*-u)* i) te>etet+en v$+t" 54en me7>a+t T$7te-in #ia,Bu%', ) a* ata07i .$)*t$t Bu%' #ia, I)*m('+ #$7+a+ta +e" I)*m('+ %a78$7<an -e*&te u%a+4-$&()(t, vi))*a#$7+a+ta a #%an-$-t<+ B(n/()*t, a vet0+8t(%)ait<+ Baa+e-et 0) Ham(t, &en8$ma)*t< a&<it >ama%$)an *)a%n$-i -e78et+en)077e+ .(%$)'t$tta" 3i)e+-e&0)e miattme%0n8+etet -')0%e+te- me7 e++ene, ame+8et -iv07*0)e--e+ t$%$+t me7" I)*m('+ m07 )a4

/(t te)tv0%0t, S*avin&*)$t i) e+evenen e#a+a*tatta, >a(% c)a- c)e-0+8 78anC me%1+t#e+ e++ene" E--$% I)*m('+ e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 e+.u)*t't/a a./a e78-$%i i*a+ma) tan(c)4a&</(t, JC)*u# in :'%C*t" I)*m('+ an8/a, Zumu%%u& >e%ce7n0 #ia, S*avin&*) >a+(+(t -?4*?n8?)en vi)e+te e+, JC)*u# a*$nan a )*e%et=/e v$+t" A* = me7ment0)0%e ?))*ee)-14v0)t )*=tt" I)*m('+ %(/?tt, >$78 )a/(t .a+$t(/(an )inc) i*t$n)(7an" R0m1+et0ena./a %07i e++en)070ne-, Zan7'na- '%t" :e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 a* a+attva+</a +e)*, >a Zan7'me7ta%t/a =t a .$*'ci</(an" Ha nem )e7't, (ta&/a Dama)*-u)*t a #%an-$-na-" Zan7')*em.$nt/(<+ nem v$+t )*e%enc)0) $&a>a78ni ;$)*u+t, am'7 nem )i-e%1+ me7ve%nie;u)*ta%)i&$t, a* a()*i&a -a+i#(t" Ám a #e+-0%0)t nem >a78>atta me7v(+a)*$+at+a4nu+" 6)a->$78 tC+ -0)=n /ut$tt e+ >$**(" Zan7' #e%u(% 40n (t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en, &eZumu%%u& >at na..a+ -$%(an me7?+ette I)*m('+t, 0) -i)ei- #i(t, Si>a a&4D'n;a>mC&$t (++'t$tta >e+80e" A* C/ ata07 n0.e t(m$7at()(va+ u&va%ia)an e+>(%'t$ttaZan7' -?veteine- -0%0)0t, >$78 i)me%/e e+ #enn>at<)(7(t" Ami-$% Zan7' Dama)*-u)*e++en v$nu+t, miut(n Ct-?*en Ham( me7a&ta ma7(t ne-i, Dama)*-u)* v0&e-e*0)%e-0)*en #$7a&ta" Nem )i-e%1+t %$>amma+ evennie a #a+a-at" Hama%$)an e+#$78ta--0)*+etei, 0) )$- -at$n(/a i) e+>a78ta" E--$% 0%t e+ Zan7'>$* ;u)*ta%)i& -a+i#a -?vet4)07e2 a -a+i#a u&va%ia)an me7-0%te, >$78 ta%t)a ti)*te+eten Dama)*-u)* #177et+en)04

325

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, M, M4M9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5!!4" ."326T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , M94MM" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 45" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MM9" ."327In a+4A)*'%, 94G" ."

9

70t" Zan7' -a.va -a.$tt a* 1%178?n, ame+8 +e>et=v0 tette, >$78 )*078en n0+-1+ vi)*4)*av$nu+>a))$n" Zan7' 0) ;a>mC& 0-0t -?t?tt 0) Zan7' >ivata+$) +(t$7at()t tett Da4ma)*-u)*an" ;a>mC& nem '*$tt ann8i%a Zan7'en, >$78 )*em0+8e)en vi)*$n$**aa +(t$7at()t, >anem e78i- te)tv0%0t -1+&te ma7a >e+8ett"5G

E* a* e.i*<&, ame+8 e78ee)ett a* e78i.t$mia- me778en71+0)0ve+, -iv(+< a+-a+4mat -'n(+t B(n/()* vi))*a><&'t()(%a 0) a t(ma&()%a" :u+-< a*$nan ve)*ni >a78ta a+e>et=)07et" Zan7', miut(n -i-()*(+<&$tt a &ama)*-u)*i -a+an&<+, )e%e70t a* anti<4->iai te%1+ete- e++en #$%&'t$tta" ;'7 >e+8ta%t</a, S*aua% Tu%e))*e+t, A*a*$t 0) A/nta4$t #en8e7ette 0) me7a-a&(+8$*ta, >$78 -a.c)$+at +0te)1+/?n a* anti<->iai 0) a*e&e))*ai )e%e7 -?*?tt, Zan7' v07i7)?.?%t a -e+eti >at(% e%=&%en&)*e%0n, ) e78m()ut(n #$7+a+ta e+ Ka#a%ta$t, ;aa%%at$t, Ze%&an(t 0) Ata%eet" A #%an-$- )*e%enc)0/0%ea--$% vi))*a -e++ett t0%nie ;$)*u+a, &e a >at(%$-at v0&= v(%a- e+ve)*te-"5!

E*e- a c)a.()$- i)m0t 0)*a-%a )*<+'t$tt(- :u+-<t" A -i%(+8 n0v+e7 m07 min&i7 An4ti<->ia %07en)e v$+t, &e a -$%m(n8*() #e+a&at(t Be%n(t .(t%i(%-a +(tta e+, a-i a n8(%e+e/0n me7>a+t" E%=te+/e), >at(%$*$tt, %(te%mett (++am#0%#i v$+t, &e )*i7$%C a #%an-nemc)e--e+, 0) t1%e+met+en a >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e--e+ )*emen" Ha+(+a ut(n a n0. ;a4mi)*t%a +atin .1).?-0t, D$m#%$nti Ra&u+#$t v(+a)*t$tta me7 >e+80e" Ra&u+# me7)em v(%ta a -(n$ni )*a(+8$- )*e%inti me7v(+a)*t()(t, m(%i) e+#$7+a+ta )*0-0t" Ra&u+#na78$n -1+?n?*?tt Be%n(tt<+" En8>e -anc)a+)(7a e++en0%e /<-0. #0%#i v$+t, )*e%ettea .$m.(t, =-e* v$+t 0) )*e%etet%e m0+t<, 0) (% nem %0)*e)1+t -iv(+< neve+0)en,na78$n me778=*=en tu&$tt )*<n$-$+ni" Ám a -e++eme) -1+)= m(* vi+(7ia), ec)v(478<, a+att$m$) eme%t %e/tett" Nem a-a%t a -i%(+8 0) eme%ei i%(n8't()a a+att (++ni,e*0%t t(%78a+ni -e*&ett a* ?*ve78 A+i* >e%ce7n0ve+, a-i m07 min&i7 +ata-iai i%t$-(n0+t" A+i* #e+#i78e+t a -'n(+-$*< a+-a+$m%a 0) te)tv0%0>e*, ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=>?* #$%4&u+t" Au7u)*tu)an :u+-< %?vi& +(t$7at()%a 0%-e*ett Anti<->i(a" Nem 0%*ett ma7(4an e+e7en&= e%=t, >$78 Ra&u+# me7v(+a)*t()a e++en ti+ta-$**$n, #e+e)070t=+ .e&i7)emmit )em tu&$tt me7ta7a&ni" A+i* te>(t vi))*at0%>etett Anti<->i(a" :u+-< ma%a&ta %07en), &e a >ata+mat e78 -0n8e+met+en )*?vet)07 -e%et0en me7$)*t$tta e78m()-?*?tt a* ?*ve78 0) a .(t%i(%-a"55

Ra&u+# c)a->ama% ?))*e1t-?*0)e -e%1+t .a.)(7(va+, 0) A+i* +ett a v(%$) C%n=/e"He+8*ete na78$n in7ata7 v$+t" :=-0nt a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7%a t(ma)*-$&$tt"A Zan7'va+ #$+8tat$tt int%i-(i me7mutatt(-, >$78 A+i* nem )$-at t?%=&i- a #%an-$-0%*e+meive+" E*Ctta+ /$ te%vet e)*e+t -i" 59 v070n -?vete-et -1+&?tt K$n)tantin(4.$+8a 0) #e+a/(n+$tta +e(n8a, K$n)tancia -e*0t ;anu0+na-, a c)()*(% #iata+a #i(na-"

A* e+)*?%n8e&t -e%e)*te)e- e*t a +0.0)t ec)v(78< )*e)*0+8ne- tu+a/&$n't$tt(-, &eva+<an e* +ett v$+na a +e7/$ me7$+&() É)*a-4S*'%ia me7=%*0)0%e" Anti<->i(an)$- 7?%?7 0+t" Zan7' #e++0.0)e <ta me7n=tt a mu)*+im ve)*0+8, 0) e78e&1+ a c)()*(%4)(7 v$+t -e++=en e%=) enne- a -iv0&0)0%e" Ha +0t%e/?tt v$+na e78 va*a++u) (++am c)()*(4%i #enn>at<)(7 a+att, ame+8et e+= a #0+i7 ?%m0n8 A+i*, ma/& -?*?)en e78 i*(nci>e%ce7 0) e78 #%an- >e%ce7n= i%(n8't, na78)*e%en )*$+7(+ta v$+na a 7?%?7?- 0) a#%an-$- e78e$+va)*t()(t a -e%e)*t0n8)07 v0&e+me 0%&e-0en" A #%an- neme))07

328In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 45M" .", a+a.$) +e'%(), &e &ic)0%=en )*<+ a*$-%<+ a* $-$-%<+, ame+8e- miatt a*?*ve78 me7?+ette )a/(t #i(t" A*t '%/a, >$78 I)*m('+ #=mini)*te%e e78 -e%e)*t0n8 -u%& v$+t, Hitet+en Be%4t%an&, Bu)*t(n, 9!" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MM4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 549" ."

329

Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."330T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, !, ", M!4M", M5M" ." :u+-< 59 au7u)*tu)(an v$+t Anti<->i(an R?>4%ic>t2 $egesta, 5!" .""

M

a*$nan e+)*?%n8e&t 0) Ra&u+# .(t%i(%-(t e78i- na.%<+ a m()i-%a +etett0- .$)*t/(%<+e78 78+?+t 7?%?7 /av(%a" 78 +(t)*i-, Anti<->i(an a (%<- me7tan(c)-$*t(- :u+-<-i%(++8a+ a -0%&0)t, >$78 -i +e>etne me7#e+e+= #0%/ K$n)tancia )*(m(%a" ;$)t a* anti<4->iai u%a- )1%7=) 1*enetet -1+&te- a -i%(+8>$*, 0) /e+e*t0-, >$78 v=+e70n8%e van)*1-)07" :u+-< me7vi*)7(+ta a* (+ta+a i)me%t ?))*e) #%ancia na78u%at, 0) &?nt0)eA[uit(niai IQ" 3i+m$) i#/a #i(%a, P$itie%)4i Ra/mun&%a e)ett, a-i 0..en I" Hen%i- an47$+ -i%(+8 u&va%(an ta%t<*-$&$ttV a -i%(+8 +e(n8a .e&i7 nem )$--a+ -$%(an ment#0%/>e* :u+-< L$tt#%ie& nev #i(>$*" E78 i).$t(+8$) +$va7$t, Jea%%e4i L0%a%&4t -1+&4t0- An7+i(a Ra/mun&0%t" ;in&en a +e7na78$ tit$-an #$+8t" A+i*nanem v$+t )*a4a& tu&$m()t )*e%e*nie )emmi%=+, 0) a -i%(+8n=t )em v$+t i*t$n)(7$) eavatni a te%4ve-e" 3e)*0+8t /e+entett m07 R$7e% )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 i), a-i )$>a)em $c)(t$tta me7 a

/e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7na- a* an8/(t, A&e+ai&e4t 0%t )0%t0)t, 0) a-ine- me&ite%%(n ec)4v(78a nem tette v$+na +e>et=v0, >$78 a te%1+et0n )*aa&$n (tuta*>a))$n e78 $+8an-0%=, a-i a +e7/e+ent=)e -e+eti ?%?-?)n= -e*0%e .(+8(*$tt" L0%a%& me70%-e*ett a*an7$+ u&va%a, 0) Ra/mun& i7ent m$n&$tt a -0%=ne-" R$7e% a*$nan tu&$m()t )*e%4*ett a tit$-%<+, >i)*en a* an7$+ 0) a )*ic'+iai n$%mann$- )*$%$) -a.c)$+atan v$+ta-e78m())a+" E+>at(%$*ta, >$78 #e+ta%t<*tat/a Ra/mun&$t, a-i c)a-i) e78 &0+4it(+iai -i-?4t=en -e%e)>etett ma7(na- >a/<t, >$78 e+/u))$n S*'%i(a" Ra/mun& a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t,>$78 #e+$)*+a))a -')0%et0t, ?nma7(t *a%(n&$-na-, i&=n-0nt .e&i7, e78 -e%e)-e&=)*$+7(/(na- (+c(*ta" 78 )i-e%1+t (t/utnia a +$-(&$n, 0) 5M (.%i+i)(an me70%-e*ettAnti<->i(a"

;e70%-e*0)e m(% nem ma%a&>at$tt tit$-an A+i* e+=tt" Ra/mun& a*$nna+ #e+-e%e)4te a .(t%i(%-(t" Ra&u+# #e+t0te+e->e* -?t?tte )e7't)070t" Ra/mun&na- >)07et -e++ette)-1&nie a .(t%i(%-(na- 0) min&enen a* = tan(c)ait -e++ett -?vetnie" Ra/mun& e+e4e78e*0)0ve+ a .(t%i(%-a -i>a++7at()t -0%t A+i*t<+, 0) e+m$n&ta ne-i, >$78 a c)in$) i&e47en a*0%t 0%-e*ett Anti<->i(a, >$78 me7-0%/e A+i* -e*0t" A t?%t0net >i>et= v$+t, Ra/4mun& 5 0ve) v$+t, A+i* nem v$+t m07 >a%minc, m'7 K$n)tancia c)a- -i+enc e)*ten4&=) v$+t e--$%" Am'7 A+i* a .a+$t(an /?ven&=e+i/0t v(%ta, K$n)tanci(t e+%a$+t(-,e+vitt0- a )*0-e)e78>(*a, a>$+ a .(t%i(%-a )ietve ?))*ee)-ette =t Ra/mun&&a+" A+i*t+e78=*t0-" E78 ?%?-?)n= t?%v0n8e) #0%/0ve+ )*emen a* ?*ve78ne- ninc)ene- /$7ai"I)m0t vi))*av$nu+t >(t ata-i(a 0) $tt i) #e/e*te e, vi7a)*ta+anu+, %?vi& 0+et0t"55

Ra/mun& 0+ete vi%(7(an v$+t" J< me7/e+en0), <%i()i #i*i-ai e%e/ #0%#i v$+t, a-inem -a.$tt a+a.$) neve+0)t, 0) a )*e%enc)e/(t0-$- )*e%e+me)e v$+t" Heve))07e 0) >a4n8a7)(7a e++en0%e, na78 )C+8t #e-tetett a +$va7ia))(7%a 0) vi)e+-e&0)e e78)*e%)0704%e"55 N0.)*e%)07e %?vi&e)en #0+e+met 0) ti)*te+etet v(+t$tt -i a .(t%i(%-(<+, a-i t$4v(%a )em v$+t /<an .a.)(7(va+, 0) (% ti)*te+ette+/e)en (nta- ve+e, >ata+ma nemv$+t" A neme)e- e78?nteten Ra/mun&$t t(m$7att(-2 tC+ -$m$+8 v$+t a >e+8*et a>4>$*, >$78 m()-0nt c)e+e-e&>ette- v$+na" A >e%ce7)07 e78%e 78en71+t" Nemc)a- -e+e4ti v0&e+mi v$na+a $m+$tt ?))*e" D0+en, a N$)*ai%i4>e78)07en 54en e78 t1%-m0n-a+an&$% e+#$7+a+ta Bi)*i-%ai+ v(%(t ;a*$i%i Ra/na+&t<+, 0) 5M4an -i) >'/(n me7)*e4%e*te Ba+at$n$)*t i)" A #%an-$- nem )$--a+ -0)= vi))*a#$7+a+t(- Bi)*i-%ai+t" !4en a #%an-$- me7)*e%e*t0- a m07 &0+e%e +0v= Ka&m$)* v(%(t, 54en a v(% a-a>#i em'%0, S*a/# a&4D'n Am%Cn0 +ett, a-i e78 0vve+ -0)= e+a&ta a* a)*a)*in )*e-ta

331T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , M594M5M" ."V Kinnam$)*, M4" ."V T$%i7n8 R<e%t, I, G" ." )*e%int Ra/4

mun& II" B$emun& ?*ve780t vette e+"332T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , M54M5G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 9" ." +e'%/a, >$78 Ra/mun&me7 tu&$tt >a/+'tani e78 va)%u&at" Kinnam$)* 9" ." He%-u+e)>e* >a)$n+'t/a"

ve*0%0ne-, Au+4:a>na-" 594en a* a)*a)*in$- Ka># v(%(t i) me7v()(%$+t(- S*a/#a&4D'n #iait<+, 0) 5M te+0n e+#$7+a+t(- a #%an-$-t<+ Ha%i(t"555 Ki+i-ia m(% -$%(ane+ve)*ett" 54en, nem )$--a+ II" B$emun& >a+(+a ut(n e< %u.eni&a >e%ce7 F a-im?7?tt v0&e+em-0nt a &ani)men&i em'%%e+ -?t?tt )*?vet)07 (++t F, +ev$nu+t a )'-)(7%a0) e+#$7+a+ta Ta%)*$)*, ;ami)*t%a 0) A&ana v(%$)(t" :iv0%e 0) e+=&/e, T$%$)* m(% -$4%(an e+-e%7ette a -i) i*(nci >e+8=%)07et S*i)*=+ 0) Ana*a%$)*<+" 594en e<e+#$7+a+ta a* Aman$)* +e/t=in e+te%1+= S*a%venti-a%t Ba+&uint<+, ;a%a) u%(t<+" Ki+i-i(4an a*$nan 78en7e v$+t a* ?%m0n8e- >ata+ma" Ban&it(- n0.e)'tett0- e a vi&0-et,0) -a+<*$- .u)*t't$tt(- a .a%t$-at"55

Nem v$+t /$ a* e&e))*ai 7%<#)(7 >e+8*ete )em" A* $%t$-i&a Timu%ta) -ev0))e+a*e+=tt e+#$7+a+ta e78e) -e+eti te%1+eteit" É)*a-$n La%7a% ?%m0n8 >e%ce7e, ;i>(+8, a-inem tu&ta ta%tani ma7(t a t?%?-?--e+ )*emen, (ta&ta i%t$-ait J$)ce+in 7%<#na-, a-ia*ut(n e+>ama%-$&$ttan t$v(a&ta a* e70)*et ;i>(+8 )*em0+8e) e++en)070ne-, Ba4)*i+e$)*na-, a* ?%m0n8 -at>$+i-$)* #iv0%0ne-" A -0t ?%m0n8 -?*?tt .$+7(%>($%Ct?%t -i" J$)ce+inna- -e++ett >e+8=%)077e+ e++(tnia La%7a%t, &e nem tu&ta me7a-a&(+8$*4ni, >$78 a vi&0-et e78m() ut(n v07i7&C+/(- a* ?%m0n8e-, ma/& a t?%?-?-" S*aua%594en v07i7.u)*t't$tta Tu%e))*e+ vi&0-0t, 0) 5M (.%i+i)(an, a*a* P$itie%)4i Ra/4mun& -e+et%e 0%-e*0)e-$%, >a&ve*0%e, A#)'n, nemc)a- (t/ut$tt a* anti<->iai te%1+ete4-en e70)*en ata-i(i7, #e+07etve 0) -i#$)*tva a* Ct/(a e)= #a+va-at, >anem m070)*a-%a i) #$%&u+t, ;a%a)$n (t Kai)*un #e+0" ;a%a) 0) Kai)*un u%a, Ba+&uin, a*e&e))*ai 7%<# +e7/e+ent=)e va*a++u)a, 78en7e v$+t a>>$*, >$78 me7v0&/e i%t$-a4it"559

Ra/mun& e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 e+=)*?% Ki+i-i(t ><&'t/a vi))*a" Bi*t$) >(tt0%%e v$+t)*1-)07e, >$78 me7t(ma&>a))a Zan7't" :u+-< -i%(+8 e+ee78e*0)0ve+ a ma%a)i Ba+&u4in a %u.eni&(- e++en in&u+t" A )*?vet)07 a*$nan nem v$+t te+/e)" E&e))*ai J$)ce+in,nem c)a- :u+-< va*a++u)a 0) Ba+&uin >0%u%a, >anem e78Ctta+ e< un$-a?cc)e i)v$+t, 0) %$-$n)*enve na78(t8/a me++0 (++'t$tta" A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 te-int0+8e m(%nem v$+t e+e7en&= a #%an- >e%ce7e- e78e)'t0)0>e*" J$)ce+in )e7't)070ve+ e< vi))*a4ve%te a* anti<->iai )e%e7et" e< a &ia&a+ #e+etti ?%?m0en e+ee78e*ett aa, >$78)*em0+8e) ta+(+-$**0- Ba+&uinna+, a-i (%u+< m<&$n e+#$7atta, 0) Anti<->i(a -1+&te%a$)-$&ni" e< t(v$++0t0en >(%$m #ia ?))*eve)*ett e78m())a+" A +e7i&=)eet,K$n)tantint #iv0%ei e+#$7t(- 0) me7va-'t$tt(-" De a #%an-$-na- e=+ )emmi >a)*nanem )*(%ma*$tt" ;u>amma& in L(*i &ani)men&i em'% me7)*(++ta Ki+i-i(t, e+.u)*t'4t$tta a te%m0)t, ma/& e70)*en Kai)*uni7 t?n-%etette Ba+&uin i%t$-ait" E* a )$- c)a.()C78 me7%en&'tette e<t, >$78 me7v()(%$+ta a )*aa&)(7(t, #e+a/(n+va a -i+i-iai v(%$4)$-at Ra/mun&na-, &e amint >a*a0%t, a*$nna+ me7#e+e&-e*ett a* '70%et0%=+" Ka.-$4&<, ?t+et)*e%en ve*etett >($%C -?vet-e*ett, m'7nem 5 e+e/0n J$)ce+in e+0%te,>$78 #e78ve%)*1netet -?))ene- a >a%c$+< #e+e-, a-i-et me7%0m'tette- a* 0)*a-%<+ 0%4-e*= >'%e-" E*e- a*t mutatt(-, >$78 A+i* >e%ce7n= ta+(n m07)em v$+t ann8i%a $)t$4a"55M

333In a+4Ka+(ni)*', " ."V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", 9" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MG" ."334Le%7e+8 .a., 9" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5455" ."V rmény $mes ,rónika, !!" ."V S*emat c$n4

n0ta+e, M9" ."335

S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, " ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5!4" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M" ."336Le%7e+8 .a.2 i* h* 0) Du+au%ie% /e78*eteV S*emat c$nn0ta+e, MM" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+ii, 545" ."

G

:u+-< -i%(+8 )emmi+8en 78a-$%+ati )e7't)07et )em tu&$tt n8C/tani a%(t/(na-, Ra/4mun&na-" Sa/(t >(*a t(/(n -e++ett -$m$+8 ve)*0++8e+ )*emen0*nie" A* i#/C &ama)*4-u)*i ata07, ;a>mC& -$%m(n8*()(t an8/a 0-e-e&ve+= )*e%et=/e, JC)*u# .$+iti-(/a>at(%$*ta me7, &e 5M4an e78 tava)*i e)t0n, ami-$% ;a>mC& JC)*u##a+ 0) Ba*ava)mame+u- .a%anc)n$--a+ )0t(+t, Ba*ava) >i%te+en +e)*C%ta JC)*u#$t, ma/& Baa+e-emene-1+t a )e%e70>e*" Onnan #en8e7et=*?tt, >$78 me7t(ma&/a Dama)*-u)*t, +ete)*ia .$)*t/(%<+ a* ata07et, >a nem c)in(+na- e+=+e #=mini)*te%t" ;a>mC& e+e7et tett a-0%0)ne-" Ett=+ -e*&ve a &ama)*-u)*ia- i)m0t e++en)07e)e- v$+ta- a #%an-$--a+" A-?vet-e*= 0v e+e/0n me7)*(++t(- T%i.$+i)* 7%<#)(7(t" A >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e-, a-i- nemv$+ta- +$/(+i)a- a #%an-$--a+ )*emen, (tve*ett0- a mu)*+im$-at a ian$ni4>e78)07tit-$) >(7<in, +e a .a%ti )'-)(7%a" P$n) 7%<#$t me7+e.te a t(ma&()" Ki) )e%e77e+ )*(++t>a%ca, 0) %ettenete) ve%e)07et )*enve&ett" P$n) a >e78e-e mene-1+t, &e e78 -e%e)*4t0n8 .a%a)*t e+(%u+ta %e/te-0t a mu)*+im$-na-, a-i- a*$nna+ -iv07e*t0-" T%i.$+i)*.1).?-e i) #$7)(7a e)ett, &e =t )*e%enc)0%e nem i)me%t0- #e+, 0) mint /e+ent0-te+en)*em0+8t >ama%$)an -ic)e%0+t0-" Ba*ava) e+#$7+a+t e784-0t >at(% menti e%=&?t, &e T%i4.$+i)*t nem me%te me7t(ma&ni" Nem )$--a+ -0)= *)(-m(nn8a+ me7%a-$ttan vi)*4)*av$nu+t Dama)*-u)*a"55

P$n) t?, mint 9 0ven (t u%a+-$&$tt T%i.$+i)*an" J<+ i7a*7atta $%)*(7(t, &e .$+i4ti-u)-0nt nem )$-at 0%t" S*1nte+en a%%a v(78$tt, >$78 +e%(**a a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7#enn>at<)(7(t, &e tC+ 78en7e v$+t a #177et+en)07 -iv'v()(>$*" :ia 0) ?%?-?)e, II" Ra/4mun& )*enve&0+8e)e te%m0)*et v$+t" Hu)*$n-0t e)*ten&=) v$+t, nem%07ien vette#e+e)071+ ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= te)tv0%0t, Je%u*)(+emi H$&ie%n(t, a-it #0+t0-en8en 0)$&aa&<an )*e%etett" E+)= t0n8-e&0)e a* v$+t, >$78 $))*Ct (++t at8/(0%t, te%m0)*ete)ennem a &ama)*-u)*i mame+u-$-$n, a>>$* nem v$+t e+07 e%e/e, >anem a ian$ni4>e78)07 >t+en -e%e)*t0n8ein" e%$>anta a #a+va-at, ame+8e-et a**a+ v(&$+t, >$78?))*e/(t)*$tta- a* e++en)077e+ i), +em0)*(%$+ta a #0%#ia-at, a n=-et 0) a 78e%e-e-et .e4&i7 e+a&ta %a)*$+7(na- T%i.$+i)*a" Du%va)(7a -e*e)e0 tette a ian$n +a-<it, &enem n?ve+te enn1- a #%an-$- i%(nti )*e%etetet"55G

Ba*ava) tev0-en8)07e nem tet)*ett Zan7'na-" Nem )*'ve)en t(ma&t v$+na a #%an4-$-%a, $+&a+(an e78 ?n(++< 0) >a%cia) mu)*+im (++amma+" JCniu) v070n Hum)*av$nu+t, ame+8et a &ama)*-u)*i ata07 nev0en e78 Unu% nev, i&=) mame+u- ta%t$tt-0*en" Zan7' na78/(<+ -0t >0ti7 ta%t<*-$&$tt Hum)* a+att, ami-$% >'%e /?tt, >$78#%an- )e%e7 -?*e+e7 T%i.$+i)* #e+=+" B(%mi i) v$+t Ra/mun& e%e&eti )*(n&0-a, a >'% >a+4+at(%a Zan7' #e+>a78$tt Hum)* $)t%$m(va+, 0) a #%an-$- e++en #$%&u+t" Ra/mun& e%%evi))*av$nu+t, 0) Zan7' e+-e*&te $)t%$m$+ni ;$nt#e%%an& na78 v(%(t a N$)*ai%i4>e478e- -e+eti +an-(in, a Bu-aia e/(%ata #e+ett" Ra/mun& Je%u*)(+eme -1+&?tt )e7't)0470%t :u+-< -i%(+8>$*"

:u+-<>$* 0.. a--$% 0%-e*ett me7 Anti<->i(<+ e78 )1%7=) -0%0), &e nem >a78>at4ta #i78e+men -'v1+ a T%i.$+i)*t #en8e7et= mu)*+im ve)*0+8t" A>(n8 eme%t c)a- tu4&$tt, ?))*e)*e&ett 0) )ietve c)at+a-$*$tt Ra/mun&>$*, ma/& e781tt -e%1+t0- me7 e%=+4tetett meneten a N$)*ai%i4>e78e-et 0) e+/ut$tta- ;$nt#e%%ata" Ne>0* menete+0)v$+t, a )e%e7 c)a->ama% )i%a+ma) (++a.$ta -e%1+t" Zan7' a -?*e+e&t1-%e t(v$*ni -04)*1+t, ami-$% a*$nan me7tu&ta, >$78 mi+8en (++a.$tan vanna-, vi))*a#$%&u+t 0)e-e%'tette =-et, amint a*$- #e+u--anta- a v(% me++etti &$m$- m?71+" A* e+c)i7(4

337T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 5, M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, !4" ."338T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*

!

*$tt #%an-$-at me7+e.te a t(ma&()" De%e-a)an -1*&?tte-, &e a c)at(na- c)a->ama%v07e +ett" A -e%e)*t0n8e- *?me >$+tan ma%a&t a c)atame*=n" A t?ie- F -?*t1- T%i4.$+i)* 7%<#/a i) F, #$7)(7a e)te-, m'7 :u+-< -i) c)a.at eme%%e+ emene-1+t av(%a"X55!

;ie+=tt Zan7' +e%$>an>atta v$+na ;$nt#e%%at$t, a -i%(+8 1*ent a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i4(%-(na-, a* e&e))*ai 7%<#na- 0) Anti<->ia >e%ce70ne-, ) a*$nna+i )e7't)07et -0%t";in& a >(%$m v(+a)*$+t a -0%0)%e, ) nem t?%=&?tt a v(%>at< ve)*0+8e--e+2 a -i%(+8 0)+$va))(7a me7)emmi)'t0)e a -i%(+8)(7 v070t /e+ent>ette" 3i+m$) .(t%i(%-a ?))*e)*e&4te a Pa+e)*tin(an >a78$tt mi+'ci(t, ) a S*ent Ke%e)*tte+ a* 0+en T%i.$+i)*a ve*ettec)a.at(t"

E&e))*ai J$)ce+in i) #0+%etette $tt>$ni 7$n&/ait 0) &0+%e in&u+t, Ct-?*en c)at+a-$4*$tt >$**( Anti<->iai Ra/mun&, a-i e* i&= )*e%int nem na78$n te>ette me7, >$78 e+4>a78/a #=v(%$)(t" A -at$n(it<+ me7#$)*t$tt Pa+e)*tina )*e%enc)0/0%e a )*$m)*0&ainem v$+ta- $+8an >e+8*eten, >$78 me7t(ma&>att(- v$+na" E78i.t$m$t .a+$ta#$%%a4&a+$m 0n't$tta me7, ame+8ne- )$%(n a* ?%m0n8 3a>%am ve*'%t e78 e%=)*a-$) -e4%e)*t0n8e++ene) eme%, Ri&v(n in a+43a+a-)i v(+t$tta #e+, a-i a**a+ v$+t e+#$7+a+va,>$78 e+=&/e a%(tait +i-vi&(+/a, i++etve a -a+i#(va+ %iva+i*(+t" A* a)*-a+$ni >e+8=%)07 -i4c)a.$tt 1&&(%a, &e enn0+ t? nem t?%t0nt"5 Dama)*-u)*i Ba*ava), a mame+u- ve4)*e&e+me)e v$+t" Amint a .(t%i(%-a e+>a78ta a* $%)*(7$t, $&(i7 me%0)*-e&ett,>$78 v07i7.u)*t't)a Pa+e)*tin(t e70)*en N(+u)*i7, a v(%$) +a-<it -a%&0+%e >(n8va"Ta%t$tt a*$nan att<+, >$78 Dama)*-u)*an Zan7' te+/e) &ia&a+t a%at, 0) e*0%t nema-a%t tC+ me))*i%e menni a #%an-$- )an8a%7at()(va+"5

A #e+ment= )e%e7 /C+iu) v070n a Bu-ai(n(+ 78+t ?))*e" ;$nt#e%%an& v(%(an a -i4%(+8 m(% v07-0.. -0t)07ee)ett" Nem -a.$tt >'%e-et a -1+vi+(7<+" K0)*+etei #$78t(nv$+ta-, 0) Zan7' t'* na78 $)t%$m70.e 0//e+4na..a+ $m(*ta a v(% #a+ait" 3071+ >'%n?4-?t -1+&?tt Zan7'>$* 0) me7tu&a-$+ta #e+t0te+eit" e7na78$ ?%?m0%e Zan7' c)a-;$nt#e%%an& v(%(t -0%te t=+e" A -i%(+8 )*aa&$n e+v$nu+>at$tt eme%eive+ e781tt"Zan7' a%%a i) >a/+an&< v$+t, >$78 )*aa&$n $c)())a a t?i #$7+8$t i), -?*t1- T%i.$4+i)* 7%<#/(t, 0) v(+t)(7&'/at )em -0%t" :u+-< a*$nna+ e+ee78e*ett min&ene, Zan7' .e4&i7 eta%t$tta a )*av(t" :u+-<t 0) te)t=%eit Zan7' e+0 ve*ett0-, a-i na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$47a&ta =-et, 0) .$m.() ?+t?*0--e+ a/(n&0-$*ta me7 a -i%(+8t" A -i%(+8 vi))*a-a.ta a/4t(%)ait, 0-0en Ct%a -e+>ette-" A Bu-aia v?+780en ta+(+-$*ta- a #e+ment= )e%e77e+,ame+8 )$--a+ -?*e+e v$+t, mint)em 78an't$tt(-" 3$+t, a-it $))*ant$tt a 7$n&$+at,>$78 '78, >a -ita%t$tta- v$+na, e+/ut$tt v$+na >$**(/u- a #e+ment= )e%e7, a* $-$)aa-a*$nan na78%a 0%t0-e+t0-, >$78 i+8en -?nn8en me7mene-1+te- a ve)*e&e+em=+"5

3a+<an, a t?%t0net'%<- nem )*nte- c)$&(+ni Zan7' e+n0*= vi)e+-e&0)0t, = a*$n4an tu&ta, mit c)e+e-)*i-" ;$nt#e%%at nem +eec)1+en&= /uta+$m v$+t" Bi%t$-+()(va+me7 +e>etett a-a&(+8$*ni, >$78 a #%an-$- e>at$+/ana- a* O%$nt0)* #e+)= #$+8()(na-v?+780e" A v(% #e-v0)e -itn= v$+t a<+ a )*em.$nt<+ i), >$78 $nnan e++en=%i*ni+e>etett Ham(t 0) a &ama)*-u)*i 0%&e-)*#0%(>$* ta%t$*< Hum)*$t" ;e70%te >(t,>$78 >a%c n0+-1+ >$**(/u))$n, >i)*en a>>$* nem v$+t -e&ve, >$78 c)at(a $c)(t4

339T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 9, M54M9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 45" ." ta.intat$)an nem te)* em+'t0)t a#%an-4&ama)*-u)*i )*?vet)07%=+" Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4M5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, " ."

340T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, M, M94M" ."341

>o*, QI3, , M" ."342T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, G4!, 99499" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*'2 i* h*V Kam(+ a&4D'n2 i* h*V In a+4A)*'%,45" ."

5

-$**$n a #e+ment= )e%e77e+ a &ama)*-u)*i >at(% -?*e+0en, me%t Dama)*-u)* u%aia*$nna+ -i>a)*n(+t(- v$+na a +e7-i)e ve%e)070t i)" E*en -'v1+ Zan7't 0.. C78n8u7ta+an't$tt(- a* 0)*a-%<+ 0%-e*= >'%e-, mint #%an- e++en)07eit"

5

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A @-6-'6) kö#ete+,-e2

+Ce higgyen a hí-ságnak2 aki meg:salat#tt2 mert hí-ság lészen annak jutalma. /J&' 1%213

A #%an-$- 0) a* ?%m0n8e- a*0%t -?t?tte- 0-0t, Ra/mun& a*0%t v$na-$&$tt e+>a784ni Anti<->i(t, 0) Zan7' a*0%t v$+t i+8en -e78e) a* e++en)07eive+ )*emen, me%t >'%e

/?tt, >$78 K$mn0n$)* J(n$) c)()*(% )*em0+8e) ve*et0)e a+att na78 )e%e7 v$nu+t e Ki4+i-i(a" Ami<ta a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at i&e/0n A+ei$)* c)()*(%nanem )i-e%1+t e+4

/utnia Anti<->i(a, a #%an- Ke+et e78)*e%en nem vett tu&$m()t Bi*(nc%<+" Ha(%B$emun& te%ve, >$78 n8u7at%<+ ><&'t/a me7 a Bi*(nci Bi%$&a+mat, t?-0+ete)en c)=&?tm$n&$tt, A+ei$)*nanem )i-e%1+t eta%tatni a B$emun&&a+ -?t?tt )*e%*=&0)t" A*anti<->iai #%an-$- /<+ tu&t(-, >$78 a c)()*(%t $tt>$ni 7$n&/ai -?ti- +e"55

E*e- a a/$- >a%minc 0vi7 -ita%t$tta-" A i%$&a+$m min&en >at(%(n >($%C- &C+4ta-" A Duna a+)< #$+8()(n(+ a -un$- t?%te- e, mint m(% 4en 0) 54en i) t?%4t0nt" A Duna -?*0.)= #$+8()(n(+ (++an&<an #e)*1+t v$+t a vi)*$n8 a ma78a%$- 0) a i4*(ncia- -?*?tt, ami G4an n8'+t >($%Ca t$%-$++$tt" A ma78a%$- e70)*en S*<#i(i7><&'t$tt(- me7 a Ba+-(n4#0+)*i7etet, &e a c)()*(% v071+ vi))*a)*$%'t$tta, 0) )a/(t #?+&4

/1-?n ve%te me7 =-et" A* $+a)* -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- i&=%=+ i&=%e %(t(ma&ta- a i%$&a4+$m%a, >$78 C/a -e%e)-e&e+mi e78e*m0n8e-et c)i-a%/ana- -i" Pi)a 4en -?t>e4tett -e&ve*= )*e%*=&0)t 0) 3e+ence F miut(n n078 0vi7 >($%C*$tt Bi*(ncca+, me%t J(4n$) c)()*(% nem e%=)'tette me7 a* at8/a (+ta+ a&$m(n8$*$tt en7e&m0n8e-et F M4an vi))*a)*e%e*te min&en -$%(i /$7(t"

A &0+4it(+iai n$%mann$- B$emun& Du%a**<n(+ e+)*enve&ett ve%e)07e ut(n e78 i&e4i7 me70-0+te-, &e 4en i)m0t ve)*e&e+me))0 v(+ta-, ami-$% S*ic'+iai II" R$7e%e-ee+e*te A.u+i(t" R$7e% 54an vette #e+ a -i%(+8i c'met" 6)a+(&/a >a78$m(n8ai4>$* >'ven 78+?+te Bi*(nc$t, >a(% )*'ve)en a+-a+ma*ta e++en#e+e .%a-ti-(it, 0) .(%t#$47$+ta a i*(nci mv0)*etet" R$7e% a*$nan ann8i%a ec)v(78< v$+t, >$78 (+ta+(an-?nn8)*e%%e+ +e>etett )*?vet)07e)t ta+(+ni e++ene" Nemc)a- It(+ia #e+etti u%a+$m%at?%t, >anem, mint a* A+tavi++a c)a+(& ut$+)< #0%#ita7/a, ma7(na- -?vete+te Anti<->i(t,va+amint Je%u*)(+emet i), anna- a >(*a))(7i )*e%*=&0)ne- a+a./(n, ame+8et an8/a,A&e+ai&e -?t?tt I" Ba+&uinna+"5

Ki)4Á*)i(an nem v$+t 0-e" A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at a+att 0) ut(n A+ei$)* me74e%=)'tette a i*(nci #enn>at<)(7$t a #0+)*i7et n8u7ati >a%ma&(an 0) a* 0)*a-i me7 a&0+i .a%tvi&0-en" Ha c)a- a t?%?- #e/e&e+me--e+ -e++ett v$+na )*(m$+nia, )0%tet+en1+me7 i) ta%t$tta v$+na a i%t$-ait" De #$+8amat$)an (%am+$tta- Ki)4Á*)ia e+)e/0e

343

()& e m II" -?t" M4", !" ."344III" R$7e%4%<+ +()& 6>a+an&$n .omination Normande en 1taie, II, 49" ." A* " 0vi .$+$vec-un inv(*i<t 0+et)*e%en '%ta +e S*'%iai ;i>(+8 )*(m(%a a /a-$ita E&e))*ai 3a*u+ III" " .""

5

n8(/ai--a+ e781tt a t1%-m0n c)a.at$-, 0) C78 me7)*a.$%$&ta-, m'7 v071+ -iv0&>e4tet+en1+ e+(%a)*t$tt(- a .a%t$- #e+0 ve*et= v?+78e-et i), -e++eme)e 07>a/+at$t, 7a*4&a7a +e7e+=-et %em0+ve" J?vete+1- <>atat+anu+ e+.u)*t't$tta a -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7me*=7a*&a)(7(t" A>$78an 78en71+t a t?%?- ve*et=- >ata+ma, C78 +ette- e78%e i%(4n8't>atat+anaa- 0) ve)*e&e+me)ee- a+attva+<i- a i%$&a+$m )*(m(%a"59

G4an, A+ei$)* c)()*(% >a+(+a-$% Anat<+ia t?%?- u%a+$m a+att +ev= %0)*ein ;a4)*C& )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n 0) a &ani)men&i em'%, II" L(*i u%a+-$&$tt" ;a)*C& )*0->e+8eK$n8(an v$+t, 0) >$**( ta%t$*$tt a #0+)*i7et &0+i 0) -?*0.)= %0)*e a S*an7a%i$)*t<+ aTau%u)*4>e78)07i7V L(*' #?+&/ei a Ha+1)*t=+ a* Eu#%(te)*i7 >C*<&ta-" E* a -0t (++am4a+a-u+at ma7(a )*'vta 0) me7)emmi)'tette a -i)e emi%(tu)$-at a -e+et%e e+te%1+=;e+it0n0 -iv0te+0ve+, a>$+ ;a)*C& ?cc)e, T$7%u+ u%a+-$&$tt an8/a 0) an8/a m()$&i-#0%/e, a* $%t$-i&a Ba+a- 78(m)(7a a+att" Anna- e++en0%e, >$78 94en P>i+$m0+i$n4n(+ a i*(ncia- 78=*te-, 0) e*t -?vet=en me7.%<(+-$*ta- a >at(%$- C/%a%a/*$+()(va+,a %(-?vet-e*= 0ve-en a t?%?-?- e+#$7+a+t(- :%'7i(an a$&i-ai(t, e>at$+ta- a ;e4an&e% v?+780e, 0) e+v(7t(- a* Atta+i(a ve*et= utat" A &ani)men&e- u78ana--$%n8u7at #e+0 n8$mu+ta- Pa.>+a7<ni(a" A+ei$)* c)()*(% a*t te%ve*te, >$78 >a&/(%at$tin&'t a* anat<+iai >at(%$- vi))*a(++'t()(%a, ami-$% ut$+)< ete7)07e v07*ett ve+e"5M

J(n$) c)()*(% t%<n%a +0.0)e C/ +en&1+etet a&$tt Bi*(ncna-" J(n$)t a* a+attva+'vt(-V e78i-e v$+t a*$-na- a %it-a /e++eme-ne-, a-i-%=+ e78-iv0te++e+ e78et+en -$%t(%) '%< )em tu&$tt )emmi ec)m0%+=t (++'tani" E* a -iv0te+ a )a4

/(t n=v0%e, Anna K$mn0n0 v$+t, A+ei$)* +e7i&=)e 78e%me-e" Ann(t m07, 78e%4me--$%(an e+/e78e*t0- a* i#/C K$n)tantin Du-a)* t(%)c)()*(%%a+, a-ine- A+ei$)*$&a'70%te a t%<nt" Nem )$--a+ Anna ?cc)0ne- )*1+et0)e ut(n Du-a)* -$%ai >a+(+ana78 c)a.()t m0%t a c)()*(%+e(n8 ec)v(78(%a, a-i ett=+ -e*&ve c)a- a**a+ t?%=&?tt,>$78 >e+8%e>$**a a 7$n&vi)e+0) i7a*)(7ta+an)(7(t, 0) an8/a )e7't)070ve+ me7 a-a%ta78=*ni a./(t a%%<+, >$78 a t%<nt Anna m()$&i- #0%/0%e, Ni-0.>$%$)* B%1enni$)* c04*(%%a >a78/a" A c)()*(% m(% >a+&$-+$tt, ne/e 0) +(n8a $&aa&<an (.$+t(-, &e m07 a-4-$% i) un)*$+t(-, >$78 ta7a&/a -i J(n$)t a* ?%?-)070=+" A+ei$)* a*$nan C78 >at(4%$*$tt, >$78 a #i(na- -e++ -?vetnie =t a t%<n$n" Ami-$% J(n$)t e$c)(t$tt(- a >a+4&$-+<>$*, A+ei$)* c)en&e)en (ta&ta ne-i a c)()*(%i .ec)0tte+ 0-e) 78%t" J(n$) e+)i4etett a >a+(+$) (78t<+, >$78 e*(%a))a a .a+$ta -a.uit" L8$%) c)e+e-e&et0ne- me7 i)+ett a* e%e&m0n8e" A )e%e7 0) a )*en(tu) a*$nna+ u%a+-$&< c)()*(%na- n8i+v(n't$tta, a.(t%i(%-a )ietve me7e%=)'tette &?nt0)1-et, 0) e+v07e*te a Ha7ia S*$.>ia4tem.+$mana -$%$n(*()i )*e%ta%t()t" J(n$) -i#$7$tt Ann(n 0) a* an8ac)()*(%n0n, &e ta%t$tt att<+,>$78 .(%t>'vei- a* 0+et0%e t?%ne-" ;07 at8/a temet0)0%e )em ment e+V /< $-a v$+t att<+ta%tani, >$78 0.. a temet0) n8C/tana a+-a+mat a me%0n8+=-ne-" N0>(n8 na..a+ -04)= Anna ?))*ee)-1v0)t -0)*'tett e+= ?cc)e me778i+-$+()(%a, mia+att a c)()*(% an8u7$&t, -1+v(%$)i P>i+$.ati$n .a+$t(an ta%t<*-$&$tt" A* ?))*ee)-1v0)ne- v$+ta*$nan e78 78en7e .$nt/a" Ni-0.>$%$)* B%1enni$)*t )*(nt(- a t%<n%a, a-i .e&i7e78(+ta+(n nem v(78$tt %(" A* i) +e>et, >$78 = ma7a #i78e+me*tette a c)()*(%t" J(n$)c)a- en8>e 1ntet0)t )*a$tt -i a* ?))*ee)-1v=-%e" Ei%0n0 an8ac)()*(%n0 va+<)*'n4+e7 nem i) tu&$tt a* e70)*%=+, &e -$+$)t$%a v$nu+t" A c)()*(% e+-$$*ta Anna +e74#= t(m$7at<ina- i%t$-ait, &e )$-an -?*1+1- -0)= vi))*a-a.t(- a*$-at" E78 i&=4

345A t1%-m0n inv(*i<- +e#$+8()(%<+ 0) >at()ai%<+ /< ?))*e#$7+a+<t a& Ram)a82 a% $# ;$)+em an&

6>%i)tian #$% t>e P$))e))i$n $# A)ia ;in$%" In !tudies in the History and Art of the 0astern &ro%in/es of the$oman 0mpire, !94!G" ."346Anna K$mn0n0, Q3, i, M4vi, , G45" ."V 6>a+an&$n2 $9gne d'Ae:ius 1 Comn9ne, MG4" ."

55

%e Ann(t i) me7#$)*t$tta /<)*(7ait<+, 0) Anna att<+ -e*&ve te+/e) e+)*i7ete+t)07en 0+t"Ni-0.>$%$)*t nem 1ntette me7, a-i #e+e)070ve+ a**a+ vi7a)*ta+<&$tt a -$%$na e+4ve)*t0)e miatt, >$78 a -ev0)0 na78%a t?%= t?%t0net'%ata+ma i*t$)'tva v$+t" J(n$) e--$%ian a >a%minca&i- 0v0en /(%t,a+ac)$n8, v0-$n8 eme% v$+t, )?t0t )*em, )?t0t >a/C 0) a =%e i) #e+tn=en )?t0t v$+t"E78)*e% '*+0) v$+t, nem $)*t$*$tt c)a+(&ta7/ai -e&vte+0)eien, a-i- -?*1+ )$-an i%$4&a+$mma+ 0) te$+<7iai vit(--a+ 1&'tett0- #e+ ma7u-at" ;in&ene-e+=tt -at$na v$+t, a-i

/$an 0%e*te ma7(t a >a&/(%at$-an, mint a .a+$t(an" R(te%mett, i7a*)(7$) u%a+-$4&< v$+t, 0) (% ?nma7(va+ )*emen )*i7$%C, a%(taiva+ 0) a )*e70n8e--e+ =-e*en(nt 0) )*1-)07 e)et0n a* i++en&= )*e%ta%t()$) .$m.(%a i) >a/+an&< v$+t" S*e%etette+t?%=&?tt c)a+(&/(va+ 0) > #0%/e v$+t Pi%$)-a ma78a% >e%ce7n=ne- bS*ent ()*+< +e(4n8(na- F a ford*, a-it Ei%0n0 I%0n n0ven -e%e)*te+te- C/%a" B(% a c)()*(%n0 $)*t$*$tt#0%/0ve+ )*i7$%C 0+etvite+0en, /<t0-$n8)(7(an, nem )$- e#$+8()a v$+t %(" J(n$)e78et+en i*a+ma) a%(t/a a Na78 &$me)*ti-$)*, e78 A-)*u- nev t?%?- v$+t, a-i!4en m07 78e%me--0nt e)ett #$7)(7a Ni-aia $)t%$m(n(+ 0) a .a+$t(an neve+-e4&ett" J(n$) i7en #enn-?+ten 7$n&$+-$&$tt a c)()*(%i >ivat()%<+" At8/a e%=) #+$tt(t, e78)$-nem*eti)07, &e /<+ #e+)*e%e+t, /<+ )*e%ve*ett )e%e7et >a78$tt %(, 0) $+8an -inc)t(%at,ame+8 +e>et=v0 tette a* a-t'v .$+iti*(+()t" Nemc)a- a* v$+t a c0+/a, >$78 me7=%i**e ai%$&a+$m >at(%ait, >anem a* i), >$78 vi))*a><&'t)a a %07i >at(%$-at, 0) >e+8%e(++'t)aÉ)*a-4S*'%i(an a c)()*(%i #enn>at<)(7$t"5G

J(n$) e+)= >a&/(%at(t ! tava)*(n -e*&te me7 a t?%?- e++en" :%'7i(a v$nu+t, 0)vi))*a#$7+a+ta a$&i-ei(t" S1%7=) 178e- vi))*a)*<+'t$tt(- K$n)tantin(.$+8a, &e e78><na..a+ -0)= i)m0t >a&a )*(++t, e+#$7+a+ta S*$*$.$+i)*t, 0) me7n8it$tta a* utatAtta+ia #e+0" ;ia+att = a )*e+&*)u-$-at t(ma&ta n8u7at$n, me7)*e%ve*te a -e+eti &an4i)men&e- e++eni t(ma&()t" K$n)tantin La%a)* t%a.e*unti >e%ce7 -i>a)*n(+ta L(*iem'% 0) ve/e, In ;an7u, a* ?%m0n8$%)*(7i Ta%ana7ian +ete+e.e&ett t?%?- -0n8C%-?*?tti e++ent0tet, 0) a* ut<ina- n8C/t$tt #e78ve%e) )e7't)07et" L(*i a*$nan )*?vet4)07e)0ve+, a me+it0n0i T$7%u++a+ +e78=*te 0) e+#$7ta La%a)*t, a-ine- 5 e*e% &in(%%a+-e++ett me7v(+tania ma7(t" L(*i 0) T$7%u+ a +e7/$-$% ve)*ett ?))*e e78m())a+, ) '78a t?%?-?- nem >a)*n(+>att(- -i 78=*e+m1-et"5!

N0>(n8 0ven (t J(n$) nem tu&$tt eavat-$*ni a* anat<+iai 178e-e" E*e-en a*0ve-en #en8e7et=en me7n?ve-e&ett a &ani)men& t?%?-?- >ata+ma" 4en, ami4-$% a me+it0n0i T$7%u+ m$)t$>aa./a, a* $%t$-i&a Ba+a- a D*)a*'%(an >a%c$+va e+4e)ett, L(*i em'% +e%$>anta 0) e+#$7+a+ta ;e+it0n0t, a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- +e7na78$?%?m0%e, a-i- u%a+m(t -e++eme)ne-, i7a*)(7$)na- 't0+t0-" L(*i e--$% n8u7at%a in4&u+t, e+#$7+a+ta a i*(ncia-t<+ An-a%(t, Lan7%(t 0) Ka)*tamunit, 0) e70)*en a :e-ete4ten7e% .a%t/(i7 -ite%/e)*tette >ata+m(t" K$n)tantin La%a)* '78 a )*(%a*#?+&?n e+ v$+tv(7va Bi*(nct<+, ) e+)*i7ete+t)070t a%%a >a)*n(+ta #e+, >$78 -i-i(+t$tta ma7(t T%a.e4*unt )*uve%0n u%a+-$&</(na-" !4en a %u.eni&a T$%$)* >e%ce7 >a+(+a-$% L(*i #i478e+me i)m0t &0+e%e #$%&u+t, ) a -?vet-e*= 0ven a* ?%m0n8e--e+ )*?vet)07en aD*)i>(n .a%t/(n me7?+te II" B$emun& >e%ce7et" B(%mit i) 7$n&$+t J(n$) Anti<->i(va+-a.c)$+atan, a*t i*$n8$)an nem a-a%>atta, >$78 e78 na78>ata+mC mu)*+im ve*et=

347Anna K$mn0n0, Q3, i, 45, !4" ."V Z<na%a)*, III, 9!" ." -ev0)0 t(%78i+a7$) e)*(m$+<V

+()& 6>a+an&$n2 i* h*, 54M" ." 0) Les Comn9nes, 4G" ."3486>a+an&$n2 i* h*, G4", !" ."349>o*, 594G" ."

5

-e*0%e -e%1+/?n" A*$nna+ +e%$>anta Pa.>+a7<ni(t, ) e**e+ me7a-a&(+8$*ta, >$78 L(*i-i>a)*n(+>a))a 78=*e+m0t" S*e%enc)0/0%e a )*e+&*)u- t?%?-?- e*e-en a* 0ve-enc)a+(&i vi)*(+8$-a $n8$+<&ta-" 94en ;a)*C& )*u+t(nt +ev(+t$tta A%a nev #i4v0%e" ;a)*C& K$n)tantin(.$+8a mene-1+t, a>$+ a c)()*(% na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta"Onnan a.<)(>$*, a &ani)men& L(*i>$* ment, a-ine- a )e7't)070ve+ n0780vi >a%c(%(n vi))*a)*e%e*te a t%<n/(t" E--$% A%a$n v$+t a )$%, >$78 K$n)tantin(.$+8a me4ne-1+/?n, $tt i) >a+t me7"59

5 0) 59 -?*?tt J(n$) 0vente >a%c$+t a &ani)men&e- e++en" Ha&/(%at(t -0t)*e%#0+e -e++ett )*a-'tania #iv0%e, I*)(- )*ea)*t$-%at<% me)te%-e&0)ei miatt, a-i 54an me7)*?-?tt a* u&va%t<+, 0) -i4+enc 0ven (t -1+?n?*= mu)*+im 0)?%m0n8 u%a+-$&<--a+ e)-1&?tt?))*eV 54en a c)()*(%n0 v(%at4+an >a+(+a miatt t0%t vi))*a J(n$) a>($%C<+" 5 )*e.teme%0%e,ami-$% L(*' em'% >a+(+a me7-?n84n8'tette a >e+8*etet, m(% vi))*a)*e4%e*te a* ?))*e) e+ve)*'tett te%1+etetLan7%a -iv0te+0ve+V a*t 59 tava4)*(n #$7+a+ta e+" L(*' #ia 0) ?%?-?)e,;u>amma&, a-it c)a+(&i vi)*(+8$--?t?tte- +e, nem tu&$tt t(ma&ni, a&ani)men& )e7't)07t=+ me7#$)*t$tt;a)*C& .e&i7 a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t,>$78 me7e78e**0- a c)()*(%%a+"59

;iut(n me7#0-e*te a* anat<+iai t?%?-?-et, J(n$) -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 eavat-$*4*0- S*'%i(an" E+=)*?% a*$nan i*t$)'tani a-a%ta >(t$%)*(7(t" 594en i*(nci -?4vet)07 0%-e*ett $t>a% n8u7ati c)()*(% u&va%(a, N0met$%)*(7a" J(n$) nev0en /e4+ent=) .0n*178i )e7't)07et '70%t $t>a%na-, >a a c)()*(% >a/+an&< v$+na me7t(ma&niR$7e%4t, S*ic'+ia -i%(+8(t" A t(%78a+()$- n0>(n8 ><na.i7 e+>C*<&ta-" 3071+ $t>a%e+ee78e*ett aa, >$78 5 tava)*(n me7t(ma&/a R$7e%4t"59 G4an J(n$) +e78=*4te e ma78a%$-at, 0) !4en >a&/(%atta+ a+attva+<iv( tette a )*e%e-et" A Duna a+)<#$+8()(n(+ )*i+(%& v$+t a i*(nci v0&e+mi v$na+"595 A* M" 0vi e78e*m0n8 e+t(v$+'t$t4ta a .i)aia-at n$%mann )*?vet)07e)ei-t=+, ) a c)()*(%)(7 e78)*e%%e /< vi)*$n8a -e4%1+t 3e+enc0ve+ 0) Len$v(va+"59

5 tava)*(n a i%$&a+mi >a&)e%e7 a c)()*(% 0) #iai ve*et0)e a+att ?))*e78+t Atta4+i(an 0) -e+et #e+0 n8$mu+t Ki+i-i(a" O+&a+(t a c)()*(%i #+$tta v0&te" :%an-$- 0) ?%4m0n8e- e78a%(nt me7+e.=&te- a >'%%e" A -e+et4-i+i-iai )'-)(7 u%a, a %u.eni&a e<me7in&u+t, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a S*e+eu-ia i*(nci >at(%e%=&/0t, a>$nnan ma/& #e+ tu&/a ta%4t<*tatni a )e%e7 e+=%en8$mu+()(t, &e vi))*av$nu+()%a -0n8)*e%1+t" A c)()*(% t$v(n8$mu+t, ;a%)*in, Ta%)*$)*, A&ana 0) ;ami)*t%a a*$nna+ me7a&ta ma7(t" A* ?%4

3506>a+an&$n, 4!" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 9" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 54", ", 5" ."351Kinnam$)*, 49" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 4!" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 54!" ."352

Dia-<nu) P0te%, in M* 3* H* !s", 3II" -?t" G55" ."3536>a+an&$n2 i" m" 9!4M5" .", 4" ."354>o*, 9G4M" ."

59

II. századi keresztest á'ráz#l& aliké

m0n8 u%a+-$&< aan '*$tt, >$78 Ana*a%$)* >ata+ma) v(%a e++en(++ a c)()*(%na-"A >e+8=%)07 >a%minc>0t na.i7 -ita%t$tt, &e a i*(nci $)t%$m70.e- me7%$n7(+t(- a #a4+a-at, ) a v(%$) v071+ me7a&ta ma7(t" e< vi))*av$nu+t a Tau%u)*4>e78)07e, 0) ac)()*(% nem ve)*=&?tt a* 1+&?*0)0ve+" A -?%n80-en m07 t? ?%m0n8 v(%at e+#$7+a+t,ma/& &0+ #e+0 in&u+t, ) I))*$)* 0) A+ean&%etta 0%int0)0ve+ (t-e+t a S*'%iai4-a.un 0) +e4

/ut$tt a* anti<->iai )'-%a" Au7u)*tu) !40n a v(%$) #a+ai a+( 0%t 0) a* O%$nt0)* 0)*a-i.a%t/(n t($%$*$tt +e"599

A >e%ce7 nem ta%t<*-$&$tt Anti<->i(an" P$itie%)4i Ra/mun& ;$nt#e%%ata in&u+t,>$78 me7ment)e a -i%(+8t, ) ve+e v$+t E&e))*ai J$)ce+in i)" ;i%e a Bu-ai(a 0%te-, a-i%(+8 m(% -i)*aa&u+t" :u+-< -$%(an ma7a a-a%t Anti<->i(a menni, >$78 me71t4-?**?n a i*(nci )e%e77e+, &e a -?*e+mC+t ta.a)*ta+atai i%t$-(an m$)t in-( Je%u4*)(+em #e+0 vette a* Ct/(t" Ra/mun& )ietve >a*at0%t, 0) a%%a 0%-e*ett me7, >$78 a c)(4)*(% me7-e*&te Anti<->ia $)t%$m(t, &e m07 nem *(%ta te+/e)en -?%1+ a v(%$)t" Ra/4mun&nate)t=%eive+ e781tt a #e++e7v(% a+att, a 3a)4-a.un (t )i-e%1+t e/utnia a v(%$)4a"

A i*(nci $)t%$m70.e- n0>(n8 na.$n (t t?%t0-4*C*t(- a v(%$) e%=&'tm0n8eit" Ra/4mun& nem )*(m't>at$tt -1+)= )e7't)07%e, 0) nem v$+t te+/e)en i*$n8$) a +a-$))(7 0%4*e+mei #e+=+ )em" Imm(% (%a/+$tta- a%%a, >$78 >e+8e)e+/0- A+i*a&&i7 me7>iC)'t$tt .$+iti-(/(t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= Ra/mun& 1*enetet -1+&?tt a c)(4)*(%na-2 e+i)me%i u%a+-$&</(u+, >a mint c)()*(%i >e+8ta%t<, me7ta%t>at/a a >e%ce7)047et" J(n$) a*$nan #e+t0te+ n0+-1+i me7a&()t -?vete+t" Ra/mun& e--$% a*t -0%te, >$78tan(c)-$*>a))a- :u+-< -i%(++8a+" L8$%)an +eve+et -1+&?tt Je%u*)(+eme" :u+-< v(+a)*anem )$-at )e7'tett" W;in& /<+ tu&/u- F '%ta a -i%(+8 F, 0) e+=&ein- i) a*t tan't$tt(- ne4-1n-, >$78 Anti<->ia a -$n)tantin(.$+8i c)()*(%)(7 i%t$-a v$+t e70)*en a&&i7,am'7 a t?%?-?- e+ nem vett0- a c)()*(%t<+" A t?%?-?- ti*enn078 0vi7 ta%t$tt(- a v(4%$)t, ) a*t i) tu&/u-, >$78 a c)()*(% /$77a+ >ivat-$*i- a* =)ein--e+ -?t?tt )*e%*=&0)e-4%e" Ta7a&>at/u-4e >(t a* i7a*)(7$t, ) )*eme)*(++>atun-4e a**a+, ami /$7$)_X Ha a -i4%(+8, a-it Ra/mun& >0%u%(nate-intett, i+8en v(+a)*t -1+&?tt, Ra/mun& )*em0ennem v$+t 0%te+me a t$v(i e++en(++()na-" K?vetei C78 v0+t0-, >$78 a c)()*(% >a/+i- i4*$n8$) en7e&m0n8e-%e" Ra/mun&na- a c)()*(% t($%(a -e++ett mennie, $tt te+/e) >4)07e)-1t tennie, ame+8 (+ta+ a c)()*(% eme%0v0 +ett, 0) t=+e -a.$tt en7e&0+8t a v(%$)4a 0) a #e++e7v(%a va+< e/ut()>$*" A me7(++a.$&() a*t i) ma7(an #$7+a+ta, >$78 >aa i*(ncia- #%an- )e7't)077e+ e+#$7+a+n(- A+e..<t 0) a -?%n8e*= v(%$)$-at, a--$% Ra/4mun& vi))*aa&/a Anti<->i(t a c)()*(%na-, c)e%0e .e&i7 >e%ce7)07et -a., ame+8A+e..<<+, Sai*a%<+, Ham(<+ 0) Hum)*<+ (++" Ra/mun& e+ee78e*ett" E+ment, ac)()*(% e+0 t0%&e+t, 0) >)07et e)-1&?tt ne-i" J(n$) e*ut(n m(% nem %a7a)*-$&$tt a>4>$*, >$78 ev$nu+/$n a v(%$)a, &e a #e++e7v(%%a -it*ette a c)()*(%i +$$7<t"59M

A t(%78a+()$- me7mutatt(-, >$78 a #%an-$- +e+-ii)me%ete nem v$+t ti)*ta a c)(4)*(%%a+ )*emen" ;e7+e>et, >$78 :u+-< v(+a)*(t a .i++anatn8i )*1-)07 &i-t(+ta" Na478$n i) /<+ tu&ta, >$78 Zan7' v$+t a #%an- -i%(+8)(7 #= e++en)07e, 0) nem a-a%ta ma7(4%a >a%a7'tani a*t a* e78et+en -e%e)*t0n8 >ata+mat, ame+8 -0.e) v$+t me7#0-e*ni a

355Kinnam$)*, M4G" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, !459" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , 545" ."VE&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+iv, 55" ."V S*emat c$nn0ta+e, MM4M" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., 9495" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8,III, 9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, " ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ." a -ia&< a " ." )*"4an a Ki/a+/(ni, a*a*

Ka+$ianne) $+va)at(t Im(n/(+%a, Emmanue+%e v(+t$*tatn(, &e a -%<ni-() J(n$)%<+ e)*0+"356T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, 5, M94M95" ."V O%&e%icu) 3ita+i), QIII, 5, !!4" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4!" ."VNi-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 5M45" ."

5M

mu)*+im$-at" e>et, >$78 ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= i) +ata vetette e#$+8()(t e78 $+8an.$+iti-a /av(%a, ame+8 i7a*$+ta A+i* n=v0%0t, 0) me7a+(*ta a*t a #0%#it, a-i c)C#$t *?ttA+i*<+" A -i%(+8 v0+em0n8e a*$nan va+<)*'n+e7 #=-0nt /$7tu&<)ai me77$n&$+()a4in a+a.u+t" I" B$emun& .%$.a7an&(/a e++en0%e a +e+-ii)me%ete)e -e%e)*te)e- m07min&i7 0%v0n8e)nete-intett0- a*t a* e78e*)07et, ame+8et at8(i- -?t?tte- A+ei$)4)*a+ K$n)tantin(.$+8an" Anti<->i(t vi))*a -e++ a&ni a c)()*(%)(7na-, B$emun& 0)Tan-%0& .e&i7, mive+ e)-1/1-et me7)*e7t0-, e+/(t)*$tt(- min&en /$7u-at a v(%$)>$*"E* a n0*et m07 )*0+)=)07e)een c)()*(%.(%ti v$+t, mint ma7(na- a c)()*(%na- a v04+em0n8e" A c)()*(%i -$%m(n8*at min&i7 %ea+i)ta v$+t" Be+(tta, >$78 78a-$%+ati+a7 +e4>etet+en, 0) nem i) tan(c)$) -(%.<t+() n0+-1+ -i-e%7etni a #%an-$-at Anti<->i(<+"E*en tC+ a i*(nci .$+iti-a a*t )*e%ette v$+na, >a a >at(%$- ment0n $+8an va*a++u) (+4+am$- )$%a-$*na-, ame+8e- .$+iti-(/(t a c)()*(% e++en=%*i, ) ame+8e- #e+#$7/(- a* e+4+en)07e) t(ma&()$- /av(t" A c)()*(% te>(t nem a* e78-$% K$n)tantin(.$+8an -?t?tte78e*m0n8%e a+a.$*ta i70n80t, >anem a B$emun&&a+ -?t?tt &ev$++i e78e*)07%e" An4ti<->i(t +(*a&< va*a++u)na- min=)'tette, ) e*0%t -?vete+te a #e+t0te+ n0+-1+i me7a&()t"U78ana--$% a*$nan -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 t$v(%a i) e+i)me%/e Anti<->i(t va*a++u)(++amna-" E+)=)$%an a%%a v$+t )*1-)07e, >$78 Anti<->ia e781ttm-?&/0- ve+e amu)*+im$- e++eni >a%can"59

;(% tC+ -0)= v$+t a* C/a >a&/(%at>$*, e*0%t J(n$), miut(n te-int0+80t >e+8%e(++'4t$tta, vi))*at0%t Ki+i-i(a, >$78 e#e/e**e a* $ttani ><&'t()t" A %u.eni&a u%a+-$&<- e+4mene-1+te- e+=+e a Tau%u)* ma7a)a vi&0-0%e" e< #iai -?*1+ >(%man, ;+e>, I)tv(n0) a va- K$n)tantin un$-ate)tv0%1->?*, E&e))*ai J$)ce+in>$* mene-1+te-" 3a>-ac)a+(&, v(%a a >=) K$n)tantin .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+att n0>(n8 >0ti7 e++en(++t" K$n)tantin.(%via&a+a a ma-e&<n e*%e& e78i- ti)*t/0ve+, Eu)*t%ati$))*a+ a* e70)* c)()*(%i )e%e7%e>at())a+ v$+t" 3a>-a e+e)te ut(n nem )$--a+ e< 0) i&=)e #iai, Ru.en 0) T$%$)* i)#$7)(7a -e%1+t" K$n)tantin(.$+8a -1+&t0- 0) e?%t?n?*t0- =-et" Ru.ent >ama%$4)an -iv07e*t0-" e< 0) T$%$)* e+n8e%te a c)()*(% -e78e+m0t, 0) #e+178e+et a+att a* u&4va%an 0+>etett" e< n078 0v mC+va me7>a+t" T$%$)* -0)= me7)*?-?tt 0) vi))*at0%tKi+i-i(a" ;iut(n J(n$) e#e/e*te >a&/(%at(t, t0+i t($%a v$nu+t a -i+i-iai )'-)(7%a";a%a)i Ba+&uin $tt -e%e)te #e+, ><&$+t e+=tte 0) v0&e+m0t -0%te a t?%?-?- e++en" E**e+e78i&e/+e7 c)()*(%i -?vet)07 ment Zan7'>$*, >$78 -in8i+v(n't)(-2 a i*(ncia- nem)*'ve)en $c)(t-$*n(na- t(ma&< /e++e7 -a+an&a"

A -?vet-e*= 0v #e%u(%/(an a c)()*(% .a%anc)(%a a* anti<->iai >at<)(7$- v(%at+a4nu+ +eta%t<*tatt(- A+e..< 0) a )*$m)*0&$) mu)*+im v(%$)$- -e%e)-e&=it 0) uta*<it,ne>$78 $tt>$n /e+ent>e))0-, mi#0+e -at$nai -0)*1+=&0)ne- v(+ta- )*emtanCiv(" ;(%4ciu) v070n a c)()*(% )e%e77e+ in&u+t Anti<->i(a, a>$+ c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( Anti<->ia>e%ce7e 0) E&e))*a 7%<#/a, t$v(( e78 c)a.at tem.+$m$) +$va7" Á.%i+i) 4/0n a )e%e7e++en)07e) te%1+et%e 0%t, 0) e+#$7+a+ta Ba+at$t" 54(n me7/e+ent Bi*aa a+attV a v(%$) a .a4%anc)n$- #e+e)07e i%(n8't()(va+ ?t na.i7 e++en(++t" E78 m()i- >etet a**a+ t?+t?tte- a-e%e)*t0n8e-, >$78 ?))*e#$7&$)t(- a -?%n80-en )*0t)*<%<&$tt mu)*+im -at$n(-at"S$-an a* e+4Baa a%+an7$-an -e%e)te- mene&0-et, a>$nnan -i#1)t?+t0- =-et a i4*(ncia-" Zan7' 0..en Ham( a+att (++$m()$*$tt -at$n(iva+ 0) me7.%<(+ta $nnan -i4*ni a &ama)*-u)*i >e+8=%)07et, ami-$% -0mei /e+entett0- ne-i a -e%e)*t0n8 et?%0)t"S*aua% ve*et0)0ve+ a*$nna+ c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt A+e..< v0&e+m0ne- me7e%=)'t0)0%e,

J(n$) a*t %em0+te, >$78 me7+e.>eti A+e..<t, ami-$% a*$nan (.%i+i) 4(n $&a0%t, 0)

357()& 6>a+an&$n2 i* m*, 5455" ."

5

t(ma&()t in&'t$tt a #a+a- e++en, e%=) v0&e+emme+ ta+(+ta ma7(t )*emen" In-( nemv(++a+ta a* $)t%$m ve)*0+8eit, 0) &0+%e #$%&u+t" 40n e+#$7+a+ta Ata%eet, 940n ;aa%4%at an4Num(nt 0) 40n Ka#a%ta$t" G4(n )e%e7e Sai*a% -a.uin(+ v$+t"

Sai*a% AC+4A)*(-i% S*u+t(n mun-i&i&a em'%>e* ta%t$*$tt, a-i Zan7'va+ )*emeni) me7=%i*te #177et+en)070t" Ta+(n J(n$) a*t %em0+te, >$78 e*0%t Zan7' i) )$%)(%a #$7/a>a78ni a v(%$)t, ame+8ne- i%t$-+()a a*$nan +e>et=v0 tette v$+na, >$78 a -e%e)*t04n8e- e++en=%i**0- a* O%$nt0)* -?*0.)= #$+8()(t, ) me7a-a&(+8$*ta v$+na, >$78 Zan7'e+/e >at$+/$n S*'%i(a" A i*(ncia- na78 +en&1+ette+ -e*&te- >$**( a* $)t%$m>$*"R?vi&e)en e+#$7+a+t(- a* a+)<v(%$) e78i- %0)*0t, 0) a c)()*(% e+=(++'ttatta na78 $)t%$m470.eit, >$78 a*$--a+ $m(**a a* O%$nt0)* #?+?tti me%e&e- &$m$n a #e+)=v(%$)t"atin 0) mu)*+im #$%%()$- e78a%(nt e)*(m$+na- a c)()*(% )*em0+8e) (t$%)(7(%<+,ene%7i(/(%<+, 0) a $m(*() >at0-$n8)(7(%<+" S*inte min&en1tt /e+en v$+t, a%an8 )i4)a-/a >$+ itt, >$+ $tt tnt #e+, e++en=%i*te a* $)t%$m70.e-et, (t$%'t$tta a* $)t%$m%a in4&u+<-at, vi7a)*ta+ta a )ee)1+te-et" U)*(ma, a* em'% un$-a?cc)e +(tta, >$78 a -=>a/'4t< 70.e- na78 -(%$-at $-$*ta-" E78et+en 7$+8< e70)* >(*a-at *C*$tt ?))*e, e78 +?ve4&0-t=+ )0%1+ten +e*u>ant a* a va)%C& i), ame+8en a* em'% *()*+a/a +en7ett, 0) e)t0enme7?+t e78 /(%<-e+=t" A c)()*(% 0) 70.ei #(%a&>atat+an$- v$+ta-, &e a #%an-$- c)a-vi))*a#$7$ttan >a%c$+ta-" Ra/mun& att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 >a eve)*i- Sai*a%t, e)et+e7 $tt-e++ t$v( 0+nie a -e%e)*t0n8)07 #%$ntv$na+(an, 0) $&a -e++ >a78nia Anti<->ia -04n8e+m0t" J$)ce+in .e&i7 F a-i a ma7(n0+eten 78+?+te Ra/mun&$t F, e78(+ta+(n nem?%1+t v$+na, >a Ra/mun&$t Sai*a% va78 e)et+e7, -0)= A+e..< u%a-0nt +(t>at/a e78na.$n" Int%i-(iva+ #?+e%=)'tette Ra/mun& i*a+mat+an)(7(t a i*(ncia- i%(nt" A -0t +a4tin ve*0% ett=+ -e*&ve nem vett %0)*t a c)at(-an, >anem -$c-(*())a+ 1t?tte e+ a* i&=ta )(t$%an" A c)()*(%i )*em%e>(n8()$- c)a- -i) i&=%e 0) 'mme+4(mma+ -0)*tett0-=-et c)e+e-v0)%e" K?*en Zan7' #e+>a78$tt Ham( $)t%$m(va+ 0) Sai*a% #e+0 ta%t$tt"K1+&?ttei Ba7&a&a )iette-, (m a )*u+t(n e+=)*?% nem a-a%t )e7't)07et n8C/tani, m'74nem n0.i +(*a&() t?%t -i, me+8 )*ent >($%Ct )1%7etve %(-0n8)*e%'tette, >$78 )e%e7etin&'t)$n Ctna-" D(vC& $%t$-i&a >e%ce7 a D*)a*'%(<+ 9 e*e% t1%-m0n=+ (++< )e%e7et'70%t" eve+et -1+&te- a &ani)men&i em'%ne- i), -0%t0-, >$78 Anat<+i(an -e*&/en e+4te%e+= >a&mve+ete" Zan7' i) ti)*t(an v$+t a i*(ncia- 0) a #%an-$- -?*?tti )*0t>C4*())a+" A -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7en m-?&= 178n?-ei m07 )*'t$tt(- i) a +atin ve*0%e- e+4+en)*env0t a c)()*(% i%(nt"

J(n$) min&en e%0+8e e++en0%e Sai*a% )*i-+(i, a v0&=- (t$%)(7a 0) a #%an-$- -?*?4n8e 78=*?tt" N0>(n8 )*?vet)07e)e a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 v$nu+/$n e+, 0) c)a./$n ?))*eZan7'va+, a-ine- a )e%e7e -i)e v$+t, mint a -e%e)*t0n8e-0" A c)()*(% a*$nan nem>a78>atta =%i*et+en1+ >a%ci 70.eit, 0) a #%an-$-an )em '*>at$tt" TC+ na78 v$+t a-$c-(*at" Bevette a* e70)* a+)<v(%$)t, ma/& m(/u) 4a -?%1+ a )ai*a%i em'% <%i()i -(%4ta+an't()i a/(n+$tt #e+, me7a/(n&0-$*ta +e7/$ +$vaiva+, )e+8em ?+t?*0-e--e+ ) ne-ia&ta -0t +e7#0+tette -inc)0t, e78 0-)*e%e--e+ -i%a-$tt a)*ta+t 0) e78 %uin$--a+ &'4)*'tett -e%e)*tet, ame+8et M 0vve+ -$%(an ;an*i-e%tn0+ *)(-m(n8$+ta- a t?%?-?-R$man$)* Di$7en0)* c)()*(%t<+" Aa i) e+ee78e*ett, >$78 e+i)me%i >0%u%(u+ ac)()*(%t, 0) 0vi a&<t #i*et ne-i" J(n$), me7un&$%$&va +atin )*?vet)07e)eit=+, e+#$7a&taa* a/(n+at$t 0) 40n v07et vetett a* $)t%$mna-" Amint a na78 c)()*(%i )e%e7 me7in4

5G

&u+t Anti<->ia #e+0, Zan7' Sai*a% #e+0 in&u+t" N0>(n8 -i)e ?))*ec)a.()t +e)*(m'tvanem me%te me7*ava%ni a vi))*av$nu+()t"59G

Ami-$% a )e%e7 Anti<->i(>$* 0%t, J(n$) %a7a)*-$&$tt a* 1nne.0+8e) ev$nu+()4>$*" <>(t$n v$nu+t e a v(%$)a, -0t $+&a+(n 78a+$7$+t a* anti<->iai >e%ce7 0)E&e))*a 7%<#/a, mint>a c)a- +$v()*ai +ette- v$+na" A .(t%i(%-a 0) a .a.)(7 a -a.un(+v(%ta a c)()*(%t, ) a #e++$$7<*$tt utc(-$n 1nne.i mi)0%e a )*0-e)e78>(*>$* ve*et4t0-, $nnan a .a+$t(>$* mente-, a>$+ a c)()*(% )*(++()a v$+t" J(n$) ma7(>$* >'vattaRa/mun&$t, 0) a )*em0%e vetette, >$78 nem te+/e)'tette a+attva+$78 en7e&/0- e a v(%$)a a )e%e70t, 0) >$78 a #e++e7v(%at ne-i a&/(- (t"

J(n$) c)()*(% -i/e+entette, >$78 a mu)*+im$- e++eni t$v(i >a&/(%at$-na- Anti<->i4(<+ -e++ -iin&u+niu-, ) a #e++e7v(%%a a*0%t van )*1-)07e, >$78 $tt %a-t(%$**a e+ -in4c)eit 0) >a&i #e+)*e%e+0)0t" A #%an-$- me7%0m1+te-" Ra/mun& i&=t -0%t, >$78 me7#$n4t$+/a a -0%0)e-et, &e -?*en J$)ce+in -i)*?-?tt a .a+$t(<+" A%%a uta)'t$tta -at$n(it,>$78 te%/e))*0- e+ a >'%t a v(%$)an, mi)*e%int a c)()*(% -?vete+i a +atin +a-$))(7a*$nna+i -i*0)0t, t$v(( a%%a, >$78 i*ta))(- #e+ a +atin$-at2 t(ma&/ana- a 7?%?7 +a4-$))(7%a" Ami-$% -it?%t a #$%%$n7(), vi))*a)ietett a .a+$t(a, 0) a*t m$n&ta J(n$)na-,>$78 0+ete -$c-(*tat()(va+ 0%-e*ett, >$78 #i78e+me*te))e a c)()*(%t a %( +e)e+-e&= ve4)*0+8%e" 3a+<an v$+ta- *ava%7()$- a* utc(-$n, ) n0>(n8 78anCt+an 7?%?7?t me7?+4te-" Ke+eten )$>a)em +e>etett e+=%e tu&ni, >$78an ) mi-$% v07*=&i- e78 *en&1+0)" J(4n$) nem -'v(nta a v(%$)e+i 7?%?7?- )*enve&0)0t, &e a*t )em a-a%ta, >$78 e)*$%u+4

/$n a .a+$t(a, a>$+ c)a- a te)t=%ei v$+ta- ve+e, m'7 )e%e7e t(v$+, a* O%$nt0)* .a%t/(nt($%$*$tt" I&=-?*en a*t i) me7tu&ta, >$78 Zan7' &i.+$m(ciai man=ve%ei e%e&m04n8e-0..en a* anat<+iai )*e+&*)u-$- e+?*?n+?tt0- Ki+i-i(t, 0) me7%$>ant(- A&an(t"Át+(t$tt J$)ce+in t%1--/0n, mie+=tt a*$nan me7-$c-(*tatta v$+na a n8'+t )*a-'t()t a+atin$--a+, me7 -e++ett i*$n8$)$&nia a#e+=+, >$78 tu&/a4e ta%tani a -a.c)$+at$t a -1+4vi+(77a+" O&a>'vatta Ra/mun&$t 0) J$)ce+int, ) a*t m$n&ta, >$78 .i++anatn8i+a7 e0%i>)07e)-1/1- me7i)m0t+0)0ve+, me%t vi))*a -e++ t0%nie K$n)tantin(.$+8a" E+>a78ta a.a+$t(t, c)at+a-$*$tt )e%e70>e*, mi%e a v(%$)an a #%an- ve*0%e- a*$nna+ +ec)en&e)'4tett0- a %en&$nt<-at" De m07 min&i7 na78$n i&e7e)e- v$+ta-, 0) )*e%ett0- v$+navi))*an8e%ni a c)()*(% /<in&u+at(t" Ra/mun& m07 a*t i) #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 c)()*(%iti)*tvi)e+=-et en7e& e a v(%$)aV >e+8e)en m0%ve #e+, >$78 J(n$) nem #$7 e+#$7a&nia* i+8en -0.mutat< #e+a/(n+()t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= J(n$) e+Cc)C*$tt Ra/mun&t<+ 0)

J$)ce+int=+" A Cc)C a -'v1+(++< )*em0en a%(t)(7$)natn>etett, &e a #e+e- -?+c)?4n?)en i*a+mat+an$- v$+ta- e78m() i%(nt" A c)()*(% e*ut(n Ki+i-i(a ve*ette )e%e470t"59!

I7en #i78e+em%em0+t<, >$78 J(n$) Anti<->i(va+ -a.c)$+at$) t(%78a+()ai )$%(n neme)ett )*< a* e78>(*%<+" A &ev$+i e78e*m0n8 0%te+m0en a .at%i(%-(tu)na- a 7?%?7?-4%e -e++ett v$+na )*(++nia, ) 0%t>et=, >a a +atin e78>(*i >at<)(7$- att<+ #0+te-, >$78 ac)()*(% e%=+tetni #$7/a a )*e%*=&0) e .$nt/(na- a me7va+<)'t()(t2 5G m(%ciu)(an II"Ince .(.a %en&e+etet a&$tt -i F )*inte i*t$)an Anti<->i(<+ 0%-e*ett -0%0)%e F,ame+8en me7ti+t$tta e78>(*a min&en ta7/(na-, >$78 a i*(nci )e%e7en ma%a&/$n,>a a )e%e7 +0.e)e-et te)* a* anti<->iai +atin >at<)(7$- e++en" J(n$) i*$n8(%a nem

358T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3 4, M994M9GV Kinnam$)*, !4" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 54" ."V S*'%iai ;i4>(+82 i* h*V U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", M", ", 54" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G49" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, M4

MG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4G" ." P%$&$m$)*na- a c)()*(%>$* int0*ett 7%atu+(+< -?+tem0n80=+ a%%a +e4>et -?vet-e*tetni, >$78 Sai*a%t a* i&=/(%() mentette me7 M* &* 3*, 6QQQIII" -?t" 5F5!" c$+""359T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, 549, M9G4MM9" ."V %a/ta -'v1+ c)a- a+4A*imi 59" ." em+'ti a* ?))*ee)-1v0)t"

5!

a-a%t a&&i7 e78>(*i vi)*(+8t t(ma)*tani, m'7 .$+iti-ai+a7 0) )t%at07iai+a7 nem 0%*etti*t$)a ta+a/t a +(a a+att" Ha Ra/mun&na- Anti<->i(0%t c)e%0e e78 >e%ce7)07et tu4&$tt v$+na i*t$)'tani, min&en i*$nn8a+ i)m0t 7?%?7 .(t%i(%-(t (++'t$tt v$+na a v(%$)4a" Ám e* i&= )*e%int n8i+v(n$)an e+i)me%te a +atin$- /e+en+0t0t, ami-$% D$m#%$ntiRa&u+# ment e+0 a v(%$)-a.u>$*, 0) = ve*ette mi)0%e a )*0-e)e78>(*a"5M

J(n$) +a))an uta*$tt vi))*a K$n)tantin(.$+8 #e+0, miut(n e+-1+&te )e%e7e e78 %04)*0t, >$78 1nte))e me7 a )*e+&*)u- ;a)*C&$t, ami0%t et?%t Ki+i-i(a" ;a)*C& 04-0t -0%t, 0) -(%ta+an't()t #i*etett" 5!4en 0) e+e/0n a c)()*(% ene%7i(it a &ani)4men&i em'% -?t?tte +e, a-i a )*e+&*)u-$-n(+ )$--a+ ve)*e&e+me)e e++en#0+ v$+t"5!4en ;u>amma& nemc)a- e+?*?n+?tte :e+)=4Ki+i-i(t 0) e+#$7+a+ta 3a>-a v(%(t,&e >a&/(%at$t i) ve*etett e70)*en a S*an7a%i$)* #$+8<i7" A %ee++i) t%a.e*unti >e%ce747e+, K$n)tantin La%a))*a+ -?t?tt )*?vet)07e 0)*a-%<+ v0&e+met i*t$)'t$tt a* em'%4ne-, A* 5!" 0v n8a%(n J(n$) -i*te a &ani)men&e-et Bit>1ni(<+ 0) Pa.>+a7<ni(4<+, =))*e+ .e&i7 -e+et%e in&u+t, a :e-ete4ten7e% .a%t/(%a" K$n)tantin La%a)* me7><4&$+t, 0) a c)()*(%i )e%e7 a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/e #e+0 vette a* Ct/(t, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/a a&ani)men&e- N'-)*(% nev e%=&/0t" Ne>0* v(++a+-$*() v$+t" A v(% te%m0)*ett=+ #$7vae%=) v$+t, v0&e+me -itn=, ) a va& >e78vi&0-en ne>0* v$+t -a.c)$+at$t ta%tani a >(t4$%)*(77a+" J(n$)t +et?%te, >$78 c)a.atai )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&te-, 0) >$78un$-a?cc)e, I*)(- #ia, J(n$), (t(++t a* e++en)07>e*, mu)*+imm( +ett, 0) n=1+ vette ;a4)*C& +e(n8(t" A* $tt$m(n )*u+t(n$- t=+e )*(%ma*tatt(- ma7u-at" =)*0n J(n$)#e+>a78$tt a >a&/(%atta+, 0) >a*avitte -at$n(it K$n)tantin(.$+8a, &e a*t te%ve*te,>$78 a -?vet-e*= 0ven C/%a -e*&i a >a%c$t" A -?vet-e*= 0ven a*$nan me7>a+t;u>amma& em'%, 0) a &ani)men&e- e%e/0t e78 i&=%e a* ?%?-?)?- -?*?tt -it?%t .$+47(%>($%C -?t?tte +e" J(n$) '78 vi))*at0%>etett na78$ )*a()C te%vei>e* 0) i)m0tS*'%i(%a #i78e+t"5M

Ott i7en >ama% )emmiv0 +ett a* 5" 0vi >a&/(%at /<t0-$n8 >at()a" Zan7' 5 m(4 /u)(an vi))*a><&'t$tta Ka#a%ta$t a #%an-$-t<+, ma/& =))*e+ e+#$7+a+ta ;aa%%at an4Num(nt, Bi*a(t 0) Ata%eet i)" A* e*t -?vet= n078 0v )$%(n Zan7't te+/e)en +e-?t?tteDama)*-u)* me7)*e%*0)0ne- -')0%+ete, 0)*a-$n a*$nan a te>etet+en #%an-$- nemtu&ta- e+=n8t -$v(c)$+ni ne>0*)07ei=+" Ra/mun& 0) a* A+e..<i S*aua% min&en 0v4en -?+c)?n?)en et?%te- e78m() te%1+et0%e, &e na78$ ?))*ec)a.()%a nem -e%1+t)$%"5M E&e))*a vi)*$n8+a7$) 0-0en 0+t, me%t a -?%1+?tte +ev= mu)*+im #e/e&e+me-e78m()t .u)*t't$tt(-, 0) e++ent0tei-et c)a- e+m0+8'tette a &ani)men&i ;u>amma& >a4+(+a" J(n$) c)()*(% K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ #i78e+emme+ -')0%te a* e)em0n8e-et 0) vi+(7$4)an +(tta, >$78 a* É)*a-4S*'%i(an 0+= #%an-$-, mint a -e%e)*t0n8)07 -at$n(i nem )$4-at 0%ne-"

Ra/mun& +(t)*<+a7$) nemt?%=&?m)07e a<+ #a-a&t, >$78 nem v$+t eme%e, 0) vi4t(an (++t Ra&u+# .(t%i(%-(va+ i)" S$>a)em (++t )*(n&0-(an eta%tani e)-1/0t 0) min4&enen en7e&e+me)en -?vetni a .(t%i(%-(t, ) Ra&u+# a%%$7anci(/a i) &1>'tette" Ra/4mun& a )*0-e)e78>(* -(.ta+an/(an +e+t )*?vet)07e)e-%e, a-i-ne- ame%t #=e).e%e)0) a -a+(%iai A%nu+# -an$n$- (++t a* 0+0%e" Ra/mun& i*tat()(%a 5 v070n R<m(a

360T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, 5, M9!" ." De In a+4Ka+(ni)*' 9" ." a*t m$n&/a, >$78 J(n$) 7?%?7 .(t%i(%4-(t -0%t Anti<->i(a" 3a+<)*'n+e7 ?))*e-eve%te J(n$) -0%0)0t ;anu0+ -0)=i -0%0)0ve+" Ince 5G"m(%ciu) 94i +eve+e a Cartuaire du !aint !epu/re4en /e+ent me7, R$*i`%e -ia&", GM" ."

361

Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 4!" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, G" ."362Kam(+ a&4D'n, MG4MG9" ."

uta*ta-, >$78 #e+.ana)*$+/(- Ra&u+# -(n$n/$7a 1t-?*= me7v(+a)*t()(t" Ami-$% II"R$7e% -i%(+8 i%t$-ain uta*ta- (t, A%nu+# -an$n$-, a-i R$7e% a+attva+</(na- )*1+etett,Ra&u+# e++en >an7$+ta a -i%(+8t, %(mutatva, >$78 Ra&u+# /(t)*$tta Ra/mun& -e*0%e a*ta* anti<->iai t%<nt, ame+8et R$7e% ma7(na- -?vete+t" Ra&u+# a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78ma7a i) R<m(a uta**0-, ) $tt i7a*$+/a ma7(t" Ami-$% D0+4It(+i(a 0%-e*ett, R$7e% +e4ta%t<*tatta, &e Ra&u+# $+8an +en87?*= m$&$%C, me778=*= e)*0& eme% v$+t, >$78>ama%$)an a )a/(t $+&a+(%a (++'t$tta a -i%(+8t" T$v(ment R<m(a, a>$+ -1+?n+e7e)v$n*e%e/e )e7't)070ve+ i)m0t &ia&a+ma)-$&$tt" Ön)*(nt(<+ S*ent P0te% $+t(%(%a >e4+8e*te .a++ium(t, me+8et ma7a a .(.a a&$tt vi))*a ne-i" Ami-$% >a*ain&u+t, >$78 i)4m0t e+#$7+a+/a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-0t, 0) D0+4It(+i(a 0%-e*ett, R$7e% -i%(+8 ti)*te+et%e m0+t<ven&07-0nt #$7a&ta" De ami-$% Anti<->i(a 0%t, a .a.)(7, Ra/mun& t(m$7at()(va+,me7ta7a&ta t=+e a )*$-()$) ti)*te+etet, 0) nem v$nu+t -i e+0 a v(%$)-a.u>$*" Ra&u+##e+vette a me7(nt$tt, a+(*at$) eme% )*e%e.0t, vi))*av$nu+t S*ent Sime$n m$n$)t$%4a, 0) $tt ma%a&t e70)*en a&&i7, m'7 E&e))*ai J$)ce+in F a-i min&en a+-a+mat me7%a47a&$tt, >$78 -'n$) >e+8*ete >$**a Ra/mun&$t F, me7 nem >'vta >ivata+$) +(t$7at()4%a #=v(%$)(a, a>$+ a .(t%i(%-(t C78 #$7a&t(-, mint +e7#= +e+-i.()*t$%u-at" Ra/4mun& v071+ a%%a a -?vet-e*tet0)%e /ut$tt, >$78 i*t$n)(7$)a, >a a .(t%i(%-a $&a4>a*a van" Ami-$% Ra&u+# >a*at0%t, a +e>et= +e7na78$ ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&t(-"

De Ra/mun& ()-(+<&()(na- e%e&m0n8e-0.. R<ma i)m0t #$7+a+-$*ni -e*&ett Ra4&u+# 1780ve+" 5!4en P0te% +8$ni 0%)e-et a >e+8)*'n%e -1+&t0-, >$78 vi*)7(+/a -i a*e)etet" A na78$n i&=) #=.a. e+=)*?% a )*ent >e+8e-et +(t$7atta me7, 0) Ctan 0)*a-#e+e A--$nan me7>a+t" Ha+(+a e+(t$%ta+an't$tta Ra&u+# e++en)07eit, 0) m07 a -a+(%i4ai A%nu+# i) e><&$+t" A #enn>0/(*< m$&$%C Ra&u+# nem #$7a&ta e+ A%nu+# $c)(nat4-0%0)0t" A%nu+# e%%e #e+&1>?&?tt, vi))*ament R<m(a, 0) %(vette a .(.(t, >$78 -1+&4

/?n -e+et%e e78 m()i- +e7(tu)t, A+e%i- $)tiai .1).?- )*em0+80en" 5! n$veme%04en 0%-e*ett me7 a* C/ +e7(tu), a-i a*$nna+ *)inat$t >'v$tt ?))*e, ame+8en %0)*t vett a+atin Ke+et min&en #=.a./a, e+e0%tve a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-(t i)" N8i+v(nva+< v$+t,>$78 a )*in<&u) a >e%ce77e+ 0) a .(t%i(%-(va+ )*emen (++< .a.)(77a+ %$-$n)*enve4*ett" Ra&u+# e*0%t nem vett %0)*t a S*ent P0te%4)*0-e)e78>(*an ta%t$tt 1+0)e-en"E78et+en >'v0t, Se%i$n a.ameai 0%)e-et, a-i me7.%<(+ta =t v0&eni, +eta)*'t$tta a 784+0)" ;iut(n Ra&u+# >(%$m)*$% me7ta7a&ta, >$78 me7/e+en/en a *)inat$n, 0) v(+a)*$+4

/$n a* e++ene #e+>$*$tt v(&a-%a, me7#$)*t$tt(- ti)*t0t=+" A )*in<&u) im$7e)4i Aime4%8t v(+a)*t$tta me7 >e+8ette, a -(.ta+an #e/0t, e78 -?v0%, >at(%$*$tt, c)a-nem '%()tu4&at+an eme%t, a-ine- e78>(*i .(+8(/(n Ra&u+# e78en7ette e+)= +0.0)eit, &e a-i ?+4c)en Ra/mun& a%(t/a +ett" ev(+t()a ut(n a v$+t .(t%i(%-(t Ra/mun& ?%t?ne vetette"Ra&u+# -0)= me7)*?-?tt, R<m(a ment, a>$+ i)m0t e+n8e%te a .(.a 0) a '$%$)$-%$-$n)*env0t" ;ie+=tt a*$nan )e7't)071--e+ vi))*a-a.>atta v$+na ti)*t0t, va+ami-$% #$+8am(n me7>a+t" A -$%t(%)a- m0%7e*0)%e 78ana-$&ta-" E* a* e)em0n8 i*t$4)'t$tta Ra/mun&na- a* anti<->iai e78>(* e781ttm-?&0)0t, &e a .(t%i(%-(va+ )*em4en tanC)'t$tt ?n-0n8e) (n()m<& na78$n %$))* en8$m()t -e+tett m07 a*$n e78>(4*i eme%e- -?%0en i), a-i- e78(+ta+(n nem )*e%ett0- Ra&u+#$t"5M5

tava)*(n J(n$) -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 vi))*at0%/en S*'%i(a" A-(%c)a- 5Man, e*Ctta+ i) C78 i*t$)'t$tta ma7(t a )*ic'+iai II" R$7e% e++en, >$78 a n0met u%a+-$4&<va+ )*?vet-e*ett" K?vetei #e+-e%e)t0- $t(% ut<&a, III" K$n%(& u&va%(t, me7tett0- a)*1-)07e) +0.0)e-et, 0) a a%(t)(7$t e78 >(*a))(77a+ .ec)0te+t0- me7" A -?vete-

363T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, , M!4M" .", Q3, 4M, M4MG9" ." a* e78et+en #$%%()un-"

4en uta*ta- >a*a, 0) ma7u--a+ vitt0- Su+*ac>i Be%t(t, K$n%(& )<7$%n=/0t, a-iBi*(ncan Ei%0n0 n0ven J(n$) +e7-i)e #ia, ;anu0+ #e+e)07e +ett" J(n$) i*t$)'t$ttama7(na- a* it(+iai -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- /<in&u+at(t i)"5M tava)*(n J(n$) 0) #iaiAnat<+i(n (t Atta+i(a ve*ett0- )e%e71-et, vi))*ave%t0- a )*e+&*)u-$-at 0) t1%-m0na+attva+<i-at, a-i- i)m0t me7.%<(+ta- et?%ni :%'7i(a, >$78 me7e%=)'t)0- a >at(%4v0&e+met" ;ia+att a c)()*(% Atta+i(an v(%a-$*$tt, na78 ve)*te)07 0%te" Atta+i(anme7ete7e&ett 0) me7>a+t +e7i&=)e #ia 0) -i/e+?+t ?%?-?)e, A+ei$)*" ;()$&4 0) >a%4ma&)*1+?tt #iai, An&%$ni-$)* 0) I*)(- a*t a me7'*()t -a.t(-, >$78 ten7e%i Ct$n )*(+4+'t)(- a >$+tte)tet K$n)tantin(.$+8a, Ct-?*en a*$nan me7>a+t An&%$ni-$)* i)"5M9

J(n$) 78()*a e++en0%e t$v( n8$mu+t -e+et #e+0" E+ a-a%ta >itetni, >$78 Ctic0+/a :e+)=4Ki+i-ia 0) a &ani)men&e- (+ta+ e+#$7+a+t e%=&?- vi))*a)*e%*0)e, ne>$78 #e+-e+t)e a#%an-$- 78anC/(t"5MM A )e%e7 e%=+tetett meneten (t-e+t Ki+i-i(n a* Aman$)*4>e78+(nc#e+)= %0)*0n, a L/au% K(#i% Da7$n, ) )*e.teme% -?*e.0n v(%at+anu+ me7/e+ent Tu%4e))*e+en, E&e))*ai J$)ce+in m()$&i- #=v(%$)(an" A me7+e.ett J$)ce+in )ietve me74><&$+t a c)()*(%na-, 0) tC)*-0nt #e+a/(n+$tta I*ae++a +(n8(t" E--$% J(n$) Anti<->ia#e+0 in&u+t, )*e.teme% 940n Ba7%a)*a 0%t, a tem.+$m$)$- na78 v(%(a, ame+8 a Ki4+i-i(<+ Anti<->i(a ve*et= utat e++en=%i*te" Onnan 1*ent Ra/mun&na-, -0%te, >$78a&/a (t ne-i a* e70)* v(%$)t 0) me7i)m0te+te a/(n+at(t, mi)*e%int a* e+/?ven&= ><&'t(4)$-<+ >e%ce7)077e+ #$7/a -(%.<t$+ni Anti<->i(0%t"

Ra/mun& me7i/e&t" Bi*$n8$)na- +(t)*$tt, >$78 a c)()*(% e%=ve+ i) n8$mat0-$t #$7a&ni a -0%0)ne-, ) a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- na78 va+<)*'n)077e+ )e7'teni #$7/(- a i4*(ncia-at" A #%an-$- me7.%<(+ta- i&=t n8e%ni" Ra/mun& te+/e)en me7v(+t$*tatta54en -ia+a-'t$tt /$7i (++().$nt/(t, 0) a*t 1*ente, >$78 tan(c)-$*nia -e++ a+attva+<i4va+" A tan(c)-$*()$n >0%e)ei F a-i-et #e+te>et=en a* C/ .(t%i(%-a -0)*'tett #e+ F, -i4

/e+entett0-, >$78 Ra/mun& c)a-, mint a* ?%?-?)n= #0%/e -$%m(n8$**a Anti<->i(t, 0)'78 ninc) /$7a %en&e+-e*ni a te%1+ete- #e+ett, &e a >e%ce7 0) a >e%ce7n0 e781tt )em i&e47en't>eti- va78 c)e%0+>eti- e+ a >e%ce7)07et >0%e)ei- en7e&0+8e n0+-1+, 0) >a e**e+me7.%<(+-$*n(na-, >0%e)ei- me7#$)*tan(- =-et t%<n/u-t<+" D*)aa+a .1).?-e,a-i me7vitte a tan(c) v(+a)*(t J(n$)na-, m07 a .(.ai te-int0+8%e >ivat-$*va i) a+(t(4ma)*t$tta a tan(c) &?nt0)0t, &e #e+-'n(+ta, >$78 J(n$) 1nne.0+8e)en ev$nu+>at Anti4<->i(a" E* a v(+a)*, me+8 te+/e)en e++ent0te) v$+t Ra/mun& -$%(i (++()#$7+a+()aiva+,

J(n$) )*(m(%a nem >a78$tt m() v(+a)*t()t, mint a >($%Ct" A* 0v)*a- e+=%e>a+a&tamiatt m(% -0)= v$+t a c)e+e-v0)>e*" A c)()*(% )e%e7e a v(%$) -?%n80-0n #$)*t$7at$tt,ma/& vi))*ament Ki+i-i(a, a>$+ v(%a-at #$7+a+t vi))*a a &ani)men&i-t=+ 0) $tt te4+e+t"5M

Ki+i-i(<+ J(n$) -?vet)07et -1+&?tt Je%u*)(+eme :u+-< -i%(+8>$*, -i#e/e*te <>a/(t,>$78 )*e%etn0 me7+(t$7atni a )*ent >e+8e-et 0) )*e%etn0 me7vitatni :u+-<va+ a >itet4+ene- e++en in&'tan&< -?*?) a-ci<-at" :u+-< *ava%an v$+t" Nem a-a%ta, >$78 a na78

3646>a+an&$n, i* m*, M4M, 4" ."365Kinnam$)*, " ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 54" ."V Kinnam$)* 5" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 J(n$) A+e4

i$)*na- )*(nta a i%$&a+mat, &e ;anu0+na-, a +e7-i)e #i(na- )*e%etett v$+na e78 >e%ce7)07et,ame+8 Anti<->i(<+, Atta+i(<+ 0) 6i.%u)<+ (++t v$+na"

366T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, !, MGG" ." %/a, >$78 Ra/mun& Zan7't<+ va+< #0+e+m0en -0%te J(n$) eavat4-$*()(t, &e Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)* 9" ." )*e%int J(n$) tit$-an ta%t$tta te%veit, 0) me7+e.et0))*e%en

0%-e*ett S*'%i(a T1%$)*i 3i+m$), uo*, MG!" .""367T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3 !4, MGG4M!" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 9495" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., 9M" ."VE&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+v, 59" ."

c)()*(%i )e%e7 ev$nu+/$n Pa+e)*tin(a" A c)()*(%i )e7't)07 (%a -0t)07-'v1+ a* +ettv$+na, >$78 v071+ :u+-<na- e+ -e++ett v$+na i)me%nie a c)()*(% #enn>at<)(7(t" An*4e+m, Bet+e>em .1).?-e, a /e%u*)(+emi v(%na78, R$a%& 0) a -iv(+< 7?%?7 tu&<), atem.+$m$)$- a.(t/a, Le$##%$8 -')0%et0en #e+-e%e)te J(n$)t, 0) e+ma78a%(*ta, >$78Pa+e)*tina )*e70n8 $%)*(7, ninc)ene- ta%ta+0-ai, ) nem tu& e+ta%tani e78 $+8an na78)e%e7et, mint a c)()*(%0, (m >a a c)()*(% >a/+an&< +enne -i)e -')0%ette+ /?nni, a -i4%(+8 na78$n )*'ve)en +(tn(" J(n$) C78 >at(%$*$tt, >$78 e78e+=%e nem e%=+teti t$v(a -0%&0)t"5MG

5 m(%ciu)(an, mi-?*en 0..en Anti<->ia e++en -0)*1+=&?tt, a c)()*(% e78 -i).i>en0)t en7e&0+8e*ett ma7(na-, 0) a Tau%u)*a ment va&&i)*n<va&()*at%a" A va4&()*at )$%(n v0+et+en1+ me7)ee)'tette e78 n8'+ve))*=" J(n$) nem tu+a/&$n't$tt na78#$nt$))(7$t )e0ne-, &e a* e+#e%t=*=&?tt, a c)()*(% v0%m0%7e*0)t -a.$tt, 0) -i) i&=mC+va m(% >a+&$-$+t" Na78$n #e78e+me*etten #$7a&ta a v07et" A* ut$+)< .i++anati7&$+7$*$tt, e+%en&e*te a* ut<&+()t, i*t$)'t$tta a -$%m(n8*() #$+8amat$))(7(t" K0ti&=)e #ia m(% >a+$tt v$+t" A >a%ma&i-, I*)(-, a-i K$n)tantin(.$+8an ta%t<*-$&$tt,in7ata7 /e++em i#/C v$+t" J(n$) te>(t a ne78e&i-%e, a +e7#iata+a%a 0) a +e7'70%ete4)e%e, ;anu0+%a )*(n&0-$*$tt >a78ni i%$&a+m(t" ;e778=*te /< a%(t/(t, A-)*u->(*na78$t, >$78 t(m$7a))a ;anu0+t" Sa/(t 78en71+= -e*0ve+ tette a -$%$n(t ;anu0+#e/0%e, 0) ?))*e>'vta >a&ve*0%eit, >$78 -i(+t)(- -i a* C/ c)()*(%t" ;e778<nt e78 Pam4.>i+i(a va+< )*ent )*e%*ete)ne-, 0) (.%i+i) G4(n me7>a+t"5M!

J(n$) >a+(+a me7mentette a #%an-$- )*(m(%a Anti<->i(t" ;'7 A-)*u- K$n)tanti4n(.$+8a )ietett a >'%%e+, >$78 i*t$)'t)a a .a+$t(t, 0) a -$%m(n8*at$t I*)(- t%<ni704n8e e++en0en, ;anu0+ vi))*at0%t Anat<+i(a a )e%e77e+" Am'7 nem v$+t i*t$) #=v(%$4)a #e+=+, nem -e%1+t )$% C/a -e+eti >a&mve+et%e" A c)()*(%i te%ve-et te>(t #0+%etet4t0-, &e nem >$))*C i&=%e"5

368T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, , M!4M!5" ." J(n$) a&$m(n8$-at -0)*'tett a S*ent)'% )*(m(%a Kinnam$)*9" .""

369T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, 45, M!54M!9" ."V Kinnam$)*, M4!" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 9M4M" ."VE&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+v, 59" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., 9M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."VBusztán, 95" ."

370

Kinnam$)*, !45" .", e)*(m$+ e78 )*emte+en anti<->iai -?vet)07%=+, ame+8 #e+-e%e)te ;anu0+t,a-i a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 vi))*ame78, 0) 0%v0n8e)'ti a /$7ait" Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, M94M!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+4m$), Q3, 5, M!M" ."

5

. %e&e'et

Ee--' e+e-te

W Amely <r<kséget elősz<r siettetnek2annak -ége meg nem áldatik.

/9élda'eszédek ?02?13

A Ke+eten 0+= #%an-$- me7-?nn8e1+0))e+ #$7a&t(- a c)()*(% >a+(+>'%0t, ) na78

me7e+07e&0)1-en nem vett0- 0)*%e, >$78 m07 n(+u- i) /$an #e++0+e7*ett =)e++en)0471-, Zan7' ata07"5 4t=+ -0t 0ven (t Zan7' -'n$) >e+8*eten v$+t, me%t ;a)*C&)*u+t(n -i a-a%ta te%/e)*teni %( a >ata+m(t" Zan7' me7><&$+t, eme++ett .0n*t a/(n&0-$4*$tt ;a)*C&na-, 0) (ta&ta a #i(t tC)*-0nt, 0) c)a- '78 -e%1+>ette e+, >$78 a )*u+t(n )e4%e7e e+#$7+a+/a ;$)*u+ te%1+et0t"5 Ha Bi*(nc e+#$7+a+ta v$+na S*'%i(t, Zan7'na- #e+ -e+4+ett v$+na >a78nia n8u7ati te%veive+" E*e-et a te%ve-et m07 a* i) #en8e7ette, >$78Zan7't<+ va+< #0+e+m0en )*?vet)07et -?t?tt a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 0) a &ama)*-u)*iata07"

Ami-$% 5G4an #e+$m+$tt a #%an-4i*(nci )*?vet)07, Zan7' i)m0t >$**(-e*&ettDama)*-u)* me7><&'t()(>$*" K0t)*e% m(% #0+e -e++ett )*a-'tania Hum)* $)t%$m(t,e+=)*?%, ami-$% a #%an-$- ;$nt#e%%an& #e+0 e+=%en8$mu+ta-, m()$&)*$% .e&i7, ami4-$% a i*(ncia- $)t%$m$+t(- Sai*a%t" ;$)t te+/e) >a&e%e/0ve+ Hum)* e++en in&u+t" Da4ma)*-u)*a -?vete-et -1+&?tt, me7-0%te a* ata07 an8/a, Zumu%%u& >e%ce7n= -e*0t,0) >$*$m(n8u+ Hum)*%a ta%t$tt i70n8t" A &ama)*-u)*ia- nem v$+ta- aan a >e+84*eten, >$78 vi))*auta)'t>att(- v$+na a -0%0)t" 5G /Cniu)(an a* ?*ve78 #0%/>e*ment Zan7'>$*, ) a #0%/ c)a.atai ev$nu+ta- Hum)*a" Zan7' /<in&u+ata /e+e-0ntHum)* -$%m(n8*</(%a, Unu%%a, a* i&=) mame+u-%a '*ta a #%i))en me7><&'t$tt;$nt#e%%at$t 0) n0>(n8 -?%n8e*= v(%at"55

A &ama)*-u)*i Bu%i&a &ina)*tia )*e%enc)0/0%e Unu% nem ;$nt#e%%atan te+e.e&ett+e, >anem Dama)*-u)*a ment" Dama)*-u)*an 5!" /Cniu) 40n Si>( a&4D'n;a>mC&$t, a* i#/C ata07et 0/)*a-a me778i+-$+ta >(%$m -e&venc a.%<&/a" Ha Zan7',a-it cin-$))(77a+ 78anC)'t$tta-, aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 (tve>eti a v(%$) -$%4m(n8*()(t, c)a+<&nia -e++ett" Unu% a*$nna+ C%%( +ett a >e+8*eten" Ke%e)*t%e #e)*'ttettea 78i+-$)$-at, 0) me7>'vta a* ata07 #0+te)tv0%0t, Baa+e- -$%m(n8*</(t, D*)am(a&4D'n ;u>amma&$t, >$78 #$7+a+/a e+ ;a>mC& t%<n/(t" ;u>amma& c)e%0e Unu%4na- a&ta a* an8/(t 0) Baa+e-et" Unu% a*$nan t$v(%a i) Dama)*-u)*an ma%a&t,0) -$%m(n8$*ta a v(%$)t" E* a >e+8*et nem tet)*ett Zan7'na-, 0) Zan7' m?7?tt $tt (++t#e+e)07e, Zumu%%u&, va+amint ;u>amma& e78i- #iv0%e, B(>%am S(> i), a-i Unu% )*e4

371A mu)*+im$- ma7ata%t()(t Bi*(ncca+ )*emen /<+ mutat/a In a+4Ka+(ni)*' 9" .", a-i '78 e4

)*0+ a c)()*(% 5G" 0vi vi))*av$nu+()(%<+2 WA )*$%$n7attat() 0) #0+e+em ut(n min&en )*'v me7.i>ent"X372In a+4A)*'%, 4" ."373In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9" ."V Ka%n(+ a&4D'n, MG4M!" ."

m0+8e) e++en)07e v$+t" 5! -0)= n8a%(n Zan7' na78 )e%e77e+ 0) ti*enn078 $)t%$m470..e+ $)t%$m a+( vette Baa+e-et" A v(%$) $-t<e% 40n me7a&ta ma7(t, 0) miut(nZan7' me7e)-1&?tt a K$%(n%a, >$78 me7-'m0+i ta7/aina- 0+et0t, 40n a >e+8=%)07 i)+etette a #e78ve%t a na78 #e++e7v(%an, me+8et a* e78-$%i >ata+ma), Baa+na- )*ente+ttem.+$m<+ a+a-'t$tta- -i" Zan7' a*$nan me7)*e7te e)-1/0t" ;in&en #0%#it -e78et+e4n1+ me7?+te-, a n=-et e+a&t(- %a)*$+7(na-" A m0)*(%+() c0+/a a &ama)*-u)*ia- e+%et4tent0)e v$+t, &e c)a- e++en(++()u-at )*i+(%&'t$tta me7, 0) ett=+ -e*&ve C78 te-intette-Zan7'%a, mint >itet+en e++en)07%e"5

A* 0v ut$+)< na./aian Zan7' Dama)*-u)* -?*vet+en -?*e+0en t($%$*$tt +e, ;u4>amma& ata07ne- Dama)*-u)*0%t c)e%0e #e+a/(n+$tta Hum)*$t va78 Baa+e-et, )a* i#/C >e%ce7 e+ i) #$7a&ta v$+na, >a Unu% me7en7e&i" Ami-$% a/(n+at(t vi))*auta)'4t$tt(-, Zan7' $)t%$m$+ni -e*&te Dama)*-u)*t" Een a v(+)(7$) >e+8*eten "m(%ciu) !40n ;u>amma& me7>a+t" Dama)*-u)* a*$nan >)07e) v$+t a Bu%i&a &i4na)*ti(>$* ) Unu% min&en ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ u%a+-$&<v( tette ;u>amma& #iata+-$%C78e%me-0t, ;u&*)'%4a&4D'nt" U78ana--$% Unu% C78 >at(%$*$tt, >$78 (%u+< e++en)0470ve+ )*emen min& .$+iti-ai, min& va++()i )*em.$nt<+ /$7a van a -e%e)*t0n8e- )e47't)070t -0%ni" U)*(ma mun-i&i&a >e%ce7 ve*et0)0ve+ -?vet)07 in&u+t Dama)*-u)*4<+ Je%u*)(+eme"59

:u+-< -i%(+8 a &ama)*-u)*ia- )*$%u+t >e+8*et0t -i>a)*n(+va i78e-e*ett me7e%=)'te4ni u%a+m(t T%an)*/$%&(ni(an" 5! n8a%(n me7+(t$7atta =t E%()*i T>ie%%8, :+an&%ia7%<#/a, a-ine- a #e+e)07e, S*ii++a :u+-< e+)= >(*a))(7(<+ )*(%ma*< +e(n8a v$+t" T>i4e%%8 )e7't)070ve+ :u+-< me7)*(++ta Li+e(&$t, 0) -i)e ne>0*)07e- (%(n e+#$7+a+t e78-i) v(%at A&*)+Cn me++ett, +em0)*(%$+va v0&=it"5M A )$- e%=#e)*'t0)=+ c)a- -ev0) >a4)*$n )*(%ma*$tt, 0) ami-$% Unu% #e+-'n(+t ne-i >avi >C)*e*e% i*(nci a%an8at 0) B(n4

/()* v(%(t, >$78 )e7't)e me7, 0) -e%7e))0- e+ Dama)*-u)* a+<+ Zan7't, a -i%(+8t -?n84n8en %( +e>etett venni .$+iti-(/a me7v(+t$*tat()(%a" E78 i+8en )*?vet)07 ?t+ete nemv$+t C/" 5G4an U)*(ma Unu% me7'*()(<+ m(% /(%t Je%u*)(+emen, 0) me7vitatt(-e*t a +e>et=)07et" A--$% a #%an- u&va%, (% ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta a >e%ce7et, /ava)+at(te+vetette" ;$)t /$an +(tt(- a ve)*0+8t, me+8et Zan7' n?ve-v= >ata+ma /e+ent>et"Ami-$% :u+-< ?))*e>'vta tan(c)(t, >$78 me7vita))(- a /ava)+at$t, a* v$+t a* (+ta+(n$)v0+e-e&0), >$78 e+ -e++ #$7a&ni"5

TC)*$- 0%-e*te- Dama)*-u)*<+, ma/& e*ut(n a #%an- )e%e7 (.%i+i)an me7in&u+tLa+i+ea #e+0" :u+c>e% <vat$)an v$nu+t e+=%e, ) me7(++t Ti0%i()n(+, m'7 #e+&e%'t=i e+=%emente-" Zan7' a La+i+eai4ten7e% tC+.a%t/(n in&u+t me7, #i78e+te a -i%(+8 m$*7()(t, 0)mive+ C78 +(tta, >$78 :u+-< >e+8en ma%a&t, vi))*ament 0) #$+8tatta Dama)*-u)*$)t%$m(t" E%%e :u+-< me7in&u+t 0)*a-na-" Zan7' nem -$c-(*tat>atta, >$78 a #%an-$-0) a &ama)*-u)*ia- -?*0 )*$%u+/$n" E+v$nu+t Dama)*-u)* a+<+, ) ami-$% :u+-< /Cniu)e+e/0n a Hu+e>4t<t<+ -i))0 -e+et%e ?))*eta+(+-$*$tt Unu% )e%e70ve+, -i&e%1+t, >$78Zan7' vi))*av$nu+t Baa+e-e" A ><na. #$+8am(n Zan7' e78e) c)a.atai vi))*at0%te-0) e70)*en Dama)*-u)* #a+ai a+att .u)*t't$tta-, &e Zan7' a #=)e%e77e+ )0%tet+en1+ vi)*4)*av$nu+t A+e..<a"5G A )*?vet)07e)e- c)ata n0+-1+ i) me7mentett0- Dama)*-u)*#177et+en)070t" Unu% (++ta a* a+-ut" A* e+mC+t ><na.$-an c)a.atai ?t+et)*e%en t(4

374In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9549M, ."V In a+4A)*'%, 5" ."375In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9M49!" ."376

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, M, MM94MMG" ."377>o*, Q3, , MMG4MM!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 9!4M" ."378T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, G, MM!4M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MG" ."

9

ma&t(- B(n/()*t" Zan7' >e+8ta%t</a, I%a>im in Tu%7ut -i>a)*n(+ta a* $)t%$m e78i-)*1net0t, >$78 +ec)a./$n a T1%$)* menti .a%tvi&0-%e" Ott me7+e.te =t )e%e70ve+ Anti4<->iai Ra/mun&, a-i :u+-< )e7't)070%e 0%-e*ett a &ama)*-u)*i >a&/(%ata" A* anti<4->iaia- +e78=*t0- 0) me7?+t0- I%a>im$t" Ami-$% Unu% )*em0+8e)en B(n/()*ament, ) $tt c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( :u+c>e% 0) Ra/mun&, a-i-e (t$%)(7$t ?nt?tt a* $&a+(4t$7at< .(.ai +e7(tu), Beauvai)4i A+e%i- i), a v0&=- c)a->ama% a me7a&() me++ett&?nt?tte-" Unu% e+int0*te, >$78 a v0&=-et Dama)*-u)* -?%n80-i #?+&e--e+ -(%.<t$+4

/(-" E*ut(n (ta&ta a v(%$)t a #%an-$-na-, a-i- vi))*a>e+8e*t0- ti)*t0e a* e78-$%i-$%m(n8*<t, B%u)4i Raine%t, .1).?-0ne- .e&i7 A--$n #=e).e%e)0t, Á&(m$t neve*t0--i"5!

:u+-< 0) Unu% )*?vet)070t e78 +(t$7at() .ec)0te+te me7, ame+8et nem )$--a+ -04)= Unu% tett U)*(ma t(%)a)(7(an a* a--$ni -i%(+8i u&va%an" A ven&07e-et )*'4v0+8e) 0) >'*e+7= #$7a&tat()an %0)*e)'tett0-" E++(t$7atta- Hai#(a 0) Je%u*)(+emei), ma/& N(+u)*$n 0) Ti0%i()$n -e%e)*t1+ t0%te- >a*a" A -?%utat a +e>et= +e7na478$ /< )*(n&0- /e++eme*te, >a(% U)*(m(nanem min&en tet)*ett, amit a* Ct )$4%(n +(t$tt"5G

:u+-< -imutatta =)*inte )*(n&0-(t, >$78 #enn a-a%/a ta%tani a a%(t)(7$t a &a4ma)*-u)*ia--a+" Ami-$% a*$- #e+.ana)*$+t(-, >$78 B%u)4i Raine% B(n/()*<+ -it?%t 0)n8(/ai-at t(ma&ta, )*i7$%Can me7.a%anc)$+ta Raine%ne-, >$78 ve))en v07et a %a+(4)$-na- 0) -(%ta+an't)a (+&$*atait"5G

A* 4e) 0ve- t(/(n :u+-< -i%(+8 e+07e&ett +e>etett u%a+-$&()a e%e&m0n8eive+"I7a*, É)*a-4S*'%i(an e+=&/e i&e/e <ta %$m+$tt a #%an-$- >e+8*ete, 0) = )em 0+ve*ett a*e+=&/0>e* >a)$n+< ti)*te+etet 0) te-int0+8t a*$n a vi&0-en" K0t)07e), >$78 E&e))*ai

J$)ce+in e+i)me%te4e =t va+a>a i) >0%u%(na-" De a )a/(t i%t$-ain i*t$) +e>etett a&$+7(an" ;e7tanu+ta, >$78 a #%an-$- Ke+eten c)a- a--$% ma%a&>atna- me7, >a t14%e+me)ee- a mu)*+im$--a+, )=t a%(t-$*na- a -ev0)0 ve)*e&e+me)e--e+, 0) a ne4me)eive+ i) e+#$7a&tat/a e*t a .$+iti-(t" U78ana--$% :u+-< )$-at tett $%)*(7a v0&e+me0%&e-0en i)" A &0+i >at(%$n >(%$m na78 v(% 0.1+t, >$78 v0&e+met i*t$)'t)$n a*A)*-a+$n<+ -iin&u+< t(ma&()$- e++en" 1&&(t<+ t'* m0%#?+&n8i%e &0+n8u7at%a, v'*4*e+ /<+ e++(t$tt >e+8en, a* A)*-a+$nt, Ja##(t 0) Ram+(t ?))*e-?t= uta- ta+(+-$*()(n(++0v= Ie+inen a -i%(+8 #e+>a)*n(+ta a* <-$%i %<mai v(%$), D*)amnia %$m/ait a>>$* ana78)*e% v(%>$*, ame+8et a* WÖ%e7X4ne- neve*ett Ba+ian%a, 6>a%t%e) vic$mte4/a #i4v0%0%e '*$tt" Ba+ian Ja##a u%aina- >0%e)e v$+t, C78 n8e%te e+ :u+-< -e780t, >$78 t(4m$7atta =t e Pui)et4i Hu7< e++en0en" ;int Ie+in v(%(na- .a%anc)n$-a Ram+a ?%?4-?)n=/0t, He+vi)*t vette #e+e)071+" e)*(%ma*$ttai +ette- a #%an- Ke+et +e7i)me%teneme)i c)a+(&/(na- ta7/ai"5G

Ie+int=+ &0+%e a* A)*-a+$n<+ Je%u*)(+eme ve*et= -?*vet+en utat B+anc>e7a%&ev(%a =%i*te, ame+8 a* a%a$- (+ta+ :0n8+= &$m$c)-(na-, Te++ a)*4S*(#'/(na- neve*ett&$m$n (++t" A v(% -a.it(n8a, A%nu+#, a -i%(+8)(7 e78i- +e77a*&a7a (%</a +ett"5G5 A>a%ma&i- v(%at Bet>7ie+inen 0.'tett0-, aan a #a+uan, ame+8et a -e%e)*te)e- t04ve)en Be%)*e(va+ a*$n$)'t$tta-" E* a* A)*-a+$n<+ He%$na ve*et= utat vi78(*ta

379T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, !4, 4M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4M" ."380U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", MM4M", MG4M!", M" ."381>o*, !54!" ."382

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, , M!M4M!" ." Ba+ian )*(%ma*()(%<+ +()& Ducan7e2 <amies d'5utre Mer , Re8-ia&" 5M45M" ."383T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, 9, M!4M!!" ."

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0) #ennta%t()(t a /$>annit(-%a '*t(-"5G E*e- a* e%=&?- )em v$+ta- a*$nan e+e7en4&=e- a>>$*, >$78 te+/e) v0&e+met n8C/t)ana- a* A)*-a+$n<+ -iin&u+< t(ma&()$- e+4+en" 4en a* e78i.t$mia- (tt?%t0- e*t a v$na+at, 0) +e78=*te- e78 -i) -e%e)*te) >a4&at a S(%$n )'-)(7(n"5G9 De a v(%a- #e+ta%t<*tatt(- a Je%u*)(+em e++en &0+%=+ in&'t$tt-$m$+8a t(ma&()$-at, 0) e78en a >e+8i -?*i7a*7at() #$nt$) -?*.$nt/ai v$+ta-"

:u+-< a*0%t i) )$-at tett, >$78 $%)*(7(t -e+eten 0) a H$+t4ten7e%t=+ &0+%e /$an e+4+en=%i*>e))e" ;$nt%ea+ a* i&Cmeai &$m$- -i) $(*i)(an (++< v(%, +e>et=v0 tette,

>$78 a #%an-$- C784a>$78 e++en=%i**0- a* E78i.4t$m<+ A%(i(a 0) S*'%i(a ve*et= -a%av(nuta4-at, &e a mu)*+im -a%av(n$- m07 min&i7 >($%'4tat+anu+ /(%>att(- v07i7 e*t a* Ctv$na+at, 0) JC&e4(a i) e4et?%te- a%a$- a )ivata7<+" :u+-<t%<n%a +0.0)e-$% ;$nt%ea+ 0) a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%14+ete- u%a +e Pu84i R$main v$+t, a-ine- I" Ba+&uin9 -?%1+ a&$m(n8$*ta e*e-et a te%1+ete-et" R$4main a*$nan e Pui)et4i Hu7< $+&a+(n (++t, e*0%ta -i%(+8 5 t(/(n me7#$)*t$tta R$main #i(t a i%4t$-t<+, 0) u&va%a e78i- ma7a)%an7C ti)*tvi)e+=/04ne-, Pa7an -ama%()na- a&ta" Pa7an e%=) -0**e+-$%m(n8$*ta i%t$-(t, )*$%$)a e++en=%*0) a+attta%t$tta, mint e+=&ei" 78 tni-, %en&et tu&$tt ta%4tani a H$+t4ten7e%t=+ &0+%e e)= te%1+eten, &e 5!4en, ami-$% :u+-< Li+e(&an v$+t e+#$7+a+va, e78

c)a.at mu)*+im (t/ut$tt a J$%&(n$n, -?*e+ a>>$* a .$nt>$*, a>$+ a J$%&(n a H$+t4ten47e%e ?m+i-, -i#$)*t$tt(- JC&e(t, ) a )*'n+e+t vi))*av$nu+() ta-ti-(/(t a+-a+ma*va t=%4e c)a+ta- 0) me7)emmi)'tette- e78 e++en1- -i-1+&?tt tem.+$m$) e78)07et" Pa7an#e+te>et=en a*0%t tette (t )*0->e+80t a* i&Cmeai ;$nt%ea+<+ ;$(a, >$78 '78 aH$+t4ten7e% 0)*a-i 0) &0+i c)1c)-0t e78a%(nt /<+ e++en=%i*>e))e" 4en itt, a -%<ni-(4)$- (+ta+ Sivata7 )*i-+(/(na- Pet%a &e)e%ti neve*ett >e+8en 0.'tett a -i%(+8 /<v(>a478()(va+ e78 na78 v(%at, ame+8et a m$ai Ke%a-na- neve*te-" Na78)*e% v$+t a #e-4v0)e, u%a+ta a* E78i.t$m<+ 0) N8u7at4A%(i(<+ S*'%ia #e+0 ve*et= uta-at, 0) nem #e4-1&t me))*e a J$%&(n a+)< #$+8()(na- 7(*+<it<+" ;(% I" Ba+&uin i) +0te)'tett me7#i78e4+=(++()t a* A-aai4??+ .a%t/(n E+inen va78 Ai+(an" Pa7an i&e 0) a Pet%a me++etti;<*e)4v?+78i e%=&e e%=) >e+8=%)07et (++'t$tt" E*e- a v(%a- Ke%a--a+ 0) ;$nt%ea++a+e781tt I&Cmea 0) ;$( u%(v( tett0- a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete- i%t$-$)(t, a-ine- '78 a-e*0%e -e%1+te- a* $ttani 7a*&a7, 7a$nate%m= #?+&e- ) a H$+t4ten7e% )<.(%+o*, QI3, , M5G4M5!" ." ;a%tin2 e) .%emie%) .%ince) c%$i)0) et +e) S8%ien) /ac$ite) &e J0%u)a+emII" 6ourna Asiati4ue, G" )$%$*at, QIII" -?t" 5459" ." )*'% i*$n8't0-(%a >ivat-$*i-, 0) C78 v0+i, >$78 a v(4%at 59 t(/(n 0.'tett0-"

385In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M5" ."386T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, , M!4M!5" ." A te%1+et te%m0n8ei%=+ +()& Ae+2 3éographie de a &aestine, I,

99" ." A mu)*+im -e%e)-e&e+em%e tett >at()(%<+ +()& iet2 i* m* 54" ." ()& Re82 e) Sei7neu%) &e;$nt%ea+ et &e +a Te%%e &dOu+t%e/$u%&ain" $e%ue de '5rient Latin, I3" -?t" !" )--" ." A v(% a ;<*e)4v?+78en van, Pet%a -?%n80-0n, a ma uei%a n0ven i)me%ete) me%e&e- >e78 c)Cc)(n, a>$nnan na78

Fulk& király -adászata és halála211>

:u+-< u%a+-$&()a a+att /avu+t a -i%(+8)(7 e+)= i*t$n)(7a" T%<n%a +0.0)e-$% a Ja#4#(t Je%u*)(+emme+ ?))*e-?t= Ct na78$n ve)*0+8e) v$+t, mive+ a an&it(- nemc)a- a*a%(n&$-$-at *a-+att(-, &e a #=v(%$) 0+e+mi)*e%4e++(t()(t i) a-a&(+8$*t(-" 554an,mia+att a -i%(+8 0)*a-$n /(%t, 3i+m$) .(t%i(%-a >a&/(%at$t )*e%ve*ett a %a+<- e++en, 0)e78 v(%at i) 0.'ttetett Ba/t NCa me++ett, ame+8et E%naut4na- neve*te-" A v(% $tt 0.1+t#e+, a>$+ a 1&&(<+ /?v= Ct a &$m$-%a -a.a)*-$&i-" A v(% me7-?nn8'tette a >at<4)(7$- )*(m(%a a* Ctv$na+ e++en=%*0)0t, ) miut(n a* e78i.t$mi >at(%vi&0-en i) v$+ta-e%=&?-, a* uta*<-at c)a- %it-(n 0%te a/ a ten7e%.a%t%<+ Je%u*)(+eme menet"5G

:u+c>e% -0)=i 0veine- -$%m(n8*ati mun-(/(%<+ -eve)eet tu&un-" ;iut(n +e4ve%t0- a e Pui)et4#0+e +(*a&()t, 0) +ec)i++a.'t$tt(- a -i%(+8n0 $))*C)*$m/(t, a (%<->)07e)e- ma%a&ta- a -$%$n(>$*" :u+-< /< -a.c)$+atan v$+t a /e%u*)(+emi e78>(*4*a+" ;e))ine)4i 3i+m$) .(t%i(%-a F a-i me7-$%$n(*ta :u+-<t, 0) tC+0+te =t F, min&v047i7 a* u%a+-$&< ti)*te+ettu&< 0) > a%(t/a ma%a&t" ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= a* i&= mC+(4)(va+ a -e78e) #$7+a+at$))(7$- #e+0 #$%&u+t, &e +e7na78$ a+a.'tv(n8a in-( )*$+47(+ta c)a+(&/a, mint a* e78>(* &ic)=)070t" ;e+i)en&a na78$n )*e%ette te)tv0%eit" A+i*Anti<->ia >e%ce7n0/e +ett, H$&ie%na T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/a, &e a +e7#iata+a, J$veta, a-i78e%me--$%(an e78 e)*ten&=t tC)*-0nt a mu)*+im$- -?*?tt t?+t?tt, nem a-a&t me74#e+e+= #0%/%e" J$veta a.(ca +ett a /e%u*)(+emi S*ent Anna4-$+$)t$%an" 54an a -i4%(+8n0 me7vette a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(t<+ Bet(ni(t, ) c)e%0e He%$n me++etti i%t$-$ta&$tt 0%te, a>$+ S*ent (*(% 0) n=v0%ei, ;(%ia 0) ;(%ta ti)*te+et0%e -$+$)t$%t a+a.'t$tt,e78 t$%$nn8a+ i) me7e%=)'tette, ne-i a/(n&0-$*ta Je%i-<t min&en -e%t/0ve+ 0) a -?%4n8e*= 7a*&a)(7$--a+" H$78 )*(n&0-a ne +e78en tC+)(7$)an n8i+v(nva+<, a -$+$)t$%e+)= a.(tn=/01+ e78 -itn=, &e m(% i&=), >a+&$-+< a.(c(t neve*ett -i, a-i .(% ><na.mC+va ta.intat$)an e+>un8t" A -$+$)t$% a--$% en7e&e+me)en me7v(+a)*t$tta a >u4)*$nn078 e)*ten&=) J$vet(t a.(tn=ne-" J$veta -ett=) )*e%e.0en, mint -i%(+8i v0%=+)*(%ma*< >e%ce7n= 0) mint Pa+e)*tina +e77a*&a7a -$+$)t$%(na- a.(tn=/e >$))*C0+et0n (t min&v07i7 me7-1+?n?*tetett ti)*te+etne- ?%ven&ett a -i%(+8)(7an"5GG

E* v$+t ;e+i)en&a +e7/e+ent=)e e78>(*i /e++e7 a+a.'tv(n8a, &e a #0%/0t a%%a i) %(4vette, >$78 )*(m$) i%t$-$t a&$m(n8$**$n a S*ent)'%%a, ma/& ?*ve78)07e a+att i) =4-e*en #$+8tatta a* e78>(*i int0*m0n8e- a+a.'t()(t"5G! ;e+i)en&(na- -?)*?n>et= a*i), >$78 /avu+ta- a -a.c)$+at$- a /a-$ita 0) a* ?%m0n8 e78>(**a+" ;ie+=tt a -e%e)*te4)e- e+#$7+a+t(- v$+na Je%u*)(+emet, a /a-$it(- te)t1+eti+e7 E78i.t$ma mene-1+te-"3i))*at0%t1--$% a*t ta.a)*ta+t(-, >$78 e78>(*u- .a+e)*tinai i%t$-ait Lau##ie% #%an-+$va7 -a.ta me7" 54an Lau##ie%t e+#$7t(- a* e78i.t$mia-, 0) a /a-$it(- vi))*a4)*e%e*t0- #?+&/ei-et" De 54an Lau##ie%, a-it m(% min&en-i >a+$ttna- >itt, vi))*a4t0%t a #$7)(7<+ 0) -?vete+te i%t$-ait" H(+a a -i%(+8n0 )*em0+8e) -?*en/(%()(na-, a

/a-$it(- me7ta%t>att(- a i%t$-$-at, miut(n >(%$m)*(* i*(nci a%an8at #i*ette- La4u##ie%4na- me7v(+t()-0..en" 4en a* ?%m0n8 -at>$+i-$)* %0)*t vett e78 +atin *)i4

-ite%/e&0) -e%e)*te) %$m$- te-intene- +e a 3(&i ;C)*(a" Pet%a -?*.$nt/(an a* a+4Hai)* &$m$n-ic)in8 -?*0.-$%i e%=& %$m/ai i) +(t>at<-"

387T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QI3, G, M" ."388T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, M, M!!4" ." J$veta v$+t a #e+e+=) un$-a>C7a, a /?ven&= S*ii++a -i%(+8n=

neve+tet0)00%t +()& e m II" -?tet Az iszám diadaa = A muszim egység c" %0)*"" 3a+amive+ G e+=tt

>a+t me7, ami-$% a et(niai Éva a.(tn=, mint e+=&/0%=+ em+0-e*i- me7 %<+a" Cartuaire de !te Marie 6os2aphai, K$>+e% -ia&", " ."389P+" R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 54", 9" ."

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A -e%e)-e&e+mi .$+iti-a te%0n :u+-< a* e+=&/0t -?vette" Ti)*te+eten ta%t$tta a* it(4+iai v(%$)$--a+ #enn(++< e78e*)07e-etV e*e- a v(%$)$- #e+178e+t0- a* $%)*(7 e.$%t/(t"De e78i-1-ne- )em a&$tt m$n$.<+ium$t, 0) 5M4an a ma%)ei++e4i -e%e)-e&=--e+)*e%*=&0)t -?t?tt, 0vi n078)*(* i*(nci a%an8at '70%ve ne-i-, amit Ja##a ev0te+ei=+)*(n&0-$*$tt e+v$nni, >a #ennta%t/(- .a+e)*tinai te+e.1-et"5!

5 =)*0n a* u&va% n0.e A--$nan v$+t, 0+ve*te a .i>en0)t, ame+8et a* tett +e>e4t=v0, >$78 Zan7' vi))*av$nu+t Dama)*-u)*t<+" N$veme% 40n a -i%(+8n= a )*aa&4an <>a/t$tt mu+atni" A -i%(+8 0) t(%)a)(7a a me*=%e 0%ve e+=u7%a)*t$tt e78 n8u+at, ) a-i%(+8 a* 1+&?*0)0%e in&u+t" A +< >i%te+en me7$t+$tt, :u+-< +e*u>ant, )C+8$) n8e%7e.e&i7 a #e/0%e e)ett" Öntu&at+an (++a.$tan, )*?%n8 #e/)ee+ vitt0- vi))*a A--$na,a>$+ >(%$m na. mC+va me7>a+t" J< u%a+-$&</a v$+t a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7na-, &enem v$+t -ieme+-e&= e780ni)07, 0) nem v(+t a Ke+eten 0+= ?))*e) #%an- ve*0%0v0)em"5!

;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0 )*0. )*ava-a ?nt?tt (nata, me+8 i7en me7>at$tta a* u&va%t,nem a-a&(+8$*ta me7 aan, >$78 ma7(>$* %a7a&/a a -i%(+8)(7 -$%m(n8*()(t" :u+4-<na- )*1+t 78e%me-ei -?*1+ -0t #iC ma%a&t 0+eten, a* a--$% ti*en>(%$m 0ve) Ba+4&uin 0) a >0te)*ten&=) Ama+%i-" :u+-<, mint ;e+i)en&a #0%/e -e%1+t t%<n%a, 0) a -i4%(+8n= ut<&+()i /$7(t min&en-i te+/e) m0%t0-en e+i)me%te" A (%<- a*$nan nem i)7$n&$+ta- a%%a, >$78 e78 %07en)-i%(+8n= e78e&1+ u%a+-$&>atna a* $%)*(7 #e+ett" ;e4+i)en&a e--$% t(%)u%a+-$&<u+ ma7a me++0 vette i&=)e #i(t, Ba+&uint, &e e78e&1+-$%m(n8*$tt" E +0.0)0t min&en-i t?-0+ete)en a+-$tm(n8$)nata%t$tta, 0) a -i%(+8)(7tan(c)a i) >e+8en>a78ta, ami-$% -a%(c)$n8 na./(n Ba+&uinna+ e781tt me7-$%$n(*ta=t 3i+m$) .(t%i(%-a"5!5 ;e+i)en&a /< -0.e))07 a))*$n8 v$+t, a-i )*e%enc)0)e i&=-4en )i-e%e)en u%a+-$&>at$tt v$+na" E+)= un$-ate)tv0%0t, Hie%7e)*i ;ana))*0)* -a.i4t(n8t vette ma7a me++0 tan(c)a&<u+" ;ana))*0)* a./a va++$n C% v$+t, #e+e)07e .e&i7 II"Ba+&uin n=v0%e, Ret>e+i H$&ie%na" ;ana))*0)* #iata+$n /?tt -e+et%e, na78(t8/a u&va4%(a, a>$+ %(te%mett)07e 0) -i%(+8i %$-$n)(7a i*t$)'t$tta e+=menete+0t" Ami-$% a*ie+ini WÖ%e7X Ba+ian, nem )$--a+ :u+-< -i%(+8 >a+(+a ut(n me7>a+t, ;ana))*0)* e+4vette a* ?*ve780t, He+vi)*t, Ram+a ?%?-?)n=/0t, a-i a )a/(t /$7(n, i++etve #iai /$7(n a*e70)* :i+i)*teu) )'-)(7$t i%t$-$+ta" A (%<-at e78 i&= ut(n (nt$tta ;ana))*0)* >a4ta+ma, me%t a -i%(+8n= 0) ;ana))*0)* >a/+am$) v$+t a *)a%n$-)(7%a, &e a--$%ianm07 nem v$+t e++en*0-e a -i%(+8n=ne-"5!

A -i%(+8n= t%<n%a +0.t0ne- c)a- e78 -$m$+8 >(t%(n8a v$+t" :u+-< u%a+-$&()a a+atta /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 e78%e in-( c)a- e+m0+eten v$+t a -e%e)*te) (++am$- +e7#=

390Nau2 e 6%$i)0 $%%ain, L$&e#%$8 &e A)c>a" 6ourna Asiati4ue, !" )$%$*at, QI3, 45" ."V R?>4%ic>t2 $egesta, M4" ." ()& e m II" -?tete A forduat = (et a +engerent)on c" %0)*"

391R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, " ." ()& a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, " ." Ti*en>at 0vve+ -0)= III" Ba+4&uin e78 v(%$)ne78e&et a&$tt ne-i- Je%u*)(+emen" R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, " ."

392T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3, 4" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+vi, 59" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M9" ." S*ent Be%4n(t %0)*v0t0t n8i+v(n't$tta +ev0+en ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=ne-" 59" )*" M* &* L* 6QQQII" -?t" 99M499"c$+"

393T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 5, " ." ;e+i)en&a a+-$tm(n8$) >e+8*et0%=+ +()& a ;$nte2 <euda Mo2nar/hy, 4G" ."

394

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 5, " .", &ic)0%i a -i%(+8n=t" ;ana))*0)*%=+ +()& e m II" -?tete, A forduat =N)r ad2.n feemekedése c" %0)*" H(*a))(7(t me7em+'ti 3i+m$), Q3II, G, G" ." 0) He+vi)* neve 78a-4%an #e+u--an a* $-+eve+e-en, .+" R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, ", M" ."

!

>0%u%a, mint)em a va+<)(7an, 0) nem +e>etett a%%a )*(m'tani, >$78 a* 0)*a-a%a0+= #%an- u%a+-$&<- /$an en7e&e+me)-e&nema/& e78 a))*$n8na- 0) e78 78e%4me-ne-" Ami-$% vi++$n7()$- t?%te- -i a* anti<->iai >e%ce7 0) a* e&e))*ai 7%<# -?*?tt,e78 II" Ba+&uin>$* >a)$n+< e%=)-e* -i%(+8 0)*a-%a menete+t v$+na, 0) e%=ve+ e+)im'4t$tta v$+na a n0*ete+t0%0)t, &e e*t )em a -i%(+8n=, )em a 78e%me--i%(+8 nem te>etteme7, 0) %a/tu- -'v1+ )en-ine- )em v$+t min&en-i #?+0 -ite%/e&= te-int0+8e"

;i<ta J(n$) c)()*(% me7>a+t, 0) Zan7' -u&a%c$t va++$tt Dama)*-u)*n(+, #e+t(ma&tAnti<->iai Ra/mun& ?ni*a+ma" A*$nna+ 1*ent a* C/ c)()*(%na-, ;anu0+na-, 0) vi)*4)*a-0%te t=+e Ki+i-i(t a )a/(t >e%ce7)07e )*(m(%a" Ami-$% ;anu0+ nemet m$n&$tt,Ra/mun& me7)*(++ta Ki+i-i(t" ;anu0+ u%a+ma e+)= ><na./aian K$n)tantin(.$+8anma%a&t, &e )*(%a*#?+&i 0) ten7e%i >a&e%=-et -1+&?tt a K$nt$)*te#an$)* #iv0%e-, a -i4-e%e)*te+-e&ett t?%?- Bu%)*u- 0) Demet%i$)* B%ana)* a&mi%(+i) ve*et0)0ve+, ) e*e- ac)a.at$- nemc)a- Ki+i-i(<+ *t0- -i Ra/mun&$t, &e Anti<->ia #a+aii7 1+&?*t0-" 5!9

N0>(n8 ><na..a+ -$%(an Ra/mun& a+e..$78 $tt ta+(+-$**0- Ra/mun&&a+" De

J$)ce+in v(%at+anu+ #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt A+e..< -$%m(n8*</(va+, S*aua%%a+, 0) e*4*e+ %$ma &?nt?tte Ra/mun& te%veit" E78%e %$m+$tt a -a.c)$+at a -0t u%a+-$&< -?*?tt"78 tni-, >$78 4t=+ J$)ce+inna- e+ -e++ett i)me%nie ma7a #e+ett Ra/mun& #enn>a4t<)(7(t, &e -a.c)$+atu- )$>a)em v$+t )*'v0+8e)" J$)ce+in a**a+ in7e%e+te Ra/mun&$t,>$78 Ra&u+# .(t%i(%-a /av(%a eavat-$*$tt a* anti<->iai 178e-e, e* a #e78ve%)*1net.e&i7 c)a-nem n8'+t -en80%t?%0)>e* ve*etett"5!M

Zan7' #i78e+emme+ -')0%te e*e-et a vi)*(+8$-at" A c)()*(% >a+(+a me7)*aa&'t$tta+e7ve)*e&e+me)e e++en)070t=+" A &ama)*-u)*ia- #%an- )e7't)07 n0+-1+ nem +0.te-e++ene, a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7 .e&i7 a+i7>a a-a%t -a+an&$-a $c)(t-$*ni" I+8en +e>e4t=)07et nem v$+t )*aa& -i>a78ni" =)*0n Zan7' me7t(ma&ta Ka%a A%)*+(nt, Di4

/a%a-i% $%t$-i&a u%a+-$&</(t, a-i nem )$--a+ -$%(an +0.ett )*?vet)07%e J$)ce+in4na+" A )*?vet)07 0%&e-0en J$)ce+in )e%e7e *?m0ve+ e+in&u+t E&e))*(<+, +e a* Eu#%(4te)* ment0n, n8i+v(n Zan7't a-a%ta e+v(7ni A+e..<t<+" Ha%%(ni mu)*+im -0me- 0%te4)'tett0- Zan7't J$)ce+in m$*&u+atai%<+" A >am(i J(7i S*i/(n ve*et0)0ve+ a*$nna+ -1+4&?tt e78 c)a.at$t, >$78 me7+e.et0))*e%en +ec)a./$n E&e))*(%a" 6)a->$78 J(7i S*i4

/(n e+t0ve&t a* e)=) n$veme%i 0/)*a-(an, 0) n$veme% G4(n u78ana--$% 0%tE&e))*(a, ami-$% Zan7' 0) a #=)e%e7" E--$% a* e&e))*aia-at m(% #i78e+me*tett0-, 0)a v(%$) v0&e+m0t me7e%=)'tett0-"

E&e))*a $)t%$ma n078 >0ti7 ta%t$tt" J$)ce+in min&en #$nt$) eme%0t ma7(va+ vitte,e*0%t a v(%$) v0&e+m0t II" Hu7< +atin 0%)e- i%(n8't$tta" J(n$) ?%m0n8 .1).?- 0) 3a4*u+ /a-$ita .1).?- >)07e)en t(m$7atta Hu7<t" Zan7'na- c)a+at-$*nia -e++ett aana %em0n80en, >$78 ma/& a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-et e+c)('t>at/a #%an- )*?vet)07e)ei4t=+" A /a-$ita 3a*u+ u78an #e78ve%)*1netet /ava)$+t, &e a -?*v0+em0n8 e++ene*te" Av0&=- a*$nan, (% &e%e-a)an -1*&?tte-, -eve)en v$+ta-" J$)ce+in vi))*av$nu+t Tu%4e))*e+e" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), a -%<ni-() -em0n8en '%(+ta 78(va)(7(0%t 0) tun8a)(7amiatt, ami0%t nem )ietett #=v(%$)a )e7't)070%e" De )e%e7e nem v$+t e+07 e%=) a>>$*,>$78 )*eme)*(++/$n Zan7' )e%e70ve+" B'*$tt aan, >$78 E&e))*a e%=) v(%a e++en tu&(++ni e78 i&ei7" Tu%e))*e+=+ me7 tu&ta a-a&(+8$*ni, >$78 Zan7' A+e..<<+ e%=)'4

395Kinnam$)*, 5545" ."396

A+4A*'m', 95" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MM" ." J$)ce+in e78 4en -e+t $-+ev0+en WRaimun&$ An4ti$c>iae .%inci.e %e7nanteX4t '% R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 9" ." 0) T1%$)*i 3i+m$) Q3I, , ." C78 e)*0+4teti =t 4en, mint a-ine- Ra/mun& a >0%u%a"

9

t0)t -a./$n, 0) a )*$m)*0&$) #%an-$- )e7't)070%e i) )*(m't$tt" T1)t0nt Anti<->i(a 0) Je%u*)(+eme 1*ent" Je%u*)(+emen ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= tan(c)-$*()t ta%t$tt, 0) e+>a4t(%$*t(- e78 )e%e7 #e+(++'t()(t, ame+8 ;ana))*0)* >a&)e%e7.a%anc)n$-, N(+u)*i :14+?. 0) Bu%e)4i E+inan& 7a+i+eai >e%ce7 ve*et0)e a+att e+ i) in&u+t" Ám Anti<->i(anRa/mun& )emmi%e )em v$+t -a.>at<" J$)ce+in >i(a #$+8am$&$tt >$**(, mint >0%4u%(>$*" A* anti<->iai )e7't)07 n0+-1+ J$)ce+in nem me%t Zan7'%a t(ma&ni, Tu%4e))*e+en v(%ta, >$78 me70%-e**0- a -i%(+8n= )e%e7e"

A /e%u*)(+emi )e%e7 a*$nan -0)=n 0%-e*ett" Zan7' >a&)e%e70t #e+&u**a)*t$tta- aTi7%i) #e+)= #$+8()a menti -u%&$- 0) t1%-m0ne-, 0) /<+ #e+ v$+t )*e%e+ve $)t%$m70.e-4-e+" A v0&=- *?m0t >a&i &$+7$-an /(%at+an -e%e)-e&=- 0) e78>(*i eme%e- a+-$tt(-"E++ent(ma&()ai- 0) e++ena-na()()ainem /(%ta- )i-e%%e+" Hu7< 0%)e-et a**a+ v(&$+4t(-, >$78 vi))*ata%t/a a #e+>a+m$*$tt -inc)e-et, .e&i7 a v0&e+emne- na78 )*1-)07e+ett v$+na %(" Ka%(c)$n8 e)te a* Ó%(- -a.u/(n(+ e78 #a+ +e&=+t, ) a %0)en (t e>at$+ta-a mu)*+im$-" A +a-$)$- %0m1+ten mene-1+te- a #e++e7v(%a, me+8ne- -a.uit e*(%at4ta e+=tt1- a* 0%)e-, a-i ma7a i) a #a+a-$n -'v1+ ma%a&t, 0) .%<(+t %en&et tenni, min&4>i(a" A *%*ava%an e*%e-et ta.$)ta- >a+(+%a, ) a mene-1+=- n8$m(a e%e&= Zan7'c)a.atai i) e*%e-et v(7ta- +e, me7?+t0- a .1).?-?t i)" 3071+ Zan7' v07i7+$va7$+t a v(4%$)$n, 0) e+%en&e+te a m0)*(%+() e#e/e*0)0t" A >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-et me7-'m0+t0-,&e a #%an-$-at -iv07e*t0-, a))*$n8ai-at e+a&t(- %a)*$+7(na-" K0t na..a+ -0)= a#e++e7v(% .a%anc)n$-a, e78 Ba%)*auma nev /a-$ita .a. me7a&ta ma7(t Zan7'4na-"5!

Zan7', miut(n -ive%te a #%an-$-at, -e78e)en (nt a me7><&'t$tt v(%$))a+" A* A%4i+a va+< K1c)1- A+it neve*te -i -$%m(n8*<na-, &e a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-, a* ?%4m0n8e-, a /a-$it(- 0) m07 a 7?%?7?- i) n0mi aut$n<mi(t -a.ta-" É) (% a +atintem.+$m$-at +e%$m$+t(-, a >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e- tem.+$mait )0%tet+en1+ me7>a78t(-,)=t a%%a ?)*t?n?*t0- =-et, >$78 >'v/(- $&a >itte)tv0%ei-et, 0) n0.e)'t)0- e i)m0t av(%$)t" K1+?n?)en 3a*u+ )*'% .1).?- 0+ve*te a ><&'t<- -e780t, me%t ami-$% me7-0%4&e*t0- t=+e, >$78 me7'*>at< eme%4e, 1)*-0n a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 a #%an-$->$*va+< +$/a+it()a m(% me7mutatta, mi+8en >)07e) tu& +enni" A* ?%m0n8e- -?%0enn0.)*e% v$+t a 6$u%tena84&ina)*tia, '78 =- ne>e*een vi)e+t0- e+ a* C/ %en&)*e%t"5!G

Zan7' E&e))*(<+ S*a%C&*) a+( v$nu+t, a m()i- na78 #%an- e%=&>?*, ame+8 /anu(%4an a* ?v0 +ett" E*ut(n Bi%e&*)i- #e+0 n8$mu+tV e* a v(%$) e++en=%i*te a #$+8< +e7#$nt$4)a (t-e+=>e+80t" A #%an- >e+8=%)07 -em0n8en v0&e-e*ett" J$)ce+in a -?*e+en v$+t,0) a -i%(+8n= )e%e7e i) -?*e+7ett" U78ana--$% Zan7' m$)*u+i *ava%7()$-%<+ 0%te)1+t":e+>a78$tt >(t Bi%e&*)i- $)t%$m(va+, 0) -e+et%e )ietett" N0v+e7 m07 min&i7 nem v$+tt?, mint ;a)*C& #ia, A+. A%)*+(n )*e+&*)u- >e%ce7 m$)*u+i ata07/e" A%%a t0%t vi)*4)*a ;$)*u+a, >$78 A+. A%)*+(n, -')0%+etet t0ve te-int0+8e >e+8%e(++'t()(%a, me7?+ettea* ata07 >e+8ette)0t, Sa-a%t" R$))*u+ v(+a)*t$tta me7 a .i++anat$t, me%t Zan7', a-i0..en me7><&'t$tt e78 -e%e)*t0n8 #=v(%$)t, a mu)*+im vi+(7an <%i()i te-int0+8ne-

397T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 49, G4" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+vii, 5M45G" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 9!4M5" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr " G4GM" ." a +e7te+/e)e e+e)*0+0), m()>$+ #e+ nem +e+>et= %0)*+ete--e+"Ne%)*0)* S>n$%>a+2 0égia 0dessza eestér#, " )--" ."V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&", MG4" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MG94MGM" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MM4MG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 54M" ." S*(m$) eu%<.ai -%<ni-a me7em4+'ti t?4-eve)e %0)*+ete))077e+ E&e))*a e+e)t0t" S*ent Be%n(t +eve+e, in M* &* L* G" -?t" M5", 9M"

c$+" i) )*<+ %<+a" In a+4A)*'% '% e78 mu)*+im%<+, a-i R$7e% -i%(+8 u&va%(an 0+t S*ic'+i(an, ) a-ine- te4+e.ati-u) +(t$m()a v$+t a v(%$) ev0te+0%=+"398S*'%iai ;i>(+82 i* h*V Chron* Anon* !yr* i* h*

9

?%ven&ett" A+. A%)*+(nt me7#$)*t$tt(- t%<n/(t<+, tan(c)a&<it -iv07e*t0-, mi-?*en a-a+i#a -?vete- Ct/(n a/(n&0-$-at -1+&?tt Zan7'na-, 0) #e+%u>(*ta =t a W-i%(+8X 0) W><4&'t<X c'mme+"5!!

E&e))*a e+e)t0ne- >'%e e/(%ta a* e70)* vi+(7$t, ) a mu)*+im$-an C/ %em0n8t 04%e)*tett" E+t?%?+te- e78 -e%e)*t0n8 (++am$t, ame+8 e0-e+=&?tt a mu)*+im$- te%1+et04e, 0) ett=+ -e*&ve #%an-$- c)a- a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% ment0n 0+te-" A ;$)*u+t<+ A+e.4.<i7 ve*et= Ct me7)*aa&u+t a* e++en)07t=+, 0) nem v$+t t?0 -e%e)*t0n8 0- I%(n 0)Anat<+ia t?%?-/ei -?*?tt" Zan7' -i0%&eme+te -i%(+8i c'm0t" A* e)em0n8 e+c)177e)*tette0) me7%ettentette a #%an-$-at, 0) me7%en&'tette a n8u7at4eu%<.ai -e%e)*t0n8e-et";$)t e+=)*?% &?ente- %(, >$78 Ke+eten nem menne- /<+ a &$+7$-" / m$*7a+$m in4&u+t, C/ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t >i%&ette-"

3a+<an -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a v$+t )*1-)07, me%t a -e+eti #%an- ve*0%e- a )$- ve)*e4&e+em &ac(%a )em v$+ta- -0.e)e- e781ttm-?&ni" J$)ce+in me7.%<(+t C/ $%)*(7$t)*e%e*ni ma7(na- a* Eu#%(te)* n8u7ati .a%t/(n e+te%1+= i%t$-ai<+, me+8ne- Tu%e)4)*e+ +ett a #=v(%$)a" Ha(% vi+(7$) v$+t, >$78 Zan7' >ama%$)an me7 #$7/a t(ma&ni,m07)em tu&$tt me7$c)(tani Ra/mun&na-, a-i e+=*=+e7 me7ta7a&ta t=+e a )e7't)07et"N8'+tan )*a-'t$tt ve+e, 0) me7ta7a&ta #enn>at<)(7(t" Ra/mun& 0..en '78 i&e7en-e4&ett a me70-0+0)t=+, &e ti)*t(an v$+t a* e+)*i7ete+=&0) ve)*0+80ve+" 94en, miu4t(n +eve%t e78 t1%-m0n et?%0)t, e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 K$n)tantin(.$+8a uta*i-, 0) ac)()*(%t<+ -0% )e7't)07et" ;i-$% me70%-e*ett, ;anu0+ nem a-a%ta #$7a&ni" 6)a- a*4ut(n -a.$tt -i>a++7at()t, >$78 n0t a+(*at$)an me7(nva t0%&%e $%u+t J(n$) c)(4)*(% )'%/(n(+" Ett=+ -e*&ve ;anu0+ -e78e)en (nt ve+e, e+>a+m$*ta a/(n&0-$--a+, 0).0n*)e70+8t i) '70%t ne-i" De nem '70%t -?*vet+en -at$nai )e7't)07et, me%t a i*(ncia-i) 0..en >a&at vi)e+te- a t?%?-?- e++en" S*<a -e%1+t e78 -0)=i >a&/(%at te%ve, 0) a+(t$7at()na-, ame+8 me7a+(*ta Ra/mun& 1)*-e)070t, 0) n0.)*e%t+en v$+t (%at< e%e&m0n8e +ett" Tu&$m()t )*e%*ett %<+a Zan7', 0) e+>a4t(%$*ta, >$78 e+>a+a)*t/a a* 0)*a-i #%an-$- e++eni t(ma&()t, ) #i78e+m0t m07 e78)*e%Dama)*-u)*%a i%(n8't$tta"

M m(/u)(an Zan7' A+e..<a ment, >$78 #e+-0)*1+/?n a )*'%iai >a&/(%at%a"E&e))*(n (tuta*va me7tu&ta, >$78 a* ?%m0n8e- me7.%<(+t(- +e%(*ni u%a+m(t 0)vi))*a(++'tani J$)ce+in0t" K1c)1- A+i -?nn8en me7i%-<*$tt a +(*a&<--a+, Zan7' .e&i7-iv07e*tette a ve*et=-et, 0) a* ?%m0n8 +a-$))(7 e78 %0)*0t )*(m*te a v(%$)<+" He4+81-et >(%$m)*(* *)i&< c)a+(& #$7+a+ta e+" E* Zan7' ?t+ete v$+t, me%t a *)i&<-%<+ -?*4tu&$tt v$+t >$78 min&i7 )*'ve)en )e7'tett0- a mu)*+im$-at a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en"

N8(%$n Zan7' &0+%e ve*ette )e%e70t a* Eu#%(te)*t=+ Dama)*-u)*i7 ve*et= e78ene)Ct$n Ka+at D*)aa%a, a>$+ e78 /e+ent0-te+en a%a >e%ce7 nem v$+t >a/+an&< e+i)me%ni>0%u%(na-" M" )*e.teme% 40n 0/)*a-a Zan7' ?))*eve)*ett e78 #%an- )*(%ma*(4)C eunuc>>a+, a-it %a/ta-a.$tt, amint u%a .$>a%(<+ $%t iv$tt" A* eunuc> #e+&1>?4&?tt a )*i&() miatt, me7v(%ta, m'7 Zan7' e+a+u&t, ) (+m(an me778i+-$+ta"5

399Chron* Anon* !yr*, GM4GG" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', MG4M!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 94G" ."V In a+4:u%at$t6a>en i&0*i, in La !yrie du Nord4an, 5" ." " )*" /e78*et"

400 J$)ce+in0 v$+t m07 a #?+& S*am$)*at(t<+ ;a%a)$n (t ame+8 a va*a++u)(0, Ba+&uin0 v$+t e70)*enBi%e&*)i-i7, A/nt(i7, Raven&e+i7 0) Tu%e))*e+i7"

401Kinnam$)*, 59" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III" M" ."402

S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, M4MG" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr " G!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', " ."V In a+4:u%at2 i* h*403T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, , " ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, MG" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, !" ."V In a+4Ka+(n4i)*'2 4" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, MGG" ."

9

Zan7' v(%at+an >a+(+(t ?%?mme+ 1&v?*?+t0- e++en)07ei, a-i- aan %em0n8-e&te-,>$78 i%$&a+m(t i) t?n-%e #$7/(- tenni a mu)*+im vi+(7an i+8en-$% )*$-()$) &ina)*4ti-u) vi)*(+8$-" Zan7' >$+tte)te m07 e+>a78$ttan 0) temetet+en >eve%t, ami-$% +e7i&=4)e #ia, S*ai# a&4D'n L(*' a* i)*#a>(ni D*)am(+ a&4D'n ve*0% -')0%et0en ;$)*u+a)ietett, 0) (tvette a -$%m(n8*()t, a m()$&)*1+?tt NC% a&4D'n .e&i7 ma7(>$* vette a.ec)0t78%t a >$+tte)t u//(%<+, ma/& A+e..<a ment, a>$+ a -u%& S'%-C>>a+ -i%(++8(-i(+tatta -i ma7(t S'%-C> #iv0%e, A//C mentette me7 Zan7' 0+et0t, ami-$% 54en a-a+i#a +e78=*te =t" A -i%(+8)(7 me7$)*t$tt)(7a me7a&ta a /e+et a* e++en)07ne- a t(4ma&()%a" D0+en Unu% c)a.atai Dama)*-u)*<+ -iin&u+va vi))*a#$7+a+t(- Baa+e-et,va*a++u))( tett0- Hum)* -$%m(n8*</(t 0) J(7i S*i/(nt, Ham( -$%m(n8*</(t" Ke+eten a)*e+&*)u- A+. A%)*+(n .%<(+-$*$tt i)m0t a >ata+$m me7)*e%*0)0ve+, &e nem /(%t )i4-e%%e+" A &i/a%a-i%i $%t$-i&(- vi))*a)*e%e*t0- e+ve)*tett v(%$)ai-at" A -?*0.)= te4%1+eten Anti<->iai Ra/mun& e+/ut$tt e70)*en A+e..< #a+ai a+(, J$)ce+in me7 E&e))*avi))*a#$7+a+()(%a 7$n&$+t" 78n?-ei -a.c)$+ata +0.te- a v(%$)e+i ?%m0n8e--e+, ) ama7u- $+&a+(%a (++'t$tt(- a /a-$it(-at" E--$% J$)ce+in e+in&u+t e78 -i) )e%e77e+, ) Ba+4&uin, ;a%a) 0) Kai)*un u%a i) c)at+a-$*$tt >$**(" Ra/mun& i)m0t me7ta7a&ta a )e7't4)07n8C/t()t, m$)t a*$nan /< $--a+, me%t a >a&/(%at$t %$))*u+ te%ve*t0- me7" J$)ce+inaan '*$tt, >$78 me7+e.i E&e))*(t, &e a mu)*+im$-at #i78e+me*tett0-" Ami-$% $-4t<e% 40n J$)ce+in E&e))*a a+( 0%t, a >e+8e+ie- )e7't)070ve+ )i-e%1+t e/utnia a v(4%$)a, &e a #e++e7v(% >e+8=%)07e -0)*en (++ta v0&e+em%e" J$)ce+in c)a.ata nem v$+t e+e47en&= i+8en e%=& me7$)t%$m+()(>$*" J$)ce+in $+t ve)*te7e+t a v(%$)an, ) nem tu&ta,mit0v= +e78en" K?*en >'%viv=- 0%-e*te- A+e..<a NC% a&4D'n>e*" Se%e7e 0.. anti4<->iai te%1+eten v$+t, Ra/mun& e++en t(ma&t, &e NC% a&4D'n n8$man vi))*a.a%an4c)$+ta eme%eit, 0) )e7't)07et -0%t a -?%n8e*= mu)*+im -$%m(n8*<-t<+" N$veme% 4(n me7/e+ent E&e))*a a+att" J$)ce+in e)*$%u+t a #e++e7v(% 0) NC% a&4D'n -?*0" J<+ +(tta,>$78 c)a- a--$% mene-1+>et, >a a*$nna+ e+>a78/a a v(%$)t" A* 0/ +e.+e a+att eme%ei4ve+ 0) na78)*(mC >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0nn8e+ e781tt )i-e%1+t me7)*?-nie, ) me7in&u+t a*Eu#%(te)* #e+0, &e e++en#e+e a )a%-(an ma%a&t" ;()na. c)at(%a -e%1+t )$%" A #%an-$-e78 &a%ai7 &e%e-a)an >e+8t(++ta-, m'7nem J$)ce+in e++ent(ma&()%a a&$tt .a%anc)$t"E*t vi))*ave%te a* e++en)07, 0) a #%an- )e%e7en .(ni- t?%t -i" ;a%a)i Ba+&uin a c)ata4t0%en e+e)ett" A n8a-(n me7)ee)1+t J$)ce+in a te)t=%eive+ S*am$)*at(an ta+(+t mene4&0-%e, ) $tt c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( 3a*u+ /a-$ita .1).?- i)" A* ?%m0n8 .1).?-?t, J(n$)ta mu)*+im$- e+#$7t(- 0) A+e..<a vitt0-" A #%an-$- (+ta+ ma7u-%a >a78$tt >e+8e+i-e%e)*t0n8e- -?*1+ a #0%#ia-at min& e78 )*(+i7 +ev(7t(-, a n=-et 0) 78e%e-e-et e+a&4t(- %a)*$+7(na-" E&e))*a e70)* -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7(t )*(m*t0-" A na78 v(%$),ame+8 a**a+ 1)*-0+-e&ett, >$78 $tt 0+t a vi+(7 +e7%07i -e%e)*t0n8 -?*?))07e, -i41%1+t, +e>an8at+$tt, 0) min& a mai na.i7 nem n8e%te vi))*a %07i #0n80t"9

A* e.i*<& vi+(7$)an me7mutatta Zan7' e++en)07eine-, >$78 >a+(+(va+ nem )$-atn8e%te-" R(a&()u+ Zan7' #iai, (% nem na78$n -e&ve+t0- e78m()t, ?+c)en -e%1+t0- avi)*(+8-$&()t" S*a/# a&4D'n L(*', a-it te+/e)en +e-?t?tte- a* $%t$-i&(-, ma7(>$* %a47a&ta a -e*&em0n8e*0)t, t(%78a+t #iv0%0ve+, 0) 0-0)en #e+$)*t$tt(- ?%?-)071-et"

404In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9949M" ."V +()& 6a>en2 e Di8a%e-%" 6ourna Asiati4ue,!59, 59" ."

405T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 4M, G45" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+viii, 5G45!" ." >e+8te+en1+ a* 4

G" 0ve-et a&/a me7V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 4" ."V 3a*u+, a* $%v$)2 0égia Baduinró 9" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, !54!" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 49" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9949G" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek,9M" ."V Busztán, 9" ."

95

S*a/# a&4D'n0 +ette- a* i%a-i i%t$-$-, NC% a&4D'n0 a )*'%iaia-" NC% a&4D'n >e+8*et0tme7e%=)'tette a /e%u*)(+emi #%an-$- na78/(<+ e78i&e/, v(%at+an 0) $)t$a +0.0)e" e+e/0n Unu% e78i- >e+8ta%t</a, A+tunta), a >au%(ni B$)*%a 0) S*a+>a& -$%m(n84*</a, e78 m$>ame&(nn( +ett ?%m0n8, -in8i+v(n't$tta Dama)*-u)*t<+ va+< #177et+en4)070t, 0) Je%u*)(+eme ment t(m$7at()0%t" B$)*%(t 0) S*a+>a&$t -'n(+ta #e+ a #%an-$-4na-, >a >$**()e7'ti- a>>$*, >$78 = +e78en a* C% Hau%(nan" ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= )*a4(+8$)an e78e>'vta a -i%(+8i tan(c)$t, >$78 me7vita))(- a /ava)+at$t" Na78 /e+ent=4)07 &?nt0)%=+ v$+t )*<, me%t A+tunta) t(m$7at()a e78en a*t i) /e+entette, >$78 me74)*e7i- a Dama)*-u))*a+ -?t?tt )*?vet)07et" Ám a /ava)+at na78$n c)('t< v$+t" Hau4%(n +a-$))(7(na- /e+ent=) %0)*e -e%e)*t0n8 v$+t, $%t$&$ %'tu)C me+-it(-" Se7't)071-4-e+ -?nn8 +ett v$+na a te%1+et 78a%mat$)'t()a, Hau%(n e++en=%*0)e .e&i7 Dama)*4-u)*t -i)*$+7(+tatta v$+na a #%an-$- -0n8e4-e&v0ne-" A (%<- >a$*ta-" ;e7.a%an4c)$+t(-, >$78 a )e%e7 781+e-e**0- Ti0%i()an, &e -?vete-et -1+&te- Unu%>$*, 0) tu4&att(- ve+e, >$78 e a-a%/(- i-tatni i%t$-aia A+tunta)t" Unu% &1>?) v$+t, &e #0+tNC% a&4D'nt=+, 0) e+ a-a%ta -e%1+ni a )*a-'t()t" 3(+a)*(an em+0-e*tette a -i%(+8n=t,>$78 a* eu%<.ai #eu&(+i) t?%v0n8e- )*e%int e78 u%a+-$&< nem t(m$7at>at/a e78 a%(4ti >ata+$m +(*a&< a+attva+</(t 7a*&(/a e++en0en, 0) #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 ;e+i)en&(na-me7t0%'ti a >a&/(%atta+ -a.c)$+atan #e+me%1+t min&en e&&i7i -?+t)070t" E--$% a -i4%(+8n= e78 3ac>e% Be%n(t nev +$va7$t -1+&?tt Dama)*-u)*a, ) me71*ente, >$78)a/n(+/a, &e m(% e+-?te+e*te ma7(t A+tunta) me++ett, 0) )e%e7e vi))*a #$7/a -')0%ni A+t4unta)t B$)*%(a, &e me7'70%te, >$78 nem te)* -(%t &ama)*-u)*i te%1+ete-en" Be%n(tc)a->ama% vi))*at0%t" Unu% me778=*te, >$78 a -i%(+8n= /ava)+ata %$))* 0) nem i)?+c)" Be%n(t a* i#/C Ba+&uin -i%(+8t ma7a me++0 (++'t$tta, 0) ami-$% a tan(c) i)m0t t(%478a+ta a* 178et, e+vetette a >a&/(%at 7$n&$+at(t" E--$%%a a*$nan a -at$n(- m(% #e+4+e+-e)e&te-" A )e%e7e+i &ema7<7$-, &1>?n7ve, >$78 e+e)ne- e78 >a)*n$t >a/t< -a4+an&t<+, (%u+<na- 0+8e7e*t0- Be%n(t$t, 0) )1%7ett0- a >($%Ct" A -i%(+8 0) a (%<-me7i/e&te-, 0) )*aa& -e*et a&ta- e*e-ne- a* eme%e-ne-"

m(/u)(an a #%an- )e%e7 a -i%(+8 ve*et0)e a+att (t-e+t a J$%&(n$n 0) ev$nu+ta D*)au+(na" A menete+0) a*$nan nem a* a &ia&a+menet v$+t, ame+8%=+ a -at$n(-(+m$&ta-" Unu% i&=en tu&$m()t )*e%*ett min&en%=+" A te%1+eten 0+= a%a$- e781tt4m-?&te- t1%-m0n -?nn8+$va) c)a.ataiva+, 0) min&ent me7tette-, >$78 me7*ava%4

/(- a #%an-$-at, mi-?*en a Ja%mC- v?+780en De%aa #e+0 >a+a&ta-" Unu% m(% e+-1+&4te -?veteit A+e..<a, >$78 )e7't)07et -0%/en NC% a&4D'nt=+" NC% a&4D'n ?%1+t a -04%0)ne-" S*?vet)07et -?t?tte-" NC% a&4D'n #e+e)071+ vette Unu% +e(n8(t, 0) me7'70%te,>$78 a*$nna+ Unu% )e7't)070%e )ietV vi))*a-a.ta Ham(t a**a+ a -i-?t0))e+, >$78 ti)*4te+eten ta%t/a Dama)*-u)* #177et+en)070t" ;(/u) v070%e a #%an-$- e+0%t0- a >at(% 0)B$)*%a -?*?tt #0+Ct$n #e-v= De%a(t" I&=-?*en Unu% a -e+ete%e #e-v= S*a+>a&>a )i4etett" A+tunta) $ttani >e+8=%)07e #e78ve%)*1netet -0%t, 0) Unu% n8u7at #e+0 in&u+t,>$78 c)at+a-$**0- a* A+e..<<+ te+/e) )ee))077e+ &0+ #e+0 menete+= NC% a&4D'n>e*"E781tt mente- B$)*%a #e+0, ame+8et A+tunta) ne/e (ta&$tt ne-i-" A #%an-$- a*$n a*e)t0n tu&t(- me7 a >'%t, ami-$% e+c)i7(*va, v'*>i(n8t<+ )*enve&ve v07%e me7.i++an4t$tt(- B$)*%(t" Nem v$+ta- aan a >e+8*eten, >$78 me7t(ma&>a))(- a mu)*+im$4-at" Nem te>ette- m()t, vi))*av$nu+ta-" A vi))*aCt m07 -1*&e+me)e v$+t, mint a*$&aCt" A+i7 v$+t 0+e+m1-, )$- t?n-%e v$+t t0ve" A* e++en)07 -ita%t<an -?vette a* ut<4v0&et ) me7?+te a +ema%a&<-at" A 78e%me- -i%(+8 >=)ie)en vi)e+-e&ett, nem #$7a&tae+ a /ava)+at$t, >$78 >a78/a ma7(%a )e%e70t, 0) n0>(n8 v(+$7at$tt te)t=%%e+ e+=%e)ie)4

9

)en" P0+&(/(na- -?)*?n>et=en nem $m+$tt #e+ a )e%e7en a #e78e+em" A (%<- v07%e%()*(nt(- ma7u-at, >$78 0-0t -?))ene- Unu%%a+, 0) e78 a%au+ e)*0+= -?vetet F va4+<)*'n+e7 3ac>e% Be%n(t$t F -1+&te-, >$78 #e78ve%)*1netet -0%/en, a -?vetet a*$n4an Ct-?*en me7?+t0-" Enne- e++en0%e, ami-$% a )e%e7 a%4Ra>u>$* 0%t, a* A&*)+Cn4>e78)07>e*, >'%n?- 0%-e*ett Unu%t<+, a-i >a/+an&< v$+t e++(tni 0+e+emme+ a #%an-$-at"NC% a&4D'n tC+ -?*e+ v$+t a>>$*, >$78 >a78/a .u)*tu+ni a #%an- )e%e7et" A -i%(+8 7=47?)en vi))*auta)'t$tta a* a/(n+at$t, &e #e+/e78e*t0-, >$78 e78 #e>0% +$v$n 1+=, %e/t04+8e), v?%?) +$$7<) i&e7en i*t$n)(7an e+ve*ette a )e%e7et La&a%(a" Ott v$+t m07e78 ut$+)<, -i) ?))*ec)a.(), ma/& a )e%e7 (t-e+t a J$%&(n$n, ) vi))*at0%t Pa+e)*tin(a"A* e70)* >a&/(%at )$-a -e%1+t 0) 0%te+met+en v$+t" Ki&e%1+t, >$78 a #%an-$- &e%e-a4)an >a%c$+na-, &e a .$+iti-(an 0) a )t%at07i(an $)t$(-"M

A* e70)* e)et=+ c)a- e78et+en eme%ne- )*(%ma*$tt >a)*na, NC% a&4D'nne-"Unu% vi))*a)*e%e*te a Hau%ant" Ami-$% A+tunta) aan a %em0n8en, >$78 $c)(na4t$t n8e%, Dama)*-u)*a ment, (m $tt me7va-'t$tt(-, e?%t?n?*t0-, 0) m07 a%(taii) -e78ve)*tette- +ette-" A -0t)07ee)ett Unu% ti)*t(an v$+t NC% a&4D'n e%e/0ve+" :0+ta /?v=t=+, 0) )*'ve)en >e+8%e(++'t$tta v$+na a #%an-$--a+ -?t?tt )*?vet)07et" NC% a&4D'n a*$nan ta%t$tta ma7(t a* Unu%%a+ -?t?tt me7(++a.$&()>$*" É)*a- #e+0 in&u+t, 0)t$v(%a i) a*$n v$+t, >$78 a* Anti<->iai He%ce7)07et me7#$))*a a* O%$nt0)*t=+ -e4+et%e #e-v= te%1+eteit=+" v070%e me7)*e%e*te ma7(na- A%t(t, Ka#a%+at(t, Ba)*a%#u4t$t, 0) Ba+at$t i)"

NC% a&4D'n e78)*e%ien a -e%e)*t0n8e- +e7#= e++en)070v0 v(+t" Hu)*$n-i+ence)*ten&=) v$+t, &e -$%(>$* -0.e)t i7en ?+c)" ;07 e++en#e+ei i) e+i)me%t0- i7a*)(7$)4)(7(t, /<t0-$n8)(7(t, =)*inte va++()$))(7(t" Ta+(n nem v$+t $+8an -iv(+< -at$na, minta./a, Zan7', &e nem v$+t ann8i%a -e78et+en, a+att$m$) 0) me7'*>atat+an )em, 0) )$-4-a+ /$ eme%i)me%=ne- i*$n8u+t" ;ini)*te%ei, >a&ve*0%ei %(te%mett 0) >)07e)eme%e- v$+ta-" Nem (++t a %en&e+-e*0)0%e ann8i an8a7i #$%%(), mint a./(na-, >i)*enZan7' )*(m't>at$tt :e+)=4I%a- 7a*&a7)(7(%a i), ame+8 e--$% m(% S*a/# a&4D'n tu+a/&$4na v$+t" S*a/# a&4D'n a*$nan a*$--a+ a #?+&e--e+ e781tt me7?%?-?+te a* $%t$-i&(-4-a+, a -a+i#(va+ 0) a S*e+&*)u- S*u+tan(tu))a+ -ia+a-u+t e++ent0te-et, ami +e>et=v0 tet4te, >$78 NC% a&4D'n min&en #i78e+m0t a N8u7atna- )*ente+>e))e" Zan7' #iai eta%t$t4t(- a c)a+(&i me7(++a.$&()t" S*a/# a&4D'n )*1-)07 e)et0n me7)e7'tette NC% a&4D'nt,an0+-1+, >$78 i70n8t ta%t$tt v$+na /u))(%a a c)a+(&i i%t$-$-<+" Ha%ma&i- #iv0%1-,Na)*% a&4D'n NC% a&4D'n va*a++u)a-0nt 0+t Ha%%(nan, m'7 a c)a+(& +e7i#/a/a, Kuta&4D'n a +e7i&=)e #iv0% m$)*u+i u&va%(an neve+-e&ett" ;int>$78 mu)*+im %0)*%=+nem #en8e7ette )emmi+8en ve)*0+8, >(+a c)a+(&i -a.c)$+ataina- 0) a* Unu%%a+ -?t?tt)*?vet)07ne-, NC% a&4D'n a+-a+ma) v$+t a%%a, >$78 a mu)*+im e++ent(ma&()t ve*e))e"Ha a -e+eten 0+= -e%e)*t0n8e- t$v(%a i) $tt a-a%tama%a&ni, min&en e%e/1-et NC%a&4D'n e++en -e++ett ?))*.$nt$)'taniu-"G

406

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, G45, 94G" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M4!" ."V AC S(ma, 9495" ."407Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 9949M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4M" ."408In a+4A)*'%, 9" .", 0) A moszui ata"égek, 949G" ."

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A MÁSOIK KERESZTES AJÁRAT

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+Azért kelj (el2 láss h#zzá2 és az r legyen -eled8 /I Kr&nikák ??213

Amint Je%u*)(+emen tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- E&e))*a e+e)t0%=+, ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=Anti<->i(a -1+&?tt, >$78 a* $ttani -$%m(nn8a+ t(%78a+/ana- e78, R<m(a in&'tan&<

-?vet)07%=+, me+8 me7vinn0 a >'%t a .(.(na-, 0) C/ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t )*$%7a+ma*4na" A -iv(+a)*t$tt -?vet D*)aa+a .1).?-e, Hu7< +ett, a-i a +atin -e%e)*t0n8e- -?%04en na78 ti)*te+etne- ?%ven&ett, me%t anna- i&e/0n e++en(++t J(n$) c)()*(% -0%0)eine-"A >'% )1%7=))07e e++en0%e a -?vet c)a- 9 =)*0n 0%-e*ett a .(.ai u&va%a" III" Jen=.(.a 3ite%<an ta%t<*-$&$tt, mive+ een a* i&=en R<ma e78 $+8an c)$.$%t -e*04en v$+t, ame+8 e+07e&et+en v$+t a .(.ai -$%m(n8*())a+" A .(.(n(+ ta%t<*-$&< :%ei4)in7i Ott< n0met -%<ni-() #e+/e78e*te, >$78an #$7a&ta a %ettenete) >'%t a .(.a, (% a-%<ni-()t )$--a+ /$an 0%&e-e+te a .1).?- e78 m()i- >'%a&()a" E)*e%int e78 J(n$)nev ne)*t$%i(nu) -e%e)*t0n8 >ata+ma))(7, a-i Pe%*)i(t<+ -e+et%e 0+t, )i-e%%e+ >a%c$+ta >itet+ene- e++en" J(n$) (++'t<+a7 me7><&'t$tta E-atan(t, a .e%*)a #=v(%$)t, ma/&0)*a-%a ment, a /07 0) a >< >a*(/(a, a>$+ a*$nan $+8an )$- eme%0t ve)*'tette e+,>$78 >a*a -e++ett t0%nie" 78 u--ant #e+ e+=)*?% a t?%t0net'%() +a./ain a +e7en&() J(4n$) .a. neve"!

Jen= .(.a nem $)*t$*$tt a -%<ni-() ama %em0n80en, >$78 J(n$) .a. ma/& me74menti a -e%e)*t0n8)07et" I7enc)a- n8u7ta+an v$+t" K?%1+e+1+ u78aneen a* i&=enKi+i-ia ?%m0n8 .1).?-ei i) -1+&?tt)07et mene)*tette- >$**(V =- Bi*(ncca+ )*emen-e%e)te- t(m$7at()t" A .(.a nem >an8a7$+>atta e+ -e+eti -?te+e))07eit" Hu7< .1)4.?- t$v(uta*$tt, >$78 >'%t vi78en a #%ancia 0) a n0met u&va%a i), Jen= .(.a .e&i7e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 -e%e)*te) >($%Ct >i%&et" 6)a->$78 a .(.a)(7 nem v$+t aan a>e+8*eten, >$78 C78 i%(n8't>a))a a m$*7a+mat, mint anna- i&e/0n O%(n .(.a" Jen=.(.a #e%u(%i t%<n%a +0.0)e <ta m07 e )em tu&ta tenni a +((t R<m(a" Nem en7e&4>ette me7 ma7(na-, >$78 a* A+.$-$n tC+%a uta**0-" S*e%enc)0%e /< vi)*$n8an (++tN8u7at4Eu%<.a -0t +e7>ata+ma)a u%a+-$&</(va+" H$>en)tau#en K$n%(&, N0met$%4)*(7 -i%(+8a e78>(*i t(m$7at()na- -?)*?n>ette -$%$n(/(t, 0) .(.ai +e7(tu) -$%$n(*tame7" K$n%(&n(+ i) /$ v$+t a -a.c)$+ata 3II" a/$))a+, :%ancia$%)*(7 -e78e) 0+et -i4%(+8(va+" a/$) -e*&eti >e+8te+en vi)e+-e&0)e ut(n, ame+80%t a -i%(+8n0, A[uit(niaiE+e$n<%a v$+t a #e+e+=), n(nat$t tanC)'t$tt, ) att<+ -e*&ve min&en &$+7(an e78>(4*i tan(c)a&'%e) a.(t/a, S*ent Be%n(t" A .(.a C78 &?n4

409

:%ei)in7i Ott<2 Chroni/a, 5M545M" ." ()& L+ee%2 &apst 0ugen 111 , 5M" ."410()& T$u%nei*e2 Hi)t$i%e P$+iti[ue et Re+i7ieu)e &e +dA%menie, 5945!" ."411Chroni/on Maurinia/ense, in $* H* <*, QII" -?t" GG" ."V :%ei)in7i Ott< 3esta <rideri/i, 949" ."

9

t?tt, >$78 a/$) -i%(+8t<+ -0% )e7't)07et a Ke+et )*(m(%a" K$n%(&%a It(+i(an v$+t)*1-)07e, >$78 me7#0-e**e a %<maia-at, 0) +e>t)e II" R$7e% )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 ec)v(478(t2 nem ?%1+t v$+na, >a K$n%(& m()>$+ i) +e-?ti ma7(t" a/$) $tt v$+t -i%(+8, a>$n4nan a +e7t? #%an- C% ment Ke+et%eV -0*en#e-v= v$+t, >$78 a me7ment0)1-%e in&u+<>a&/(%atna- = +e78en a ve*0%e" 9" &eceme% 4/0n Jen= u++(t int0*ett a/$) -i%(+84>$*, a #%ancia -i%(+8)(7 min&en neme)0>e* 0) >'v= a+attva+</(>$*, me+8en a*t )1%47ette, >$78 in&u+/ana- a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07 me7ment0)0%e" ;e7'70%te ne-i-, >$78-?*en evi+(7i /avai- i*t$n)(7an +e)*ne-, ) nei- $c)(nat$t n8e%ne-"

E&e))*a e+e)t0ne- >'%e me7%ettentette a N8u7at$t" A* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at (+ta+-e+tett +e+-e)e&0) 0) 0%&e-+=&0) m(% +ec)i++a.$&$tt" Je%u*)(+em e+#$7+a+()a me7m$*47atta a* eme%e- -0.*e+et0t, ) -?*vet+en1+ a* e)em0n8 ut(n, a -inn+ev=- -0%0)0%e,i7en /e+ent=) c)a.at$- -e+te- Ct%a ?n)*(ntu-<+, amint a*t a* " 0v -e%e)*te) m$*47a+mai i) i*$n8't$tt(-" E*e- a >a&/(%at$- a*$nan )*e%enc)0t+en v07et 0%te-, >a(% a-e+eti #%an- (++am$- me7e%=)'tett0- >e+8*et1-et" K0)= i) -a.ta- m07 e%=)'t0)t, &ec)a- a.%(n-0nt" A *a%(n&$-$- )*1nte+en1+ (%am$+ta- Ke+et%e, 0) )$-an -?*1+1- e+07>$))*a)an $tt ta%t<*-$&ta-, >$78 )e7't)07et n8C/t)ana- e784e78 n8(%i >a&/(%atan" A*a%(n&$-$- -?*?tt v$+ta- >ata+ma))(7$-, mint .+" N$%v07iai Si7u%&, &e v$+ta- c)a4.at$)t<+ 0%-e*= e78)*e% eme%e- i), mint M4an e78 an7$+$-<+, #+aman&$-<+,&(n$-<+ (++< e78)07" A* $+a)* -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- i&=%=+ i&=%e -i-1+&te- e78 #+$tt(t,>$78 )e7't)ene- e78 ten7e%i -i-?t= e+#$7+a+()(an, =-et a*$nan .u)*t(n -e%e)-e&e+4mi 0%&e-eive*ett0-" N8$mu-an i7en )$- $+a)* -e%e)-e&= i) me7/e+ent a -e%e)*te)(++am$-an" De I" Ba+&uin u%a+-$&()a <ta me7c)a..ant a #e78ve%e) *a%(n&$-c)a.a4t$- )*(ma" A* utie%%8, :+an&%ia 7%<#/a >$*$tti+8en c)a.at$t a S*ent#?+&%e" T$v(%a i) 0%-e*teev(n&$%+<-, #=+e7 a c)a+(&$- i#4

/a #iai, mint 6>a%t%e)4i Ba+ian, a* Ie+in c)a+(& a+a.'t</a, va78 a e Pui)et4i Hu7<4>$* va78 Hie%7e)*i ;ana))*0)*>e* >a)$n+< (%<-, a-i- e+=n8t a-a%ta- -$v(c)$+nima7u-na- a<+, >$78 %$-$n)(7an (++ta- a -i%(+8i c)a+(&&a+" Á++an&< 0) 0%t0-e4)e )e7't)07et /e+entette- a*$- a +$va7$-, a-i- a na78 -at$nai %en&e->e*, a tem.+$4m$)$->$* 0) a /$>annit(->$* c)at+a-$*ta-" E*e- a %en&e- #$-$*at$)an (tvett0- a -i4%(+8)(7 (++an&< >a&)e%e70ne- a )*e%e.0t, ) me7ec)1+0)1-et tanC)'t$tta a* a )$- i%4t$-a&$m(n8, ame+8en a -$%$na 0) a va*a++u)$- %0)*e)'tett0- a %en&e-et" A* e+)= -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%at )e%e70ne- #e+$)*+()a <ta a*$nan nem v$+t Ke+eten $+8an #%an- >a&4e%=, ame+8 /e+ent=) t(ma&()t tu&$tt v$+na in&'tani a >itet+ene- e++en"5

A>>$*, >$78 a N8u7at i)m0t me7m$*&u+/$n, )*1-)07 v$+t a* e&e))*ai )*e%enc)0t4+en)07 $-$*ta me7%(*-<&tat()%a" E70)*en a&&i7 N8u7at4Eu%<.a )*em)*?70=+ S*'%ia-e%e)*te) (++amai c)a- a :?+&-?*i4ten7e%en #$+8< mu)*+ime++ene) >a%c a+)*(%n8(t a+4-$tt(-" A /$)*(%n8 S.an8$+$%)*(7an v$+t, a>$+ m07 min&i7 a-a&t &$+7a e78 -e4%e)*t0n8 +$va7na-" A )*(*a& m()$&i- 0) >a%ma&i- 0vti*e&0en e+a-a&t a -e%e)*te)t0%n8e%0) S.an8$+$%)*(7an, me%t vit(- t(ma&ta- U%%aca -a)*t'+iai -i%(+8n= 0) #0%/e,A%a7<niai I" A+#$n* -i%(+8 -?*?tt" A -i%(+8n= e+)=, u%7un&iai >(*a))(7(<+ )*(%ma*<#ia 0) ?%?-?)e, 3II" A+#$n* u%a+-$&()a a+att a*$nan Ka)*t'+ia C//()*1+etett" A+#$n*54en, >at 0vve+ t%<n%a +0.0)e ut(n )$%$*atan in&'t$tta a >a&/(%at$-at a mu)*+i4m$- e++en, me+8e- %0v0n 4%e e70)*en 6<%&$(i7 /ut$tt, a>$+ -i%(+8na- i)me%t0-

412 Ja##e4attenac>2 $egesta, G!M" )*" II" -?t" M" ." 6a).a%2 Die K%eu**u7)u++en Eu7en) III" Neues

Ar/hi%, QI3" -?t" G945M" .", ei*$n8't/a, >$78 a u++a &(tuma c)a- 9" &eceme% 4/e +e>et, ) e*me7)emmi)'ti a*t a #%ancia e+m0+etet, >$78 3II" a/$) ?)*t?n?*te a >a&/(%at$t"413()& e m II" -?tete, MM4M", A /s)/spont = 0dessza eeste c" %0)*"

9G

e+" ;(t 54en #e+vette a c)()*(%i c'met, '78 a-a%ta me7mutatni, >$78 = a #0+)*i7et+e7#= >0%u%a, 0) nem a+attva+</a )en-ine-" I&=-?*en I" A+#$n*, a-it U%%aca >a+(4+a me7)*aa&'t$tt a -a)*t'+iai $n8$&a+ma-t<+, 0+ete ut$+)< 0veien v(+ta-$*< )i-e%%e+t(ma&ta ;u%ci(t" A ten7e%.a%t$n III" Ra/mun&4Be%en7(%, Ba%ce+$na 7%<#/a te%/e)*-e4&ett &0+ #e+0" I" A+#$n* 54en >a+t me7" :iv0%e, Rami%$, a* e78-$%i )*e%*ete), >(%$m0ven (t i7en )*e%enc)0t+en1+ -$%m(n8*$tt, &e 54en Rami%$ -0te)*ten&=) -i)+(4n8(t, Pet%$ni++(t, #0%/>e* a&t(- I3" Ra/mun&4Be%en7(% a%ce+$nai 7%<#>$*, ) Kata+<nia0) A%a7<nia e78e)1+0)0ve+ $+8an ten7e%i >ata+$m )*1+etett, ame+8 vi))*a tu&ta ><&'4tani S.an8$+$%)*(7 0)*a--e+eti %0)*0t" 94en a ).an8$+ )*'nt0%en /<+ mente- a&$+7$-, &e m(% -0)*1+=en v$+t a vi>a%" A* a+m$%(vi&(- >ata+ma, ame+8 a* ut$+)< #0+0v)*(*a&an a mu)*+im S.an8$+$%)*(7$t ?))*eta%t$tta, v070%v0n8e)en >an8at+()na-in&u+t" A#%i-ai >e+81-et a* A+m$>(& &ina)*tia #$7+a+ta e+, a)*-0ta %e#$%me%e- )*e-t(4

/a" Te$+<7i(/u- )*inte 7n$)*ti-u) v$+t, n(+u- i) v$+t eavat$tta- $)*t(+8a, ame+8et InTuma%t e%e% .%<#0ta a+a.'t$tt, 0) ut<&a, A& a+4;umin m07 %a&i-(+i)a( #e/+e)*4tett" A& a+4;umin 94en T+emcen me++ett +e78=*te 0) me7?+te Ta)*#in i& A+i a+4m$%(vi&a u%a+-$&<t" M4an me7><&'t$tta ;a%$--<t, 0) -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 e4v$nu+/$n S.an8$+$%)*(7a"9 I+8en >e+8*eten te%m0)*ete)en a ).an8$+ +$va7$- te+/e4)en 0%*0-et+ene- ma%a&ta- a Ke+et%=+ /?v= -0%0)e--e+ )*emen" ;()%0)*t a* e78%e)*i+(%&a( v(+< ).an8$+ -i%(+8)(7$- nem -'n(+ta- $+8an +e>et=)07e-et a :%ancia$%4)*(7<+ 0%-e*= +$va7$- 0) na78u%a- )*(m(%a, mint a* e+=*= )*(*a&an"

A mu)*+im e++eni >a%c -?*.$nti a+a-/a II" R$7e%, S*ic'+ia -i%(+8a v$+t" R$7e% e78e)'4tette a* it(+iai n$%mann i%t$-$-at, 0) 54an #e+vette a -i%(+8i c'met" Te+/e) m0%t0-4en ti)*t(an v$+t -i%(+8)(7a )t%at07iai /e+ent=)070ve+2 S*ic'+ia e)*m0n8i >e+8en #e-4)*i-, e++en=%*i a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% e70)* me&enc0/0t" A>>$* a*$nan, >$78 a* e++en=%4*0) t?-0+ete) +e78en, )*1-)07e v$+t a%%a i), >$78 a S*ic'+i(va+ )*em-?*ti a#%i-ai .a%t$ni) me7vet>e))e a +((t" A* 0)*a-4a#%i-ai mu)*+im &ina)*ti(- vi)*(+8ai 0) vet0+-e&0)e,ame+8et c)a- #e+e%=)'tett a ma%$--an8at+()a 0) a tun0*iai #(timi&(-78en7e-e* u%a+ma, a* a#%i-ai v(%$)$- -i)*$+7(+tat$tt)(7a a )*ic'+iai 7a$nae>$*a4ta+na- %eme- +e>et=)07et i*t$)'t$tt R$7e%4na-" De a* 5FG" 0vi e+)= >a&/(%atanem /(%t e780 >a)*$nna+, mint ;(+ta me7><&'t()(va+" 54en /<+ i&=*'tett )e7't4)077e+ %(vette ;a>&ia u%(t, E+4Ha)*ant, >$78 #$7a&/a e+ =t >0%u%(u+, ma/& a 7ae4)*i ??+en e+#$7+a+ta D*)e%a )*i7et0t" Ra/ta1t?tt mu)*+im >a/<-$n i), ) e* c)a- n?4ve+te 0tv(78(t, 0) me7-e*&te a* a#%i-ai .a%tvi&0-i v(%$)$- e++eni t(ma&()$-at" 5

/Cniu)(an c)a.atai ev$nu+ta- T%i.$+i)*a, &e a*t(n -0n8te+en v$+t -iv$nni >a&e%=4it" P$nt$)an >(%$m 0vve+ -0)= R$7e% i)m0t e+#$7+a+ta T%i.$+i)*t, 0.. a--$%, ami-$%e78 .a+$ta#$%%a&a+$m e78 a+m$%(vi&a >e%ce7et 1+tetett a -$%m(n8*etett m(% $nnan e+-e%7etni R$7e%4t, 0) T%i.$+i)* +ett a* a#%i-ai n$%4mann 78a%mat$- -?*.$nt/a"M

78 R$7e%4>e* na78)*e%en i++ett a )*e%e., >$78 %0)*t v(++a+/$n e78 C/a -e%e)*te)>a&/(%atan" 6)a->$78 R$7e% 78anC) )*em0+8 v$+t" A .(.a)(77a+ #enn(++< -a.c)$+a4tait )$>a)em /e++eme*te a -?te+e))07tu&() 0) a ti)*te+et i) c)a- %it-(n" Eu%<.a )*(m$)>ata+ma))(7(t )0%tette, a>$78an -i%(++8( -$%$n(*tatta ma7(t" E**e+ -a.c)$+atan Be%4n(t a -0)= )*entt0 avat$tt a*t m$n&ta $t>(%na-2 Wa-i ?nma7(t S*ic'+ia -i%(+8(v(

414()& Be++a)e%$)2 Historia de 0spaa, II, 4M" ."415

A* a+m$>(&$-%<+ +()& 6$&e%a2 .e/aden/ia y .esapari/ión de os Amora%ides en 0spana 0) WA+m$4>a&)X )*<ci--, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam"4166>a+an&$n2 D$minati$n N$%man&e en Ita+ie, 9G4M9" ."

9!

te)*i, a* ma7(t a c)()*(%t t(ma&/aX" Ha S*ent Be%n(t nem >e+8e)e+te a &$+7$t, a--$%a #%ancia -?*v0+em0n8 )em" ;07 n0.)*e%t+ene v$+t R$7e% a -e+eti #%an- u%a+-$4&<- -?%0en, me%t vi+(7$)an 0%t0)1-%e a&ta, >$78 )$>a)em #$7/a me7$c)(tani Je%u4*)(+em -i%(+8)(7(na-, a>$78an an8/(va+, A&e+ai&e4&e+ (nta-, &e a*t )em, >$78 nemtu&ta me7)*e%e*ni a*t a* ?%?-)07et, ame+8et an8/a >(*a))(7i )*e%*=&0)e ne-i '70%tVmint B$emun& un$-ate)tv0%e 0) e78et+en #0%#i(7i +e)*(%ma*$tt/a, Anti<->i(%a i)i70n8t ta%t$tt" Je+en+0te nem v$+t te>(t -'v(nat$) e78 -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atan, a*t a*$n4an min&en-i %em0+te, >$78 )a/(t i%t$-ain t$v( #$+8tat/a ma/& a >a%c$t a mu)*+i4m$- e++en"G

É%t>et=, >$78 a .(.a mi0%t a/$) #%ancia -i%(+8t v(+a)*t$tta -i, >$78 )*e%ve**e me7a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t" A -i%(+8 u*7<n v(+a4)*$+t i) a #e+-0%0)%e" A &*)aa+ai .1).?- >'%eiut(n c)a->ama% me70%-e*ett a .(.ai u++a, &ea--$%%a a/$) m(% )*0t i) -1+&te a #e+>'v()t +e74#= >0%e)ei>e*, >$78 -a%(c)$n8%a /e+en/ene-me7 B$u%7e)4an" A* ?))*e78+t u%a-na- e+4m$n&ta, >$78 #e+vette a -e%e)*tet, 0) -0%te,>$78 mi>ama%a ve780- #e+ =- i)" Ám a* u%a-v(+a)*u--a+ -e)e% c)a+<&()t $-$*tane-i" Avi+(7i neme))07 nem +e+-e)e&ett" A -i%(+8)(7+e7/e+ent=)e 0) +e7i&=)e (++am#0%#ia, SaintDeni) a.(t/a, Su7e%, >e+8te+en'tette a -i%(+8>$))*a t(v$++0t0t" 6)a- an7%e) .1).?-e t(4m$7atta u%a+-$&</a te%v0t"!

a/$)t +e>t?tte va*a++u)ai -?*?n8e, e*0%t >(4%$m ><na..a+ -it$+ta a ta+(+-$*< i&=.$nt/(t2>C)v0t%a 30*e+a84a C/a ta+(+-$*<t >i%&etettme7" K?*en '%t a .(.(na- 0) e+m$n&ta, >$78+e7>= v(78a e78 -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at 0+0%e (++4ni" E+-1+&?tt a*0%t a* eme%0%t, a-ine- m07 a-i%(+8n(+ i) na78$ te-int0+8e v$+t :%ancia$%4)*(7an, 6+ai%vau4i Be%n(t0%t" S*ent Be%n(t e--$%ian e#$+8()a c)Cc)(n (++t" ;am(% ne>0* vi))*ate-inteni a* 0v)*(*a&$-$n (t, 0) 0%t0-e+ni a*t a m0%>etet+en >at()t,ame+8et )*em0+8i)07e min&a*$-%a 78a-$%$+t, a-i- c)a- i)me%t0- =t" É-e))*<+()a t1*0t-i$+t$tt(- a +e'%t )*ava-, ame+8e- %(n- ma%a&ta-" A mai eme% )*em0en S*ent Be%4n(t, mint te$+<7u) 0) vita.a%tne% me%evne-, -i))0 -e78et+enne- 0) e++en)*enve)ne-tni-" De att<+ a na.t<+, >$78 94en, >u)*$n?t 0ve)en 6+ai%vau a.(t/a +ett, c)a-4nem ne78ven 0vve+ -0)= e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+(i7 = v$+t N8u7at4Eu%<.a va++()i 0).$+iti-ai 0+et0ne- +e7e#$+8()$)a a+a-/a" +en&'tette #e+ a ci)*te%ci %en&et, 0) )*intete+/e)en e78e&1+ -imentette a .(.a)(7$t a* Anac+etu)4#0+e )*a-a&() #e%t=/0=+" P%0&i4-(cie* (t$%)(7a, 0+ete%e/e, #e&&>etet+en)07e t(%)u+t,78=*e+em%e vitt min&en 178et, ame+8 me++0 $&a(++t, c)a- an7ue&$c me7%?7*?tt -a4ta% e%etne-eit nem 78=*te +e" Be%n(t %07<ta #i78e+emme+ -')0%te a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07

417

S*ent Be%n(t, 5!" )*" +ev0+, in ;" P" ", 6QQQII" -?t" !" c$+"418Deui+4i O&$, 45" ."419Vita !ugerii, 5!5 )--" ."V Deui+4i O&$, " ."

M

II. G#ger2 szi:íliai király

)$%)(t, 0) G4an = i) )e7'tett a tem.+$m$)$- %e7u+(/(na- -i&$+7$*()(an" Ami-$%a .(.a 0) a #%ancia -i%(+8 a )e7't)070t -0%te a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at me7>i%&et0)0>e*,?%?mme+ e+#$7a&ta a #e+-0%0)t"

M" m(%ciu) 540n 30*e+a84an ?))*e1+te- a* $%)*(7 u%ai" E70)* :%ancia$%)*(74<+ 0%-e*te- ven&07e- a%%a a >'%%e, >$78 S*ent Be%n(t #$7 .%0&i-(+ni" ;$)t i), mint#0+ 0v)*(*a&&a+ -$%(an 6+e%m$nt4an, a )*0-e)e78>(* nem v$+t e+07 na78, >$78e#$7a&/a a t?me7et" S*ent Be%n(t a v(%$) >at(%(an, a me*=n #e+(++'t$tt eme+v0n8%=+.%0&i-(+t" S*avai nem ma%a&ta- %(n-" Ann8it tu&un- c)a-, >$78 #e+$+va)ta a .(.aiu++(t, ame+8 )*ent >a&/(%at$t >i%&etett, 0) #e+$+&$*()t '70%t min&en %0)*tvev=ne-, 0)>$78 -ia-n(*ta .(%at+an )*<n$-i te>et)070t, >$78 #e+>'v/a a #i78e+met a .(.ai -0%0))1%7=))070%e" Ha++7at<)(7a c)a->ama% a v-?%0e -e%1+t" A #0%#ia- e+-e*&te- -e4%e)*t0%t -i(+t$*ni2 WKe%e)*tet A&/at$- ne-1n- -e%e)*tetX 6)a->ama% e+#$78$tt a*e+=-0)*'tett an8a7, ame+8=+ -e%e)*tet +e>etett va%%niV e--$% Be%n(t +evetette #e+)=%u4>(it, >$78 a*t i) >a)$7a))(- c)'-$-%a" Na.n8u7ta-$% Be%n(t 0) t(%)ai m07 min&i7 $tt?+t?7ette-, me%t e78%e t?en 0) t?en )*(nt(- e+ ma7u-at a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a"

E+)=-0nt a/$) -i%(+8 vette #e+ a -e%e)*tet, ) va*a++u)ai u*7<n -?vett0-, te+/e)enme7#e+e&-e*ve -$%(i t(v$+)(7ta%t< ma7ata%t()u-%<+" A c)at+a-$*<- -?*?tt $tt v$+ta -i%(+8 #iv0%e, R<e%t, D%eu 7%<#/a, A+#$n*4J$%&(n, T$u+$u)e 7%<#/a, a-i a #%an- Ke+e4ten )*1+etett, 3i+m$), Neve%) 7%<#/a, a-ine- a* a./a ve*ette a* " 0v e78i- )*e%en4c)0t+en -imenete+ >a&/(%at(t, Hen%i-, 6>am.a7ne 7%<#)(7 v(%$m(n8$)a, :+an&%iaiT>ie%%8, a-i -$%(an m(% >a%c$+t Ke+eten, 0) a-ine- a #e+e)07e ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=m$)t$>a+(n8a v$+tV $tt v$+t a -e%e)*te)e- -?*?tt a -i%(+8 na78(t8/a, Sav$8ai Ama&0,A%c>ima+&, B$u%$n u%a, an7%e), A%%a) 0) i)eiu .1).?-e 0) )$- -i)e neme)"A* e78)*e% n0. m07 +e+-e)een v(+a)*$+t a #e+>'v()%a" S*ent Be%n(t n0>(n8 na.4.a+ -0)= /$77a+ '%>atta a .(.(na-2 Wte .a%anc)$+t(+, 0n en7e&e+me)-e&tem, ) anna-a te-int0+8e, a-i a .a%anc)$t a&ta, 781m?+c)?*=v0 tette en7e&e+me))07emet" Én )*<%an8it$ttam a/-amat ) e)*0+tem, 0) a -e%e)*te)e- )*(ma e78)*e%ien me7)$-)*$%$*<4&$tt" :a+va- 0) v(%$)$- v(+ta- .u)*ta)(77(" A+i7 /ut e78 #0%#i >0t a))*$n8%a" ;in&e4n1tt ?*ve78e-et +(tni, a-i-ne- m07 0+ a #0%/1-"X5

A )i-e%t=+ #e+(t$%$&$tt S*ent Be%n(t -?%utat tett Bu%7un&i(an, $ta%in7i(an 0):+an&%i(an, ) min&en1tt a -e%e)*te) >($%Ct >i%&ette" :+an&%i(an 1*enetet -a.$tt a-?+ni 0%)e-t=+, a-i )1%7=)en a Ra/na4vi&0-%e >'vta" A>$78an a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(4%at i&e/0n i), a m$*7a+$m >'%0%e #e+t(ma&t +e+-e)e&0)t a *)i&<- e++en #$%&'t$tt(-" :%an4cia$%)*(7an 6+un8 a.(t/a, a Na78ti)*te+et P0te% i7en 0-e))*<+<an .ana)*$+ta, >$78a *)i&<- nem /(%u+ta- >$**( an8a7i e)*-?*?--e+ a -e%e)*t0n8)07 me7ment0)0>e*"

420Deui+4i O&$, " ." :%ei)in7i Ott< )*e%int a (%<- )*e%ette- v$+na tan(c)-$*ni S*ent Be%n(tta+ m07a >at(%$*at>$*ata+ e+=tt 3esta <rideri/i, 9G" ."" S*ent Be%n(tt<+ 0) a tem.+$m$)$-%<+ +()& 3acan&a%&2Vie de !aint Bernard, II, 4!" ."

421Deui+4i O&$, " ."V Chroni/on Maurinia/ense, i* h*V Su7e%2 3esta Ludo%i/i, ;$+inie% -ia&", 9G4M" ."422A +an7%e)4i .1).?- Le$##%$8 &e +a R$c>e :ai++0e v$+t, e78 6+ai%vau4i )*e%*ete) 0) S*ent Be%n(t

%$-$na" Keve)et tu&un- A+vi)u) a%%a)4i .1).?-%=+, a-i -$%(an Anc>in a.(t/a v$+t" K0)=i +e7en&(-a+a.ta+anu+ Su7e% te)tv0%0ne- te)*i- me7" i)ieu .1).?-e, A%nau& &e S0e* a -+a))*i-u) tu&$m(n8$-eme%e v$+t, e70)*en vi+(7ia) '*+0))e+" an7%e) 0) i)ieu .1).?-ei .(.ai +e7(tu)nate-intett0- ma7u4-at, >a(% va+</(an a n0met T>e$&in, P$%t< '$%$)a 0) a #i%en*ei Lui&$ '$%$) v$+t a +e7(tu)" Sa4+i)u%8 J(n$) Historia &ontifi/ais, 9499" ." )*e%int a -0t .1).?- -?*?tti vit(-, 0) a*, >$78 min&-etten

ne>e*te+te- a '$%$)$-%a, na78an >$**(/(%u+t a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -u&a%c(>$*" S*e%inte +an7%e)4iLe$##%e8 /<*ana 7$n&$+-$&()C v$+t, mint a i)ieu4i A%nau&"423S*ent Be%n(t, " )*" +ev0+, i* m*, " c$+"

M

N0met$%)*(7an e* a )0%t=&?tt)07 >a%cia)a #$%m(t ?+t?tt" E78 Ru&$+# nev, #anati4-u) ci)*te%ci )*e%*ete) a* e70)* Ra/na4vi&0-en, K?+nen, ;ain*an, $%m)an, S.e48e%en 0) St%a))u%7an a *)i&<- +em0)*(%+()(%a u*&'t$tt" A -?+ni 0) a main*i 0%)e-me7tett min&en t=+1- te+>et=t, >$78 me7ment)0- a* (+&$*at$-at, ) a* e+=i Be%n(t$ti) $&a>'vta, >$78 #0-e**e me7 a )*e%*ete)e-et" Be%n(t $&a)ietett :+an&%i(<+ 0) Ru4&$+#$t vi))*a-1+&te m$n$)t$%(a" ;iut(n >e+8%e(++t a %en&, Be%n(t m07 N0met$%4)*(7an ma%a&t, me%t C78 v0+te, >$78 a n0mete-ne- i) c)at+a-$*niu- -e++ a -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at>$*"

A n0mete- e&&i7 /e+ent0-te+en )*e%e.et /(t)*$tta- a -e%e)*te) m$*7a+$man" Ke4%e)*t0n8i u*7<)(7u- in-( c)a- a -e+eti >at(%ai-$n 0+= .$7(n8 )*+(v$- me7t0%'t04)0%e i%(n8u+t" A )*(*a& e+e/0t=+ -e*&ve P$me%(nia 0) B%an&enu%7 )*+(v$- +a-ta te%14+etein #$+8t a t0%'t=mun-a 0) a n0met 78a%mat$)'t(), ) a n0met u%a- )*em0en a -e4%e)*t0n8)07 i+8en te%/e)*t0)e #$nt$)a v$+t, mint a mu)*+im e++eni >a%cV a mu)*+im#en8e7et0)e )*(mu-%a t(v$+i 0) e+m0+eti &$+$7 v$+t c)u.(n" E*0%t nem i) na78$n >a+4+$tta- Be%n(t #e+)*<+'t()(%a" H$>en)tau#en K$n%(&, a n0met -i%(+8 na78$n ti)*te+teBe%n(t$t, &e = )em v$+t u*7< a n0met u%a-n(+, ami-$% -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%<+ v$+t)*<" A ;e&ite%%(neum>$* #*=&te- i*$n8$) 0%&e-ei, &e a*$- It(+i(%a -$%+(t$*<&ta-,amenn8ien me7'70%te a .(.(na-, >$78 me7)e7'ti a +(*$n7< %<maia--a+ 0) S*ic'+iaiR$7e%4va+ )*emen, c)e%0e a* ann8i%a <>a/t$tt c)()*(%%( -$%$n(*()0%t" K$n%(& >e+84*ete N0met$%)*(7an i) i*$n8ta+an v$+t" ein)u%7n(+ a%at$tt " 0vi 78=*e+mee++en0%e m07 min&i7 )*eme -e++ett n0*nie a e+#4>(* t(m$7at<ina- e++en)07e) ma47ata%t()(va+, m'7 -e+eti >at(%ain a Baene%7 c)a+(&>$* ta%t$*< #0+te)tv0%eine- v(%at4+an a-ci$78 e781ttm-?&0)1-et -0%/e, M =)*0n ta+(+-$*$tt a -i%(++8a+ a ;a/na menti:%an-#u%tan, a>$+ K$n%(& -0t0%te+men n8i+at-$*$ttV Be%n(t m(% vi))*at0%t v$+na6+ai%vau4a, >a a .1).?-?- nem -0%t0- v$+na #e+, >$78 #$+8ta))a .%0&i-(ci<it" E--$%Be%n(t &0+ #e+0 in&u+t, 0) :%eiu%7an, B(*e+an, K$n)tan*an, Sc>f##>au)enen >i%4&ette a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t" K?%Ct/a )i-e%e) v$+t, >a(% t$+m(c) #$%&'t$tta .%0&i-(ci<4it >a++7at<)(7(na-" A* e78)*e% eme%e- t?me7e)en vett0- #e+ a -e%e)*tet" N0met$%4)*(7an aan a* 0ven na78$n %$))* v$+t a te%m0) 0) 0>'n)07 .u)*t't$tta a vi&0-et"A* 0>e*0) e+=)e7'ti a mi)*ti-u), e7*a+t(+t +e+-i(++a.$t$t, ) a* i) va+<)*'n, >$78 Be%n(t>a++7at<)(7(<+ )$-an C78 7$n&$+-$&ta-, a-(%c)a- anna- i&e/0n a* e+)= -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at *a%(n&$-ai, >$78 a* uta*() v070n a* / Je%u*)(+em 7a*&a7)(7a v(% ma/& %e4(/u-"9

K$n%(& -i%(+8 e+ee78e*ett, >$78 C/%a ta+(+-$**0- S*ent Be%n(tta+ M -a%(c)$4n8(n, ami-$% &i0t(t ta%t S.e8e%en" Be%n(t -a%(c)$n8i .%0&i-(ci</a, ame+8en i)m0t a-e%e)*t #e+v0te+0%e -0%te a -i%(+8t, nem >at$tta me7 K$n%(&$t" De -0t na..a+ -0)=Be%n(t a* u&va% e+=tt i)m0t .%0&i-(+t" ;int>a c)a- ma7a K%i)*tu) v$+na, v(%at+anu+%(t(ma&t a -i%(+8%a, em+0-e*tetve min&a*$-%a a /ava-%a, ame+8e--e+ a* 07 e+>a+m$*4

424S*ent Be%n(t, 5M5", 5M9" )*" +eve+e-, in i* m* 9M49MG", 949" c$+"V :%ei)in7i Ott<2 3esta <rideri/i, 9G49!" ."V J$)e.> en J$)>ua en ;ei%2 ,rónika, Bie++a+$t*-8 #$%&", I, M4!" ." A *)i&<- e++eni >an7u+a4t$t )*'t$tta a* a >'%e)*te+0), >$78 me7?+te- e78 -e%e)*t0n8 78e%me-et N$%ic>4an" ()& 3acan&a%&2i* m*, II, 4G" ."

425Be%n>a%&i2 ,onrad 111 , 9M549G" .", a )*+(v$- e++eni -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- te+/e) -?% ?))*e#$7+a+()a

S*ent Be%n(t 9" )*" +eve+e i* m*, M94M9" c$+" u78ana*t .a%anc)$+/a a c)e> -i%(+8na- 0) n0.0ne-" A*$+8an -%<ni-()$-, mint T1%$)*i 3i+m$) va78 Deui+4i O&$ 0) a +e7t? m$&e%n t?%t0net'%< i) c)()*(%4-0nt )*<+ K$n%(&%<+, &e a va+<)(7an )$>a)em -$%$n(*t(- c)()*(%%("

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ta" WEme% F -i(+t$tta F mit -e++ett v$+na tennem 0%te&, amit nem tettem me7_X K$n4%(& m0+8en me7in&u+t ) me7'70%te, >$78 -?veti a )*ent uta)'t()ait"M

S*ent Be%n(t C78 >a78ta e+ N0met$%)*(7$t, >$78 e+07e&ett v$+t a* e+v07*ett mun4-(va+" 307i7uta*$tt Ke+et4:%ancia$%)*(7$n, e++en=%i*te a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a me7tette+=-0)*1+ete-et, ) -?*en +eve+e-et '%t a* eu%<.ai ci)*te%ci -$+$)t$%$-na-, #e+)*<+'tva=-et, >$78 t(m$7a))(- a m$*7a+mat" ;(%ciu)an vi))*ament N0met$%)*(7a, >$78%0)*t ve78en :%an-#u%tan e78 *)inat$n, a>$+ e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$tin&'tana- a .$7(n8 )*+(v$- e++en a* O+&enu%7t<+ -e+et%e #e-v= te%1+ete-%e" Je+en+0t04ve+ a*t a-a%ta >an7)C+8$*ni, >$78 mi-?*en a -e+eti -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t .%0&i-(+ta,nem (++t )*(n&0-(an e+t0%'teni a n0mete-et -?*vet+ene -?te+e))07ei-t=+ )em" E* an0met -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at, >a(% a .(.a en7e&0+8e*te, >$78 a %0)*tvev=- #e+va%%/(-%u>(/u-%a a -e%e)*tet, v07e%e&m0n8en -u&a%c v$+t, 0) na78an >(t%(+tatta a )*+(v$-me7t0%'t0)0t" Be%n(t :%an-#u%t<+ 6+ai%vau4a )ietett, >$78 $tt v(%/a e a .(.a +(t$47at()(t"

Jen= .(.a a* 9" 0vi -a%(c)$n8t R<m(an t?+t?tte, &e a %<maia--a+ #enn(++< n04*ete+t0%0)e- a%%a ?)*t?n?*t0-, >$78 i)m0t vi))*av$nu+/$n 3ite%<a, R<ma .e&i7 e78anti-+e%i-(+i) .%0&i-(t$%, B%e)cia4i A%n$+& u%a+ma a+( -e%1+t" Jen= me70%tette, >$78K$n%(& -i%(+8 )e7't)07e n0+-1+ nem i) %em0+>eti, >$78 vi))*a/ut a S*ent 3(%$)a" 78>at(%$*$tt, >$78 (t-e+ a* A+.$-$n, me7+(t$7at/a :%ancia$%)*(7an a/$) -i%(+8t, 0)e++en=%*i a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at e+=-0)*1+eteit" /anu(%/(an in&u+t e+ 3ite%<<+, 0)m(%ciu) 40n 0%t 8$na" t-?*en 0%te)1+t S*ent Be%n(t tev0-en8)070%=+" Nem v$+te+%a7a&tatva" L8a-$%+ati 0%*0-e a*t &i-t(+ta, >$78 ti)*t(n #%ancia -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$tin&'t)$n, me+8ne- e78et+en vi+(7i ve*et=/e a #%ancia -i%(+8, >i)*en a .a%anc)n$-)(7me7$)*t()a miatt a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )*inte -u&a%c$t va++$tt" S*ent Be%n(t am$*7a+mat nem*et-?*i v(++a+-$*())( tette, (m na78)*e% e+7$n&$+()a me7u-$tt a-i%(+8$- vet0+-e&0)0n" A .(.a K$n%(&%<+ )em a-a%t +em$n&ani, It(+i(an )*(m't$tt a)e7't)070%e" A n0mete- %0)*v0te+0ne- >'%0t -e++et+en1+ #$7a&ta, &e nem uta)'t>attavi))*a"G

A .(.a (.%i+i) e+)= na./aian :%ancia$%)*(7an, Di/$nan ta+(+-$*$tt a/$) -i%(+84+8a+, 0) (.%i+i) M4(n 0%-e*ett 6+ai%vau4a" K$n%(& -?vete-et -1+&?tt $&a >$**(, 0)-0%te, >$78 G4(n ta+(+-$**ana- St%a))u%7an, &e Jen= m(% me7'70%te, >$78 >C)v0t4-$%, (.%i+i) 4(n Saint4Deni)4en +e)*, 0) nem a-a%ta me7v(+t$*tatni a te%v0t" K$n%(&a .(.a )*em0+8e) (+&()a n0+-1+ -0)*1+t a S*ent#?+&%e" :%ancia$%)*(7an Jen= .(.at?)*?% t(%78a+t Su7e% a.(tta+, a-i a/$) -i%(+8 t(v$++0te a+att a* $%)*(7$t -$%m(4n8$*ta" P(%i*)an *)inat$t ta%t$tt, me+8en Li+e%t &e +a P$%0e e%etne-)070t vitattame7, ma/& /Cniu) 40n Saint Deni)4en i)m0t ta+(+-$*$tt a/$))a+" ;ia+att a/$) a*ut$+)< e+=-0)*1+ete-et tette, a .(.a >a*ain&u+t It(+i(a"!

;'7 a #%ancia 0) a n0met -i%(+8 a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a -0)*1+ve >$))*C, )*(%a*#?+&iuta*()t te%ve*ett, S*ent Be%n(t 0) t(%)ai >at()(%a e78 -i)e, #=+e7 an7$+$-<+, #+a4

426:%ei)in7i Ott<2 3esta <rideri/i, M4M5" ."V Vita !* Bernardi, 5G45G5" c$+" e>et)07e), >$78 K$n%(&%a>at$tt a* a >'%, >$78 vet0+8t(%)a, a a/$% 3I" e+#, e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 #e+ve)*i a -e%e)*tet" ()& 6$)ac-,K$n%a& IIId) Ent)c>+u)) *um K%eu**u7, Mitteiungen des 1nstituts fDr sterrei/his/he 3es/hi/htsfors/hung,QQQ3" -?tet, e+# a*$nan c)a- %?vi&&e+ K$n%(& e+=tt &?nt?tt, '78 K$n%(& a+i7>a 0%te)1+>etett %<+a"()&2 L+ee%2 i* m*, 9549" ."

427

()& S*ent Be%n(t, 9" +ev0+, i" >"V ()& 3acan&a%&2 i* m*, II, !4!G" ."428()& L+ee%2 i* m* 54", G4M" ."429Deui+4i O&$, 49" ."

M5

man&$-<+ 0) #%'*e-=+ (++< c)a.at in&u+t e+ a ten7e%en Pa+e)*tina #e+0" Ha/<i- -0)= tava)*(n >a78t(- e+ An7+i(t, &e /Cniu) e+e/0n a %$))* i&= a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette=-et, >$78 a .$%tu7(+ .a%t$-$n, a D$u%$ #$+8< t$%-$+at(n(+ -e%e))ene- mene&0-et"Ott ta+(+-$*ta- P$%tu7(+ia 7%<#/a, A+#$n*4Hen%i- -1+&?tteive+" A+#$n*4Hen%i- nem)$--a+ -$%(an v'vta -i $%)*(7a #177et+en)070t, 0) t(%78a+t a .(.(va+ a -i%(+8i c'me+n8e%0)0%=+, me+8%e a mu)*+im$- e++en v'v$tt )i-e%e) >a%cai%a >ivat-$*va ta%t$tti70n8t" A* a+m$%(vi&(- ne>0*)07eit -i>a)*n(+va, 5!4en Ou%i[ue4n(+ na78 &ia&a+ta%at$tt, ma/& m(%ciu)(an e+/ut$tt a Te/$ .a%t/(i7, 0) e+#$7+a+ta Santa%0met" ;(%a mu)*+im #=v(%$)t, i))*a$nt a-a%ta $)t%$m$+ni, &e e>>e* -at$nai )e7't)07%e v$+t)*1-)07e" A -e%e)*te)e- 0.. /<-$% 0%-e*te-" A 7%<# -1+&?tt)070ne- #e/e, O.$%t< .1)4.?-e %(mutat$tt, >$78 a c)a.atna- )*1-)07te+en a me))*i Pa+e)*tin(a uta*ni, >a >a%4c$+ni -'v(n a -e%e)*t0%t" Hitet+ene- P$%tu7(+i(an i) vanna-, 0) nemc)a- +e+-i 0%&e4me-et, >anem 7a*&a7 i%t$-$-at +e>et )*e%e*ni" A #+aman&$- 0) a #%'*e- a*$nna+ e+4#$7a&t(- a* a/(n+at$t, a* an7$+$- a*$nan >a$*ta-" ;e7#$7a&t(-, >$78 Je%u*)(+em4e menne-, 0) a )u##$+-i .a%anc)n$-, Hen%8 L+anvi++e min&en %(e)*0+=-0.e))070%e)*1-)07 v$+t, >$78 %('%/a eme%eit a ma%a&()%a" ;e7(++a.$&ta- a #e+t0te+e-en,ma/& a -i) #+$tta #e+>a/<*$tt a Te/<n, c)at+a-$*$tt a .$%tu7(+ )e%e7>e*, 0) me7-e*&t0-i))*a$n $)t%$m(t" A mu)*+im$- >=)ie)en v0&t0- a v(%$)t" A >e+8=%)07 c)a- n0784>avi >a%c ut(n a&ta me7 ma7(t a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >$78 me7-'m0+i- 0+et1-et 0) /avai4-at" A -e%e)*te)e- %?7t?n me7)*e7t0- '70%et1-et, 0) &ia&a+ma)an m0)*(%$+t(- a >itet4+ene-et" A* an7$+$- /av(%a -e++ '%ni, >$78 a m0)*(%+()an c)a- -i) )*e%e.1- v$+t"Amint v07et 0%t a* $)t%$m, a -e%e)*te)e- e78 %0)*e #$+8tatta Ct/(t -e+et%e, &e )$-an +e4te+e.e&te- P$%tu7(+i(an" J<++e>et a* e.i*<& minte78 e+=/(t0-a v$+t An7+ia 0) P$%tu47(+ia -0)=i ta%t<) )*?vet)070ne-, 0) >$**(/(%u+t a -e%e)*t0n8)07 <ce(n$n tC+i e+te%4

/e&0)0>e* i), a Ke+eten 0+= -e%e)*t0n8e-en nem )$-at )e7'tett, )*(mu-%a u78ani) 0.4.en e78 ten7e%i #+$tt(na- +ett v$+na #e+ec)1+>etet+en 0%t0-e"5

;'7 a* 0)*a-i *a%(n&$-$- P$%tu7(+i(an i&=*te-, a #%ancia 0) a n0met -i%(+8 me74in&u+t a )*(%a*#?+&?n a S*ent#?+& #e+0" R$7e% )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 min&-ett=/1-et me7-e4%e)te 0) #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 a ten7e%en (t)*(++'t/a )e%e71-et a S*ent#?+&%e" K$n%(&, a-i%07<ta R$7e% e++en)07e v$+t, nem #$7a&>atta e+ a/(n+at(t, &e a/$) i) e+>(%'t$tta a )*$+47(+tat()t" A .(.a )em <>a/t$tta R$7e% e781ttm-?&0)0t, 0) a* i) -0t)07e), >$78 a )*i4c'+iai >a/<>a& e+07 na78 v$+t4e a>>$*, >$78 e+)*(++'t)a a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -at$n(it"a/$) nem a-a%t me7v(+ni )e%e7e #e+0t=+ 0) nem a-a%ta %('*ni ma7(t e78 -?*i)me%ten-0t-u+ac)$) eme%%e, a-i a #%ancia -i%(+8n0 na78(t8/(na- e+-e)e%e&ett e++en)07e v$+t"Bi*t$n)(7$)a 0) $+c)< v$+t a )*(%a*#?+&i uta*()"5

K$n%(& -i%(+8 C78 te%ve*te, >$78 >C)v0t/(n >a78/a e+ N0met$%)*(7$t" Decem4e%en S.e8e%en a i*(nci -?vete-ne- a*t m$n&ta, >$78 >ama%$)an e+in&u+ Ke+et%e,&e c)a- m(/u) v070n -e+t Ct%a" ;(/u) ut$+)< na./aian >a78ta e+ Re7en)u%7$t, 0) e4v$nu+t ;a78a%$%)*(7%a" Se%e7e <%i()i v$+t" ;e7%0m1+t -%<ni-()$- e78mi++i< -at$n(4%<+ e)*0+te-V va+<)*'n, >$78 a #e78ve%e)e- 0) a *a%(n&$-$- c)a-nem >C)*e*%en v$+4ta-" K$n%(&&a+ ta%t$tt -0t va*a++u) -i%(+8 i), 3+a&i)+av c)e> 0) I3" B$+e)*+< +en78e+u%a+-$&<" A n0met neme))07et K$n%(& un$-a?cc)e 0) ?%?-?)e, :%i78e) )v( >e%ce7

430A .$%tu7(+ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at #= #$%%()a O)$%n2 De E.u7nati$ne 8$neu)i, ame+8et Stu)a&$tt -i 1n Memorias of the $eign of $i/hard 1 , I" -?t", c+iv4c+ii" ." ()& m07 E%&mann2 De% K%eu*4

*u7)7e&an-e in P$%tu7a+, Historis/he Zeits/hrift, 6QI" -?t" 5495" ."431a/$) -i%(+8 e/e+entette a >a&/(%at$t R$7e%4na- Deui+4i O&$, " .", &e ami-$% R$7e% #e+a/(n+$tta%0)*v0te+0t, e+uta)'t$tta a )e7't)07et, O&$ e*t ut<+a7 na78$n )a/n(+ta uo*, " ."

M

ve*ette" 3$+t a )e%e7en e78 +$ta%in7iai e78)07, I)tv(n met*i 0) Hen%i- t$u+i .1).?-ve*et0)e a+att" A )e%e7 n8u7ta+an 0) 0-0t+en v$+t" A n0met u%a- #0+t0-en8-e&te- e784m()%a, 0) (++an&< v$+t a )C%+<&() a n0mete-, a )*+(v$- 0) a #%ancia n8e+v +$ta%in7iai4a- -?*?tt" K$n%(& nem tu&$tt C%%( +enni a >e+8*eten" R$))* e70)*)07i (++a.$tC, in7a4ta7 /e++em #0%#i v$+t, /<va+ tC+ a* ?tvenen, >at()-?%e na78 %0)*0t m(% (ta&ta e%=te+/e),&e ta.a)*ta+at+an un$-a?cc)0ne-, :%i78e)ne-"5

JCniu)an a n0met )e%e7 (t>a+a&t ;a78a%$%)*(7$n" A* i#/C -i%(+8, L0*a /<in&u+at4ta+ vi)e+tetett a )e%e7 i%(nt, 0) nem -e%1+t )$% -e++emet+en e)em0n8e-%e" Demet%i$)*;a-%em$+ite)* 0) a* $+a)* L%avinai S(n&$% ve*et0)0ve+ m07 ma78a% te%1+eten i4*(nci -?vet)07 -e%e)te #e+ K$n%(&$t" ;e7-0%&e*t0-, >$78 a c)()*(% a%(t/a-0nt va78e++en)07e-0nt -?*e+e74e, ) me7-0%t0-2 e)-1&/?n me7, >$78 )emmit )em #$7 tenni ac)()*(% 0%&e-ei 0) /<+0te e++en" Na78$n /<+ v(+a)*t$tt(- me7 e*t a )0%e+me-et -i*(%<e)-1#$%mu+(t, me%t e78e) n8u7ati te%1+ete-en e* v$+t a )*$-()$) e)-1, ame+8et a va4*a++u) >0%u%(na- tett" 78 e)-1&?tt T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& i) A+ei$)* c)()*(%na- a*e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at i&e/0n" U78ana--$% $+8an #$%mu+a v$+t, ame+8et K$n%(& nemuta)'t>at$tt vi))*a, >ac)a- nem a-a%ta, >$78 a c)()*(% e++en)070ne- 0+8e7e**0-" e4tette a* e)-1t, 0) a i*(nci -?vete- min&en )e7't)07et me7'70%tene-i, am'7 (tv$nu+a c)()*(% i%t$-ain"55

K$n%(& /C+iu) 4a -?%1+ 0%-e*ett a c)()*(%)(7 te%1+et0%e Ba%anc)n(+" Bi*(nci >a/<-)*(++'t$tt(- (t )e%e70t a Dun(n" Nai))*$)*an a $+7(% .%$vincia -$%m(n8*</a, B%a4na)* ;i>(+8 ta+(+-$*$tt ve+e, ) e++(tta a )e%e7et a -1+?n e%%e a c0+%a e+%a-t(%$*$tt 0+e4+emme+" N0>(n8 na..a+ -0)= S*<#i(a 0%t a )e%e7, a>$+ T>e))*a+$ni-0 -$%m(n8*<4

/a, a c)()*(% un$-ate)tv0%e, Pa+ai$+$7$)* ;i>(+8 a c)()*(% nev0en >ivata+$)an i) 1&4v?*?+te K$n%(&$t" E&&i7 min&en /<+ ment" K$n%(& a*t '%ta n0met$%)*(7i a%(taina-,>$78 min&enne+ me7 van e+07e&ve" S*<#ia ut(n a*$nan a* eme%ei e+-e*&te- #$)*4t$7atni, 0) nem a-a%ta- #i*etni a .a%a)*t$-na- a* e+>u%c$+t /ava-0%t, mi t?, a ti+ta4-$*<-at +em0)*(%$+t(-" Ami-$% a .ana)*$--a+ K$n%(&>$* #$%&u+ta-, a -i%(+8 eva+4+$tta, >$78 nem -0.e) me7#0-e*ni a c)=c)e+0-et" P>i+i..$.$+i)*n(+ m07 na78$%en&$nt()$-%a -e%1+t )$%" A -at$n(- m07 t? 0+e+met +$.ta-, 0) ami-$% a n0mete-$)*$%-(n8)(77a+ v(&$+ta- me7 e78 >e+8e+i )*em#0n8ve)*t=t, a-i n0mi .0n*t %em0+ta -at$n(-t<+ t%1--/ei emutat()(0%t, *en&1+0) t?%t -i" e07te- a -1+v(%$)$-, &e a v(4%$)#a+a- e%=)e- v$+ta-, a*$-at nem me%t0- me7t(ma&ni a n0mete-" Ita+i-$)* ;i->a0+0%)e- $+8an >eve)en ti+ta-$*$tt K$n%(&n(+, >$78 a* )*078en0en me71ntette a +(*a4&() ve*et=it" E--$% ;anu0+ -')0%= c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt a -e%e)*te)e- me++0, >$78 neen7e&/0- =-et +et0%ni a* Ct%<+" E=+ m07 na78$ $n8$&a+ma- t(ma&ta-2 78a-$%iv$+t a* ?))*ec)a.() a i*(ncia- 0) a n0mete- -?*?tt" A* e)em0n8e- D%in(.$+8 -?*e4+0en 0%t0- e+ a c)Cc).$nt$t, ami-$% n0>(n8 i*(nci an&ita me7?+t 0) -i%a$+t e78n0met na78u%at, a-i ete7)07e miatt +ema%a&t a )e%e7t=+, mi%e Sv( :%i78e) #e+07ettea*t a m$n$)t$%t, ame+8ne- -?*e+0en a nt0n8t e+-?vett0-, 0) me7?+te a enn+a-<4-at" A i*(ncia- a %0)*e7e), +ema%a&$*< c)ava%7<-at, a-i- =ven a-a&ta- a n0mete--?*?tt, $))*C<+ me7?+t0-, >a a -e*1-%e -e%1+te-" Ami-$% P%$)*uc> i*(nci .a4%anc)n$- >e+8%e(++'t$tta a 0-0t, 0) a )e%e7 i)m0t Ct%a -e+t, -?vet)07 0%-e*ett a* a--$%m(% -$m$+8an a77<&< ;anu0+t<+" A c)()*(% )1%7ette K$n%(&$t, >$78 men/en aS*e)*t$)*a ve*et= Ct%a, $nnan -e+/en (t a He++e)*.$nt$)*$n Á*)i(a" ;anu0+ a%(t4

432:%ei)in7i Ott<2 Chroni/a, 59" ." 0) 3esta <rideri/i, M54M9" ."433Kinnam$)*, M4M!" ."

M9

)(7ta+an +0.0)nete-intette v$+na, >a a n0mete- K$n)tantin(.$+8 #e+0 ta%tana-" K$n4%(& nem a-a%t e+ee78e*ni a c)()*(% /ava)+at(a" 78 +(t)*i-, >$78 ;anu0+ a--$% e+4>at(%$*ta, >a -e++, e%=ve+ i) )*eme)*(++ a -e%e)*te)e--e+" A* ut$+)< .i++anatan a*$n4an me7v(+t$*tatta a P%$)*uc>na- a&$tt .a%anc)$t" A n0mete-%e c)a->ama% +e)C/t$ttI)ten 1ntet0)e" Ami-$% a t%(-iai )'-)(7$n K>e%ava)* -?*e+0en t($%$*ta-, e78 >i%4te+en (%a&() e+m$)ta )(t%ai-at" S$- -at$na me7#u++a&t, )$- >$+mi $&ave)*ett" 6)a-:%i78e) c)a.ata, ame+8 -i) ma7a)+at$n t($%$*$tt, nem )*enve&ett -(%$-at" Att<+-e*&ve e70)*en K$n)tantin(.$+8i7 nem t?%t0nt )emmi em+'t0)%e m0+t< &$+$7, 0) a )e4%e7 )*e.teme% 4e t(/(n 0%t K$n)tantin(.$+8 a+("5

a/$) -i%(+8 0) a #%ancia )e%e7 e78 ><na. /(%()%a +ema%a&va -?vette K$n%(&$t" A-i%(+8 /Cniu) G4(n in&u+t e+ Saint Deni)4=+, 0) n0>(n8 na..a+ -0)=%e ;et*e >'vtava*a++u)ait" A )e%e7e va+amive+ -i)e v$+t K$n%(&0n(+" A*$- a neme)e-, a-i- 30*e4+a84en ve+e e781tt vett0- #e+ a -e%e)*tet, e+/?tte-, >$78 eta%t)(- #$7a&a+mu-at" A -i4%(++8a+ uta*$tt a #e+e)07e, A[uit(niai E+e$n<%a i), :%ancia$%)*(7 +e77a*&a7a ?%?4-?)n=/e, a* anti<->iai >e%ce7 un$-a>C7a" :+an&%ia 0) T$u+$u)e 7%<#n0i, 0) m() ma47a)%an7C >?+78e- i) a #0%/1--e+ ta%t$tta-" Ba%%e4i Eve%a%&, a tem.+$m$)$- na78me)4te%e, %e-%ut(iva+ c)at+a-$*$tt a )e%e7>e*"59 A -i%(+8 e--$% >u)*$n>at 0ve) v$+t" In4-( -e78e) 0+et0%=+, mint e%=) /e++em0%=+ v$+t >'%e)" :iv0%e 0) #e+e)07e e78a%(nt e#$4+8()$+t(- =t" Ta.a)*ta+at+an 0) >at(%$*at+an .a%anc)n$- v$+t"5M Se%e7e a*$nan #e478e+me*ette v$+t, mint a n0met, >a(% itt i) e+=#$%&u+t %en&$nt(), ami-$% $%m)4n(+ (t-e+te- a Ra/n(n"5

Ami-$% a* ?))*e) #%ancia e78)07 c)at+a-$*$tt a -i%(+8>$*, a )e%e7 Ba/$%$%)*(7$n (tt$v(in&u+t" Re7en)u%7an, a>$va /Cniu) !40n 0%-e*te-, m(% v(%t %(/u- ;anu0+c)()*(% -?vet)07e" A* e78i- -?vet Demet%i$)* ;a-%em$+ite)* v$+t, a-i m(% K$n%(&4&a+ i) ta+(+-$*$tt, a m()i- e78 i*$n8$) ;au%u)" Bi*t$)'t0-$-at -0%te-, >$78 a/$) ac)()*(%i te%1+eten a%(t-0nt #$7 vi)e+-e&ni, ) >$78 me7'70%i2 min&en vi))*a><&'t$tti*(nci i%t$-$t vi))*aa& a c)()*(%)(7na-" 78 +(t)*i-, a/$)t<+ nem -0%t0- a K$n%(&4t<+ me7-?vete+t )0%e+me-et -i*(%< e)-1t, ame+8ne- /e+ent=)070ve+ a/$) -1+?nen i)>ama% ti)*t(an +ett v$+na" a/$) #$%m(+i)an -i/e+entette, >$78 a%(t-0nt 0%-e*i-, &e a

/?ven&= ><&'t()aiva+ -a.c)$+atan nem tett '70%ete-et, me%t a -0%0)t ve)*e&e+me)en(+ta+(n$)na- 't0+te"5G

Re7en)u%7<+ a #%anci(- ti*en?t na. a+att 0-0)en (tuta*ta- ;a78a%$%)*(7$n, )au7u)*tu) v070n e+0%t0- a i*(nci >at(%t"5! Ba%anc)n(+ (t-e+te- a Dun(n, 0) -?vett0-a Ba+-(n$n (tve*et= #= Ctv$na+at" Ne>0*)07et $-$*$tt a )*1-)07e) 0+e+em me7)*e%*04)e, mive+ a n0mete- m(% e+#$78a)*t$tta- min&en e>et=t, 0) tC+-a.()ai- miatt a >e+8i+a-$)$- 78ana-v<v( v(+ta-, nem v$+ta- )e7't=-0)*e-" A -e%e)-e&=- )*-ma%-Canm0%t0- a* (%ut, 0) e+=%e -?vete+t0- a #i*et)07et" A i*(nci ti)*tvi)e+=- a*$nan a%(t4

434Kinnam$)*, M!4" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G4G" ."V Deui+4i O&$, 5G" . m(% -$%(an em+'ti a*)$n7+=%t, 5M" ."V :%ei)in7i Ott<2 3esta <rideri/i, M94M" ."

435A -e%e)*te)e-et #e+)$%$+/a Su7e%2 3esta Ludo%i/i, ;$+inie% )*e%-", 9G4M" ." A* a +e7en&a, >$78E+e$n<%a -i%(+8n= e78 ama*$nc)a.at 0+0%e (++t, Ni-0ta)* e78i- me7/e78*0)0n a+a.u+ G" .", me+8 )*e4%int a n0met )e%e7en )*(m$) n= i) /e+en v$+t te+/e) #e78ve%*eten"

436Su7e% 3esta4e+i /e++em*0)0=+, va+amint )a/(t +eve+ei=+ i*$n8ta+an eme% -0.e $nta-$*i- -i"437Deui+4i O&$, " ."438

Kinnam$)*, G" ." A n0mete-et WQ9:X4na-, a #%anci(-at W<9:X4na- m$n&/aV Deui+4iO&$, G45" ." O&$ a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a/$) -0.vi)e+=- Ct/(n tette +e a* e)-1t"439Deui+4i O&$, 545" ."

MM

)(7$)a- v$+ta-, 0) a #%ancia .a%anc)n$-$- me7=%i*t0- a )e%e7 #e78e+m0t" K$n)tanti4n(.$+8i7 nem i) v$+t -$m$+8a %en&$nt(), >a(% a* i&= mC+()(va+ a #%anci(- e78%e-ev0)0 -e&ve+t0- a i*(ncia-at 0) a n0mete-et" D%in(.$+8an a i*(nci >at<)(7$- F0..C78, mint K$n%(& e)et0en F me7.%<(+t(- a )e%e7et a He++e)*.$nt$)*$n (t Á*)i4(a t0%'teni, &e nem 0%te- e+ )i-e%t a #%anci(--a+ )em" I&=-?*en n0>(n8 #%ancia, a-itt1%e+met+enn0 tett a )e%e7 -0n8e+me) v$nu+()a, e+=%e)ietett, >$78 a n0mete->e* c)at4+a-$**0-, &e a*$- a%(t)(7ta+anu+ #$7a&t(- =-et 0) nem v$+ta- >a/+an&<- 0+e+met /ut4tatni ne-i- a )a/(t/u-<+" A +$ta%in7iai c)a.at, ame+8 m(% C78i) %$))* vi)*$n8an v$+ta n0met a/t(%)a--a+, a #%anci(->$* c)at+a-$*$tt, ) a #%anci(-at a n0mete- e++en >an47$+ta" 78 m07 mie+=tt a #%ancia -i%(+8 K$n)tantin(.$+8a 0%t v$+na, a -0t -e%e)*te))e%e7 vi)*$n8a 78ana-v< 0) me7-e)e%e&ett +ett, 0) min& a n0mete-en, min& a #%an4ci(-an me7e%=)?&?tt a i*(ncia--a+ )*emen 0%*ett e++en)*env" ;in&e* nem )$- /<t'70%t a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at /?v=/0t i++et=en"

440>o*, 594" ."

M

3. %e&e'et

S',t5*'6- ke)e-'t,!"ek kö'ött

+Hersengések2 irigységek2 indulat#sk#dás#k2 -issza-#nás#k2rágalmazás#k2 (#nd#rk#dás#k2 (el(u-alk#dás#k2 párt#sk#dás#k.

/II. K#rintusiaknak írt le-él 1?2?03

Ami-$% a -?*e+7= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at >'%e e+=)*?% e+/ut$tt K$n)tantin(.$+8a, ;a4

nu0+ c)()*(% a* anat<+iai 178e--e+ v$+t e+#$7+a+va" At8/a 0) na78at8/a e%=#e)*'t0)ei e+4+en0%e a i%$&a+$m (*)iai .%$vinci(i m07 min&i7 a77a)*t< >e+8*eten v$+ta-" A t?%?-me7)*(++() c)a- a .a%t menti te%1+ete-%e nem te%/e&t -i" A e+)= vi&0-e-en )*inte0vente .u)*t't$tt e784e78 t?%?- %a+<>a&/(%at, ame+8 %en&)*e%int e+-e%1+te a na78e%=&?-et, 0) -i-e%1+te a c)()*(%i >a&)e%e7et" A >at(%vi&0-e- +a-a78t(- #a+vai4-at, 0) a .a%ti v(%$)$-a mene-1+te-" ;anu0+ a%%a t?%e-e&ett, >$78 e780%te+m >a4t(%v$na+at a+a-'t)$n -i, ame+8et e78m()>$* )*$%$)an -a.c)$+<&< v(%a- =%i*ne-" Di.4+$m(ci(/a 0) >a&/(%atai e*t a c0+t )*$+7(+t(-"

;u>amma& in L(*' &ani)men& em'% &eceme%0en me7>a+t" v$+t Ki)4Á4*)ia +e7#= mu)*+im >ata+ma))(7a"

Ha+(+(t a #iai 0) #iv0%ei -?*?tt -it?%t.$+7(%>($%C -?vette" v07ee+=tt a* emi%(tu) >(%$m %0)*%e )*a4-a&t" A* em'% #i(0, Du+ Nun0 +ettKai)*a%eia4;a*a->a, #iv0%ei -?*1+

J(-C A%)*+(n in L(*'0 S*iva)*,A/n a&4Dau+at in L(*'0 .e&i7 ;e4+it0n0" A -$n8ai )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n,;a)*C& C78 v0+te, >$78 e me7$)*4t$tt >e+8*eten -ite%/e)*t>eti u%a+4

m(t a* anat<+iai t?%?-?-%e" ;e74)*(++ta a &ani)men&i te%1+ete-et, -e4+et #e+0 .e&i7 e70)*en a* Eu#%(te)*i7

te%/e&t -i a >ata+ma" T(ma&()(t<+ a me7%0m1+t te)tv0%e-, J(-C A%)*+(n 0) A/n a&4Dau+at Bi*(nc>$* #$%&u+ta- )e7't)070%t, 0) e78, va+<)*'n+e7 54an me7-?t?tt)*e%*=&0) 0%te+m0en i*$n8$) #$-i7 i*(nci a+attva+<--( +ette-" ;anu0+ e--$% ;a4)*C&%a #$%&'t>atta #i78e+m0t, a-ine- .$%t8(*< c)a.atai e70)*en a Ni-ai(<+ D$%1+a4i$na ve*et= Ct ment0n #e-v= ;a+a7in(i7 /ut$tta-" ;anu0+ vi))*ave%te a t(ma&()$4-at, &e >a*a -e++ett mennie K$n)tantin(.$+8a, %0)*int me%t me7%en&1+t a* e70)*)047e, %0)*int me%t )*e%etett n=v0%e, ;(%ia 78<78't>atat+an ete7 v$+t" Ami-$% n$%mann

)*(%ma*()C #0%/e, J(n$) R$7e% cae)a% ;anu0+ t%<n%a +0.0)e-$% (++amc)'n8%e -0)*1+t,;(%ia tanC)(7$t tett a c)()*(% i%(nti >)070%=+" 94en ;a)*C& i)m0t i*(nci te%14

MG

,phesz#sz r#mjai

+ete-%e t?%t e, e+#$7+a+ta I)*au%i(an P%a-ana -i) v(%(t, ve)*0+8e*tetve e*(+ta+ Bi*(nc?))*e-?ttet0)0t S*'%i(va+, ma/& %?vi&&e+ e*ut(n e+.u)*t't$tta a ;ean&e% v?+780t,c)a-nem a ten7e%i7" ;anu0+ e+0%-e*ettne- +(tta a* i&=t, >$78 +ec)a./$n ;a)*C&%a, 0)K$n8a e++en in&u+/$n" E--$%ian >(*a)$&$tt, ) a*t e)*e+t0-, >$78 e a-a%ta i*$n8'4tani n0met #e+e)070ne- a i*(nci +$va7)(7 na78)*e%)070t" M n8a%(n #$%m(+i)an i)>a&at 1*ent a )*u+t(nna-, ) +$va7i )t'+u)an e+in&u+t a Da%1+ai$n<+ P>i+$m0+i$nave*et= Ct$n" Ott t?%?- c)a.at$- )i-e%te+en1+ .%<(+t(- #e+ta%t$*tatni" ;a)*C& a #=v(4%$)a #e+0 v$nu+t vi))*a, 0) (% me7e%=)'tette >e+8=%)070t, = a n8'+t vi&0-en ma%a&t 0))1%7=)en )e7't)07et -0%t -e+et%=+" A i*(nci )e%e7 t? ><na.i7 a )*u+t(na (+ta+ v0&e+4me*ett K$n8a a+att t($%$*$tt" ;anu0+ u&va%ia)an vi)e+-e&ett e++en#e+eive+" Ami-$%a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78 a )*u+t(nt me7?+t0-, tu&atta a )*u+t(n(va+, >$78 a >'% nem i7a*Va**a+ i) me7.%<(+-$*$tt, /<++e>et >i(a, >$78 -at$n(iva+ ti)*te+eten ta%ta))a a v(%$4)$n -'v1+i mu)*+im )'%$-at" E78)*e% c)a- .a%anc)$t a&$tt a vi))*av$nu+()%a" K0)=a*t e)*0+t0-, >$78 a*0%t, me%t >'%1+ vette a -e%e)*te)e- -?*e+e&0)0t, &e a+i7>a -a.>a4t$tt >'%t i+8en %?vi& i&= a+att a 30*e+a84an tava))*a+ me7>$*$tt &?nt0)%=+" ;anu0+>at(%$*$ttan 78ana-v< v$+t a )*ic'+iaia--a+ )*emen, 0) ta+(n va+<an me70%e*te,>$78 va+ami -0)*1+=&i-" A*t i) me7tu&ta, >$78 ;a)*C& /e+ent=) e%=)'t0)t -a.$tt, 0)ta%t$tt att<+, >$78 e+v(7/a >$))*C 0) i*$n8ta+an ut(n.<t+()i v$na+ait" a))an 0) t?-04+ete) %en&en v$nu+t vi))*a i*(nci te%1+et%e"

;ie+=tt ;anu0+ C/a >a&/(%at$t in&'t$tt v$+na K$n8a e++en, )*eme -e++ett n0*niea -?*e+e&= -e%e)*te)e--e+" ;in&en $-a me7v$+t a* a77$&a+$m%a, >i)*en a i*(ncia-4na- a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$-%<+ )*e%*ett ta.a)*ta+atai nem v$+ta- -e&ve*=e-" Ami-$%te>(t tava)*(n ;a)*C& #e78ve%)*1netet a/(n+$tt, #e+-'n(+va, >$78 vi))*aa&/aP%a-an(t 0) a t?i C/a ><&'t()(t, ;anu0+ ee e+ee78e*ett" Emiatt a* e78e*m0n8miatt ;anu0+t a -e%e)*t0n8)07 (%u+</(na- neve*t0-" De K$n%(& m(% a*e+=tt e++en)047e)en vi)e+-e&ett a i*(ncia--a+, >$78 a* e78e*)07 >'%e e+/ut$tt >$**(, ami ;anu0+?+c) e+=vi78(*at$))(7(t i7a*$+ta" ;anu0+na- )emmi#0+e -?te+e*ett)07e )em v$+ta*$- i%(nt a -e%e)*t0n8e- i%(nt, a-i- n8'+tan #$nt$+7att(- K$n)tantin(.$+8 me7t(ma4&()(t" E78et+en $+8an >a&/(%atna- )em ?%1+>etett, ame+8 a%%a (t$%'t>atta Anti<->ia>e%ce70t, >$78 me7#e+e&-e**0- nem%07 tett >)07e)-1/0%=+ 0) a+(%en&e+t >e+8*et0%=+"Ha a c)()*(% -$m$+8 >($%Ca -eve%e&i- a t?%?-?--e+, a* )e7't>etn0 a -e%e)*te)e-etaan, >$78 (t-e+/ene- Anat<+i(n, 0) m0%>etet+en -(%$-at $-$**ana- a i*(nci i%$4&a+$mna-, ame+8 a -e%e)*t0n8)07 v0&=()t8(/a v$+t" E*0%t a c)()*(% C78 &?nt?tt,>$78 )emmi $+8a)mie nem $c)(t-$*i-, ami i+8en -0n8e) i&=-en 78en7't>eti e%e4

/0t" A &?nt0)en )*e%e.et /(t)*$tt a* i), >$78 -1)*??n (++t a >($%C S*ic'+i(va+"

;anu0+ 0) K$n%(& -a.c)$+ata e70)*en a&&i7 /< v$+t" A )*ic'+iai R$7e%4t=+ va+< #0+e4+em >$*ta -?*e+ e78m()>$* =-et, ) ;anu0+ nem )$--a+ -$%(an n=1+ vette K$n%(&)<7$%n=/0t"5 A n0met )e%e7 vi)e+-e&0)e a Ba+-(n$n, va+amint K$n%(& +0.0)e, ame+84+8e+ me7ta7a&ta a He++0)*.$nt$)*n(+ va+< (t-e+0)t, a77a)*t$tta ;anu0+t" Ami-$%K$n%(& K$n)tantin(.$+8a 0%t, a -1+v(%$)an a )*(%a*#?+&i v(%$)#a+ -?*e+0en, a P>i4+$.ati$n .a+$t(an )*(++()$+t(- e+, )e%e7e .e&i7 a -?*e+en t($%$*$tt +e" A n0mete-

4416>a+an&$n2 Les Comn9nes, G49G" ." S*'%iai ;i>(+8 III, 9" .", a*t '%/a, >$78 ;anu0+ 0-0t -?4t?tt a t?%?-?--e+, me%t ta%t$tt a -e%e)*te)e-t=+, 0) >$78 -0t 0vi7 )i-e%1+t vi))*a#$7nia =-et"

4426>a+an&$n2 i* m* MM4M" ." A >($%C S*ic'+i(va+ n8a%(n t?%t -i i* m*, 5G" ." " )*" /e78*et"

Deui+4i O&$ >ivat-$*i- %( 95" .""443()& e m II" -?t, " ." A* e)-1v=%e M /anu(%/(an -e%1+t )$% 6>a+an&$n2 i* m* M" .", 5" )*" /e78*et"

M!

a*$nan n0>(n8 na. a+att C78 -i#$)*t$tt(- a .a+$t(t, >$78 +a->atat+ann( v(+t, 0) K$n4%(& a* A%an8)*a%v4??+ e/(%at(>$*, a Pi-%i&i$n .a+$t(a -?+t?*?tt, ame+8 a P>ana%v(%$)ne78e&&e+ )*emen #e-1&t" E-?*en -at$n(i %(t(ma&ta- a >e+8e+ie-%e, 0) i4*(nci -at$n(-at -e++ett -1+&eni a me7#0-e*0)1-%e" S*(m$) ?))*ec)a.()%a -e%1+t )$%"Ami-$% ;anu0+ a%%a -0%te K$n%(&$t, >$78 #0-e**e c)a.atait, e+=)*?% a*t a v(+a)*t-a.ta, >$78 a n0mete- (+ta+ $-$*$tt -(%$- /e+ent0-te+ene-, ma/& K$n%(& &1>?)en a*4*a+ #en8e7et=*?tt, >$78 a -?vet-e*= 0ven vi))*a/?n 0) e+#$7+a+/a K$n)tantin(.$+8t"3071+ #e+te>et=en a c)()*(%n0na-, K$n%(& )<7$%n=/0ne- )i-e%1+t -i0-'tenie a -0tu%a+-$&<t, ;anu0+ )*e%ette v$+na min0+ >ama%a a B$)*.$%u)*$n tC+ tu&ni a n0me4te-et, me%t att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 e78e)1+ne- a #%anci(--a+, &e %?7t?n e+vi)e+>et=ne-'t0+te =-et, mi>e+8)t +(tta, >$78 a* e+)=-0nt 0%-e*= #%anci(--a+ a*$nna+ ve)*e-e&ni-e*&ene-" (t)*<+a7 e78et0%t0)%e /ut$tta-, K$n%(& 0) )e%e7e 7a*&a7 a/(n&0-$--a+me7%a-va (t-e+t K>a+-0&<na" A -i%(+8 n0>(n8 )*0. +$vat -a.$tt" De a*t a /ava)+at$tK$n%(& vi))*auta)'t$tta, >$78 eme%ei e78 %0)*0t >a78/a a c)()*(% )*$+7(+at(an, )>e+8ett1- Ki+i-i(an i*(nci c)a.at$-at #$7a&/$n" ;anu0+ )*(m(%a e* >a)*n$) me74$+&() +ett v$+na a )*ic'+iai R$7e% e++eni >($%C e)et0%e"

K>a+-0&<nan K$n%(& ve*et=-et -0%t ;anu0+t=+, >$78 a*$- -')0%/0- (t Anat<+i(n";anu0+ a #e+a&at$t a va%07 te)t=%)07 .a%anc)n$-(%a, I)tv(n%a '*ta" :i78e+me*tette an0mete-et, >$78 ne a*t a* utat v(+a))*(-, ame+8 e78ene)en vi)* (t a #0+)*i7eten, >a4nem a* Atta+i(n (t ve*et= .a%ti Ct$n men/ene-, '78 v07i7 a c)()*(% e++en=%*0)e a+att+ev= te%1+ete-en v$nu+n(na-" A*t i) /ava)$+ta, >$78 -1+&/0- >a*a a nem >a%c$+< *a4%(n&$-$-at, me%t /e+en+0t1- c)a- *ava%ni #$7/a a )e%e7 tev0-en8)070t" K$n%(& nem>a++7at$tt a tan(c)$-%a, >anem e+in&u+t Ni-ai(a" Ott eme%eit -0t %0)*%e $)*t$tta2:%ei)in7i Ott<%a '*ta a #=-0nt nem >a%c$+<-<+ (++< %0)*t a**a+, >$78 a 1-$n me++et4ti a$&i-ai(n -e%e)*t1+ v$nu+/$n +e Atta+i(a, m'7 = >a%c$)aiva+ a #0+)*i7et e+)e/0en,a* e+)= -e%e)*te)e- (+ta+ -?vetett Ct$n -'v(nt >a+a&ni"9

K$n%(& )e%e7e $-t<e% 940n >a78ta e+ Ni-ai(t, +e7#= ve*et=/e a va%07 I)tv(nv$+t" A -?vet-e*= n8$+c na.$n (t, m'7 a c)()*(% i%t$-ain /(%ta-, /< e++(t()t -a.ta-,>a(% -0)= #e+.ana)*$+t(-, >$78 a c)()*(%i 178n?-?- m0))*e+ ve78'tett0- a +i)*tet0) a c)()*(%t<+ -a.$tt .0n* nem v$+t te+/e) 0%t0-" De nem vitte- ma7u--a+ ta%ta+0-$4-at a t?%?- te%1+eten va+< (t-e+0)%e" K1+?n?)en a v'*>i(n8t<+ )*enve&te-" Ami-$% $-4t<e% 940n D$%1+ai$n me++ett a -i) Bat>1)* #$+8<>$* 0%te-, -?*e+ a>>$* a >e+8>e*,a>$+ #0+ 0v)*(*a&&a+ -$%(an a -e%e)*te)e- na78 78=*e+met a%atta-, a )*e+&*)u- )e4%e7 +ec)a.$tt %(/u-" A n0met 78a+$7)(7 78en7e v$+t 0) )*$m/a*$tt" S$- +$va7 +e)*(++tn8e%70=+, >$78 .i>ente))e -ime%1+t +$v(t" A t?%?- -?nn8+$va))(7 v(%at+an, 78$%)0) i)m0t+=&= %$>amai me7+e.t0- a n0mete-et" Nem c)ata v$+t e*, in-( m0)*(%+()"K$n%(& >i(a .%<(+ta ?))*eta%tani a* eme%eit, e)t0%e m(% n0>(n8 tC+0+=ve+ e781tt aNi-ai(a ve*et= Ct$n mene-1+t vi))*a#e+0" E+ve)*'tette )e%e7e -i+encti*e&0t ) t($%amin&en in7<)(7(t" A 78=*te)e- a mu)*+im -e+et a*(%/aian (%u+t(- a *)(-m(n8t,me+8ne- e78e) &a%a/ai m07 Pe%*)i(a i) e+/ut$tta-"M

444Kinnam$)*, 4G" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G" ."V K$n%(& +eve+e ia+&>$*2 7i"adi 0pistoae, Ja##02 Bi"iothe/a, I, MM" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 /< #$7a&tat()an %0)*e)'tette a c)()*(%V Annaes Her"ipoen2ses, 49" ."V Sa+e%n$78 a 7?%?7?- )*(m+(+()a )*e4%int ! 9MM n0met -at$na 0) *a%(n&$- -e+t (t a B$)*.$%u)*$n" A >e+8e) )*(m va+<)*'n+e7 !9MM" A*t i)

'%/a, >$78 K$n%(& )*em0+8e)en nem ta+(+-$*$tt ;anu0++a+"445Kinnam$)*, G4G" ."446Kinnam$)*, G4G" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G!" ."V K$n%(& +eve+e ia+&>$*2 7i"adi 0pistoae,

E-?*en a/$) -i%(+8 0) )e%e7e (t>a+a&t K$n)tantin(.$+8$n" O-t<e% 40n 0%te e+ ai*(nci #=v(%$)t" E+==%)e 0) a +$ta%in7iaia- a&&i7%a m(% me7c)?m?%+?tte- a n0mete-e%=)*a-$)-$&()(t<+ 0) att<+, >$78 ;anu0+ e78e*)07%e /ut$tt a t?%?-?--e+" Anna- e++e4n0%e, >$78 a/$) -?vete, a tem.+$m$) %en& na78me)te%e, Ba%%e4i Eve%a%& -i#e/e*etten-0%te, a i*(nci >at<)(7$- nem a-a%t(- me7en7e&ni, >$78 a +$ta%in7iaia- c)at+a-$*4>a))ana- a #%anci(->$*" an7%e) .1).?-e c+ai%vau4i )*e%*ete)>e* -ev0))0 i++= -e4%e)*t0n8iet+en t1%e+met+en)070ve+ a*t /ava)$+ta a -i%(+8na-, >$78 v(+t$*ta))$n .$+iti4-(t, 0) )*?vet-e**0- a )*ic'+iai R$7e%4va+ a >it)*e7= 7?%?7?- e++en" a/$) a*$nan, (4%>$*, >$78 ee e+emen/en"E+07e&ett v$+t a**a+ a #$7a&tat())a+, ame+8en a i*(nci u&va% %0)*e)'tette, 0) in-(i)ieu >umani)ta )*e++em .1).?-0%e >a++7at$tt" a/$) a n0met &C+() ut(n %en&e>$*$tt P>i+$.ati$n .a+$t(an +a-$tt, na78 +a-$m(-%a v$+t >ivata+$) a B+a->e%nai4e+ic)()*(%i .a+$t(a, 0) ma7a a c)()*(% ve*ette v07i7 a v(%$) +e70%&e-e)e >e+8ein" S$-neme) u%at >a)$n+<an e+v?+t a c)()*(% #i78e+me))07e"G ;anu0+ a*$nan min&entme7tett, >$78 a B$)*.$%u)* tC+)< .a%t/(n +())a a #%anci(-at i)" Ami-$% m(% K>a+-04&$nan v$+ta-, e78 #+aman& *a%(n&$-, a-i ec)a.va 0%e*te ma7(t, *en&1+0)t )*'t$tt,;anu0+ .e&i7 me7%a7a&ta a -'n(+-$*< a+-a+mat, >$78 me7v$n/a t=+1- a* ut(n.<t4+()t" Ha(% a/$) a*$nna+ #e+a-a)*tatta a n?)t, ;anu0+ a&&i7 nem +(tta e+ 0+e+em4me+ a t($%t, m'7 a/$) me7 nem e)-1&?tt, >$78 vi))*aa&/a a i%$&a+$mna- min&en>a/&ani i%t$-(t, ame+8et vi))*a#$7+a+na-, ) aa i) e+ee78e*ett, >$78 a (%<&'t()u-0%t e+=%e >)07e)-1t te78ene-" A #%ancia neme)e- v$na4-$&ta-, &e a/$) 0))*e%ne- ta%t$tta a -0%0)t, >i)*en na78 )*1-)071- v$+t a i*(ncia-)e7't)070%e, -1+?n?)en, ami-$% >'%0t vett0- a n0mete-et 0%t )*e%enc)0t+en)07ne-"!

N$veme% e+e/0n a #%ancia )e%e7 Ni-ai(a 0%-e*ett" Ott tu&t(- me7 a n0mete- ve4%e)070ne- %0)*+eteit" Sv( :%i78e) +$va7$+t (t a #%ancia t($%a, e+me)0+te a t?%t0nte4-et, 0) -0%te a/$)t, >$78 ta+(+-$**0- K$n%(&&a+" a/$) #e+-e%e)te a n0met u%a+-$&<t, )a -0t -i%(+8 e781tt tan(c)-$*$tt" 78 &?nt?tte-, >$78 a &0+ #e+0 ve*et= .a%ti utat v(4+a)*t/(- ) i*(nci te%1+eten >a+a&na-" A -0t )e%e7 e78 i&=%e a%(ti vi)*$n8a -e%1+te78m())a+" Ami-$% a n0mete- nem ta+(+ta- 0+e+met a t($%>e+81- -?*e+0en, me%t a#%anci(- m(% min&ent e+vitte-, amit 0%te-, ) e*0%t e+-e*&t0- .u)*t'tani a -?%n8e*= #a+4va-at, a i*(nci %en&=%i a+a-u+at$- a*$nna+ me7t(ma&t(- a n0mete-et" A #%anci(-S$i))$n) 7%<#/(nave*et0)0ve+ a )e7't)071-%e )iette-" S$i))$n) 7%<#/(t K$n%(& >'vta a>e+8)*'n%e" K$n%(&na- i&=-?*en )i-e%1+t va+ame+8e)t %en&et te%emtenie eme%ei -?4*?tt" A ve+e uta*< 0) a ve%e)07et tC+0+= *a%(n&$-$- *?me e+-e)e%e&etten vi))*ain&u+tK$n)tantin(.$+8 #e+0" T$v(i )$%)u- i)me%et+en"9

A -0t )e%e7 e781tt >a+a&t t$v(" N$veme% 40n t($%t ve%te- E))*e%$nan, amai B(+i-e)*%' me++ett" Ott i)m0t me7v(+t$*tatt(- te%vei-et" 3a+<)*'n+e7 >'%e-et -a.4ta- :%ei)in7i Ott<%<+, a-i a P>i+a&e+.>i(a 0) a$&i-ai(a ve*et= Ct$n >a+a&t" E%%=+a* uta*()%<+ c)a- ann8it tu&un-, >$78 a c)a.at e+78?t?%ve, )*(man me7#$78at-$*va0%te e+ Atta+i(t, a* Ct ment0n )$- >a+$ttat >(t%a>a78va, a-i-ne- .u)*tu+()(t a n0+-14

9" ."V Annaes &aidenses, G" ."V Annaes Her"ipoenses@ i* h*V Deui+4i O&$, 95", 9M49G" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)Q3I, 4", 4" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, M" ."

447Deui+4i O&$, 4" ."448Kinnam$)*, G4G9" ."V 3II" a/$) +eve+e Su7e%4>e*, in $* H* <*, Q3" -?t" G" ."V Deui+4i O&$, 94M",

4G" ."449Deui+4i O&$, G49" ."450Deui+4i O&$, 9G4M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 5, 49" ."

+?*0)e- 0) a %(/u- t?%= e++en)07 $-$*ta" A -i%(+8$- e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 a .a%t>$* -?*e4+ei, te%m0-en8e vi&0-en #$7na- v$nu+ni, 0) -a.c)$+atan ma%a&na- a i*(nci#+$tt(va+" A&%am1tti$n$n, Pe%7am$n$n 0) S*m1%n(n (t 0%-e*te- E.>e)*$)*a" a/$))e%e7e >a+a&t e+=+, a n0mete- e78 na..a+ +ema%a&va v$n)*$+t(- ma7u-at ut(na" S*?4vet)07e)ei- )*1nte+en1+ '%(+t(- =-et +a))C)(7u-0%t" Kinnam$)* i*(nci t?%t0net'%< /e478e*te #e+ a WRa/ta, n0mete-X -i(+t()t, ame++8e+ a #%anci(- me7vet=en i*tatt(- a n04mete-et"9

;i%e E.>e)*$)*a 0%te-, K$n%(& e70)*)07e ann8i%a me7%$m+$tt, >$78 nem uta*$ttt$v(" A>$78 ;anu0+ c)()*(% e*t me7tu&ta, 0%t0-e) a/(n&0-$-at -1+&?tt ne-i, 0) %(4vette, t0%/en vi))*a K$n)tantin(.$+8a, a>$+ )*'ve)en #$7a&ta, 0) a .a+$t(an )*(++(4)$+ta e+" ;anu0+t )*enve&0+8e)en 0%&e-e+te a* $%v$)tu&$m(n8, 0) min&en(%$n =a-a%t ven&07e $%v$)a +enni" K$n%(& #e+0.1+t, 0) me7>at$tta a #i78e+em, ame+8et a c)(4

)*(% 0) a c)()*(%n0 )*ente+t ne-i" (4t$7at()a a+att e78e*te- me7 a >(*a)4)(7%<+, me+8et K$n%(& te)tv0%e,Hen%i-, Au)*t%ia >e%ce7e 0) ;anu0+un$-a>C7a, a c)()*(% An&%$ni-$)*nev te)tv0%0ne- T>e$&<%a +e(n8a#$7 me7-?tni" A n0met -i%(+8 0)>(*a n0.e G m(%ciu)(i7 K$n)tan4tin(.$+8an ma%a&t, ) a--$% e78 i4*(nci >a/<%a/ e+)*(++'t$tta =-et Pa4+e)*tin(a"9

A* E.>e)*$)*an t?+t?tt n078 na.a+att a/$) -i%(+8 +eve+et -a.$tt ;a4nu0+t<+, a-i tu&atta, >$78 a t?%?-?-i)m0t t(ma&ni -0)*1+ne-, 0) a*t ta4n(c)$+ta a/$)na-, >$78 -e%1+/e e+ a*?))*e1t-?*0)t, 0) a i*(nci e%=&?-v0&e+m0en #$+8ta))a Ct/(t" ;anu0+att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 a t?%?-?- (nta+4ma**(- a #%anci(-at, a-i- e*0%t =t te4)*i- ma/& #e+e+=))0, m()%0)*t a )*ic'4+iai >($%C #en8e7et= -?*e+)070ennem <>a/t$tta, >$78 (%mi i) me74$nt)a a )*u+t(nna+ #enn(++< 0-0t"a/$) nem v(+a)*$+t a +ev0+%e, m07

a--$% )em, ami-$% ;anu0+ i)m0t '%t 0) #i78e+me*tette, >$78 a i*(nci >at<)(7$- nemtu&/(- #0-en ta%tani a +a-$))(7$t, >a $))*Ct a-a% (++ni a -e%e)*te)e-t=+ e+)*enve&ett-(%$-0%t" A #%ancia )e%e7en e78%e %$m+$tt a #e78e+em, ) a -i+en70)ei- miatti .ana4)*$- e+0%t0- a #=v(%$)t"95

451Deui+4i O&$, M4M5" ."V Kinnam$)* G" ." me7t(%78a+/a a -0t )e%e7 -?*?tti -1+?n)07et" A #%anci4(- /$a- v$+ta- +$v$n 0) +(n&*)(va+, a n0mete- 78a+$7$)an 0) -a%&&a+"

452

Kinnam$)*, G94GM" ."V K$n%(& +eve+e ia+&>$*2 7i"adi 0pistoae, 95" ."V Annaes Her"ipoenses, M"."V Deui+4i O&$, M54M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 5, 94M" ."453Kinnam$)*2 i* h*V Deui+4i O&$, M54M9" ."

Ara' zenészek

A #%ancia )e%e7 a ;ean&e% v?+780en >a+a&t e+=%e" A -a%(c)$n8t De-e%vi$nant?+t?tt0-, a>$+ me7/e+ente- a t?%?-?-, 0) *a-+atni -e*&t0- a -e%e)*te)e-et, m'7nema*$- e+0%t0- a .i)*i&iai Anti<->i(a ve*et= >i&at" Ott ?))*ec)a.()%a -e%1+t )$%, &e a#%anci(- (t/ut$tta- a >'&$n, a t?%?-?- .e&i7 vi))*av$nu+ta- Anti<->ia #a+ai m?70"H$78 mi-0..en tu&ta- mene&0-et ta+(+ni a t?%?-?- een a i*(nci -0*en +ev= e%=&4en, nem tu&/u-" A #%anci(- nem min&en $- n0+-1+ e)*0+te- a -e%e)*t0n8)07 e+(%u4+()(%<+, &e >a a >e+8=%)07 me7>a/$+t a na78$ e%= e+=tt, va78 -1+?nme7(++a.$&()t-?t?tt a >itet+ene--e+, nem va+<)*'n, >$78 a &$+$7%a a c)()*(% i) (+&()(t a&ta v$+4na"9

A* anti<->iai >'&n(+ G" /anu(% e+)e/e -?%1+ *a/+$tt +e a c)ata" H(%$m na..a+ -04)= a -e%e)*te)e- a$&i-ai(a 0%te-, ) a v(%$)t 1%e)en ta+(+t(-, a -e%e)*te)e- >'%eu78ani) a%%a -0)*tette a +a-$)$-at, >$78 min&en in7<)(7u--a+ a -?%n8e*= &$m$--?*0 mene-1+/ene-" 6)a- na78 ne>0*)07e- (%(n )*e%e*te- e78 -i) 0+e+met a* e+=tt1-(++< ne>0* Ct%a"99 Atta+i(a a* Ct ma7a), -$.(% >e78e-en (t ve*etett" ;07 a +e7/$0v)*a-an i) ne>0* Ct" A +e78en71+t, -i0>e*ett -at$n(- )*(m(%a a /anu(%i ><vi>a%$-4an, mi-?*en a )e%e7et )*1nte+en1+ $+&a+a t(ma&t(- a t?%?-?-, me7?+ve a +ema%a4&$*<-at 0) a ete7e-et, va+<)(7$) +i&0%cn8$m() v$+t" A -at$n(- a* Ct ment0n v07i7n0met *a%(n&$-$- >$+tte)t0t +(tt(-, a-i- n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -$%(an $tt .u)*tu+ta-"E*ut(n m(% )en-i )em -')0%e+te me7 #e78e+me*ni a )e%e7et, c)a- a tem.+$m$)$- c)a4.at(an v$+t %en&" A -i%(+8n0 0) >?+78ei >$%&)*0-ei-en %e)*-ette- 0) me7#$7a&t(-,>$78 )$>a t?0 nem te)*i- -i ma7u-at i+8en i)ten't0+etne-" E78i- &0+ut(n, amint a)e%e7 me7in&u+t a ten7e% #e+0, a* e+==%), Ranc$ni L$tt#%ie& ve*et0)0ve+, nem en7e&e+4me)-e&ett a -i%(+8na-, 0) nem ve%t t($%t a >(7< +e7ma7a)a .$nt/(n, >anem +ev$4nu+t a >e78%=+" E+)*a-a&ta- a #=)e%e7t=+, ) a*$nna+ +ec)a.ta- %(/u- a t?%?-?-" A -e4%e)*te)e- >e+8t(++ta-, &e c)a- a +e)*(++< )?t0t)07 mentette me7 a -i%(+8 0+et0t, 0) a#%anci(- )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&te-"9M

Innen m(% -?nn8een >a+a&ta- e+=%e" A t?%?-?- nem me%0)*-e&te- +e a )'-)(7%a":e%u(% e+e/0n a -e%e)*te) )e%e7 Atta+i(a 0%t" Atta+i(an Bi*(nc nev0en e78 an&$+4#$ nev $+a)* -$%m(n8*$tt" A c)()*(% .a%anc)(%a min&en t=+e te+>et=t me7tett, >$78)e7't)en a n8u7atia-na-" De Atta+ia nem v$+t na78v(%$), 0) nem %en&e+-e*ett /e+ent=)0+e+mi)*e%4ta%ta+0-$--a+" S*e70n8 vi&0-en #e-1&t, ame+8et nem )$--a+ -$%(an v047i7.u)*t't$tta- a t?%?-?-" T0+i ta%ta+0-ai- #$78t(n v$+ta-, #e+e)+e71-et m(% a n0met*a%(n&$-$- e+vitt0-" Nem c)$&a, >$78 c)a- -ev0) 0+e+mi)*e%>e* +e>etett /utni, 0) a*(%a- ma7a)%a )*?-te-" A &1>?) 0) c)a+<&$tt #%anci(- )*em0en min&e* a i*(ncia-(%u+()(na- C/a i*$n8't0-a v$+t" a/$) -i%(+8 e--$% C78 >at(%$*$tt, >$78 a ten7e%en#$+8tat/(- a* utat, 0) an&$+#<va+ t(%78a+t a >a/<-%<+" A -iet+en -a%am(n .a%t$-$n a*0vne- een a )*a-a)*(an nem v$+t -?nn8 ?))*e)*e&ni e78 -i) #+$tt(t" ;'7 a ten7e4%i utat )*e%ve*t0-, a t?%?-?- me7t(ma&t(- a -e%e)*te)e- t($%(t" A #%anci(- i)m0t ai*(ncia-at $-$+t(-, a-i- va+<)*'n+e7 t0n8+e7 nem )iette- >'vat+an ven&07ei- v0&e+4m0%e, )=t a t?%?- t(ma&()t i) a* = %$v()u-%a '%t(-" Ami-$% a >a/<- me70%-e*te-, -i4

454Deui+4i O&$, M94MM" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, , M4" ."455Deui+4i O&$2 i* h*456>o*, M4MG", 4" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, 9, 4!" ." A%%<+ a* a+a.ta+an t?%t0net%=+, ame+8

)*e%int E+e$n<%a -i%(+8n0 +ett v$+na a #e+e+=) a ve%e)070%t, +()& a+-e%2 E+ean$% $# A[uitaine an& t>e

&i)a)te% at 6a&m$) ;$untain" Ameri/an Histori/a $e%ie-, I3" -?t" G94GM" ." Deui+4i O&$ na78$n /<mun-(t v07*ett a )e%e7 e++(t()a 0%&e-0en, tC+ )*e%0n8 a*$nan a>>$*, >$78 e*t me7em+'t)e" S*e%*e4te) 3i+m$), .iaogus Apoogeti/us, M" ."

5

&e%1+t, >$78 ninc) min&en-i )*(m(%a >e+8" a/$) e--$% )a/(t >(*a n0.0t tette >a/<%a,0) ann8i +$va)t, amenn8i #e+#0%t, ) e+vit$%+(*$tt S*ent Sime$n -i-?t=/e #e+0, a>$v( m(%4ciu) !40n 0%-e*ett me7" H$78 +e+-ii)me%et0t me7n8u7ta))a, ami0%t ma7(%a >a78ta)e%e70t, a -i%(+8 ?t)*(* m(%-(t a&$tt an&$+#<na-, >$78 7$n&$**a a ete7e-et 0) a)ee)1+te-et, ) >a +e>et, a ten7e%en -1+&/e =-et a )e%e7 ut(n" A* $ttma%a&<-at :+an&4%ia 0) B$u%$n 7%<#/ai%a '*ta" A -i%(+8 e+uta*()a ut(ni na.$n a t?%?-?- i)m0t +e*C4&u+ta- a )'-)(7%a 0) me7t(ma&t(- a t($%t" ;ive+ a #%anci(-nanem v$+t me7#e+e+=+$va))(7a, nem tu&ta- v$+na >at0-$n8an )*eme)*(++ni a* e++en)077e+, '78 a -e%e)*4te)e-et een7e&t0- a v(%$)#a+a- m?70" J<+ (nta- ve+1-, 78<78't$tt(- a ete7e-et, 0)an&$+#$ i78e-e*ett >a/<-at ta+(+ni )*(mu-%a" ;$)t )em -e%1+t a*$nan ann8i >a/<,>$78 min&en-i #e&0+*et%e )*(++>at$tt v$+na" :+an&%iai T>ie%%8 0) B$u%$ni A%c>im4a+& a -i%(+8 .0+&(/(t -?vetve a%(tai--a+ 0) a m07 $tt+ev= +$va)$--a+ t?+t?tt0- me7 a>a/<-at, ) .a%anc)$t a&ta- a 78a+$7)(7na- 0) a *a%(n&$-$-na-, >$78 in&u+/ana- e+ a)*(%a*#?+&?n, 0) $+&$7u+/ana-, a>$78 tu&na-"9 A )*e%enc)0t+en $ttma%a&$tta-, a-i4-et ve*0%ei- ma7u-%a >a78ta-, nem a-a%ta- t?0 a an&$+#$ (+ta+ )*(mu-%a e+-0)*'4tett t($%an ma%a&ni F an&$+#$ u78ani) a v(%$) e+>a78()(%a -0)*tette =-et" A -e4%e)*te)e- att<+ #0+te-, >$78 a #a+a-$n -'v1+ i)m0t -i +e)*ne- t0ve a t?%?- '/()*$- t(ma4&()aina-" E*0%t in-( a*$nna+ Ct%a -e+te- -e+et #e+0" Tu&at+an$- 0) #e78e+me*et+e4ne- v$+ta-, nem '*ta- ve*et=i-en, )*1nte+en t(ma&t(- =-et a t?%?-?-, a-i-%=+ )*en4t1+ >itt0-, >$78 a i*(ncia- )*?vet)07e)ei" E*e- a )*e%enc)0t+en #%anci(-, K$n%(& n04met 78a+$7)(7(na- ma%a&0-(va+ '78 v$n)*$+t(- e+ ma7u-at )$- )*enve&0) (%(n Ki+i4-i(a" A t(%)a)(7na- a+i7 a #e+e 0%-e*ett me7 -0)= tava))*a+ Anti<->i(a"9G

a/$) -i%(+8, a-i )*(m$) +eve+et -1+&?tt >a*a Su7e% a.(tna-, 0) (+ta+(an .0n*t-0%t, e78i- +eve+0en a* anat<+iai )*e%enc)0t+en)07et a Wc)()*(% (%u+()(na- ) e78en)a/(t >i(in-na-X tu+a/&$n't$tta" A -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at >ivata+$) #%ancia -%<ni-()a, De4ui+4i O&$ )*1nte+en1+ 0) e78%e )*enve&0+8e)een i)m0te+te a ;anu0+ e++eni v(&a-at,ame+8e-et (tvette- t=+e a n8u7ati t?%t0n0)*e-, -ev0) -iv0te++e+ min& a mai na.i7"9! A-e%e)*te)e-et 0%t )*e%enc)0t+en)07e- na78$n me7-e)e%'tett0- a n8u7ati 0) a -e+eti -e4%e)*t0n8)07 -?*?tti -a.c)$+at$-at, e*0%t a+a.$)aan me7 -e++ vi*)7(+ni e*t a v(&at"O&$ a%%<+ .ana)*-$&i-, >$78 a i*(ncia- nem +(tt(- e+ -e++= menn8i)07 0+e+emme+a )e%e7et, ) c)i++a7()*ati (%at -0%te- a*0%t, amit a&ta-V nem i*t$)'t$tta- me7#e+e+=)*(++'t<e)*-?*?-et 0) me7'*>at< Cti-a+au*$-at, ) ami a +e7%$))*a, )*?vet)07%e +0.4te- a t?%?-?--e+ -e%e)*t0n8 te)tv0%ei- e++en" 6)a-nem -iv0te+ n0+-1+ -0.te+en v(&a-e*e-" A -?*0.-$%an e78et+en (++am )em %en&e+-e*ett a--$%a 0+e+mi)*e%4-0)*+ete-4-e+, >$78 e++())$n -0t -iv0te+e)en na78 )e%e7et, ame+8e- >'vat+anu+ 0) v(%at+anu+ 0%4-e*tete%1+et0%e F m07 a* $+8an /<+ )*e%ve*ett )em, mint ami+8en a i*(nci v$+t" ;(%4.e&i7, >a -ev0) a* 0+e+em, a* (%a- <>atat+anu+ a ma7a)a )*?-ne-" A*, >$78 )$->e+8e+i -e%e)-e&=, c)()*(%i ti)*tvi)e+= me7.%<(+-$*$tt a et$+a-$&<- ec)a.()(va+,e70)*en te%m0)*ete)" A -e%e)-e&e+emen e* )$>a nem v$+t %it-a /e+en)07, -1+?n?)ennem a K?*e+4Ke+eten 0) a -?*0.-$%an" É))*e%t+en e+v(%() v$+t, >$78 an&$+#$ a t0+&e%e-(n, Atta+ia -i) -i-?t=/0en me7#e+e+= )*(mC >a/<t ta+(+/$n a >a&)e%e7ne-, a* Cti4-a+au*$-at .e&i7, a-i-ne- tan(c)ai%a a -e%e)*te)e- )*inte )$>a)em >a++7atta-, nem

457Deui+4i O&$, 54M" ." 78et+en1+ me7.%<(+ (t)i-+ani a#e+ett, >$78 a -i%(+8 ma7(%a >a78ta a )e%e470t" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, M, !49" ."

458

Deui+4i O&$, M4G" ."4593II" a/$) +eve+e Su7e%4>e*, in $* H* <* Q3" -?t" !9F!M" ."V Deui+4i O&$ min&v07i7 >i)*t0%i-u)an7?%?7e++ene)"

+e>et e+'t0+ni a*0%t, me%t nem tu&ta- min&en, a t?%?-?- (+ta+ %?vi&&e+ -$%(an +e4%$m$+t >'&%<+, t?n-%etett -Ct%<+, 0) a*0%t )em, >a 78a-%an e+mene-1+te- a*$-na- a#en8e7et0)ei 0) e++en)07e) ma7ata%t()a e+=+, a-i-et ve*ette-" A t?%?--e+ va+< )*?vet4-e*0) v(&/a )C+8$)a -0%&0), &e e*t ;anu0+ )*em.$nt/(<+ -e++ me7vi*)7(+ni" ;a4nu0+ nem >'vta a -e%e)*te)e-et, nem i70n8e+te a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t" ;in&en $-ame7v$+t %(, >$78 e+'t0+/e a* e70)* m$*7a+mat" A i*(nci &i.+$m(cia e--$%%a m(% /<+me7tanu+ta, >$78an -e++ a -1+?n?*= mu)*+im u%a+-$&<-at e78m() e++en -i/(t)*ani, )'78 )$%an e+)*i7ete+ni =-et e78m()t<+" E78 >a&/(%at, mint ami+8en a -e%e)*te)e-0v$+t, e+-e%1+>etet+en1+ e78)07e)'tette a m$>ame&(n$-at a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en" E*en-'v1+ a* i)*+(m e++eni )t%at07i(/a )*em.$nt/(<+ Bi*(ncna- )*1-)07e v$+t a* Anti<4->ia #e+etti #enn>at<)(7%a" Bi*(nc e*t a #enn>at<)(7$t v071+ me7)*e%e*te, ami-$% Ra/4mun& $+8an me7a+(*< m<&$n a+(vetette ma7(t K$n)tantin(.$+8na-" Ha Ra/mun&me7tu&/a, >$78 un$-a>C7a 0) anna- a #0%/e ve*eti a >a&/(%at$t, i*$n8(%a me7.%<4(+-$*i- a va*a++u)i e)-1 me7)*e70)0ve+" A -e%e)*te)e- ma7ata%t()u--a+, me+8et ai%$&a+$m te%1+et0n ven&07-0nt tanC)'t$tta-, nem in&'t$tt(- a%%a a c)()*(%t, >$78

/$an me7-e&ve+/e =-et" A n8u7atia- #$)*t$7atta-, me7t(ma&t(- a i*(nci %en&4#ennta%t<-at, nem v$+ta- >a/+an&<- a c)()*(% (+ta+ -i/e+?+t Ct$n >a+a&ni, ) ve*et=i- -?4*1+ t?en n8'+tan K$n)tantin(.$+8 me7t(ma&()(%<+ e)*0+te-" Ha a c)()*(% vi)e+-e4&0)0t i+8en me7vi+(7't()an vi*)7(+/u-, neme)+e+-ne- 0) me7$c)(t<na- 't0+>et/1-,) n0>(n8 -e%e)*te) e*t e+ i) i)me%te" A -e%e)*te)e- a*$nan -0.te+ene- v$+ta- me70%4teni 0) me7$c)(tani a t?%?-?--e+ -?t?tt e78e*)07et" A i*(nci .$+iti-a )*0+e) -?%c0+/ai me7>a+a&t(- #e+#$7<-0.e))071-et, 0) (% min&en i*$nn8a+ tu&t(-, )*(n&0-$4)an nem vette- tu&$m()t a%%<+, >$78 m'7 )e7't)07et -0%te- a c)()*(%t<+ a >itet+ene-e++en, a c)()*(%)(7 e++en e78 m()i- -e%e)*t0n8 >ata+$m in&'t$tt v07*ete) t(ma&()t" =)*0n R$7e%, S*ic'+ia -i%(+8a e+#$7+a+ta K$%#ut, ) $nnan )e%e7et -1+&?tt a 7?%?7#0+)*i7et -i#$)*t()(%a" T>0(t me7t(ma&t(-, -i#$)*t$tt(-, ) e*%0ve+ %a$+t(- e+ a* $tta4ni mun-()$-at, >$78 #e+vi%(7$*ta))(- a )*1+et=en +ev= .a+e%m$)*t i) me7#$)*t$tt(- min&en -inc)0t=+" A )*ic'+iain$%mann$- *)(-m(nn8a+ me7%a-va t0%tevi))*a K$%#ua, 0) a*t te%ve*t0-, >$78me7ta%t/(- a )*i7etet, mint e%=))07et a* A&%i(n, a>$nnan )*1nte+en #en8e7et>eti- ai*(nci c)()*(%)(7$t" ;anu0+ a -?*e+7= )*ic'+iai t(ma&() miatt v$nu+t vi))*a M4an K$n8(<+, 0) e*0%t #$7a&ta e+ 4en a )*u+t(n 0-ea/(n+atait" Ha ;anu0+t a -e4%e)*t0n8)07 (%u+etett min&en1tt /e+en" A +e7/$ c)a.at$-%a aS*ic'+ia e++eni >($%Can v$+t )*1-)07" H'%e /?tt, >$78 #$%%$n7 a* $%$)* )*t8e..e i),a>$nnan v071+ G n8a%(n -un$- (%a)*t$tt(- e+ a Ba+-(nt" A -e%e)*te)e- miatt ;a4nu0+ nem v$n>atta e+ min&en eme%0t a -i+i-iai >at(%t<+, ) a -e%e)*te)e- (tv$nu+()a ai%$&a+m$n a*t /e+entette, >$78 /e+ent=)en me7 -e++ett e%=)'teni a %en&=%)07et" Enn8i7$n& -?*e.ette a c)()*(% nem tu&ta t?-0+ete)en =%i*ni >$))*C anat<+iai >at(%(t" E*0%t>a/+$tt a #e78ve%)*1net%e, ame+8 +e>et=v0 tette, >$78 a+attva+e))0- 0+et1-et" A -e%e)*te)e- ve)*0+8e*tett0- e*t a #e78ve%)*1netet"K$n%(& a*(+ta+, >$78 D$%1+ai$n #e+0 menete+t, -?*vet+en1+ .%$v$-(+ta a t?%?-?-et, 0)a/$), >a(% i*(nci te%1+ete-en ma%a&t, n8'+tan min&en mu)*+im e++en)070ne- va+4+$tta ma7(t, 0) e+uta)'t$tta a c)()*(% -0%0)0t, >$78 a i*(nci >e+8=%)07e- v0&e+m0t 0+4ve*= ?ve*eten e+1+ ta%t<*-$&/0-" Na78$n i) +e>et)07e) te>(t, >$78 ;anu0+, )*eme4n0*ve e**e+ a .%$+0m(va+, me7e78e*ett a t?%?-?--e+, ) e+t%te, >$78 et?%/ene- a te4

9

%1+et0%e, amenn8ien c)a- a -e%e)*te)e-et *ava%t(-V a t?%?-?- ta%t$tt(- ma7u-at a*e78e*)07>e*, ) '78 a*t a en8$m()t -e+tett0-, mint>a )*?vet)07en (++ta- v$+na a >e4+8i +a-$))(77a+, a-i-ne- 0&e)min&e78 v$+t, >$78 a -e%e)*te)e- va78 a t?%?-?- %a7a&4

/(-4e e+ 0+e+mi)*e%1-et 0) n8(/ai-at, 0) a-i- a* a&$tt -?%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt te%m0)*ete4)en a* ut<ia-at %0)*e)'tett0- e+=n8en"M Nem >i>et1n- a*$nan Deui+4i O&<na-,a-i a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a >e+8e+ie- a t?%?-?- $+&a+(n (++va me7t(ma&t(- a -e%e)*te)e4-et" O&$ Atta+ia +a-$)ai e++en -?*vet+en1+ a*ut(n >$**a e+= e*t a v(&at, miut(n e+e4)*0+i, >$78 -0)= a c)()*(% me71ntette e*e-et a +a-$)$-at, me%t -e&ve)e- v$+ta- a-e%e)*te)e->e*"M

A* Anat<+i(an e-?vet-e*ett )*e%enc)0t+en)07et a -e%e)*te)e- )a/(t $)t$a)(7u-)*(m+(/(%a '%>at/(-" A c)()*(% va+<an te>etett v$+na t?et i) 0%t1-, &e c)a- $%)*(7a-(%(%a" A* i7a*i .%$+0ma m0+8een 78?-e%e*ett" K0%&0), >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8)07 0%4&e-0en (++t4e, >$78 $)t$a i&ea+i)t(- 0) -e78et+en -a+an&$%$- ve*et0)0ve+ i&=%=+i&=%e vit0* )e%e7e- in&u+/ana- Ke+et%e, '78 i*t$)'tva $tt e78 e0-e+=&?tt (++am #enn4ma%a&()(t, ame+8 e780-0nt i) a mu)*+im$- -?*?tti )*0t>C*()na- -?)*?n>ette +0te4*0)0t_

3a78 /$ +ett v$+na, >a Bi*(nc, ame+8 $+8 )$-(i7 =%i*te a -e%e)*t0n8)07 -e+eti >a4t(%ait, e78e&1+ #$+8tat/a t$v( mun-(/(t, an0+-1+, >$78 a N8u7at me7*ava%ta v$+na_A m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at t?%t0nete m07 a* e+)=0n0+ i) /$an mutat/a, >$78 a -0t.$+iti-a ?))*e0-'t>etet+en v$+t" Ami-$% K$n)tantin(.$+8 m(% e+e)ett, 0) a t?%?-?-B0c) -a.uit #en8e7ett0-, vi+(7$))( v(+t, >$78 me+8i- .$+iti-a v$+t a >e+8e)"

460;anu0+ e--$%i a77$&a+mai%<+ +()& 6>a+an&$n4t" S*'%iai ;i>(+8 me7i)m0te+ )*(m$) #%an- v(&at a

7?%?7?- e++en III, M" .", a mu)*+im #$%%()$- a*$nan, .+" AC S(ma, 9" ." a*t (++'t/(-, >$78 ;anu0+ma7(0v( tette a #%an-$- 1780t"461Deui+4i O&$, !" ."

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+)aná:sk#zzat#k2 de hasz#ntalan lesz. /Izajás !2 103

Ami-$% Ra/mun& >e%ce7 >'%0t vette, >$78 G" m(%ciu) !40n a/$) -i%(+8 .a%t%a)*(++t S*ent Sime$nan, e70)* u&va%(va+ $&a+$va7$+t, >$78 1&v?*?+/e =t 0) #e+-')0%/e

a v(%$)a" A -?vet-e*= na.$- 1nne.)07e--e+, )*<%a-$*())a+ te+te-" Anti<->ia 7(+(n)neme)ei min&ent me7tette-, >$78 e+n8e%/0- a #%ancia -i%(+8n0 0) a ve+e uta*< e+=-e+=&(m(- tet)*0)0t, ) a -e++eme) )*'%iai tava)*an, a* anti<->iai #0n8*= -?%1+m0n8e--?*?tt a ven&07e- me7#e+e&-e*te- a* (t0+t ne>0*)07e-%=+" Amint -i.i>ent0- ma7u4-at, Ra/mun& e78, >itet+ene- e++eni >a&/(%at te%v0t vitatta me7 a #%ancia ve*et=--e+"Na78 %em0n8e-et #*?tt a -e%e)*te) )e%e7 me70%-e*0)0>e*" He+8*ete %en&-'v1+ in7a4ta7 v$+t" NC% a&4D'n m(% min&en1tt /e+en v$+t a* E&e))*(t<+ Ham(i7 te%/e&= >at(%ment0n, 0) a* " 0v =)*e a**a+ te+t e+, >$78 e78en-0nt evette a* O%$nt0)*t=+ -e+et4%e #e-v= #%an- e%=&?-et" J$)ce+in 7%<#na- min&en e%e/0%e )*1-)07e v$+t, >$78 Tu%4e))*e+en ta%t)a ma7(t" Ha a mu)*+im$- Anti<->i(%a t(ma&ta- v$+na, Ra/mun&c)a- e78et+en >ata+$m )e7't)070en %em0n8-e&>etett, ) e* Bi*(nc v$+t, (m a i*(ncic)a.at$- va+<)*'n+e7 c)a- -0)=n 0%-e*te- v$+na, ) min&en-0..en me7-?vete+i- a*anti<->iaia-t<+ a te+/e) me7><&$+()t" Ha(% a* Ct vi)*$nta7)(7ai c)?--entett0- a#%ancia 78a+$7$)$- +0t)*(m(t, a #%ancia )e%e7 $+8an na78 +$va) e%=)'t0)t /e+entett,>$78 enne- )e7't)070ve+ a* anti<->iai #%an-$- t(ma&()t in&'t>atta-" Ra/mun& )1%47ette a -i%(+8t, >$78 e781tt )C/t)ana- +e A+e..<%a, NC% a&4D'n >ata+mi -?*.$nt/(%a,0) )$- #%ancia +$va7$t %(vett, >$78 c)at+a-$**ana- >$**( #e+&e%'t= Ct/(n" E+ i) /ut$tta-A+e..< #a+ai a+(, a* $ttani +a-$))(7 nem -i) %0m1+et0%e"M De ami-$% &?nteni -e++ett,a/$) -i%(+8 >a$*$tt" Ke%e)*te)i #$7a&a+ma, m$n&ta, a%%a -?te+e*i, >$78 e+=)*?% Je4%u*)(+eme men/en, 0) e+=tte ne #$7/$n m() >a&/(%ata" S*avaiva+ va+</(an c)a- >a4t(%$*at+an)(7(t +e.+e*te" A #%an- Ke+et min&en u%a+-$&</a a* = )e7't)070%e )*(m't$tt"

J$)ce+in aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 )e7't)070ve+ vi))*a#$7+a+>at/a E&e))*(tV va78 ta4+(n nem E&e))*a e+e)t0ne- >'%0%e in&u+t e+ a* e70)* -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at_ T%i.$+i)*i Ra/4mun& a* un$-ate)tv0% /$7ai%a >ivat-$*$tt F an8/a #%ancia >e%ce7n= v$+t F, 0) ;$nt4#e%%an& vi))*a#$7+a+()(>$* -0%te a/$) )e7't)070t" Á.%i+i)an a*ut(n ma7a a /e%u*)(4+emi .(t%i(%-a 0%-e*ett Anti<->i(a, a -i%(+8)(7 +e7#e+)= '%$78 me7-0%/e a/$)t, )ie))en &0+%e, 0) me7vi78e a*t a >'%t, >$78 K$n%(& -i%(+8m(% a S*ent#?+&%e 0%-e*ett"M5 A -i%(+8 v071+ )*em0+8e) $-$- miatt &?nt?tt a .(t%i(%-a

/av(%a" E+e$n<%a -i%(+8n0 )$--a+ inte++i7en)e v$+t #0%/0n0+, 0) a*$nna+ (t+(tta Ra/4462

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, , 949G" ."V Nan7i)4i 3i+m$), I, " ."463A .(t%i(%-a An7$u+`me4i :u+c>e% v$+t, -$%(an t1%$)*i 0%)e-, a-it ;e+i)en&a neve*ett -i 4en, ;e))ine)4i 3i+m$) >a+(+a-$%"

mun& te%v0ne- ?+c)e))070t, &e mive+ n8'+tan 0) )*enve&0+8e)en t(m$7atta na784(t8/a 1780t, #e+0%e)*tette a/$) #0+t0-en8)070t" ;e7in&u+ta- a .+et8-(-" A >e%ce7 0)a -i%(+8n0 tC+ 78a-%an mutat-$*$tt e781tt" A*t )utt$7t(-, >$78 Ra/mun& v$n*a+matC++0.te a %$-$ni )*e%etet >at(%(t" a/$) #0+tette a ec)1+et0t, 0) e/e+entette, >$78 t$4v(uta*na-" E%%e a -i%(+8n0 .e&i7 a*t /e+entette e, >$78 Anti<->i(an ma%a& 0) e+4v(+i- #0%/0t=+" 3(+a)*u+ a/$) e%=)*a--a+ e+%a7a&ta #e+e)070t a na78(c)i .a+$t(/(<+,0) )e%e70ve+ e781tt me7in&u+t Je%u*)(+em #e+0"M

K$n%(& -i%(+8 #= eme%eive+ (.%i+i) -?*e.0n A--$nan )*(++t .a%t%a, ) Je%u*)(4+emen ;e+i)en&a 0) a #ia )*'ve)en, ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta"M9 E78 ><na..a+ -0)= >a4)$n+< #$7a&tat()an %0)*e)1+t a S*ent#?+&%e +0.= a/$) -i%(+8 i)" Je%u*)(+em -$%(an)$>a)em +(t$tt i+8en #0n8e), na78C%i 781+e-e*etet"MM Ám )$- C% t(v$+ ma%a&t" Anti<4->iai Ra/mun&$t #e+&1>'tette a/$) ma7ata%t()a, 0) t?0 nem t?%=&?tt a* e70)* -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%atta+" K1+?nen )em en7e&>ette v$+na me7 ma7(na-, >$78 $tt>a78/a)C+8$) n8$m() a+att (++< >e%ce7)070t e78 -i) &0+i -a+an&0%t" J$)ce+in 7%<# )em /?>etette+ Tu%e))*e+=+" T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a c)a+(&i t%a70&ia miatt nem +e>etett /e+en" A*$- -?4*?tt a -e%e)*te)e- -?*?tt, a-i- 30*e+a84en a/$) -i%(++8a+ e781tt tett0- +e a #$7a&a+4mat, $tt v$+t A+#$n*4J$%&(n, T$u+$u)e 7%<#/a" :e+e)070ve+ 0) 78e%me-eive+ >a/<va+ 0%4-e*ett K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ A--$na, .(% na..a+ K$n%(& 0%-e*0)e ut(n" E%=) c)a.at4ta+ /?tt, 0) (t$%)(7$t ?nt?tt a Ke+eten 0+= #%an-$-a, a-i-ne- a )*em0en %$manti-u)#i7u%a v$+t" v$+t a na78 T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& -e%e)*te) +$va7 #ia" Ke+eten )*1+etett aZ(%(n&$-4v(%an, m'7 at8/a T%i.$+i)*t $)t%$m$+ta" J?vete+e *ava%a e/tette T%i.$+i)*u%a+-$&</(t, a* ?%e7 Ra/mun& 7%<# #att8C #i(na-, Be%t%an&na- a* un$-(/(t" Ha A+4#$n*4J$%&(n ma7(na- -?vete+i T%i.$+i)*t, nem +e>et t=+e me7ta7a&ni, 0) C78 +(t)*i-,A+#$n*4J$%&(n )*'ve)en >an7$*tatta /$7ait" A--$n<+ Je%u*)(+eme menet me7(++tKai)*a%ei(an, a>$+ %?vi&, &e -'n$) )*enve&0) ut(n >i%te+en me7>a+t" e>et, >$78 >a4+(+(t va+ami >even8 ete7)07, .+" va-0+78u++a&() $-$*ta, &e min&en-i a*$nna+ m04%e7%e 78ana-$&$tt, ) a >a+$tt #0%#i #ia, Be%t%an& n8'+tan v(&$+ta un$-ate)tv0%0t, T%i.$4+i)*i Ra/mun&$t, >$78 = u/t$7at$tt a 78i+-$))(7%a" ;()$- )*e%int ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0v$+t a v0t-e), a-i )*e%etett te)tv0%e, Ra/mun& #e+e)07e, H$&ie%na 0%&e-0en c)e+e-e4&ett '78" Sen-i )em i*$n8't$tt e )emmit, &e Ra/mun&$t $+8an m0+tat+an-$&())a+t?+t?tte e+ a v(&, )emmi+8en #$%m(an )em v$+t >a/+an&< %0)*t venni a >a&/(%atan"M

Ami-$% a* ?))*e) -e%e)*te) me70%-e*ett Pa+e)*tin(a, ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= 0) Ba+4&uin -i%(+8 #e+-0%te =-et, >$78 ve78ene- %0)*t A--$nan e78 na7878+0)en G" /C4niu) 40n" Na78 >at()C ?))*e/?vete+ v$+t" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 0) :$uc>e% .(t%i(%-a v$+t a>(*i7a*&a, Kai)*a%eia 0) N(*(%et 0%)e-0ve+, a tem.+$m$)$- 0) a /$>annit(- na78me)4te%0ve+, a -i%(+8)(7 ve*et= #=.a./aiva+ 0) (%<iva+ e781tt" K$n%(&&a+ ta%t$tt -0t te)t4v0%e, a* au)*t%iai Ja)$mi%7$tt Hen%i- 0) :%ei)in7i Ott<, un$-a?cc)e, Sv( :%i78e), Ba4

/$% e+# 0) )*(m$) -i)e C%" $ta%in7iai ;et* 0) T$u+ .1).?-e -0.vi)e+te" a/$) -i4%(++8a+ $tt v$+t #iv0%e, D%eu4i R<e%t, /?ven&= ve/e, 6>am.a7ne4i Hen%i-, T>ie%%8:+an&%ia 7%<#/a 0) a* i#/C Be%t%an&, A+#$n*4J$%&(n #att8a" Nem tu&/u-, >$78an #$+8t +e

464T1%$)*i 3i+m$), i" >" E+e$n<%(t W#e+)*'ne)X a))*$n8na- neve*i, &e nem uta+ a%%a, >$78 >t+en +ettv$+na" A -i%(+8 78ana-v()(%<+ Sa+i)u%8i J(n$) '% Historia &ontifi/ais, 95" .""

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a tan(c)-$*() 0) -i0 v$+t a v07)= /ava)+at" N0mi vita ut(n C78 &?nt?tte-, >$78 min4&en e%e/1-et a Dama)*-u)* e++eni t(ma&()%a ?))*.$nt$)'t/(-"MG

E* a &?nt0) =%1+t)07 v$+t" Dama)*-u)* na78$n 7a*&a7 v$+t, 0) me7)*e%*0)e a*t /e4+entette v$+na, >$78 a #%an-$-na- )i-e%1+ e+v(7niu- E78i.t$m 0) A#%i-a mu)*+imaita* É)*a-4S*'%i(an 0) a -e+eten 0+= >itte)tv0%ei-t=+" A mu)*+im (++am$- -?*1+ a*$n4an 0..en a &ama)*-u)*i u%i&a -i%(+8)(7 v$+t a* e78et+en, ame+8 a%(ti vi)*$n8t -'4v(nt #ennta%tani a #%an-$--a+, me%t me))*e%e te-intett n(+u-, 0) me70%tette, >$78#= e++en)07e nem a #%an-$-, >anem NC% a&4D'n" A #%an-$- 0%&e-e a* +ett v$+na, >$78me7=%*i- Dama)*-u)* a%(t)(7(t, m'7 me7 nem )emmi)'ti- NC% a&4D'nt, 0) )e7'te4ne- #ennta%tani a )*a-a&()t Dama)*-u)* 0) A+e..< -?*?tt" Ha me7t(ma&/(- Da4ma)*-u)*t F amint a* e+mC+t 0v e)em0n8ei ei*$n8't$tt(- F, a**a+ Dama)*-u)* u%a4it i*$n8$)an NC% a&4D'n -e*0%e a&/(-" A /e%u*)(+emi (%<- a*$nan i70n8t ta%t$tta-a Dama)*-u)*>$* ta%t$*< te%m0-en8 #?+&e-%e, 0) 78?t?%te =-et -$%(i me7a+(*tat(4)u- em+0-e, ame+8 miatt +e+-e) i#/C -i%(+8u- $))*C%a )*$m/a*$tt" A #%i))ien -e+et%e0%-e*ett -e%e)*te)e-ne- A+e..< neve )emmit )em m$n&$tt, &e Dama)*-u)* $+8anv(%$) v$+t, ame+8et a S*ent'%() i) me7)*ente+t, 0) ame+8ne- a >itet+ene-t=+ va+< e+><4&'t()a n?ve+>etn0 I)ten &ic)=)070t" ;a m(% >i(ava+< -(%>$*tatni a >i() &?nt0)t, &emin&en-0..en a >e+8e+i u%a- #e+e+=))07e a na78$" - /$an i)me%t0- a >e+8*eteta* C/$nnan /?tte-n0+, a-i-ne- a )*em0en min&en mu)*+im e78#$%ma v$+t"M! A -e4%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 F ame+8 a #%an-$- (+ta+ va+a>a i) -i(++'t$tt +e7na78$ )e%e7 v$+t F,B(n/()*$n (t -e+t Ct%a La+i+e(<+ /C+iu) -?*e.0n" JC+iu) 40n, )*$mat$n +et($%$*$tta Dama)*-u)*t -?%1+vev= -e%te- 0) 781m?+c)?)?- me++ett" Unu% em'% e+einte nemvette -$m$+8an a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%<+ )*<+< >'%e-et" Tu&ta, >$78 )e%e71- Anat<+i(4an )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&ett, 0) e78(+ta+(n nem 7$n&$+t a%%a, >$78 0..enDama)*-u)* +e)* a >($%C c0+/a" Ami-$% me7tu&ta, mi a* i7a*)(7, a*$nna+ me7.a4%anc)$+ta a ta%t$m(n8 -$%m(n8*<ina-, >$78 min&en n0+-1+?*>et= eme%1-et -1+&4

/0- e+ ne-i, 0) #ut(% )ietett A+e..<a, >$78 )e7't)07et -0%/en NC% a&4D'nt=+" A #%an-$-e+=)*?% a v(%$) #a+ait<+ -" n078 m0%#?+&%e &0+%e, ;ana-i+ a+4A)*a-i%n(+ (++ta- me7,a>$+ Dama)*-u)* #e>0% #a+ai 0) t$%n8ai m(% (tvi++anta- a -e%te- )% +$m$*at(n, &einnen (ttett0- t($%u-at a v'**e+ /$an e++(t$tt a+4;i**(a" A &ama)*-u)*i )e%e7me7.%<(+ta #e+ta%tani a -e%e)*te)e-et, &e vi))*a -e++ett v$nu+nia a #a+a- m?70" A -e4%e)*te) ve*et=- e-1+&t0- a -e%t?ve*ete a /e%u*)(+emi )e%e7et, >$78 ti)*t't)(- me7 ate%e.et a 7e%i++(-t<+" D0+ut(n%a a v(%$)t<+ &0+%e e+te%1+= -e%te- a #%an-$- -e*0%e -e4%1+te-, a -iv(7$tt #(-<+ .a+(n-$-at -0)*'tette-" E*ut(n F e+)=)$%an K$n%(& )*em04+8e) (t$%)(7(na- -?)*?n>et=en F e+#$7+a+t(- Rau(t, ame+8 a Ba%a&a #$+8<n(+, -?*4vet+en1+ a v(%$) #a+ai a+att #e-1&t" Dama)*-u)* .$+7(%ai min&ent ve)*ni +(tta-, e+a4%i-(&$*t(- a* utc(-at, 0) #e+-0)*1+te- a v07)=, -0t)07ee)ett -1*&e+em%e" ;()na.%aa*$nan me7v(+t$*$tt a >e+8*et" Dama)*-u)* 0)*a-i -a.u/(n (t #$+8amat$)an 0%-e4*ett a* Unu% (+ta+ -0%t ut(n.<t+(), ame+8ne- )e7't)070ve+ Unu% e++ent(ma&()t in&'4t$tt, 0) vi))*a-e%7ette a #a+a-t<+ a #%an-$-at" ;07 -0t na.$n (t i)m0te+te a t(ma&()$4-at, ) 7e%i++(i i)m0t e++e.t0- a -e%te-et 0) 781m?+c)?)?-et" A t($% >e+8*ete $+8 ve)*04+8e))0 v(+t, >$78 K$n%(&, a/$) 0) Ba+&uin tan(c)-$*()%a 78+t ?))*e, 0) e+>at(%$*t(-,>$78 -i1%'ti- a v(%$)t<+ &0+%e #e-v= -e%te-et, ) a t($%t -e+ete%e >e+8e*i-, $+8an>e+8%e, a>$+ a* e++en)07 nem C/>at #e&e*0-e" JC+iu) 40n a* e70)* )e%e7 a -e+eti #a+

468

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a+atti )'-)(7%a -?+t?*?tt" Na78$n )*e%enc)0t+en &?nt0) v$+t e*, me%t a* C/ t($%>e+8ennem v$+t v'*, ) a )*em-?*ti #a+)*a-a)* v$+t a v(%$) v0&e+m0ne- +e7e%=)e %0)*e, a&ama)*-u)*ia- .e&i7 -?nn8een -ic)a.>atta- a -e%te-en -e%e)*t1+" S$- #%an- -at$4na me7 v$+t 78=*=&ve, >$78 Unu% +e#i*ette a*$-at a .a+e)*tinai (%<-at, a-i- e*t a ta4n(c)$t a&t(- a -i%(+8na-" A t($% (t-?+t?*tet0)0ve+ Dama)*-u)* ev0te+0ne- ut$+)<%em0n8e i) )*e%te#$)*+$tt" A c)a.at$- +0t)*(ma e78%e n=tt, 0) Unu% tu&ta, >$78 NC%a&4D'n m(% Ctan van &0+ #e+0, '78 i)m0t me7t(ma&ta a #%an- t($%t" ;(% nem a* $)t4%$m+$tt v(%$) v0&e-e*ett, >anem a -e%e)*te)e-"

;ia+att a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 e+c)177e&t, 0) (%u+()%<+ )*<+< >'%e- te%/en7te- a -at$n(--?*?tt, a ve*et=- a m07 e )em vett Dama)*-u)* /?v=/0%=+ vitat-$*ta-" A Je%u*)(+emiKi%(+8)(7 (%$78 a v(%$) a -i%(+8)(7 i%t$-a-0nt e$+va& a* $%4)*(7a, )*e%int1- a v(%$)t e78e>an7*<an Be/%Ct u%(%a, B%i)ea%%e Lui&<%a '*t(-v$+na, 0) a /e+e- )*e%int '78 7$n&$+-$*$tt ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= 0) ;ana))*0)* #=.a4%anc)n$- i)" :+an&%iai T>ie%%8 a*$nan ma7(na- -?vete+te Dama)*-u)*t, T%i.$+i)*mint(/(%a #0+i7 #177et+en >0%i%t$--0nt" ;e7)*e%e*te K$n%(& 0) a/$) t(m$7at()(t,)=t Ba+&uin -i%(+80t i), a-ine- a #0+te)tv0%e T>ie%%8 #e+e)07e v$+t" A >e+8i (%<- >a%a74%a 7e%/e&te-, ami-$% me7tu&t(-, >$78 -i%(+8u- T>ie%%8t t(m$7at/a, ) emiatt >a%ci-e&v1- +e+$>a&t" E78%e t?en a*$- me++0 (++ta-, a-i- min&i7 i) e++ene*t0- a Da4ma)*-u)* e++eni t(ma&()t" A* i) +e>et, >$78 e*e- a* u%a- tit$-an t0n8+e7 -a.c)$+at4an v$+ta- Unu%%a+" Na78 ?))*e7e-%=+ )utt$7ta-, me+8e- Dama)*-u)*, a /e%u*)(+emiu&va% 0) E+inan& 7a+i+eiai >e%ce7 -?*?tt c)e%0+te- 7a*&(t, i7a*, mint -0)= -i&e%1+t,a .0n* >ami) v$+t" Ta+(n Unu% a*t '70%te a* u%a-na-, >$78 >a e+v$nu+na-, #e+m$n&/aa )*?vet)07et Nu% a&4D'nna+" Nem +e>et tu&ni, >$78 Unu% va+<an >a)*n(+ta4e e*t a*0%vet, &e a 7$n&$+at min&en i*$nn8a+ >at$tt a -i%(+8)(7 neme)ei%e" NC% a&4D'n m(%Hum)*an v$+t, 0) a%%<+ t(%78a+t, >$78 mi+8en #e+t0te+e--e+ n8C/t )e7't)07et Unu%na-"NC% a&4D'n a*t a-a%ta, >$78 en7e&/0- e c)a.atait Dama)*-u)*a, Unu% .e&i7 i&=ta-a%t n8e%ni" A #%an- )e%e7, na78$n ne>0* >e+8*eten v$+t Dama)*-u)* #a+ai a+att"Nem )*(m't>at$tt e%=)'t0)%e, >i)*en NC% a&4D'n n0>(n8 na. a+att me7/e+en>etett ac)atame*=n" Ha NC% a&4D'n $&a0% nemc)a- a -e%e)*te) )e%e7et )emmi)'ti me7, >a4nem Dama)*-u)*t i) e+#$7+a+/a"

A .a+e)*tinai (%<- imm(% min& e+(tt(-, me--$%a =%1+t)07 v$+na t$v( >a%c$+niDama)*-u)* e++en, 0) e%%=+ K$n%(&$t 0) a/$)t i) me778=*t0-" A n8u7atia- me7 v$+4ta- %en&1+ve" Nem tu&t(- -?vetni a -i#in$mu+t .$+iti-ai $-$)-$&()$-at, &e /<+ tu&4t(-, >$78 a >e+8e+i #%an-$- t(m$7at()a n0+-1+ nem )$-at te>etne-" A -i%(+8$- n8i+4v(n$)an #e+.ana)*$+t(- a >e+8e+ie- >t+en)070t, 0) a* 178 i%(nti e+-?te+e*ett)07 te+4

/e) >i(n8(t" De e+%en&e+t0- a vi))*av$nu+()t"

470T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, 49", M4M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4GM" ."V AC S(ma, 9949!" ."V U)*(ma,Hitti -ia&", " ."

471T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, M, M4MG" ." Re82 e) Sei7neu%) &e Ba%ut" $e%ue de '5rient Latin, " -?t" 49" ." a (%<- /e+?+t/0t Be/%Cti Lui&<nata%t/a, Assises, II, 9G" ." S*'%iai ;i>(+8 III, M" ." e)*(m$+ a)*(++$n7< >'%e-%=+, mi)*e%int Ba+&uin -i%(+8 0) E+inan&, K$n%(& ec)v(78a miatti #0+e+m0en .0n*t #$47a&$tt e+" Ba% He%aeu) Bu&7e #$%&", " ." a*t m$n&/a, >$78 e* a t?%t0net nem ta+(+>at< me7 e78et4+en a%a )*e%*=n0+ )em" In a+4Ka+(ni)*' MG" ." )*e%int a #%an-$-at me7%0m'tette a mu)*+im )e%e7e--?*e+e&0)e" In a+4A)*'% M!4" ." a*t '%/a, >$78 Unu% i*$n8$)an #i78e+me*tette a >e+8i #%an-$-at,

0) e++ent0tet )*'t$tt -?*t1- 0) a n0met -i%(+8 -?*?tt"472T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, , MG4" ." A #%ancia #$%&'t()a ei++e)*tette- e78 t(ma&()t a .u+ani- e+4+en" K$m(& a >e+8i (%<-%a >(%'t/a a #e+e+=))07et" ()& a +eve+et in 7i"adi 0pistoae, 94M" ."

G

JC+iu) G4(n >a/na+an, Dama)*-u)* a+( 0%-e*0)1- ?t?&i- na./(n a -e%e)*te)e- t(4$%t $nt$tta-, 0) me7in&u+ta- La+i+ea #e+0" e>et, >$78 Unu% .0n*0%t me7vette avi))*av$nu+()t, &e nem >a78ta 0-0en e+v$nu+ni a )e%e7et" T1%-m0n -?nn8+$va4)$- e70)* na. *ava%t(- a menete+0)t, n8i+ai-at a v$nu+<- t?me70e +=tt0-" A* utat>$+tte)te- 0) (++ati teteme- )*e70+8e*t0-, ame+8e- *e ><na.$-%a me7m0%7e*te a)'-)(7$t" Au7u)*tu) e+e/0n a na78 )e%e7 vi))*a0%t Pa+e)*tin(a, ) a >e+8i c)a.at$- >a4*amente-" A* a-ci< We%e&m0n8eX a )$- >a+$tt, a )*(mta+an $&ave)*ett #e+)*e%e+0) 0) ac)C#$) me7a+(*tat()" A -e%e)*t0n8e- >'%nev0t me7t0.(*ta, >$78 e* a #0n8e) )e%e7min&?))*e n078na.i >a%c ut(n #e+>a78$tt a* $)t%$mma+" A +e78=*>etet+en n8u7ati +$4va7$- +e7en&(/a, me+8 a na78)*e%, e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(n )*1+etett, m$)t ?)*4)*e$m+$tt" A mu)*+im vi+(7 )*e++eme C/%a0+e&t"5

K$n%(& -i%(+8 Dama)*-u)*<+ vi))*at0%ve nem i&=*?tt t$v( Pa+e)*tin(an"H(*a n0.0ve+ e781tt )*e.teme% G4(n A--$nan >a/<%a )*(++t, 0) e+in&u+t T>e))*a+$4ni-0 #e+0" Pa%t%a)*(++ta-$% ;anu0+ n8$mat0-$) me7>'v()a v(%ta, >$78 t?+t)e a -a%(4c)$n8t K$n)tantin(.$+8an a c)()*(%i u&va%n(+" E--$%%a m(% t?-0+ete) v$+t a* ?))*4>an7 a -0t u%a+-$&< -?*?tt" Ha(% K$n%(& #iata+a un$-a?cc)e, :%i78e) t$v(%a i)ne>e*te+t a i*(ncia-%a, me%t =-et $-$+ta a n0mete- Anat<+i(an e+)*enve&ett )C+8$)ve)*te)0700%t, K$n%(& c)a- a%%a 7$n&$+t, >$78 mi+8en 0%t0-e) )*?vet)07e) ;anu0+)*ic'+iai R$7e% e++en, 0) e+v?+te =t ;anu0+ )*em0+8e) va%(*)a 0) ven&07)*e%etete" A+(t$7at() a+att a +e7na78$ .$m.(va+ 1+t0- me7 K$n%(& te)tv0%e, Au)*t%iai Hen%i-0) ;anu0+ un$-a>C7a, T>e$&<%a e)-1v=/0t" A i*(ncia-at me7$t%(n-$*tatta a n()*,*$-$7ta- a )*e%etet%e m0+t< i#/C >e%ce7n= +(tt(n, a-it )*?%n8 )$%)%a -(%>$*tatta-,W#e+(+&$*ta- a n8u7at )*?%n8ete70ne-X, mi-0nt e78 u&va%i -?+t= m0+8 %0)*v0tte+ '%taT>e$&<%a 0&e)an8/(na-V a* e)-1v= a*$nan a n0met 0) a i*(nci u&va% te+/e) me704-0+0)0t t1-%?*te" Ami-$% ! #e%u(%/(an K$n%(& e+in&u+t K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ N04met$%)*(7a, )*?vet)07e)e- v$+ta- ;anu0++e+ )*ic'+iai R$7e% e++en, 0) me7e78e*te-,>$78 anna- it(+iai i%t$-ait #e+$)*t/(- e78m() -?*?tt"

;ia+att K$n%(& K$n)tantin(.$+8 -0n8e+m0t 0+ve*te, a/$) -i%(+8 t$v(%a i) Pa4+e)*tin(an ve)*te7ette i&e/0t" Su7e% a.(t C/%a me7 C/%a '%t ne-i, -0%te, >$78 t0%/envi))*a :%ancia$%)*(7a, &e a -i%(+8 nem tu&$tt &?nteni" A >C)v0t$t Je%u*)(+emen)*e%ette v$+na t?+teni" Tu&ta, >$78 >a*at0%0)e ut(n -?vet-e*i- a v(+(), anna- min&en.$+iti-ai -?vet-e*m0n80ve+ e781tt" I78e-e*ett >(t min0+ /$an -it$+ni a vi))*ain&u4+() v07*ete) na./(t" ;i-?*en K$n%(& a i*(ncia--a+ a%(t-$*$tt, a/$) min0+ t?et7$n&$+-$&$tt, ann(+ /$an >a%a7u&$tt a c)()*(%%a" ;e7v(+t$*tatta .$+iti-(/(t 0) S*i4c'+ia -i%(+8a, R$7e% )*?vet)070t -0%te" ;int>$78 a/$) ?))*eve)*ett Anti<->iai Ra/4mun&&a+, e+>(%u+t a +e7#= a-a&(+8, ame+8 e&&i7 e )*?vet)07 Ct/(an (++t, 0) a Bi4*(nc e++eni 78+?+et0t i) -i0+>ette" ! -$%a n8a%(n a/$) e78 )*ic'+iai >a/< #e&0+*et0nv07%e e+>a78ta Pa+e)*tin(t" A >a/< >ama%$)an c)at+a-$*$tt a :?+&-?*i4ten7e% -e+etime&enc0/0en ci%-(+< )*ic'+iai #+$tt(>$*" E--$% m07 ta%t$tt a Bi*(nc e++eni )*ic'+iai >(4$%C, ) ami-$% a #+$tta -?%1+>a/<*ta a Pe+$.$nn0)*$)*t, a i*(nci #+$tta me7t(ma&ta"a/$) -i%(+8 a*$nna+ .a%anc)$t a&$tt, >$78 >C**(- #e+ a* (%$c%a a #%ancia +$$7<t, 0)'78 en7e&0+8t -a.$tt a t$v(>a+a&()%a" E78 m()i- >a/<t a*$nan, ame+8 )*(m$) Cti4

473T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', GM4G" ."474T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, G, 4" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4GG" ."V Annaes &aidenses, G5" ."V Ott$ &e Sanc4

t$ B+a)i$, 59" ."V :%ei)in7i Ott<2 3esta <rideri/i, !M" ." P%$&%$m$)* -?+tem0n8e, ame+8et T>e$&<%a e)4-1v=/e a+-a+m(<+ '%t, me7/e+ent in $* H* C* C*, II, " ." &e e78 m()i- -?+tem0n8en, me+8et T>e$&<%aan8/(>$* '%t, C78 '% %<+a, mint a-it #e+(+&$*ta- Wa n8u7ati va&(++atna-X, uo*, MG" ."

G

t(%)(t 0) a* in7<)(7ait )*(++'t$tta, a i*(ncia- e+#$7t(-, 0) >a&i*)(-m(n8-0nt K$n)4tantin(.$+8a vitt0-" S$- ><na. e+te+t, mi%e a c)()*(% en7e&0+8t a&$tt, >$78 a* eme4%e- 0) a >$+mi- vi))*a/u))ana- :%ancia$%)*(7a"9

a/$) /C+iu) v070n 6a+a%i(an )*(++t .a%t%a, 0) R$7e% -i%(+8 P$ten*(an #$7a&ta" A)*ic'+iai u%a+-$&< a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 in&'t)ana- C/ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t a**a+ a* e+4)=&+e7e) c0++a+, >$78 $))*Ct (++/ana- Bi*(nc$n" a/$) 0) tan(c)a&a*at0%=en min&en-ine- a i*(ncia- (+n$-)(7(%<+ e)*0+te-, ) a%%<+,>$78 me7 -e++ =-et 1ntetni" Jen= .(.a, a-ive+ a/$) Tiv$+ian ta+(+-$*$tt, nem +e+-e4)e&ett, &e a KC%i(an )$-an 1&v?*?+t0- a te%vet" T>e$&in '$%$) a*$nna+ >$**(+(4t$tt, >$78 .%0&i-(t$%$-at -e%e))en a* 178 e+=m$*&'t()(>$*V Ti)*te+et%em0+t< P0te%, ac+un8 a.(t i) t(m$7atta a te%vet" Ami-$% a/$) >a*a0%t :%ancia$%)*(7a, Su7e% a.(t$ti) me778=*te, 0) m07 a +e7/e+ent=)e )*em0+8, S*ent Be%n(t i) F a-i %e/t0+8e)ne- ta4+(+ta, >$78 a 7$n&vi)e+0) i+8en )i%a+ma) v07et )*(nt e78 na78)*e% -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at4na- F, )*'ve)en >a/+$tt a%%a, >$78 Bi*(ncan -e%e))e a a/$- #= #$%%()(t, 0) <%i()i ene%47i(it a%%a >a)*n(+ta, >$78 i)teni $))*C%a t1*e+/e a* eme%e-et a n?) c)()*(%)(7 e+4+en" A m$*7a+$m )i-e%0>e* a*$nan )*1-)07e +ett v$+na K$n%(&%a i), &e K$n%(& nema-a%t e781ttm-?&ni" Na78$n /<+ +(tta, >$78 a* e70)* te%v m?7?tt e++en)07e, R$7e%(++, 0) nem +(tta e, mi0%t -e++ene me7$ntania ;anu0++a+ -?t?tt )*?vet)070t c)a-a*0%t, >$78 R$7e% >ata+m(t n?ve+/e" T>e$&in '$%$) 0) Ti)*te+et%em0+t< P0te% >i(a#$+8am$&$tt >$**(, 0) S*ent Be%n(t i) >i(a e)&e-e+t 0) menn8&?%7?tt a* 178 0%&e-04en" K$n%(& ut$+/(%a a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at 1780en >a++7at$tt a S*ent tan(4c)(%a" Nem v$+t >a/+an&< m07 e78)*e% e+e)0t(+ni a c)a.&(a" ;ive+ K$n%(& vi))*a4uta)'t$tta, a te%vet e+ -e++ett vetni" A -e%e)*t0n8 178 na78 e+(%u+()a, ame+8et S*entBe%n(t i) )1%7etett, #0+ 0v)*(*a&&a+ -0)= -?vet-e*ett e"M

A m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at ut(n c)a- e78et+en /e+ent=) )*em0+8 ma%a&t Ke+eten,0) = )em /<)*(nt(<+" A+#$n* 7%<# #att8a, a* i#/C T$u+$u)e4i Be%t%an& nem t%>ette,>$78 a 7a*&a7 T%i.$+i)*t e78 $+8an un$-ate)tv0% -e*0n >a78/a, a-it at8/a, A+#$n*me778i+-$+()(va+ 78anC)'t$tt" E70)*en a&&i7 Pa+e)*tin(an ma%a&t, m'7 a/$) -i%(+8e+ nem uta*$tt, ma/& &0+4#%ancia eme%eive+ 0)*a-%a in&u+t, mint>a c)a- e78 )*'%iai-i-?t==+ te%ve*te v$+na a >a*ain&u+()t" ;iut(n (t-e+t a )'-)(7$n, a>$+ a Bu-aia #$4+8i- a ten7e% #e+0, >i%te+en a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/0e ment, 0) e+#$7+a+ta A%aima e%=&/0t"e78=*te Ra/mun& 7%<# c)a.atait, ame+8e- a*0%t /?tte- $&a T%i.$+i)*<+, >$78 vi))*a4ve780- t=+e A%aim(t" A* e%=& -itn= >e+8en #e-1&t, e++en=%i*te a T%i.$+i)*<+ T$%t$4)*(a, va+amint a Bu-aia v?+780en a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/e #e+0 ve*et= utat" Ra/mun&7%<# nem )*(m't>at$tt a t?i -e%e)*t0n8 C% %$-$n)*env0%e, e*0%t Unu%t<+ -0%t )e7't4)07et Dama)*-u)*<+" Unu% ?%?mme+ v(+a)*$+t, 0) NC% a&4D'nt i) me7>'vta, >$78ta%t)$n ve+e" 78 me7mutat>atta, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en0en >a/+an&< e781ttm4-?&ni NC% a&4D'nne+, &e nem %$nt$tta a* e)0+80t, >$78 >e+8%e(++'t)a /< -a.c)$+atait a

Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(77a+, )=t ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0t m07 >(+(%a i) -?te+e*>eti, me%tme7)e7'ti a )<7$%(t" A -0t mu)*+im ve*et= me7t(ma&ta A%aim(t, ame+8 i+8en na78e%=ne- nem tu&$tt e++en(++ni" A 78=*te) mu)*+im$- a #?+&i7 %$m$+t(- a* e%=&?t, &e

475Kinnam$)*, G" ."V Su7e% +eve+e !ugeri 5pera, &e +a ;a%c>e -ia&", 9G4M" ."V Nan7i)4i 3i+m$), I,M" ." A*t a >a/<t, ame+8 E+e$n<%a -i%(+8n0t )*(++'t$tta, e78 &a%ai7 #e+ta%t$tt(- a i*(ncia- Sa+i)u%8i J(n$)2 Historia &ontifi/ais, M" ."

476

E t(%78a+()$- ?))*e#$7+a+()a +()& Be%n>a%&i2 i* m*, G" ." 0) 3acan&a%&2 i* m*, II, 94G" ." S*entBe%n(t 0) T>e$&in 7?%?7e++ene) -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t )1%7et= +eve+ei e+ve)*te-, &e ta%ta+mu-%a -?vet4-e*tetni +e>et ia+& e78i- +eve+0=+ 9" )*", 7i"adi 0pistoae, 5" ."

G

e+=tte a+a.$)an -i#$)*t$tt(-" E*ut(n >a78t(-, >$78 Ra/mun& 7%<# >a&& #$7+a+/a e+C/%a, 0) vi))*av$nu+ta-, #$7+8ai-at >$))*C )$%an vitt0- ma7u--a+" Be%t%an& 0) n=v04%e NC% a&4D'nne- /ut$tt" NC% a&4D'n A+e..<a vitte =-et, a>$+ ti*en-0t e)*ten&=t t?+4t?tte- #$7)(7an"

E* a v07 va+<an i++ett a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at>$*2 a >a&/(%at ut$+)< -e%e)*te4)0t anna- a -e%e)*t0n8 C%na- a mu)*+im )*?vet)07e)ei e/tett0- #$7)(7a, a-ine- a -i4#$)*t()(va+ a* ut$+)< -e%e)*te) me7.%<(+-$*$tt" A -?*0.-$%nanem v$+t $+8an v(+4+a+-$*()a, ame+8 a* in&u+()-$% %em0n8te+i +ett v$+na, mint a m()$&i- -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at" A .(.a >i%&ette me7, S*ent Be%n(t na78)*e% 0-e))*<+())a+ n0.)*e%)'tette,N8u7at4Eu%<.a -0t ve*et= na78>ata+m(na- u%a+-$&</a (++t a >a&/(%at 0+0%e" ;in&e*'70%ete) v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8)07 &ic)=)07e 0) 1&v?))07e )*em.$nt/(<+" Ami-$% a*$n4an e+0%-e*ett a nemte+en v07, 0) a -e%e)*te)e- e+78?t?%ten vi))*av$nu+ta- Dama)*4-u)* a+<+, a >a&/(%at e%e&m0n8e-0nt t$v( %$m+$tt a n8u7ati -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) a i4*(ncia- -a.c)$+ata, 78ana-v() 1t?tte #e+ a #e/0t a* C/$nnan 0%-e*ett -e%e)*te)e- 0) a-e+eten 0+= #%an-$- -?*?tt, a n8u7ati #%an- #e/e&e+me- e+)*i7ete+=&te- e78m()t<+, amu)*+im$- e78e)'tett0- e%=i-et, 0) v07*ete)en me7%$m+$tt a #%an-$- -at$nai >'%neve"A #%anci(- v(&$+>atta- m()$-at a #ia)-<0%t, a* (%u+< ;anu0+ c)()*(%t, va78 a +a784mata7 .a+e)*tinai (%<-at, S*ent Be%n(t menn8&?%?7>etett a n?) eme%e- e++en,a-i- me7a-a&(+8$*t(- I)ten )*(n&0-aina- 0%v0n8e)1+0)0t, &e a* i7a*)(7 a*, >$78 a>a&/(%at -u&a%c(t a ve*et=- tu&at+an)(7a, -e78et+en)07e 0) te>etet+en $)t$a)(7a$-$*ta"

477

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', G4GG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 4" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, M" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n,B+$c>et -ia&", 9" ." E78 #%an- +e7en&a )*e%int Be%t%an& n=v0%e NC% a&4D'n>e* ment #0%/>e*, 0) = v$+ta)*4S*(+i>, NC% a&4D'n ?%?-?)0ne- an8/a T$%i7n8 R<e%t, II, 95" .""

G5



. kö!"#

A FORULAT

G

1. %e&e'et

É+et Te!(e)e!t*+!

+A p#gány#k m&dja szerint :selekedtetek2 akik k<r7l<ttetek -annak. /,zekiel 1121?3

A Ten7e%entC+, a* Out%eme% t?%t0net0en a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -u&a%ca#$%&u+<.$nt$t /e+entett" E&e))*a e+e)t0ve+ e#e/e*=&?tt a* i)*+(m C//()*1+et0)0ne- e+)=

)*a-a)*a, ) t0%><&'t()(t me7e%=)'tette, >$78 a* a na78 >a&/(%at, ame+8ne- a #%an-$->ata+m(t -e++ett v$+na >e+8%e(++'tania, )i%a+ma) v07et 0%t"

E -u&a%c #= $-ai -?*0 ta%t$*na- a*$- a -1+?n)07e-, ame+8e- a -e+eten 0+= #%an4-$- 0) n8u7ati t(%)ai- )*$-()aian 0) n0*eteien e78a%(nt me7mutat-$*ta-" A -e4%e)*te)e- me7%en&1+ten +(tt(-, >$78 Pa+e)*tin(an $+8an t(%)a&a+$m a+a-u+t -i,ame+8ne- ta7/ai e78nem*e&0-n8i i&= a+attme7v(+t$*tatt(- 0+et4m<&/u-at" A #%anciae78i- n8e+v/(%()(t e4)*0+t0-, >'ve- ma%a&4ta- a +atin e78>(*>$*,) a -$%m(n8*() a* (+4ta+un- #eu&(+i)na- ne4ve*ett -e%ete- -?*?tt#$+8t" Ám e*e- a #e+4)*'ne) >a)$n+<)(7$-c)a- /$an -ieme+t0-a -1+?n)07e-et, ame4+8e- ann8i%a me7$t4%(n-$*tatt(- a* C/$n4nan 0%-e*ette-et"

Ha a 78a%mat$)'t<-t?en +ette- v$+na,-?nn8een %a7a)*4-$&>atta- v$+na n8u7a4ti )*$-()ai->$*" A va+<4)(7an a*$nan t?%.e -i)e)07et a+-$tta- e78 $+8an $%)*(7an, ame+8ne- 07>a/+ata0) 0+etvite+e i&e7en v$+t )*(mu-%a" T0n8+e7e) +0t)*(mu-at c)a- me7ec)1+ni tu&/u-"3a+<)*'n+e7 )$>a)em (++t e78)*e%%e t?, mint e*e% (%< 0) +$va7 (++an&<an a /e%u4*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7 )*$+7(+at(an" A nem >a%c$+< >$**(ta%t$*<-, a* a))*$n8$- 0) a*?%e7e- )*int0n nem +e>ette- e*e%n0+ t?en" S$- 78e%me- )*1+etett, &e c)a- na78$n

G9

Jeruzsálem a latin király#k időszaká'an

-ev0) ma%a&t 0+eten" Ö))*e)en, te>(t a n0>(n8 )*(* #=n8i .a.)(7$t 0) a -at$nai)*e%*ete)%en&e- +$va7/ait +e)*(m'tva -?%1+e+1+ -0t4>(%$me*e%, a #%an- #e+)= $)*t(4+8$->$* ta%t$*< #e+n=tt eme% 0+>etett a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7an"G

A* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07en, T%i.$+i)* 0) E&e))*a 7%<#)(7aian -?%1+e+1+ u78anenn8ien a+-$t>att(- a ve78e) ?))*et0te+, u%a+-$&<, +$va7i $)*t(+8t"! E*e- a %0te7e-(+ta+(an me7=%i*t0- #a/i ti)*ta)(7u-at" E&e))*(an 0) Anti<->i(an e+=#$%&u+t, >$78a -e%e)*te)e- e>(*a)$&ta- a >e+8e+i 7?%?7 0) ?%m0n8 a%i)*t$-%ata c)a+(&$-a";in& I" Ba+&uin, min& II Ba+&uin, e&e))*ai 7%<#-0nt $%t$&$ ?%m0n8 n=t vett #e+e)0471+, ) tu&$m()un- )*e%int n0>(n8 neme) C% i) -?vette .0+&(/u-at" I" J$)ce+in ne/e 0)Bi%e&*)i-i La+e%an #e+e)07e a -1+?nv(+t ?%m0n8 e78>(*>$* ta%t$*$tt" D0+e%e a*$n4an nem +0te*ett >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8 a%i)*t$-%(cia2 a -e+eti e+em c)a- ann8ian v$+t /e4+en, >$78 a -i%(+8i c)a+(& 0) a 6$u%tne8 c)a+(& ta7/aina-, i++etve -0)= ;(%ia K$m4n0n0 -i%(+8i 0) Ie+in4(7i +e)*(%ma*$ttai e%eien, ?%m0n8 v0% i) #$+8t"G

N0.e)e v$+t a >0%e) #e78ve%e)e- $)*t(+8a" - e%e&eti+e7 a /<+ #e+#e78ve%*ett#%an- 78a+$7)(7>$* ta%t$*ta-, a-i- u%u- i%t$-ain te+e.e&te- +e" ;ive+ ne-i- nem-e++ett te-intette+ +enni1- &ic)= )*(%ma*()u-%a, ?))*e>(*a)$&>atta- a >e+8i -e%e)*t04n8e--e+" 9 t(/(n $+8an $)*t(+8t a+-$tta-, a .$u+ain$-0t, ame+8 m(% )*inte e+e$+4va&t a >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e- vi+(7(a" G -?%1+ a #e78ve%e)e- )*(ma va+amive+ me74>a+a&ta a* ?te*%et, a*t a*$nan nem tu&/u- me7m$n&ani, >$78 >(n8an v$+ta- -?*?t4t1- ti)*ta #%an- )*(%ma*()Ca-" 3a+<)*'n+e7 a )$&ee%e-, a *)$+&$)-at$n(- i) i78e-e*4te- #%an- e%e&et%e >ivat-$*ni" A >e+8en t$$%*$tt tu%-$.$+$-, a-i-et a i*(nci -?n84n8+$va))(7 mint(/(%a -0.e*te- -i F innen a* e78)07 neve F, %0)*en >e+8i -e%e)*t04n8e-=+ 0) -e%e)*t0n8 >it%e t0%te-=+, %0)*en .e&i7 ve78e) >(*a))(7$-<+ )*(%ma4*<-<+ (++ta-" 3$+t n0mi -1+?n)07 a*$n #0+v0%e- -?*?tt, a-i- a.(i-, ) a*$- -?*?tt,a-i- an8(i- n8e+v0t e)*0+t0-" A tu%-$.$+ e78)07e- va+<)*'n+e7 a* ut<ia- )$%ai4<+ -e%1+te- -i"G

A na78 v(%$)$- -iv0te+0ve+ a +ete+e.e&=- )*inte -iv0te+ n0+-1+ #%ancia e%e&ete-v$+ta-" A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7an 0) a* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07en a +an7ue &d$ei+t, a*0)*a-4#%anci(- 0) a n$%mann$- n8e+v0t >a)*n(+t(-" A t%i.$+i)*i 7%<#)(7an F ame+84ne- a >(t$%)*(7a T$u+$u)e 0) vi&0-e v$+t F, e+=)*?% va+<)*'n+e7 a +an7ue &d$c$t e4)*0+t0-" 1%*u%7i J(n$) n0met *a%(n&$-, a-i 9 t(/(n +(t$7at$tt e+ Je%u*)(+eme,$))*an-$&va vette tu&$m()u+, >$78 a n0mete- nem /(t)*$tta- )*e%e.et a #%an- t(%4)a&a+$man, >a(% a%%a >ivat-$*$tt, >$78 L$tt#%ie& 0) I" Ba+&uin n0met )*(%ma*()C4

478A Hatt'nn(+ +e78=*?tt na78 )e%e7en va+<)*'n+e7 +$va7 v$+t, e=+ 5 tem.+$m$) 0) -"u78anenn8i i).$t(+8$)" Nem +e>etett /e+en #=n0+ t? vi+(7i (%< 0) +$va7, (% min& $tt v$+ta-,c)a- -ett= ma%a&t Je%u*)(+emen" A )e%e7en v$+t n0>(n8 +$va7 T%i.$+i)*<+ 0) Anti<->i(<+" E78 c)a4.at +$va7 nem )$--a+ -$%(an >a78ta e+ a -i%(+8)(7$t Ie+ini Ba+&uin ve*et0)e a+att" ()& e m II" -?t"

Az iszám diadaa = Hattn szar%ai c" %0)*, Ie+ini J(n$) ec)+0)e )*e%int I3" Ba+&uin i&e/0en a -i%(+8)(79 +$va7$t tu&$tt -i(++'tani, ) e>>e* /?tte- a +$va7%en&e- ta7/ai 0) 99 #e78ve%n?- Ie+ini, ."

479A* anti<->iai 0) t%i.$+i)*i a&at$-at c)a- me7ec)1+ni tu&/u-" E&e))*(an va+<)*'n+e7 )$>a nem0+t 4n(+ t? neme)i, +$va7i %an7C, #%an- c)a+(&" A T%i.$+i)*i L%<#)(7an ta+(n i+8en c)a+(& 0+t"Anti<->i(an /<va+ t?" 4en Tu%e))*e+ F Aac>eni A+e%t )*e%int QI, 4", G45" ." F +$4va7$t (++'t$tt -i, E&e))*a #=t, &e e*e- -?*1+ )$-an ?%m0n8e- +e>ette-"

480

()& a III" -?tet #177e+0-0en a c)a+(&#(-at"481()& a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, M4M" ."V ;un%$2 T>e Kin7&$m $# t>e 6%u)a&e%), M4",4" ."

GM

a- v$+ta-" Ren&-'v1+ me7?%1+t, ami-$% v07%e e78 $+8an e78>(*i int0*m0n8%e u-4-ant, ame+8en -i*(%<+a7 n0mete- te+/e)'tette- )*$+7(+at$t"G

A v(%$)$-an /e+ent=) it(+iai -$+<ni(- v$+ta-" A ve+enceie-ne- 0) a 7en$vaia-na-m07 Je%u*)(+emen i) e70)* utc(i- v$+ta-" S*e%*=&0)en i*t$)'t$tt 7en$vai te+e.e-v$+ta- Ja##(an, Kai)*a%ei(an, T1%$)*an, Be/%Ctan, T%i.$+i)*an, D*)aai+an, a4ta-i(an, S*ent Sime$nan 0) Anti<->i(an" E v(%$)$- na78$/aian ve+enceie- i)0+te-" A .i)aia- T1%$)*an, A--$nan, T%i.$+i)*an, B$t%unan, ata-i(an 0) Anti4<->i(an, a* ama+#ie+ie- A--$nan 0) ata-i(an v$+ta- /e+en" A* it(+iai -?*?))047e-ne- )a/(t ?n-$%m(n8*atu- v$+t, .$+7(%ai- $+a)*u+ e)*0+te-, ) nem -eve%e&te-)*$m)*0&ai--a+" A ma%)ei++e4ie-ne- >a)$n+< te+e.ei- v$+ta- A--$nan, Ja##(an, T14%$)*an 0) D*)aai+an ) a a%ce+$naia-na- T1%$)*an" A--$n -iv0te+0ve+ e*e- a -e4%e)-e&=te+e.e- e78i-e )em )*(m+(+t n0>(n8 )*(* +0+e-n0+ t?et"G5

A n0.e))07 tC+n8$m< t?)070t >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- a+-$tt(-" A Je%u*)(+emi Ki4%(+8)(7an ve78e) )*(%ma*()Ca- i) v$+ta-, (+ta+(an a%au+ e)*0+te-, #e+1+ete)ena%a -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- i)me%t0- =-et, 0) c)a-nem min& a* $%t$&$ e78>(*>$* ta%t$*4ta-" T%i.$+i)* 7%<#)(7(an a +a-$))(7 e78 %0)*e a ma%$nit(na- neve*ett, m$n$t>e+e4ti*mu)t va++< )*e-t(>$* ta%t$*$tt" É)*a-a%a a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- /$(%a a /a-$4ita e78>(* m$n$#i*it(i v$+ta-, &e 0+te- $tt /e+ent=) ?%m0n8 -$+<ni(- i), ame+8e- -?4*1+ c)a-nem min&e78i- a -1+?nv(+t ?%m0n8 e78>(*>$* ta%t$*$tt, ) Anti<->i(an,ata-i(an 0) Ki+i-i(an /e+ent=) )*(man 0+te- 7?%?7 n8e+v $%t$&$$-" A S*ent#?+4&?n e*en -'v1+ min&en -e%e)*t0n8 -?*?))07 -0.vi)e+=i /e+en v$+ta-" A m$n$)t$%$-#=-0nt $%t$&$$- v$+ta-, a )*e%*ete)e- 7?%?71+ e)*0+te-, &e v$+ta- $%t$&$ 7%C* +04te)'tm0n8e- i), t$v((, #=-0nt Je%u*)(+emen m$n$#i*ita -$+<ni(-, e78i.t$mi 0) eti4<.iai -$.t$-, )*'% /a-$it(-, )=t m07 a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- e+=tt +ete+e.e&ett -i)e+atin c)$.$%t$- i)"G Ami-$% +0t%e/?tt a -e%e)*t0n8 -i%(+8)(7, )$- mu)*+im -?*?))07emi7%(+t" N(+u)* -?%n80-0n a*$nan m07 min&i7 v$+ta- mu)*+im #a+va-,G9 0) )$-$+8an te%1+et +a-$))(7a i) mu)*+im ma%a&t, ame+8et a #%an-$- -0)= ><&'t$tta-me7" É)*a-4La+i+e(an, a B(n/()*t<+ A--$na ve*et= Ct$n a .a%a)*t$- c)a-nem -iv04te+ n0+-1+ mu)*+im$- v$+ta-" É)*a-a%a, a Bu-aia v?+780en, a N$)*ai%i4>e78)07en0) a* O%$nt0)* v?+780en $+8an e%etne- mu)*+im )*e-t(- 0+te-, ame+8e- e+i)me%t0- a#%an-$- #enn>at<)(7(t"GM

A &0+i >at(% ment0n 0) a J$%&(n$n tC+ n$m(& e&uin t?%*)e- 0+te-" Pa+e)*tin(an0) a -e%e)*t0n8 S*'%i(an a .$7%$m$- 0) a* 1+&?*tet0)t=+ va+< #0+e+em /e+ent=)enc)?--entette a *)i&<- )*(m(t"

4821%*u%7i J(n$) &* &* +* !*, 9" -?tet, .a))im"4836a>en2 N$te) )u% +d>i)t$i%e &e 6%$i)a&e) et &e +dO%ient +atin, III" +dO%ient +atin et c$mme%ce &u e4

vant" Buetin de a <a/uté des Lettres de !tras"ourg , !" 0v#" " )*", %(mutat, >$78 a ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a&4an a* $+a)*$- -e%e)-e&e+mi tev0-en8)07e #=-0nt E78i.t$ma ) K$n)tantin(.$+8%a ?))*.$nt$)u+t" A)*'%iai .a%t$- -i-?t=i )*(mu-%a -ev0)0 v$+ta- #$nt$)a-"

4846)a- -ev0) >'%1n- van a ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a&<+ a >e+8e+i .a+e)*tin -e%e)*t0n8e-%=+" ()& e mII" -?t" A forduat = (et a +engerent)on c" %0)*" 0) Re82 Les Coonies <ran4ues, 94!" ." ()& Le%u++i2 0tio2

pi in &aestina, G" ." )--", a -$.t$-%<+ 0) a* ae))*ine-%=+"485A N(+u)* -?%n80-i mu)*+im$- Hatt'n ut(n me7i/e)*tett0- a #%an-$-at AC S(ma, 5" ."V In

D*)ua/%, %i7>t -ia&", 545" ." a* a--$ni 0) a* A--$n -?%n80-0n 0+= mu)*+im$-%<+"486()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, " )--" ." Si<n >e78i Bu%c>a%& )*(m$) 0)*a-4)*'%iai mu)*+im)*e-t(%<+ )*(m$+ e" &* &* +* !*, QII" -?t" G" ."

G

Ami-$% -?%1+ Tu&e+ai Ben/(min me7+(t$7atta a -i%(+8)(7$t, me7>?--enve+(tta, >$78 mi+8en -ic)i- a *)i&< te+e.e-"G Dama)*-u)*an t? *)i&< 0+t, mint a*?))*e) -e%e)*t0n8 (++aman e781ttv0ve"GG A QII" )*(*a& )$%(n a*$nan me7)*e%e*t0-a -$%$n(t<+ a #e)t0--0)*'t0) m$n$.<+ium(t, 0) a* 1ve778(%t() i) #=-0nt a *)i&<- -e4*0n v$+t"G! N(+u)*an 0+t e78 -ic)in8 )*ama%it(nu) -?*?))07"!

E*e- a -?*?))07e- a+-$tt(- a #%an- (++am$- a+a./(t, ) a* C/ u%a- nem na78$n *a4va%t(- me7 =-et" Ha a >e+8e+ie- i*$n8'tani tu&t(- a #?+&/ei->e* va+< /$7u-at, me74ta%t>att(- =-et, &e Pa+e)*tin(an 0) T%i.$+i)*an a >e+8e+i e78>(*a- i%t$-ai -iv0te4+0ve+ )*inte min&en #?+& mu)*+im u%a- -e*0n v$+t, a-i- a #%an- ><&'t() -?vet-e*t04en e+mene-1+te-, 0) na78 i%t$-ai-at a* C/ u%a+-$&<- va*a++u)ai-na- a&$m(n8$*4>att(-" 78 tni-, a -$%ai i*(nci i&=-en m07 +0te*= )*aa& #a+vanem ma%a&ta-#enn" A #a+u-?*?))07e- #?+&>?* -?t?tte- v$+ta-, 0) te%m0n8ei- i*$n8$) >(n8a&a a#?+&e)u%a-at i++ette" E* a >(n8a& a*$nan nem v$+t min&en1tt e78)07e)" A* $%)*(7na78$ %0)*0en, a>$+ a .a%a)*t$- ve78e) 7a*&(+-$&()t #$+8tatta-, a #?+&e)C% va+<4)*'n+e7 ann8i te%m0n8%e ta%t$tt i70n8t, >$78 >(*a n0.0t, .$u+ain/ait 0) tu%-$.$+/aite+ta%t>a))a, a-i- )*int0n a v(% -?%1+ 0+te-, a >e+8e+i .a%a)*t$- u78ani) nem v$+ta-a+-a+ma)a- -at$nai )*$+7(+at%a" A 7a*&a7 )'-)(7$-$n a me*=7a*&a)(7 m(% in-(-e%e)-e&e+mi a+a.$-$n )*e%ve*=&?tt" A #?+&e)C% >C*ta a >a)*n$t a 781m?+c)?)?-=+,)*=+=)-e%te-=+, 0) #=-0nt a cu-$%n(&1+tetv0n8e-=+, a .a%a)*t )*inte c)a- a me70+4>et0)00%t &$+7$*$tt" A #?+&e)C% >(*ta%t()(t +e)*(m'tva nem v$+t %a)*$+7amun-a, >a4(% mu)*+im %a$-at i&=n-0nt #$7+a+-$*tatta- a -i%(+8 0) a na78u%a- i%t$-(n" A #a4+u)ia- 0) a #?+&e)C% -?*?tti -a.c)$+atta%t() a .a%a)*t$- ve*et=/0n -e%e)*t1+ va+<)u+tme7, a-it a%a )*<va+ %ai)*na-, va78 e78 +atin$)'t$tt #$%m(/C )*<va+ %e7u+u)na- ne4ve*te-" A #?+&e)C% (+ta+(an e78 #?+&i/0t a+-a+ma*ta int0*=-0nt, &%$7mannu)-0nt )#e+vett e78 a%au+ e)*0+= tit-(%t -?n8ve+ni"!

B(% a .a%a)*t$- 0+et0n e* nem )$-at v(+t$*tat$tt, a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 i%t$-4%en&)*e%0t a #eu&(+i) m$&e++ mint(/(%a )*e%ve*t0- C//(" A -i%(+8i i%t$-$->$* ta%t$4*$tt Je%u*)(+em, A--$n 0) N(+u)* v(%$)a, ma/& -0)= a >at(%$n #e-v= Da%$n 0) av(%$)$- -?%n80-e" E* a i%t$- a -i%(+8)(7 /<-$%a %0)*e v$+t, &e a* e+)= -i%(+8$-, 0) -14+?n?)en ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= i7en =-e*en a&$m(n8$*ta- i%t$-$-at a%(tai-na-, a*e78>(*na- 0) a )*e%*ete)%en&e-ne-" A i%t$-$-<+ e78e) te%1+ete-et (tmeneti i&=%ee+ +e>etett i&e7en'teni, mint .+" a* ?*ve78 -i%(+8n0- me70+>et0)0>e* )*1-)07e) i%t$4-$-at" A -i%(+8)(7na- n078 #= >0%i%t$-a v$+t2 Ja##a 7%<#)(7a, ame+8et %en&)*e%inta -i%(+8i c)a+(& e78i- #iata+a ta7/a -a.$tt me7, La+i+ea >e%ce7)07e, ame+8 e+=-e+=nev0t Tan-%0& ec)v(78(na- -?)*?n>ette, va+amint S*i&<n 0) a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+et"E na78i%t$-$- u%ai a -i%(+8 .0+&(/(%a ma7a)%an7C ti)*tvi)e+=--e+ vett0- -?%1+ ma47u-at" 78 tett Kai)*a%eia u%a i), (% /e+ent=) i%t$-(t c)u.(n a ti*en-0t m()$&$)*t(4+8C i%t$- -?*0 )$%$+t(-" II" Ba+&uin u%a+-$&()a ut(n a i%t$-$- ?%?-?)?&0)i /$7 a+a.4

487Tu&e+ai Ben/(min, A&+e% -ia&", >0e% )*?ve7, M4" ."488>o*, 4G" ."489Tu&e+ai Ben/(min, A&+e% -ia&", >0e% )*?ve7, 59" ." #e)t0-m$n$.<+ium Je%u*)(+emen" A *)i&<-

1ve7et (++'t$tta- e+= Anti<->i(an 0) T1%$)*an" >o*, M4" ."490>o*, 5545" ." Ben/(min )*e%int c)a+(&, ame+8e- C/aa-at a+a.'t$tta- Kai)*a%ei(an 0) A)*4

-a+$nan 5", " .""491

()& 6a>en2 N$te) )u% +d>i)t$i%e &e 6%$i)a&e) et &e +dO%ient +atin, II" e %`7ime %u%a+ )8%ien autem.) &e +a &$minati$n #%an[ue" Buetin de a <a/uté des Lettres de !tras"ourg, !" 0v#", " )*", #e+ec)1+4>etet+en 0%t0- tanu+m(n8 e%%=+ a na78$n >$m(+8$) -0%&0)%=+"

GG

/(n >a78$m(n8$*<&ta-, ) >a -i>a+t a #iC(7, n=(7$n ?%?-+=&?tt t$v( a i%t$-" 6)a-i7en na78 n0%t 0) c)a- a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 &?nt0)0ve+ +e>etett va+a-it me7#$)*tanii%t$-(t<+" A #?+&e)C% -i%(+8(na- va78 a %an7an #e+ette (++< C%na- me7#e+e+= )*(mC-at$n(t v$+t -?te+e) -i(++'tani, a>(n8)*$% e%%e c)a- #e+)*<+'t$tt(-, 0) C78 tni-, nemv$+t -$%+(t$*va a )*$+7(+ati i&= ta%tama" Ja##a 7%<#/a, La+i+ea >e%ce7e 0) S*i&<n u%aF te+/e)en #e+#e78ve%*ett +$va7$t (++'t$tt -i a -i%(+8na-, a t%an)*/$%&(niai te%14+ete- u%a .e&i7 >atvanat"!

A i%t$-$- m0%ete v(+t$*< v$+t" A vi+(7i i%t$-$-at a me7><&'t$tt te%1+ete-=+ >a4)'t$tt(- -i, 0) a #?+&e- t?men v$+ta-" A* e78>(* 0) a +$va7%en&e- i%t$-ai, ame+8e-#=+e7 a&$m(n8$-, >a78at0-$-, va78 a %en&e- e)et0en )t%at07iai me77$n&$+()$- %04v0n 78a%a.$&ta-, a* e70)* #%ante%1+eten )*0t)*<%tan >e+8e*-e&te- e+" A i%t$-$-m0%t0-e78)07e a #a+u va78 ca)a+ v$+t, va78 %it-(an a #0+, i++etve >a%ma& #a+u, &e a#a+va- m0%ete i) v(+t$*< v$+t" É)*a-4La+i+e(an, S*a#e& -?%n80-0n (+ta+(an ne78ven#0%#i +a-$) a+-$t$tt e78 #a+vat, &e tu&un- na78$ #a+va-%<+ N(*(%et -?%n80-0n 0) -i4)ee-%=+ T1%$)* vi&0-0n, a>$+ a*$nan (+ta+(an na78$ v$+t a n0.)%)07"!5

S$- vi+(7i i%t$-$)na- v$+ta- .0n*i%t$-ai i)" E* a*t /e+entette, >$78 i*$n8$) v(4%$)$-t<+ 0) #a+va-t<+ me7>at(%$*$tt .0n*e+i /?ve&e+met -a.ta-, 0) c)e%0e a .0n*/?4ve&e+emme+ a%(n8$)an -at$n(-%<+ -e++ett 7$n&$)-$&niu-" A* i+8en /?ve&e+em ?%?4-?+>et= v$+t, a -i%(+8 78a-$%+ati+a7 nem tu&ta 0%v0n8te+en'teni e*t a /$7$t" ! A #?+&4i%t$-$- e)et0en a -i%(+8 c)a- aan %em0n8-e&>etett, >$78 a i%t$-$) ?%?-?) n0+4-1+ >a+ me7, va78 +e7#e+/e e78et+en +(n8t >a78 ma7a ut(n, a-ine- a -i%(+8 v(+a)*4t$tt #0%/et, va78 >(%$m #0%//e+?+tet, 0) a* ?%?-?)n= -0n8te+en v$+t a >(%$m /e+?+t -?*1+v(+a)*tani"!9

A -i%(+8i v(%$)$-na- #e+a&ata v$+t a -at$na(++'t(), me+8ne- m0%t0-e 7a*&a7)(7u-4t<+ #177?tt" Je%u*)(+emne- >atvane78, N(+u)*na- >etven?t, A--$nna- n8$+cvan -a4t$n(t -e++ett -i(++'tania" A -at$na(++'t() nem a .$+7(%)(7, >anem a v(%$)an 0+= ne4me)e-, >(*tu+a/&$n$)$- #e+a&ata v$+t" A ve*et= e78>(*i )*em0+8e- )*int0n (++'t$tta--at$n(t #?+&i%t$-ai- 0) >(*tu+a/&$nai- a%(n8(an" A .$+7(%)(7 .0n*en a&<*$tt, '78

/(%u+t >$**( a* (++am 0+et0>e*" A&<*ni -e++ett a -i-?t=- >a)*n(+ata, a* e.$%ttev04-en8)07, a* a&()v0te+, a >$%7$n8*(), a *a%(n&$-+at ut(n, 0) me7a&<*tatt(- a )C+8$-0) m0%=e)*-?*?- >a)*n(+at(t i)" 0te*ett a te%%aticum i), a .$+7(%$- /avait )C/t< a&<,ame+8%=+ -eve)et tu&un-" E*e-en #e+1+ e784e78 >a&/(%at a+-a+m(<+ -1+?n+e7e) a&<4-at i) -ivetette-" MM4an a nem >a%c$+<--a+ in7<)(7ai- 0%t0-0ne- t'* )*(*a+0-(t #i4*ettett0- e a&<-0nt, G54an .e&i7 $+8an #e/a&<t vetette- -i a* e70)* +a-$))(7%a,ame+8 a tu+a/&$n 0) a* a&<))(7 e78 )*(*a+0-a v$+t, t$v(( -0t)*(*a+0-$) /?ve&e+em4a&<va+ te%>e+t0- a* e78>(*i a+a.'tv(n8$-at 0) a (%<)(7$-at" A .a%a)*t$- nem c)a-te%m0n8ei--e+ a&<*ta-, #e/a&<t i) #i*ette- u%u-na-, a mu)*+im a+attva+<- .e&i7 ti*e4&et &ime #i*ette-, ame+8 a* e78>(*0 +ett" A +atin e78>(*i ve*et=- min&ent me7tet4te-, >$78 a ti*e&et -ite%/e))*0- a* (+ta+u- e%etne-ne- ta%t$tt -e%e)*t0n8e-%e i)" Nem

492a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, 5G4M9" ."V Re82 i* m*, 49M", !4M" ."4936a>en2 i* m*, !4!G" ."494a ;$nte2 i* m*, 49" ."495A* a >at(%$*at assise, ame+8 +e>et=v0 te)*i, >$78 a -i%(+8 (+ta+ /ava)$+t >(%$m #0%//e+?+t -?*1+ +e4

>e))en v(+a)*tani, L%an&c+au&e )*e%int ut(ni, WListe d'Assises de 6erusaemX, Méanges &au <ourni2

er , 5" ." III" Ba+&uin a*$nan m(% 94en #e+a/(n+$tta anti<->iai K$n)tanci(na-, >$78 >(%$m -0%=-?*1+ v(+a))*$n" A -i%(+8 nem -0n8)*e%'t>ette a* ?%?-?)n=-et a%%a, >$78 e+#$7a&/(- va+ame+8i- /e+?+4tet" ()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = N)r ad2.n feemekedése c" %0)*"

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0%te- e+ )i-e%t, (% %(-0n8)*e%'tett0- Ama+%i- -i%(+8t, >$78 uta)'t)a vi))*a II" T$%$)*?%m0n8 u%a+-$&< a/(n+at(t, 0) ne -1+&/?n te+e.e)e-et a* e+n0.te+ene&ett .a+e)*tin vi4&0-e- en0.e)'t0)0%e, c)u.(n a*0%t, me%t %a7a)*-$&ta- a>>$*, >$78 a te+e.e)e-ne- i)me7 -e++/en #i*etni a ti*e&et"!M A mu)*+im$- a ti*e& &ac(%a i) a+ac)$n8ana- 't0+t0-a #%an-$- a&<it a -?%n8e*= mu)*+im u%a- a&<in(+" A* a+ac)$n8a #$-C -$%m(n8*atiteen&=-=+ nem *(%t(- -i a mu)*+im$-at" 3(m$)$-na- 0) a&<)*e&=-ne- u78anC78a+-a+ma*t(- =-et i), a-(% a -e%e)*t0n8e-et"!

A #%an- (++am$- a+-$tm(n8(%<+ +e>etet+en .$nt$) -0.et a+-$tni, me%t )$>a)em v$+t%?7*'tett a+-$tm(n8u-" 3$+ta- i*$n8$) )*$-()$-, ame+8e-et -1+?n+e7e) %en&e+-e*04)e--e+ ve*ette- e 0) m<&$)'t$tta-" Ami-$% a -0)=i /$7()*$- $+8an -?n8ve-et (++'4t$tta- ?))*e, mint a Li%re au roi va78 a* Assises de 6erusaem, +e7in-( a%%a t?%e-e&4te-, >$78 me7(++a.'t)(-, me+8 e)ete-en m<&$)'t$tta- a -$n-%0t &?nt0)e- m(% -ia+a4-u+t )*$-()$-at, ) nem a%%a, >$78 -$%m(n8*ati -<&ee-et #$7a+ma**ana- me7" S$->e+8i v(+t$*at$t >a)*n(+ta-" A* anti<->iai >e%ce7ne-, i++etve T%i.$+i)* 0) E&e))*a7%<#/(na- (+ta+(an nem )$- 7$n&/a v$+t a+attva+<iva+" A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 >e+8*ete78en70 v$+t" v$+t a* % #e+-ent/e, a Ke+eten 0+= #%an-$- e+i)me%t #e/e, ) ami<ta I"Ba+&uin me7)emmi)'tette a .at%i(%-(tu) i70n8eit, nem v$+t vet0+8t(%)a )em" Anti<4->ia 0) T%i.$+i)* u%a a*$nan a* ?%?-?)?&0) e+#$7a&$tt %en&/0ne- me7#e+e+=en a&tat$v( >ata+m(t, &e a -i%(+8)(7 v(+a)*t$tt m0+t<)(7 v$+t" I7a*, a -?*a-a%at t(m$7at4>atta a* ?%?-?)?&0)i i70n8t" 4en a c)u.(n ti*en>(%$m 0ve) I3" Ba+&uin min&ene++envet0) n0+-1+ at8/a >e+80e +0.>etett, anna- e++en0%e, >$78 +e.%() v$+t" De e--$% i)v(+a)*t())a+ -e++ett me7e%=)'teni a* ut<&$t .$*'ci</(an" A v(+a)*t<- n0>a #e+t0te+e-et)*a>atta-, Ama+%i-$t .0+&(u+ a%%a -0n8)*e%'tett0-, >$78 v(+/0- e+ #e+e)070t=+, Á7ne)4t=+, c)a- '78 -a.>atta me7 a -$%$n(t" Ha a te%m0)*ete) ?%?-?) n= v$+t, m07 t? $4n8$&a+$m%a +e>etett )*(m'tani" A #0%/0t me7v(+a)*t>att(- -i%(+8na-, &e t$v(%a i)C78 te-intette- %(, mint a-i a #e+e)07e %0v0n 0+ve*i a -i%(+8i /$7$-at" ;e+i)en&a -i4%(+8n0 0) #ia, III" Ba+&uin e)et0en /<)*e%0ve+ )en-i )em tu&ta, >$78 mi v$+t a /$7it0n8(++()" A* e70)* a+-$tm(n8$) .%$+0m(%a i7en )*e%enc)0t+en m<&$n &e%1+t #0n8GM4an, 3" Ba+&uin >a+(+a ut(n"!G

A -i%(+8 (++t a t(%)a&a+mi .i%ami) c)Cc)(n, &e e* a c)Cc) nem v$+t e+0%>etet+en ma47a))(7an" A -i%(+8na-, mint a* % #e+-ent/0ne-, v$+t n0mi te-int0+8e" ;e7)0%t0)e #e+4)07(%u+() v$+t" e+n?-?+t a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7an, 0) = v$+t a -i%(+8)(7 +e7#= >a&4u%a" :e+e+=) v$+t a* (++ami7a*7at()0%t, 0) = neve*te -i a ti)*t)07vi)e+=it" ;int >0%C%,me7a-a&(+8$*>atta, >$78 va*a++u)ai e+i&e7en't)0- #?+&/ei-et, 0) #0%/et v(+a)*t$tt a*?%?-?)n=- )*(m(%a" ;ive+ #e+ette m(% nem (++t )en-i, )a/(t i%t$-aiva+ tet)*0)e )*e%int%en&e+-e*>etett, >a(% a #?+&/ei-et e+i&e7en't= neme)e->e* >a)$n+<an = i) /uttat$tt#?+&et #e+e)070ne- 0) 78e%me-eine-, >$78 -0)= ne +e78ene- 7$n&$- a* ?*ve78i /(4%a&0- 0) a 78e%me-i ?%?-%0)* miatt" A -i%(+8i >ata+$m a*$nan itt v07et i) 0%t" A -i%(4+8i /?ve&e+me- na78$n )*e%0n8e- v$+ta-, 0) a =-e* a&a-$*()$- c)a- t$v( %?vi&'4tett0- a*t" A -i%(+8na- )$>a)em v$+t .0n*e" v$+t a -i%(+8)(7 #e/e, &e %( i) 0%v0n8e4)e- v$+ta- a -i%(+8)(7 t?%v0n8ei, ame+8e- +e7#= -0.vi)e+=/e a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7v$+t" E* a -i%(+8)(7 +e7#= i%t$-$)ai<+ (++t, $+8an$-<+, a-i- e78ene)en a -$%$n(4n(+ ta%t$*ta- >)077e+" 3e*et= e78>(*i )*em0+8e-, mint #?+&i%t$-$)$- )*int0n ta7/ai

4966a>en2 i* m*V !!45" ." T$%$)* a/(n+at(t me7em+'ti E%n$u+, 45" ."497

In D*)ua/%, %i7>t -ia&", 59" ."498a ;$nte2 i* m* G45" .", .a))im" ()& e m II" -?t" 9949M", A forduat = N)r ad2.n feemekedése,va+amint Az iszám diadaa = Hattn szar%ai c" %0)*e-"

!

v$+ta- a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7na-, a-(%c)a- a* $%)*(7an #?+&&e+ %en&e+-e*= e780 -?4*?))07e-, .+" a ve+enceie- 0) a 7en$vaia-" ;e7>'v>att(- a '%<)(7a a Je%u*)(+ementa%t<*-$&< #$nt$) ven&07e-et i), >a(% =- nem ve>ette- %0)*t a mun-(-an, 0) )*a4va*ati /$77a+ )em %en&e+-e*te-"!!

A +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 a+a.vet=en t?%v0n8)*0- v$+t" ;int i+8enne-, -0t #= #e+a&atav$+t" E+=)*?% i) me7 -e++ett >at(%$*nia, >$78 me+8i- t?%v0n8 v$nat-$*i- e78 -$n-%0te)et%e" E* ann8it /e+ent, >$78 t? v$+t, mint t?%v0n8>$*< te)t1+et, mive+ a* a))i)e e+4m0+eten .u)*t(n a t?%v0n8 -i>i%&et0)0t, &e va+</(an e78Ctta+ /$7a+-$t()t i) /e+en4tett" ;()$&)$%an a**a+ #$7+a+-$*$tt a '%<)(7, >$78 e+'t0+te v0t-e)ne- ta+(+t ta7/ait,0) me7>a++7atta, >$78 mi+8en v(&a-at >$*na- #e+ a ta7$- e78m() e++en" A* e78en%an47C u%a- -?*?tti '%()-$&() a #%an- )*$-()/$7 +0n8e7e) a+-$t<e+eme v$+t, a -i%(+8 at?i i%t$-$) -?*?tt a .%imu) inte% .a%e) .$*'ci</(an v$+t, = v$+t a* e+n?-1-, &enem v$+t a* u%u-" Enne- a* v$+t a* e+m0+eti a+a./a, >$78 a -i%(+8 nem e78e&1+ ><&'4t$tta me7 a -i%(+8)(7$t, >anem e78 c)$.$%t ve+e e78en%an7C C% t(%)a)(7(an, a-i-a*ut(n -i%(+8u--( v(+a)*t$tt(- =t" E* a* e+m0+et tette +e>et=v0, >$78 a '%<)(7 -i%(4+8$-at v(+a))*$n, ) a -i%(+8 -i)-$%C)(7a va78 #$7)(7a i&e/0%e %07en)t va78 "aiit ne4ve**en -i" A '%<)(7 v0+em0n80t -i-0%t0- a #$nt$) .$+iti-ai -0%&0)e-en i), ami )*intee+-e%1+>etet+en +0.0) v$+t, >i)*en va*a++u)ai e781ttm-?&0)e n0+-1+ a -i%(+8 nem +ettv$+na -0.e) me7va+<)'tani .$+iti-(/(t" MM4an Ama+%i- .$+iti-(/(na- %0)*e-0nt a+e7#= '%<)(7$t -i=v'tett0- a* Cn" arri9re4va*a++u)$--a+V Ama+%i- u78ani) '78 a-a%tt(ma)*t )*e%e*ni a -$%$n(na- a +e7#= va*a++u)$- %$v()(%a" M4en Ama+%i- -0n84)*e%'tette a '%<)(7$t, >$78 %en&e+ette+ te78e +e>et=v0, >$78 a va*a++u)$- va*a++u)ai.ana)*t te>e))ene- a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7$n >0%u%u- e++en" Ha a me7i&0*ett nem /e4+ent me7, va*a++u)ai a -$%$na #enn>at<)(7a a+( -e%1+>ette-" J<++e>et a t?%v0n8 >a)*4n$) #e78ve% v$+t a -i%(+8 -e*0en a neme)e--e+ )*emen, >$))*C t(v$n c)a- a '%<)(7>ata+m(t n?ve+te, 0) #e+ +e>etett >a)*n(+ni a -i%(+8 e++en i)" 78 tu&/u-, >$78 a '%<)(77$n&$)an 0) +e+-ii)me%ete)en vi*)7(+ta -i a* 178e-et, >a(% a .e%e) 178e- e+&?nt0)04%e e+#$7a&ta a .(%via&a+t i)" A '%<)(7na- nem v$+t (++an&< )*0->e+8e, a -i%(+8 (%4me+8 a+-a+ma) >e+8%e ?))*e>'v>atta" A* e+)= -i%(+8)(7 i&e/0n e* a >e+8 (+ta+(an Je%u4*)(+em va78 A--$n v$+t" A neme)e- ann8i%a %0)*t a-a%ta- venni a '%<)(7 mun-(/(4an, >$78 e+>an8a7$+t(- i%t$-ai-at, 0) e -0t v(%$) va+ame+8i-0en te+e.e&te- +e" 9

Hata+mu-at, ame+8et, mint -$++e-t'v te)t1+et 0+ve*>ette- v$+na, 78en7'tett0- )*1nte4+en vit(i- 0) c)a+(&i vi)*(+8ai-, 0) a* i&= mC+()(va+ a >e+8*etet c)a- t$v( $n8$+'4t$tta, >$78 a >(*a))(7i -?te+0-e- %0v0n )*inte min&e78i- neme)i c)a+(& %$-$n)(7an(++t e78m())a+"

A* e78en%an7C u%a- -?*?tti '%()-$&() e+ve #e+t0te+e*te, >$78 a nem neme)i )*(%4ma*()C #%ante+e.e)e-ne- me7v$+t a ma7u- /ours de "ourgeois4/a, .$+7(%i '%<)(7a";in&en na78$ v(%$)an v$+t i+8en '%<)(7" E+n?-e min&i7 a v(%$) %i/omte4/a v$+t"Ti*en-0t e)-1&t a+-$t$tt e78 '%<)(7$t, a-i-et a* u%a)(7 v(+a)*t$tt -i )*aa&$n )*1+e4tett, +atin a+attva+atta- -?*1+1- e78et4e78et" Een a* e)eten a v0&=-0nt m-?&= e)-1&tnem vett %0)*t a* 't0+et me7>$*ata+(an" E)-1&te-ne- -e++ett tanC-0nt )*e%e.e+ni1- a'%<)(7 (+ta+ -ia&$tt $-m(n8$-$n i)" A +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 78a-$%+at(va+ e++ent0ten

499

>o* G4" ."500>o* M45" ." U)*(ma i&0* .0+&(-at, ami-$% a .e%t .(%a//a+ va78 v'*.%<(va+ &?nt?tt0- e+"Hitti -ia&" M4M!" ."

!

a* e+/(%()$- i%atait i7en 7$n&$)an ve*ett0-" A .$+7(%i '%<)(7 %en&)*e%e)en >0t#=n,)*e%&(n 0) .0nte-en 1+0)e*ett, a* 1nne.na.$- -iv0te+0ve+" Ha neme) 0) .$+7(% -?4*?tt t(ma&t n0*ete+t0%0), a* 178 a .$+7(%i '%<)(7%a ta%t$*$tt" A .$+7(%i '%<)(7 e+#$47a&ta a .(%via&a+t 0) a v'*.%<(t, mint i)ten't0+etet"9

A >e+8i -?*?))07e-ne- a -i)e 178e- int0*0)0%e -e*&eten me7v$+ta- a )a/(t '4%<)(7ai-, ame+8e-en a* =%7%<# (+ta+ -ineve*ett >e+8i ve*et= e+n?-?+t, 0) a >e+8i )*$4-()/$7$t a+-a+ma*t(-" I" Ama+%i- u%a+ma a+att a*$nan +0t%e/?tt a Cour de a <onde,ame+8 /e+en v$+t a >a%minc>(%$m +e7/e+ent=)e, .iac$t ta%t< v(%$)an" E* a '%<)(7-e%e)-e&e+mi -0%&0)e-en &?nt?tt, 0) min&en $+8an e)ette+ #$7+a+-$*$tt, e+e0%tve an178e-et i), ame+8 a >e+8i +a-$))(7$t 0%intette" A '%<)(7 0+0n >e+8i u%a)(7 (+ta+ -i4neve*ett ai++i, >at e)-1&t #%an- 0) n078 >e+8e+i (++t" A >e+8e+i .e%e) #e+e- va++()u-)*ent -?n8v0%e tett0- +e a* e)-1t" A mu)*+im$- >a)*n(+>att(- a K$%(nt, 0) a mu)*+im+(t$7at<- 78a-%an me7c)$&(+t(- a* i7a*)(7$) e+/(%()$-at" A Cour de a <onde e/e784*ett min&en nem in7at+anna+ -a.c)$+at$) e+a&()t 0) a/(n&0-$*()t, t$v(( v$+t e78>ivata+, me+8 a -e%e)-e&e+mi a&<-at 78/t?tte e" A* 't0+ete- e++en a .$+7(%i '%<)(74>$* +e>etett #e++ee*ni, a Cour de a <onde (+ta+(an a .$+7(%i '%<)(7 e+/(%()ait a+-a+4ma*ta" Ama+%i- +0t%e>$*$tt min&en ten7e%.a%ti v(%$)an e78 Cour de a Chaine4t i),e*e- #e+a&ata a >a/<*())a+ -a.c)$+at$) 178e- int0*0)e, a v(mt0te+e- 0) a -i-?t=i &'/a-#e+/e78*0)e v$+t" A* e)-1&te- a -e%e)-e&=- 0) a ten7e%0)*e- -?*1+ -e%1+te- -i" A*$+a)* 0) .%$vence4i -e%e)-e&=te+e.e-ne- .e&i7 e+)= 178ei- %en&e*0)0%e me7v$+t ama7u- -$n*u+i '%<)(7a" A +e7#$nt$)a #eu&(+i) u%a-na- (%$++$va7i %an7C va*a++u)ai- 178eit vitatt(- me7" Hu)*$n-0t i+8en '%<)(7 v$+t, 0) n078>a)$n+< m-?&?tt a -i%(+8 i%t$-ain" A )*(mta+an '%<)(7 min&e78i-0ne- vi+(7$)anme7>at(%$*$tt >at()-?%e v$+t" Ha a .e%e) #e+e- nem v$+ta- e78en%an7Ca-, min&i7 a*a+)< %an7C )*em0+8 )*(m(%a i++et0-e) '%<)(7 e+0 -e%1+t a* 178"9

A -?*0.-$%i /$7#e+#$7() )*e%int c)a- a--$% v$+t )*1-)07 ).eci(+i) t?%v0n8e-%e, >ae78 -$n-%0t e)etet -e++ett me7vi+(7'tani, 0) e*0%t a -$%m(n8*at t?%v0n8>$*< tev04-en8)07e )*e)*0+8e)ne- 0) ?n-0n8e)ne- tn>et" A QIII" )*(*a&i Assises de 6erusaem'%()a #$7+a+t t?%v0n8ei=+ >at va+<)*'n+e7 L$tt#%ie& >e%ce7 i&e/0=+ va+<, a t?i ti4*en-i+enc F me+8e-=+ ti*ene78et +e>et na78/(<+ &at(+ni F a* G4i7 te%/e&= i&=)*a-4<+ )*(%ma*i-"95

A -?*i7a*7at()t a -i%(+8i u&va% +e7#= ti)*tvi)e+=i int0*t0-, a-i-et a -i%(+8)(7 +e74na78$ i%t$-$)ai -?*1+ v(+a)*t$tta-" A #$nt$))(7i )$%%en&en a* e+)= >e+8en a )04n0c>a+ u&va%me)te% va78 $%)*(7'%< (++t" i%(n8't$tta a )*e%ta%t()$-at, e=+ a&<4&<an = vitte a /$7a%t a -i%(+8 e+=tt a -$%$n(*() a+-a+m(va+, 0) = v$+t a ti)*tvi)e+=- ve4*et=/e" v$+t a -inc)t(%, se/r9te ve*et=/eV e* v$+t a* a* i%$&a, a>$va a -$%$n(na- /(%<.0n*e- e#$+8ta-, 0) e=+ #e&e*t0- a #i*et0)e-et, ) e* a >ivata+ -?n8ve+te a -$%m(n8.0n*178+eteit" A se/r9te na78$n +a*(n )*e%ve*ett >ivata+ v$+t, a #%an-$- a* a%a$-t<+?%?-?+t0-, a*$- .e&i7 anna- i&e/0n a i*(ncia-t<+" A )0n0c>a+t %an7an a c$nn0ta+e

501a ;$nte2 i* m*, 94G" ."502>o* G4!" ."503L%an&c+au&e2 i* m*, 5" )--" .", me7a&/a a* !!4G -?*0 &at(+>at< a))i)e4- +i)t(/(t" Hat$t

L$tt#%ie& u%a+-$&()(na- i&e/0%e te)*, ti*ene78et I" Ba+&uint<+ I3" Ba+&uini7 >a(% a* e78i-%=+, ame+8e+%en&e+i, >$78 e+ -e++ a&ni a* ?%?-?) n0+-1+i i%t$-$-at, 0) a<+ -e++ #i*etni a -i%(+80%t /(%< v(+t)(7&'4

/at, a*t ta%t/a, >$78 a* Lui&$ Hatt'n ut(ni #$7)(7a i&e/0=+ va+<" 3$nat-$*>at a*$nan III" Ba+&uin #$74)(7(%a i)" 3an n8$+c $+8an >at(%$*at, ame+8ne- nem +e>et .$nt$)an me7>at(%$*ni a -e+et-e*0)i i&=4.$nt/(t"

!

-?vette, a-ine- a t0n8+e7e) >ata+ma a*$nan me7>a+a&ta a* u&va%me)te%0t" A -i%(+8ut(n = v$+t a >a&)e%e7 #e/e, = #e+e+t a )e%e7 )*e%ve*0)00%t 0) i%(n8't()(0%t" K$%$n(*()4-$% a -i%(+8i *()*+<t vitte, 0) = ta%t$tta a -i%(+8 +$v(na- *a+(/(t, e* v$+t a* e78i- -i4v(+t)(7a" A )e%e7 e++(t()(0%t 0) a -at$nai i7a*)(7)*$+7(+tat()0%t i) #e+e+=) v$+t" J$7>a4t<)(7a a+( ta%t$*ta- a -i%(+8 va78 a* u%a- (+ta+ #e+0%e+t *)$+&$)$-, = 7$n&$)-$&$tt*)$+&/u- %en&)*e%e) #$+8<)'t()(%<+" Ha a -i%(+8 va78 a an-/a nem vett %0)*t a >a&/(4%atan, a >a&/(%at )i-e%00%t a te+/e) #e+e+=))07 a c$nn0ta+e4%a >(%u+t" ;un-(/(an ama%)a++ )e7'tette, a-i (+ta+(n$) >e+8ette)e v$+t" A -ama%() a -i%(+8 >(*ta%t()(va+ 0).0n*178eive+ t?%=&?tt" nne.e-en = v$+t a -i%(+8 me++ett a* e+)= )*$+7(+attev=" E* na478$n /?ve&e+me*= (++() v$+t, me%t a -i%(+8>$* >)07e)-1%e 0%-e*=-t=+ e+v(%t(-, >$78a -ama%()na- i) vi78ene- a/(n&0-$t" A >ivata++a+ #?+& i) /(%t, &e !4en Be++e)me J(4n$) -ama%() e+a&ta a -ama%()i #?+&e-et, amive+ e78(+ta+(n nem )0%tette me7 a -i%(+8t"Nem i)me%/1- a .$>(%n$-me)te% #un-ci</(t, va+<)*'n+e7 c)a- a ce%em<ni(- )$%(nv$+t tenniva+</a" A -ance++(% itt i), 0..C78, mint n8u7at$n, min&i7 e78>(*i )*em0+8v$+t, >a(% F a n8u7ati )*$-()$--a+ e++ent0ten F Je%u*)(+emen nem a -i%(+8 -(.+(n4

/a t?+t?tte e e*t a ti)*tet" ;int a -ance++(%ia ve*et=/0ne- a* v$+t a #e+a&ata, >$78 me74)*e%-e))*e, i-ta))a 0) a -i%(+8i .ec)0tte+ +e.ec)0te+/e a* $-+eve+e-et" A -ance++(%i(na-e* v$+t a #= #e+a&ata" ;ive+ nem v$+t -i%(+8i i7a*)(7)*$+7(+tat() 0) a )*$-()/$7 )emm-?&?tt, nem -e++ett i&0*0)e-et )*0t-1+&enie, va78 u&va%i '%<)(7$t ?))*e>'vnia"78 tni-, %en&e)en ve*ett0- a n8i+v(nta%t()$-at, (% c)a- na78$n -ev0) ma%a&t#enn" A QII" )*(*a&an a -ance++(%ia a +atin n8e+vet >a)*n(+ta" A -e+te*0) Ann$ D$mi4niva+ 0) a %<mai in&i-ci<va+ t?%t0nt, ame+8>e* n0>a >$**(tett0- a* u%a+-$&() 0v0tva78 a Je%u*)(+em ev0te+0t=+ )*(m't$tt 0ve-et" A* C/ e)*ten&= -a%(c)$n8-$% -e*&=4&?tt" I" Ba+&uint<+ -e*&ve a -i%(+8$-, te-intet n0+-1+ nev1-%e )*(m$-at vi)e+te-" 6'4m1- e+einte nem -?vetett me7>at(%$*$tt #$%mu+(t, i&=ve+ a*$nan -ia+a-u+t a W.e%Dei 7%atiam in )ancta civitate Je%u)a+em atin$%um Re"X9

A >e+8i ti)*t)07vi)e+=- -?*?tt a vic$mte v$+t a +e7ma7a)a %an7C, a-i a -i%(+8t-0.vi)e+te a -i%(+8i v(%$)$-an, mint a>$78an a #?+&e)C% a (%e+8i a&<-at, 0) -1+&te e+ a -inc)t(%a, miut(n +ev$nta e+=+e a >e+8i -$%m(n84*()>$* )*1-)07e) ?))*e7et" :e+e+=) v$+t a >e+8i '%<)(7$-0%t 0) a v(%$) (+ta+(n$) %en&4

/00%t" Neme)i c)a+(&<+ v(+a)*t$tt(- -i, &e ti)*te nem v$+t ?%?-+ete)" He+8ette)e a%a)*<va+ a mu>ta)*i va78 %it-(an >a)*n(+t )*<va+ #=)e%7ent, a-i e%e&eti+e7 a .iaci)*a(+8*at$- eta%t()(0%t #e+e+t"99

Je%u*)(+em -i%(+8a /$7$t #$%m(+t ma7(na- a #enn>at<)(7%a min&en -e+eti #%an- (+4+am #?+?tt, 0) C78 7$n&$+ta, >$78 me7-?vete+>eti a t?i u%a+-$&<t<+, >$78 >a&/(%a4taia c)a.at$-at -1+&/ene-" E* a >ata+$m a va+<)(7an a*$nan c)a- a--$% +0te*ett,>a a -i%(+8 -e++=en e%=) v$+t, >$78 78a-$%$+/a, &e Anti<->ia 0) T%i.$+i)* m07 e+m0+e4ti+e7 )em ta%t$*$tt a -i%(+8)(7>$*" A* e+)= u%a+-$&<- me7)*e%e*t0- a T%i.$+i)* #e+etti)*em0+8e) #enn>at<)(7$t" Be%t%an& 7%<# !4en >)07e)-1t tett I" Ba+&uinna- a i%4t$-ai0%t" P$n) 7%<# 4en me7.%<(+-$*$tt a**a+, >$78 ne v(+/0- II" Ba+&uin va*a+4+u)(v(, &e v071+ )a/(t +e7#= '%<)(7a -0n8)*e%'tette e%%e a +0.0)%e" 54en nemen7e&te (t :u+-< -i%(+8t a i%t$-ain, &e a -i%(+8 me71ntette, ) i)m0t a%%a -0n8)*e4%1+t, >$78 me7a&/a ma7(t" M 0) -?*?tt Ama+%i- -i%(+8 v$+t T%i.$+i)* %07en)e a78e%me- III" Ra/mun& nev0en, e%%e a*$nan va+<)*'n+e7 a*0%t -e%1+t )$%, me%t =

504a ;$nte2 i* m*, 45" ., a* (++ami ti)*tvi)e+=- #un-ci<ina- +e7/$ ?))*e#$7+a+()a"505>o*, 5945M", M4MG" ."

!5

v$+t a #iC +e7-?*e+ei #0%#i%$-$na, 0) nem a*0%t, me%t = v$+t a v(%$) >0%u%a" III"Ra/mun& #e+n=tt-0nt )$>a)em i)me%te e+ a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8 #enn>at<)(7(t, >a(% a-i%(+8 va*a++u)a v$+t, me%t a #e+e)0700 v$+t a La+i+eai He%ce7)07" A* G" 0vi >a&/(%ata+att, ame+8en, mint La+i+ea >e%ce7e vett %0)*t, 7%<#)(7a, T%i.$+i)* )em+e7e)ne- n8i+4v(n't$tta ma7(t" A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8$-na- )*em0+8e) -a.c)$+atai- v$+ta- a*E&e))*ai L%<#)(77a+" Ami-$% I" Ba+&uin -ineve*te $&a a ma7a >e+80e a -0)=i II"Ba+&uint, me7-?vete+te t=+e a >0%i e)-1t" II" Ba+&uin -?vette e*t a .0+&(t, ami-$%6$u%tena84i J$)ce+int eme+te a )a/(t >e+80%e" J$)ce+in -0)= a* anti<->iai >e%ce7et i)e+i)me%te >0%u%(u+" Anti<->i(an m() v$+t a >e+8*et" I" B$emun& )en-it )em i)me%te+ ma7a #e+ett, mi-0nt a -0t %07en), Tan-%0& 0) R$7e% )em, a-i-et a >e%ce7)07 +e7#e+4)= '%<)(7a neve*ett -i" II" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 ! 0) M -?*?tt a* i#/C B$emun& >e%4ce7 %07en)e v$+t, &e ta+(n nem a >0%C% /$7(n, >anem me%t a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 #e+4-0%te =t e%%e" 54en i)m0t #e+-0%t0-, e--$% e78 $--a+ t? v$+t a%%a, >$78 = +e78ena %07en), >i)*en = v$+t a* i#/C K$n)tancia >e%ce7n= na78a./a, ) a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7)*e%int a >e%ce7n= 0%&e-eit ve)*0+8e*tette an8/(na-, A+i*na- a .$+iti-(/a" II" Ba+&uin>a+(+a ut(n, ami-$% A+i* i)m0t -')0%+etet tett a >ata+$m me7)*e%*0)0%e, a '%<)(7 :u+4-< -i%(+8t -0%te #e+ a %07en)i )*e%e.%e" De a -i%(+8 e*Ctta+ i) a* i#/C >e%ce7n= +e7-?*e4+ei #0%#i%$-$na v$+t, a na78n0n/e #0%/e" Ha a--$% 0+t v$+na -e+eten a* A+tavi++a c)a4+(&na- #0%#ita7/a, =t v(+a)*t$tt(- v$+na %07en)ne-" Ha)$n+<-0..en, ami-$% a -i%(+8#0%/et -e%e)ett a >e%ce7n=ne-, nem u%a+-$&anem a +e7#e+)='%<)(7 -0%0)0%e"

II" Ba+&uin a #%ancia -i%(+8t -0%te me7, >$78 ta+(+/$n #0%/et ?%?-?)0ne-, ;e+i)en&(4na+ &e e**e+ e78(+ta+(n nem a*t )u7a++ta, >$78 e+#$7a&/a a #%ancia -$%$na #enn>at<)(47(t" Ami-$% K$n)tanci(na- m()$&)*$% i) #0%/>e* -e++ett mennie, u%a+-$&< >e%ce7n=4-0nt m(% ma7a &?nt?tt" III" Ba+&uin en7e&0+80t a*0%t -0%te a >(*a))(7u->$*, me%t a-iv(+a)*t$tt #0%/, Ra/na+&, III" Ba+&uin a+attva+</a v$+t" M4an a* anti<->iaia- #e+-0%4t0- II" Ba+&uint, >$78 v(++a+/a e+ a %07en))07et, &e e--$% i) a -i%(+8 v$+t i#/C >e%ce71-+e7-?*e+ei #0%#i%$-$na" A t?%v0n8e) >e+8*etet )$>a )en-i )em ti)*t(*ta te+/e)en" A*anti<->iai >e%ce7 va+<)*'n+e7 C78 te-intett a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8%a, mint n(+a /e+ent=4)e, &e nem ma7a)a %an7C u%a+-$&<%a"9M

Anti<->ia -$%m(n8*ati %en&)*e%e i) e+t0%t T%i.$+i)*0t<+ 0) E&e))*(0t<+" A* e&e))*ai-$%m(n8*at%<+ c)a- -eve)et tu&un-" A 7%<#$- (+ta+ -i$c)(t$tt i%at$- e+ve)*te-" 3a+<4)*'n+e7 a #eu&(+i) na78u%a->$* >a)$n+<an, a* anti<->iai 7%<# u&va%ta%t()a i) va*a+4+u)ai<+ -e%1+t -i, &e mive+ a 7%<#)(7 a -e%e)*t0n8)07 v07vi&0-e v$+t, a+-$tm(n8$)#e/+=&0)e me7%e-e&t" E&e))*a +e7in-( a -?%n8e*= t?%?- emi%(tu)$- m<&/(n 0+t" Ke4v0) v$+t a #%ante+e.e), 0) -ev0) v$+t a na78i%t$-" A 7%<# a i*(nci %en&)*e%en #e+4n=tt, ?%m0n8 ti)*t)07vi)e+=it=+ #177?tt" A )*1nte+en >($%C*() .e&i7 a%%a -0n8)*e%'4tette, >$78 )$--a+ in-( a te-int0+8e+v%e t(ma)*-$&/0-, mint a 0-0)e #?+&e-en e+4te%1+= $%)*(7$- u%a+-$&<i" A t%i.$+i)*i 7%<#)(7 a+-$tm(n8a a /e%u*)(+emi>e* >a)$n+<+e>etett" 3$+t +e7#e+)= '%<)(7a, 0) a 7%<# -e*0t me7-?t?tt0- a '%<)(7 int0*-e&0)ei"6'me a*$nan ?%?-+ete) v$+t, nem v(+a)*t$tt(-, ) a t%i.$+i)*i 7%<# )*em0+8e) i%t$-ai)$--a+ na78$a- v$+ta- (%me+8 va*a++u)a i%t$-ain(+" E784-0t )C+8$)a .$+iti-ai178t=+ e+te-intve F mint .0+&(u+, ami-$% P$n) )*eme)*(++t a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(++8a+ F,a 7%<#nanem )$- a/a v$+t a (%<iva+, a-i- D*)aai+ 7en$vai u%ait -iv0ve =)ei t$u4

506a ;$nte2 i* m*, G4" ." ()& m07 6$>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 5M45" ." II" B$emun& I" Ama+%i-va*a++u)ai v$+ta- e78 a--$ni i%t$- #e/0en"

!

+$u)e4i a+attva+<ina- +e)*(%ma*$ttai v$+ta-" A* u&va% +e7#= ti)*t)07vi)e+=i a Je%u4*)(+emen >a)*n(+at$) c'me-et vi)e+t0-" A v(%$)$-at i) vic$mte4$- i7a*7att(-"9

Anti<->ia >e%ce7)070en a* int0*m0n8e- e+)= +(t()%a >a)$n+'t$tta- a /e%u*)(+emi4e-%e" 3$+t +e7#= '%<)(7, .$+7(%i '%<)(7, v$+ta- ma7a) ti)*t)07vi)e+=-" Anti<->i(4na- i) me7v$+ta- a ma7a assise4ei t?%v0n8ei, ame+8e- a /e%u*)(+emi n$%m(->$* ta%4t$tt(- ma7u-at" A #e+)*'ni >a)$n+<)(7 a*$nan )*(m$) e+t0%0)t ta-a%t" A >e%ce7i c'm?%?-+ete) v$+t, a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 c)a- %07en)t neve*>etett -i )*1-)07 e)et0n" A >e%4ce7 -0*en ta%t$tta a #= v(%$)$- -$%m(n8*()(t 0) a +e7t? #?+&et i), me+8=+ a >a4t(%vi&0-e- i%t$-ait +e)*(m'tva c)a- na78$n <vat$)an a&$m(n8$*$tt" S*'ve)eena&$m(n8$*ta i%t$-$- /?ve&e+meit" 3a+<)*'n+e7 a >e%ce7 (+ta+ -ineve*ett e)-1&te-1+te- a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7an, 0) )*em0+8e) -0.vi)e+=i e++en=%i*t0- a .$+7(%$- '%<)(47(t i)" A v(%$)$- 0) a >e%ce7i i%t$-$- i7a*7at()(t a >e%ce7 a i*(ncia- >at0-$n8 >i4vata+i %en&)*e%0t 0) me7#$nt$+t a&<)*e&0)i m<&)*e%eit (tv0ve )*e%ve*te me7" Anti<4->ia, ata-ia 0) D*)aa+a 0+0n e784e78 ve*et= (++t, a-i te+/e) m0%t0-en #e+e+=) v$+t av(%$)0%t" A >e%ce7 neve*te -i, 0) $c)(t$tta e+ =-et -e&ve )*e%int, &e >ivata+i i&e/1-a+att, C78 tni-, a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 ta7/ai v$+ta-" ata-ia 0) D*)aa+a ve*et=/e 78a-4%an a >e+8e+ie- -?*1+ -e%1+t -i" Anti<->ia #e/e e+=-e+= #%an- neme) v$+t, &e a )e7't)0470%e %en&e+t vic$mte >e+8e+i i) +e>etett" A* anti<->iai >e%ce7e-, it(+iai %$-$nai->$*>a)$n+<an, a neme))077e+ )*emen a >e+8i ti)*t)07vi)e+=-%e t(ma)*-$&ta-, a-i-ne- a)$%)a te+/e)en a* u%a+-$&< -e780t=+ #177?tt" Anti<->i(an #ennma%a&t a i*(nci i&=-7?%?7, )*'% 0) ?%m0n8 )*(%ma*()C i)-$+(*$tt >e+8i n0.e))07e" A +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 e+4+en=%*0)0t e)-1&te- -ineve*0)0ve+ i*t$)'t$tt(-, a-i- 0..C78, mint a .$+7(%i '%<)(47$- e)et0en, a*0%t vette- %0)*t a tan(c)-$*()$-$n, >$78 a ti)*t(n /$7i -0%&0)e-en&?nt)ene-" A >e%ce7e- ?%?-?+t0- a i*(nci a&<-i)*a()i 0) e78/t0)i %en&)*e%t"!e/r9te4/1-ne- me7v$+t a ma7a a&mini)*t%(ci</a 0) nem #177?tt a >e+8i '%<)(7$- /?4ve&e+m0t=+, mint Je%u*)(+emen" A >e%ce7e- .$+iti-(/u- -ia+a-'t()(an nem )$-at t?4%=&te- a +e7#e+)= '%<)(77a+" - -?t?tt0- a* e78e*m0n8e-et a -1+#?+&i >ata+ma-4-a+" A* e70)* >e%ce7)07 )*e%ve*ete >at0-$n8a 0) ?))*e#$7$tta v$+t, mint a t?i#%an- (++ama+a-u+at0" Ha nem +ette- v$+na a )*1nte+en >($%C-, >a i&=n-0nt neme)ett v$+na #$7)(7a a* u%a+-$&<, va78 nem -i)-$%C%a )*(++t v$+na a t%<n, ) >a a n$%4mann &ina)*ti(t nem v(+t$tta v$+na #e+ e78 #%ancia, Anti<->i(an $+8an >at0-$n8-$%m(n8*at a+a-u+>at$tt v$+na -i, mint S*ic'+i(an"9G

Anti<->ia -1+?n+e7e) >e+8*et0t m07 in-( -i>an7)C+8$*ta -iv0te+e) -a.c)$+ata ai*(nci c)()*(%%a+" A i*(nci #e+#$7() )*e%int a c)()*(% v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8 -?*?))07 #e/e"Ha(% a c)()*(% )$>a)em .%<(+ta me7 e+i)me%tetni #enn>at<)(7(t a n8u7ati u%a+-$4&<--a+, a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07et a )a/(t >at()-?%0e ta%t$*<nate-intette" A -a+i#(tu)4an 0+= $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8e- a c)()*(% v0&e+me a+att (++ta-, ) e*t a mu)*+im$- i) e+i)4me%t0-" A #%an- ><&'t() miatt a c)()*(%nanem (++t )*(n&0-(an, >$78 me7v(+/$nett=+ a -?te+e*ett)070t=+" De v$+ta- -1+?n)07e- e78%0)*t Anti<->ia 0) E&e))*a, m()4%0)*t Je%u*)(+em 0) T%i.$+i)* -?*?tt" A -0t utete&i- )*(*a& <tanem ta%t$*$tt a i*(nci i%$&a+$m>$*, &e a -0t e+)= m07 I" A+ei$)* 0+et0en i) a i4*(nci c)()*(%)(7 .%$vinci(/a v$+t" Ami-$% A+ei$)* %(vette a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atve*et=it, >$78 e)-1&/ene- ne-i >)07et, -1+?n)07et tett a* e78-$%i c)()*(%i te%1+e4te-, ami+8en Anti<->ia i) v$+t 0) a t$v(i ><&'t()$- -?*?tt" A* e+=*=-et (t -e++ett

507a ;$nte2 i* m*, i* h*V Ric>a%&2 Le Comté de +ripoi, 545" ."5086a>en2 i* m*V 59" )--" .", te+/e) -?% e)*(m$+< a* anti<->iai a+-$tm(n8%<+ 0) anna- #e/+=&0)0%=+"

!9

v$+na a&niu- ne-i, a* ut<ia--a+ -a.c)$+atan c)a- .$nt$)aan me7 nem >at(%$4*$tt #enn>at<)(7%a ta%t$tt i70n8t" A -e%e)*te)e- nem ta%t$tt(- e e)-1/1-et, ) A+ei4$)* nem v$+t aan a >e+8*eten, >$78 e%=ve+ 0%v0n8e)'t>ette v$+na a-a%at(t" A i4*(nci .$+iti-a min&i7 %ea+i)ta v$+t" Ami-$% A+ei$)* 78=*e+met a%at$tt B$emun& #e4+ett, -?vete+0)eit i) m<&$)'t$tta" A Dev$++i4e78e*m0nn8e+ +e>et=v0 tette, >$78 a n$%4mann &ina)*tia u%a+-$&/0- Anti<->i(an, &e c)a-, mint a c)()*(% va*a++u)a, 0) i*$4n8$) i*t$)'t0-$-at i) me7-?vete+t, .0+&(u+ >$78 7?%?7 eme% +e78en a* anti<->iai.(t%i(%-a" E* a* e78e*m0n8 v$+t a i*(nci -?vete+0)e- a+a./a, &e a #%an-$- a* e70)*4%=+ nem vette- tu&$m()t" A #%an- -?*v0+em0n8 a*t ta%t$tta, >$78 B$emun& va+<annem (nt ti)*te))07e)en a c)()*(%%a+, &e a c)()*(% a**a+, >$78 nem uta*$tt $&a )*e4m0+8e)en, e+/(t)*$tta /$7ait" Ha )*em0+8e)en me7/e+ent, a /$7ait i) e+i)me%t0-" E%%e:u+-< -i%(+8 5" 0vi e)et0=+ -?vet-e*tet>et1n-2 #enn>at<)(7(t a--$% i)me%t0- e+

/$7i+a7 me7a+a.$*$ttna-, ami-$% m(% aan a >e+8*eten v$+t, >$78 e%=ve+ i) #e++0.4 /en" Ha nem '78 tett v$+na, ta+(n nem vett0- v$+na #i78e+eme t%<ni70n80t" N0>(n8a+-a+$mma+ C78 te-intette- a c)()*(%%a, mint >0%u%u-%a, .0+&(u+ ami-$% K$n)tan4cia >e%ce7n= ;anu0+t -0%te me7, >$78 ta+(+/$n #0%/et )*(m(%a" De mive+ ;anu0+ v(4+a)*t$tt/a nem n8e%te e+ a tet)*0)0t, K$n)tancia nem i) t?%=&?tt t?0 a c)()*(%%a+" Ac)()*(%i #enn>at<)(7 te>(t i*$n8ta+an 0) e+vi)e+>et= v$+t, &e a* anti<->iai >e%ce7e-0) t?%v0n8tu&<)$- nem na78$n ?%1+tene-i2 e* a #enn>at<)(7 a* u%a+-$&< )*uve%e4nit()(t .$tenci(+i)an -$%+(t$*ta"

E&e))*a 7%<#/a 54en e+i)me%te a c)()*(%i #enn>at<)(7$t, &e E&e))*a me))*e#e-1&t a i*(nci >at(%t<+, 0) a &$+$7 nem i) v$+t $+8an na78 /e+ent=)07" A #%an- -?*4v0+em0n8 >e+8e)e+te, ami-$% 94en a* e&e))*ai 7%<#n0 a ma%a&0- e&e))*ai #?+&e4-et e+a&ta a c)()*(%na-, &e c)a- a*0%t, me%t m(% nem tu&t(- me7v0&eni a mu)*+i4m$-t<+ e*e-et a te%1+ete-et" T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& -0)*)077e+ e+i)me%te +e7#= >0%4u%(u+ a c)()*(%t, 0) #ia, Be%t%an& !4en >0%e)-1t tett A+ei$)*na- /?ven&= 7%<#4)(7(0%t" II" Ra/mun&, 54en me7i)m0te+te a >)07e)-1t J(n$) c)()*(% e+=tt" III" Ra/4mun&, n$>a 94en Bi*(nc%a t(ma&t, M54an m07i) )e7't)07et -a.$tt a i*(ncia-4t<+" ;anu0+ e**e+ a 7e)*tu))a+ ta+(n 0.. +e7#= >0%C%i v$+t(t a-a%ta me7mutatni"A* i) +e>et a*$nan, >$78 a >0%i e)-1 c)a- T$%t$)*(%a 0) -?%n80-0%e v$nat-$*$tt,ame+8 >a78$m(n8$)an a* anti<->iai te%1+et>e* ta%t$*$tt, mint a +ata-iai thema %0)*e"

;07 enn0+ i) -ev0)0 v$+ta- ti)*t(*$tta- Bi*(nc 0) a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7 /$7i-a.c)$+atai" III" Ba+&uin 9G4an ><&$+t Anti<->i(an ;anu0+ c)()*(% e+=tt, ) Ama+4%i- F /<++e>et na78 ti)*te+eten (++< F va*a++u)-0nt +(t$7at$tt e+ 4en K$n)tantin(4.$+8a" ;in& Ba+&uin, min& Ama+%i- a Bi*(nc>$* #*=&= a%(ti vi)*$n8t .$+iti-(/aa+a.vet= e+em0ne- ta%t$tta, 0) enne- 0%&e-0en en7e&m0n8e-%e i) >a/+an&< v$+t" J$74tu&<)ai- a*$nan F a /e+e- )*e%int F e*t a >0%i a+(vetett)07et c)u.(n i&ei7+ene)me7$+&()nate-intett0-"9!

5096a>en2 i* m*, 545G" ., Anti<->ia 0) Bi*(nc -a.c)$+atai%<+" Ric>a%&2 i* m*, M45" .", T%i.$+i)* 0)

Bi*(nc -a.c)$+atai%<+" A -e%e)*te) (++am$-%a t(ma)*t$tt i*(nci i70n8e- -0%&0)0%=+ +()& a ;$nte2 T$>at etent a) t>e B8*antine Em.i%e t>e Su*e%ain $# t>e 6%u)a&in7 State)d, Byzantion, " -?t" ()&m07 e m II" -?t" A forduat = 0gyiptom %arázsa c" %0)*"

!M

Ha v$+t >0%u%a a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7na-, a* a .(.a v$+t" A* e+)= -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at te$-%ati-u) (++am me7a+a.'t()(0%t >a%c$+t Pa+e)*tin(an, ) >a A&>ema% nem>a+t v$+na me7, i*$n8$)an +0t%e i) /?tt v$+na e78 i+8en (++am)*e%ve*et" 3a+<)*'n+e7enne- a* e+-0.*e+0)ne- a* em+0-e ta%t$tta vi))*a L$tt#%ie&et att<+, >$78 e+#$7a&/a a-$%$n(t" Daime%t, A&>ema% ut<&a, $+8an (++am$t -0.*e+t e+, ame+8et a /e%u*)(+emi.(t%i(%-a ta%t e++en=%*0)e a+att" I" Ba+&uin #e++0.ett e* e++en, m07.e&i7 C78, >$78 me74-$%$n(*tatta ma7(t, 0) #e+>a)*n(+ta Daime%tne- a* e78>(*$n e+1+i e++en)07eit"N8i+v(nva+< v$+t, >$78 a .(.a)(7 )em >e+8e)e+te v$+na tC+)(7$)an e%=) /e%u*)(+emi.at%i(%-(tu)t, ame+8 -1+?n+e7e) >e+8*et0n0+ 0) e78%e 78a%a.$&< va78$n(n(+ #$7va F

a>$78an a*t Daime%t %em0+te i) F,e78)*e% c)a- R<ma -e+eti me7#e+e+=4

/0v0 n=>ette v$+na -i ma7(t" 78 a-i%(+8 -?nn8en -i/(t)*>atta a .(.(ta .(t%i(%-a e++en" A -i%(+8na- a >a478$m(n8$- )*e%int a -$%$n(*()-$%><&$+nia -e++ett a .(t%i(%-a e+=tt, &e-i%(+8i c'me me7e%=)'t0)0t a .(.(t<+-a.ta" A va*a++u))(7 a 78a-$%+atann0v+e7e) v$+t, 0) a+i7 v$+t -$m$4+8a ann(+ a >0%i >ata+$mn(+,ame+8et a ).an8$+ -i%(+8)(7 #e+ett78a-$%$+t a .(.a, m07i) >a)*n$)v$+t a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 )*(m(4%a, me%t a .(.(- #e+e+=)ne- 0%e*t0-ma7u-at a*0%t, >$78 ut(n.<t+()t 0)-at$n(-at -1+&/ene- a S*ent#?+&%e,0) )*1-)07 e)et0n me7a&/ana- a -i4%(+8)(7na- min&en &i.+$m(ciai )e47't)07et i)" A .(.a)(7$t a%%a i) #e+ +e4>etett >a)*n(+ni, >$78 #0-en ta%t)a a.at%i(%-(tu)t, ) va+ame+8e)t e++en4=%i*>e))0- a +$va7%en&e-et" ;()4%0)*%=+ a*$nan a .(.a i) t(m$7at4>atta a -i%(+8 e++en0en a +$va7%en4&e-et, 0) 78a-%an eavat-$*$tt,ami-$% a -i%(+8 i78e-e*ett me7#04

-e*ni a* $+a)* -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$-at"9

A -i%(+8)(7 e78>(*a a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a a+( v$+t %en&e+ve" A -e*&eti 7$n&$-ut(n, ame+8e-et Daime%t ec)v(78a $-$*$tt, a .(t%i(%-a 78a-$%+ati+a7 a -$%$na)*$+7(+at(an (++t" A S*ent)'% -(.ta+an/a v(+a)*t$tta me7" A -(.ta+an -0t )*em0+8t /e4+?+t, ) a -i%(+80 v$+t a v07)= &?nt0) /$7a" A .(t%i(%-a a+( ta%t$*$tt T1%$)*, Kai)*a%eia,N(*(%et 0) Ra$t4;$( 0%)e-e 0) -i+enc .1).?-, -i+enc mit%(va+ #e+%u>(*$tt a.(t 0)?t .e%/e+" N0>(n8 a.(t)(7 a*$nan -?*vet+en1+ a .(.a a+( ta%t$*$tt, 0..C78, mint a+$va7i %en&e-" A .a+e)*tinai e78>(* m0%>etet+en1+ 7a*&a7 v$+t #?+&e-en 0) .0n*/?4ve&e+me-en" A* e78>(*i ve*et=- (+ta+(an nem ma7u- v$nu+ta- >a%ca, >anem -a4

510a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, 54M" ."

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t$n(-at #$7a&ta- #e+" A .(t%i(%-a 0) a S*ent)'% -(.ta+an/a e78en-0nt ?t)*(* -at$n(t(++'t$tt -i, a et+e>emi .1).?- -0t)*(*at, a T1%$)*i 0%)e- )*(*?tvenet, a-(%c)a- a /$*a4#(te+i S** ;(%ia4a.(t)(7 va78 a Si$n4>e78i a.(t)(7" Bet(nia -$+$)t$%(0, ame+8et;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0 a >C7a )*(m(%a a+a.'t$tt, v$+t Je%i-<" De a .at%i(%-(tu) 0) t? >'4%e) a.(t)(7 >ata+ma) i%t$-$-at -a.$tt )*e%te N8u7at4Eu%<.(an, 0) a i%t$-$- /?ve4&e+m0t e+-1+&t0- Pa+e)*tin(a" A* e78>(*na- )a/(t '%<)(7ai v$+ta-, ame+8e- a* e%et4ne-)077e+, a va++()i #e78e+emme+, a v07%en&e+ete--e+ 0) a >(*a))(7i 178e--e+ #$7+a+4-$*ta-, e+e0%tve a v(+()t 0) a >(*a))(7t?%0)t" E*e- a '%<)(7$- a n8u7at4eu%<.ai -(4n$n/$7 78a-$%+at(t 0) e+/(%()ait -?vett0-"9

Anti<->ia, T%i.$+i)* 0) E&e))*a te%1+ete e78>(*i 0%te+emen a* anti<->iai .(t%i(%4-a a+( ta%t$*$tt" A .(t%i(%-a >at()-?%0ne- -i/e+?+0)e ne>0*)07e-e 1t-?*?tt, me%t T14%$)* >a78$m(n8$)an a* anti<->iai .at%i(%-(tu)>$* ta%t$*$tt, >a(% a ><&'t())a+ a Je4%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 %0)*e +ett" II" Pa)*-(+ .(.a C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 T1%$)*t a >$**(ta%t$*< a--$ni, )*i&<ni 0) e/%Cti .1).?-)077e+ e781tt (t -e++ a&ni a /e%u*)(+emi .at4%i(%-(tu)na-" E* me7 i) t?%t0nt, me%t a &?nt0) me7#e+e+t a va+<) .$+iti-ai >e+8*etne-"U78ana--$% -u&a%c$t va++$tt a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a t?%e-v0)e, >$78 me7)*e%e**en>(%$m t%i.$+i)*i .1).?-)07et, a t%i.$+i)*it, a t$%t$)*ait 0) &*)aa+ait, anna- e++en0%e,>$78 a .(.a)(7 i) t(m$7atta e*t a t?%e-v0)0t" 78 tni-, T$u+$u)e4i Ra/mun& aan%em0n8-e&ett, >$78 /?ven&= $%)*(7(na- aut$n<m e78>(*a +e)*, &e ut<&ai e+i)me%t0-a* anti<->iai e78>(* #enn>at<)(7(t" E* nem /e+entett na78 te%>et, >i)*en T%i.$+i)*min&en eavat-$*() n0+-1+ neve*>ette -i .1).?-eit"

Je%u*)(+emi te)tv0%0>e* >a)$n+<an a* anti<->iai .(t%i(%-(t i) a -(.ta+an v(+a)*t$t4ta, &e va+</(an a vi+(7i u%a+-$&< neve*te -i, a-i +ev(+t()(%<+ i) &?nt>etett" Tu&/u-,>$78 n0>(n8 >e%ce7 ei-tat()a-$% ><&$+t a .(t%i(%-a e+=tt, &e e%%e va+<)*'n+e7 c)a--iv0te+e) a+-a+ma--$% -e%1+t )$%" A .(t%i(%-a a+( ta%t$*$tt A+a%a, Ta%)*$)* 0) ;a4mi)*t%a 0%)e-e 0) a* e&e))*ai 0%)e- i)" Tu%e))*e+ 0%)e-)070t c)a- -0)= +0te)'tett0-,>ivata+$) neve >ie%a.$+i)*i 0%)e-)07 v$+t ;ani&*)" A .1).?-)07e- )*(ma a .$+iti4-ai -?%1+m0n8e-ne- me7#e+e+=en v(+t$*$tt" A /e%u*)(+emi e78>(*an -i+enc +atina.(t)(7 0) -0t .e%/e+)07 m-?&?tt" A +e7#$nt$)a -0t )*e%*ete)i int0*m0n8 a S*entP(+4 0) a S*ent L8?%784-$+$)t$% v$+t, a>$+ enc0)e- +0.te- a 7?%?7 )*e%*ete)e- >e+804e, va+amint S*ent Sime$n -$+$)t$%a, a>$+ a -0t %'tu) e78m() me++ett 0+t" A* anti<->i4ai e78>(* nem v$+t $+8an 7a*&a7, mint a /e%u*)(+emi, a* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07enu78ani) )$- .a+e)*tinai int0*m0n8ne- v$+ta- i%t$-ai"9

J<va+ a QII" )*(*a& v07e e+=tt a #%an- (++am$-an a vi+(7i e78>(*at te+/e)en >(tt0%4e )*$%'t$tt(- a +$va7%en&e-" A+a.'t()u- <ta )*(mu- 0) 7a*&a7)(7u- e78%e 78a%a.$4&$tt, 0) G4%e a ten7e%entC+ +e7na78$ i%t$-$)aiv( v(+ta-" Bi%t$-ai-at a&$m(4n8$--a+ 0) v()(%+())a+ )*1nte+en 78a%a.'t$tt(-" S$- .a+e)*tinai neme) i) )$%ai- -?*0+0.ett, 0) #$+8amat$)an 0%-e*te- a* C/$nc$- N8u7at%<+ i)" E*e- a %en&e- me7#e+e+te-a -$% 0%*e+mi )*1-)07+et0ne-, >i)*en )$-an v$+ta-, a-i- )*'ve)en v(++a+t(- a )*e%*ete4)i 0+etet, u78ana--$% tett%e -0)*e- v$+ta-, 0) -1*&eni a-a%ta- a >it0%t" A +$va7%en&e-e78en .$+iti-ai )*1-)07+etet i) -ie+07'tette-" A ten7e%entC+$n (++an&<an -ev0) v$+t a-at$na" A #eu&(+i) -at$nai )*e%ve*et tC+)(7$)an -i v$+t )*$+7(+tatva a neme)i c)a+(4&$- -i)*(m't>atat+an)(7(na-, u78ani) =- a&t(- v$+na a* ut(n.<t+()t a c)at(an e+4e)ette- 0) a ete7e- >e+8ett" A* $&a+(t$7at< -e%e)*te)e- e784-0t >a&/(%at$t v07i7>a%4

511a ;$nte2 i* m*, 94M" ."V Re82 i* m*, MG4M!" ."5126a>en2 i* m*, 949" ."

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E+=n8?- 0) >(t%(n8$- >a)$n+< e78en)C+8a (++t e a #%an- (++am$- 0) a* it(+iai i++".%$vence4i -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- -a.c)$+at(an"9 A #%an- 78a%mat$)'t<- -at$n(- v$+4ta-, nem ten7e%0)*e-" T%i.$+i)* 0) Anti<->ia i&=ve+ -i) #+$tt(t #e/+e)*tett -i, 0) a +$4va7%en&e- i) #+$tti++(-at 0.'ttette- ma7u-na-, &e a -i%(+8)(7na- -ev0) /< -i-?t=/ev$+t, 0) nem v$+t e+e7en&=, >a/<0.'t0)%e a+-a+ma) #(/a, e*0%t )$>a)em v$+t me7#e+e+=ten7e%i e%e/e )em" ;in&en $+8an >a&/(%atan, ame+8en ten7e%i e%=%e v$+t )*1-)07,'78 a .a%ti v(%$)$- me7><&'t()a, va78 a* E78i.t$m e++eni >a&/(%at$- e)et0en, a -i4%(+8)(7na- va+ame+8i- ten7e%i >ata+$m )e7't)070t -e++ett -0%nie" Ke+eten Bi*(nc 0)E78i.t$m v$+t a -0t ten7e%i na78>ata+$m" E78i.t$m .$tenci(+i)an min&i7, a 78a-$%4+atan 78a-%an e++en)07 v$+t, Bi*(nc -?%1+ .e&i7 min&i7 $tt +ee7ett a 78anC (%n804-a" A )*ic'+iai #+$tta /<+ /?tt v$+na, &e a )*ic'+iai .$+iti-(an nem +e>etett me7'*ni" A*it(+iaia- 0) a &0+4#%anci(- /$ )*?vet)07e)e- v$+ta-, 0) a )e7't)071-%e a -0)=ie-en)*1-)07 i) v$+t a>>$*, >$78 >a/<*>at<- ma%a&/ana- a N8u7at$t a S*ent#?+&&e+ ?))*e4-?t= *a%(n&$-uta-, ame+8e-en a -at$n(- 0) te+e.e)e- 0%-e*te- a ten7e%entC+%a" A -e4%e)-e&=v(%$)$-at a*$nan me7 -e++ett #i*etni" S*$+7(+atai-0%t me7#e+e+= -?%1+m0n8e4-et, -e%e)-e&e+mi /$7$-at 0) -iv(+t)(7$-at -0%te-, )a/(t v(%$)ne78e&et a na78$ v(4%$)$-an, te+/e) va78 %0)*+e7e) v(mmente))07et, va+amint te+e.ei- )*(m(%a a te%1+e4ten-'v1+i)07 -iv(+t)(7(t" A #%an- >at<)(7$- (+ta+(an nem )a/n(+t(- t=+1- e*e-et" A*e=+ )*(%ma*< ve)*te)07ei- me7t0%1+te- a*(+ta+, >$78 a -e%e)-e&=- /e+en+0te #e++en4&'tette a -e%e)-e&e+met, a -i%(+8i '%<)(7$- .e&i7 nem )*'ve)en a+-a+ma*ta- v$+na7en$vai va78 ve+encei t?%v0n8e-et, -1+?n?)en $+8an e)ete-en, ame+8e-e e+e-eve4%e&ett a -i%(+8)(7 e78i- .$+7(%a i), va78 $+8an -$m$+8 nt0n8e--e+ -a.c)$+atan,mint a 78i+-$))(7" I&=n-0nt v$+ta- vit(-" A ve+enceie- (++an&<an e++en)07e) vi)*$n84an (++ta- a T1%$)*i 0%)e--e+, a 7en$vaia-na- .e&i7 >$))*an e+>C*<&< vit(/u- v$+t I"Ama+%i- -i%(++8a+" A .(.a)(7 min&-0t e)eten a* it(+iaia-at t(m$7atta, 0) va+<)*'n4+e7 a t?%v0n8 i) a* = $+&a+u-$n (++t" A -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- a*$nan nem a -e%e)*t0n84)07 /av(0%t mun-(+-$&ta- Ke+eten, >anem )a/(t >a)*nu-0%t" A -0t 0%&e- (+ta+(ane78ee)ett, ami-$% vi)*$nt 1t-?*te-, a*$nna+ a -e%e)-e&e+mi 0%&e- -e%e-e&ett #e+1+"78 a* it(+iaia- 0) a .%$vence4ia- nem v$+ta- me7'*>at< a%(tai a -i%(+8na-" E>>e*>$**( -e++ m07 tenni, >$78 a -0t +$va7%en& -?*?tti #0+t0-en8)07 c)e-0+8)07 v$+t a>4>$* -0.e)t, ame+8 a vet0+-e&= -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- -?*?tt &C+t" 3e+ence e+= )e7'tett amu)*+im$-na-, mint Len$v(na-, Pi)(na- va78 ;a%)ei++e4ne- 0) a vet0+8t(%)ai >a)$n4+< n0*ete-et va++$tta-" 78 a*ut(n, /<++e>et )e7't)071- n0+-1+ a* Out%eme% a+i7>a ma4%a&>at$tt v$+na #enn, a te+e.e)e- -?*?tti int%i-(-, %en&$nt()$- 0) a*, >$78 a .i++a4natn8i >a)*$n0%t (%mi-$% -0)*e- v$+ta- e+(%u+ni a -?*?) 178et, na78$n )$-at +ev$nte )e7't)07 0%t0-0=+"99

A *a%(n&$-$- )*em0en a -e%e)-e&=- )*078en+ete)en .0n*)<v(%na- 0) -e%e)*t04n8iet+enne- tnte-" A ><&'t() na78an #e++en&'tette a *a%(n&$-#$%7a+mat2 a /$>anni4t(- >ata+ma) ven&07>(*a %en&)*e%int te+e v$+t" A -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at e%e&eti c0+-it*04)e e++en0%e a* Anat<+i(n (t ve*et= *a%(n&$-Ct m07 min&i7 nem v$+t i*t$n)(7$)" 3e4)*0+8eive+ c)a- /<+ #e+#e78ve%*ett c)a.at )*(++>at$tt )*eme" A* (t+a7$) *a%(n&$- e*0%tin-( a ten7e%en uta*$tt" E+=)*?% i) >e+8et -e++ett -e%e)nie e78 it(+iai >a/<n, amii7enc)a- &%(7a v$+t" E78 c)a.at *a%(n&$- ?))*e(++>at$tt, >$78 -i0%e+/en e78 >a/<t,&e m07 '78 i) )$-a -e%1+t a -a.it(n8 0) a +e70n8)07" E78 0)*a-4#%ancia va78 an7$+

514()& e m II" -?t" a* itt -?vet-e*= " 0) 5" #e/e*et, .a))im"515He8&2 i* m*, !4M5" .", te+/e) ?))*e#$7+a+<"

*a%(n&$- )*(m(%a $+c)< v$+t, >a a*$-na- a -i) -$nv$/$-na- e78i-0ve+ uta*$tt,ame+8e- 0vente in&u+ta- a 6)at$%na .a%t/(%<+ Ke+et%e" E* a*$nan >$))*C 0) ve)*04+8e) uta*() v$+t" S*(m'tani -e++ett a* At+anti4<ce(n vi>a%ai%a, a Li%a+t(%i4)*$%$)n(+ 0)a* a#%i-ai .a%t$- ment0n .e&i7 mu)*+im -a+<*$- (++ta- +e)en" O.$%t<t<+ 0) i))*a4$nt<+ e70)*en S*ic'+i(i7 nem v$+t $+8an -i-?t=, a>$+ i*t$n)(7$)an +e>etett v$+na vi4*et 0) 0+e+met )*e%e*ni, 0) a >a/<- #e&0+*et0n ne>0* v$+t min&ent )*(++'tani, ami%e a +$4va-na- 0) a* eme%e-ne- )*1-)07e +e>etett" E78)*e% v$+t P%$vence4a va78 It(+i4(a menni ) $tt $+8an >a/<%a )*(++ni, ame+8 /(%at$) v$+t a -e+eti vi*e-en" A ma7(n8$)*a%(n&$- $+c)<an 0) -?nn8een ta+(+t ma7(na- >e+8et a S*ic'+iai Ki%(+8)(7 -i-?4t=i=+ in&u+< >a/<-$n, &e a n0.e)e t(%)a)(7$- a na78 -e%e)-e&=v(%$)$- #+$tt(it<+#177te-"9M

A* uta*<, a-i A--$nan, T1%$)*an va78 S*ent Sime$nan .a%t%a )*(++t, a*$nna+#u%c)a -?*e7en ta+(+ta ma7(t" A Ten7e%entC+ #eu&(+i) )*e%-e*ete a+att $tt v$+t a Ke4+et" A -inti #0n8*0) me7+e.te, 0) me7 i) $t%(n-$*tatta a n8u7atia-at" N8u7at4Eu%<4.(an a--$% m07 e78)*e%en 0) )*e%0n8een 0+te- a* eme%e-" Ru>(i- 78a./C<+-0)*1+te-, 0) c)a- %it-(n m$)t(- =-et" K$%+(t$*$tta- v$+ta- a #1%&0)i +e>et=)07e- i),+e)*(m'tva n0>(n8 =)i v(%$)t, a>$+ t$v( 0+t a %<mai #1%&=-u+tC%a" ;07 a +e7na478$ v(%a-at i) c)a- a +e7)*1-)07e)e, &u%va Ct$%*atta+ %en&e*t0- e, a )*=n8e7)*inte i)me%et+en v$+t" Ne>0* 0te+e-et ette-, 0t%en&/1- e78>an7C v$+t, -1+?n?)en a>$))*C t0+i ><na.$-an" A -0n8e+met 0) a ma7(n0+etet a+i7 i)me%t0-" A #%an- Ke+etett=+ 0+e)en e+t0%t" 3a+<)*'n+e7 -ev0) $+8an >ata+ma) 0) #0n8*= .a+$ta v$+t, mintami+8et a* Ie+ine- 0.'tette- Be/%Ctan a -?vet-e*= )*(*a& e+e/0n, 0) ame+8ne- m$*a4i-.a&+</a, m(%v(n8#a+ai, #e)tett menn8e*etei v$+ta-, na78 a+a-ai n8u7at$n a ten7e%4%e, -e+eten a &$m$-$n e+te%1+= -e%te-%e, 781m?+c)?)?-%e n8'+ta-" Enn0+ i*t$)ane78)*e% v$+t a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8i .a+$ta, ame+8 %0)*en a* a+4A-)*( mec)eten#$7+a+t >e+8et, (m a* a--$ni -i%(+8i .a+$ta .$m.() 0.1+et v$+t" A neme)e- 0) a 7a*4&a7 .$+7(%$- >a)$n+< .$m.(va+ %en&e*t0- e v(%$)i >(*ai-at" 3$+ta- $tt )*=n8e7e-,&ama)*t #177?n8?-, e+e7(n)an #a%a7$tt, inta%*i() Ct$%$-, +(&(-, ma-u+(t+an (78ne4m- 0) a)*ta+te%'t=-, a%an84 0) e*1)te&0n8e-, ev= e)*-?*?-, #in$m -e%(mi(-, m07n0>(n8 t(v$+4-e+eti .$%ce+(nt(+ i)" Anti<->i(an min&en na78$ >(*a v'*ve*et0-)*(++'t$tta a vi*et a &a.>n0i #$%%()$-t<+" A +ian$ni .a%t$-$n )*int0n )$- >(*na- v$+t)a/(t v'*ve*et0-e" Pa+e)*tin(an, a>$+ nem =ve+-e&te- v'*en, a v(%$)$-na- /<+me7)*e%ve*ett v'*t(%$+<i- v$+ta-, 0) Je%u*)(+emen m07 -i#$7()ta+anu+ m-?&?tt a%<mai c)at$%na%en&)*e%" A >at(% menti na78 v(%a- c)a-nem ann8i -0n8e+emme+ v$+4ta- e++(tva, mint a v(%$)i >(*a-, (%mi+8en e%=)*a-$) 0) -e78et+en v$+t a* 0+et a #a+a4-$n -'v1+" 3$+ta- #1%&=-, e+e7(n) )*$(- a >?+78e- )*(m(%a 0) -(.%(*at$) #$7a&<te%4me-" A +$va7%en&e- v(%ai va+amive+ )*e%0n8ee- v$+ta-, &e a na78 c)a+(&i )*0->e4+8e-en, .+" a m$(i Ke%a-an va78 Ti0%i()an a v(%C% )$--a+ #0n8*=en 0+t, mint(%me+8i- n8u7at4eu%<.ai -i%(+8"9

A +ete+e.e&=- %u>(i 0) Ct$%ai >ama%$)an -e+etie)e- 0) #0n8*=e- +ette-" Ha a +$4va7 nem vi)e+t .(nc0+t, (+ta+(an )e+8emu%nu)*t 0) tu%(nt ?+t?tt" Ha&/(%at$- )$%(n+en-?.en8t $%'t$tt .(nc0+/(%a, >$78 v0&/e a na. >ev0t=+, )i)a-/(%a .e&i7 a%a m<&%a-e#i/e>et -?t?tt" A >?+78e- i) (tvett0- a -e+eti &ivat$t, >$))*C a+)<%u>(an 0) %?vi&

516

()& 6a>en2 N$te) )u% +dHi)t$%ie &e) 6%$i)a&e) et &e +dO%ient atin, III, +dO%ient +atin et c$mme%ce&u evant" Buetin de a <a/uté des Lettres de !tras"ourg, !9", 555" ."517Re82 i* m*, 54" ." 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, !45" ." +e'%/a Anti<->i(t 0) a* $ttani +uu)t"

tuni-(an va78 #e+)=%u>(an /(%ta-, ame+8et a%an8)*(++a+, e)eten-0nt 0--?ve--e+ i)7a*&a7$n -i>'me*te-" T0+en .%0me-et >$%&ta-, a-(%c)a- a #0%/ei-" A >(*$n -'v1+ amu)*+im a))*$n8$->$* >a)$n+<an #(t8+at vi)e+te-, nem ann8i%a )*e%0n8)07=+, mintin-( a*0%t, >$78 <v/(- e%=)en #e)tett a%cu-at, 0) me)te%-0+ten, -0n8e)-e&ve )0t(+4ta-" E*e- a >?+78e- a*$nan min&en -0n8e)-e&0) 0) #in$m-$&() e++en0%e 0..$+8an(t%a- v$+ta-, mint #0%/ei- 0) #iv0%ei-" S$- neme) a))*$n8%a >(%u+t a* a #e+a&at, >$78#0%/e t(v$++0t0en a v(% v0&e+m0t i%(n8't)a" A -e%e)-e&=#e+e)07e- a* a%i)*t$-%ata >?+478e-et ut(n$*t(- 0) 78a-%an #e+1+ i) mC+t(- =-et #ennen #it$7tat$tt 7a*&a7)(7u--a+"A n8u7at4eu%<.ai t(%)a&a+$man e* i&(i7 i)me%et+en %0te7, a )i-e%e) -u%ti*(n$-0)*int0n #0n8*= 0+etet 0+t" E78 n(+u)*i $+t$) #e+e)070%=+, Pa)c>ia &e Rive%i%=+ F a-i4ne- a (/ai +0.%e c)a+t(- He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-(t F a*t (++'t$tta a -%<ni-(), >$78 )e+8mei0) 0-)*e%ei +(tt(n a-(% (%<n0na- va78 7%<#n0na- i) v0+>ett0- v$+na"9G

;in&e* #u%c)(natn>etett e78 n8u7ati *a%(n&$- )*em0en, &e te%m0)*ete) v$+te78 $+8an +(t$7at<na-, a-i a mu)*+im -e+et%=+ va78 Bi*(nc<+ 0%-e*ett" A #%an- 78a%4mat$)'t<-nate%m0)*et)*e%en me7 -e++ett .%<(+niu- >a)$nu+ni -?%n8e*et1->?*,0) nem *(%-<*>atta- e+ a+attva+<i-t<+ 0) )*$m)*0&ai-t<+ )em" A* 07>a/+at$t i) te-in4tete -e++ett venni" Pa+e)*tin(an 0) S*'%i(an a t0+ c)a-nem $+8an *$%& 0) >i&e7,mint N8u7at4Eu%<.(an, &e %?vi& i&ei7 ta%t" A >$))*C, #$%%< n8a%a- c)a->ama% me74tan't$tt(- a +ete+e.e&=-et a%%a, >$78 m()-0..en -e++ ?+t?*ni1-, 0t-e*ni1-, 0) m()4-0..en -e++ e$)*taniu- na./ai-at, mint $tt>$n" A tev0-en8 0)*a-i 0+etm<&$t itt nem+e>etett #$+8tatni" Át -e++ett venni1- a >e+8e+i )*$-()$-at" He+8e+i )*$+7(-at -e++ett#e+#$7a&niu-" L8e%me-ei-%e >e+8e+i &a/-(- vi78(*ta-, 0) >e+8e+i +$v()*$- (.$+t(- a+$vai-at" :u%c)a ete7)07e- 1t?tt0- #e+ -?*?tt1- a #e/1-et, ame+8e--e+ )*emen an8u7ati $%v$)$- tan(c)ta+an$- v$+ta-, a #%an-$-na- a >e+8e+i $%v$)tu&$m(n8t -e+4+ett i70n8e venni1-"9! E+-e%1+>etet+en v$+t, >$78 me70%t)0- a >e+8e+ie-et, 0) >$78e781ttm-?&/ene- ve+1-"

A Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7an 0) a T%i.$+i)*i L%<#)(7an me7-?nn8'tette a >e+8*etet,>$78 a mu)*+im$- e+*0)e ut(n nem ma%a&t $tt >e+8i a%i)*t$-%(cia" É)*a-a%a a*?%m0n8 0) 7?%?7 a%i)*t$-%(cia #0+t0-en8 v$+t a #%an-$-%a, 0) a .$+iti-a i) ne>e*'tette a-?+c)?n?) me70%t0)t, >a(% v071+ a* ?%m0n8e- -?*e+e&te- a #%an-$->$*, 0) )*(m$))*$-()u-at (tvett0-"9

Ta%t<) 0-e )$>a)em )*1+et>etett a #%an-$- 0) mu)*+im )*$m)*0&ai- -?*?tt, &ee78%e t? )*(++a+ -a.c)$+<&ta- e78m()>$*" A #%an- (++am$- /?ve&e+m0ne- na78 %04)*e a*$-<+ a v(m$-<+ )*(%ma*$tt, ame+8e-et a mu)*+im >(t$%)*(7$- 0) a .a%tvi4&0- -?*?tt $n8$+<&< -e%e)-e&e+em%e vetette- -i" A mu)*+im -e%e)-e&=- )*(m(%a

518Tan-%0& .0n*0%m0in tu%(nan +(t>at< +()& e m II" -?t" G" ."" !4en 6>am.a7ne4i Hen%i--?)*?netet m$n& S*a+a&inna- e78 a/(n&0-a -1+&?tt tu%(n0%t 0) -?*+i, >$78 >$n#it(%)ai -e&ve+i- a*i+8en #e/#e&=t, t$v(( = i) 78a-%an vi)e+i +()& Re82 i* m*, 4" ."" In D*)ua/% %i7>t -ia&", 5!" ."+e'%/a e78, G" 0vi a--$ni -e%e)*t0n8 e)-1v= %0)*tvev=ine- a %u>(*at(t" Pa)c>i(%<+ +()& e m II" -?te4te, Az iszám diadaa = Muszim egység c" %0)*"

519A* a t%i.$+i)*i $%v$), a-i a #e+tev0)e- )*e%int me7m0%7e*te III" Ba+&uint, >e+8e+i v$+t +()& e mII" -?t" A forduat = A /sászár %isszatérése c" %0)*"" A >e+8e+i $%v$)$- I" Ama+%i- >a+(+$) (78a me++ett na478$ tu&()%<+ tette- tanCi*$n8)(7$t, mint #%an- -$++07(i-" ()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = 0gyiptom%arázsa c" %0)*" Ama+%i- u&va%i $%v$)-0nt a+-a+ma*$tt e78 i*$n8$) S*u+e/m(n in Dau&$t 0) i&=)e4i- #i(t, mi-?*en S*u+e/m(n m()$&)*1+?tt #ia a* u&va%i +$v()*me)te% v$+t" ()& 6a>en2 In&i70ne) et

6%$i)0), !yria, !5" U)*(m(%a nem tett na78 en8$m()t a #%an- $%v$)tu&$m(n8" ()& e m II" -?t"!" ."520()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 9M49MG" ."

)*aa& -i/(%()t -e++ett i*t$)'tani a ten7e%i -i-?t=->?*, 0) i7a*)(7$)an -e++ett ve+1-(nni" A -e%e)-e&e+mi -a.c)$+at$-<+ a%(t)(7 )*1+etett" A tem.+$m$)$- %en&/e -i4te%/e&t an-tev0-en8)070ve+ -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 =v't)e m-?&0)0t, -i)*$+7(+/a >i4tet+en 178#e+eit i), 0) a mu)*+im 178e-%e )*a-$)$&$tt ti)*tvi)e+=-et i) ta%t$tt" U78an4a--$% a ?+c)e #%an- (++am#0%#ia- i) e+(tt(-, >$78 -i%(+8)(7u- c)a- a--$% ma%a&4>at #enn, >a a mu)*+im vi+(7 me7$)*t$tt ma%a&, e*0%t e78i- &i.+$m(ciai -1+&et0) am()i-at -?vette" A #%an- 0) mu)*+im u%a-at t?n8i%e na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta a m(4)i- >itet va++< u&va%" :$7+8$- va78 tC)*$- 78a-%an 0ve-et t?+t?tte- e+ a* e++en)07 v(4%aian 0) .a+$t(ian" 6)a- -ev0) mu)*+im vette a #(%a&)(7$t, >$78 me7tanu+/$n #%an4ci(u+, &e )$- #%an- F neme)e- 0) -e%e)-e&=- e78a%(nt F e)*0+t a%au+" N0>(n8an,mint S*i&<ni Ra/na+&, m07 a* a%a i%$&a+$m i%(nt i) 0%&e-+=&te-" H($%C) i&=-enmin&-0t #0+ na78%a 0%t0-e+te a +$va7ia), 7(+(n) 7e)*tu)$-at" B0-ei&=en a >at(% -0t$+&a+(n 0+= u%a- e781tt va&()*7atta-"9

A va++()i t1%e+met+en)07 )$>a)em v$+t (+ta+(n$)" A -0t na78 >it a+a./ai -?*?)e-" Amu)*+im -%<ni-()t 0..C78 0%&e-e+te, mint a -e%e)*t0n8t, ami-$% He%$nan Á%a4>(mna-, I*)(-na- 0) J(-$natu+a/&$n't$tt e%e-+80- -e%1+te- e+="9 A #%an- *a%(n4&$-$- m07 e++en)07e)-e&0)t=+ te%>e) i&=-en i) e+/ut>atta- a Dama)*-u)* m?7?tti&$m$-$n #e-v= Sa%&ena84i ;ia))*$n8un- -e78>e+80%e"95 A* a v0&e+em, ame+8ena e&uin$- S*ent Kata+inna- a S'nai4)ivata7an +ev= na78 -$+$)t$%(t %0)*e)'tett0-, -i4te%/e&t a -$+$)t$% +(t$7at<i%a i)"9 Ami-$% 6>ti++$n4i Ra/na+& %ut(+i)an e+(nt mu)*4+im *a%(n&$-$--a+, +e7a+( ann8i%a me7$t%(n-$*tatta a -e%e)*t0n8e-et, mintamenn8i%e #e+&1>'tette S*a+a&int" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) ti)*te+ette+ a&<*$tt NC% a&4D'n va+4+()$))(7(na-, >a(% m() v$+t a >ite" ;u)*+im '%<- 78a-%an -i#e/e*t0- c)$&(+atu-at a#%an-$- +$va7ia) ma7ata%t()a miatt"99

A -$% +07-?%0t +e7/$an a )ai*a%i mun-i&i&a >e%ce7, U)*(ma em+0-i%atai t1-%?4*i-" A mun-i&i&(- &ina)*ti(/a -ic)i v$+t, )*1nte+en #0+e+emen 0+t, >$78 a ve+1- e78va++()$n +0v=, >ata+ma)a &ina)*ti(- e+n8e+i- =-et" 78 >a/+$tta- a* e78e*)07%e a#%an-$--a+" U)*(ma )$- 0vet t?+t?tt a &ama)*-u)*i 0) -ai%a(% '%()aianu*7< va++()$))(7t<+ >a/tva min&en #%an-$t -(%>$*at%a 't0+, )$- #%an- a%(t/a v$+t, )min&i7 0+ve*te ve+1- a t(%)a+7()t" ;e7$t%(n-$*tatta a #%an-$- .%imit'v $%v$)tu&$4m(n8a, /<++e>et t=+1- tanu+ta e+ a 7?%v0+8-<% i*t$) 78<78m<&/(t" ;e7&?entette a#%an- a))*$n8$- )*aa&)(7a, 0) *ava%a /?tt, ami-$% e78 #%an- i)me%=)e #e+a/(n+$tta,>$78 N8u7at4Eu%<.(a -1+&en0 neve+tet0)%e U)*(ma #i(t" U)*(ma a #%an-$-at i*$4n8$) 0%te+emen a%(%$-nate-intette, 0) >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8 a%(tai t(%)a)(7(an-inevette =-et" De e*e--e+ a* eme%e--e+ m07i) -?+c)?n?)en me70%tett0- e78m()t" Aa%(t-$*() e78et+en a-a&(+8(t a n8u7at%<+ 0%-e*ett C/ /?vev0n8e- /e+entett0-" E784

521Ami-$% a mu)*+im$- -e%e)*t0n8 u%a+-$&<--a+ t(%78a+ta-, a tem.+$m$) +$va7$-t<+ -0%te- .0n*4178i 7a%anci(-at, .+" AC S(ma, 5" ." T%i.$+i)*i III" Ra/mun& e)*0+t a%au+, T1%$)*i 3i+m$) c)a-nemte+/e)en i*$n8$)an $+va)$tt a%au+, va78 $+8an tit-(%$--a+ &$+7$*$tt, a-i- i)me%t0- a -e+eti n8e+ve-et"()& e%%=+ 0) S*i&<ni Ra/na+&%<+ e m II" -?t" Az iszám diadaa = Hattn szar%ai c" %0)*"

522In a+4Ka+(ni)*', M" ." )*<+ a #e+#e&e*0)%=+" ()& m07 K$>+e%2 Un nu$veau %0cit &e +dinventi$n&e) Pat%ia%c>e) A%a>am, I)aac et Jac$ g He%$n" $e%ue de ' 5rient Latin, I3" -?t" " )--" ."

523A Sa%&ena84i ;ia))*$n8un-%<+ +()& Re82 i* m*, !4!M" ."524

A S*ent Kata+in4-$+$)t$%%<+ 0) *a%(n&$-/ai%<+ +()& Re82 i* m* G4!" ."525P+" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) QQ, 5, " ." NC% a&4D'nt W.%ince.) /u)tu), va#e% et .%$vi&u), et )ec$n4&um 7enti) )uae t%a&itine) %e+i7i$)u)X4na- >'v/a"

5

)*e%, ami-$% Je%u*)(+emen a tem.+$m$)$-n(+ /(%t, ) a* en7e&0+81--e+ a* =)i a+4A-4)*( mec)et e78i- )a%-(an im(&-$*$tt, e78 +$va7 c)Cn8(n me7(nt$tta, mi%e e78m()i- tem.+$m$) $&a)ietett ) e+ma78a%(*ta, >$78 a &u%va #ic-< c)a- nem%07 0%-e*ettEu%<.(<+, 0) )a/n$) m07 nem )a/(t't$tta e+ a /< m$&$%t"9M

3a+<an, a*$- a ev(n&$%+<-, a-i- a*0%t /?tte-, >$78 a -e%e)*t0%t >a%c$+/ana-, )a-i- )*em0en e* a #e+a&at nem t%t >a+a)*t()t, na78$n n8e%)e- v$+ta-, ) n8e%)e))0471- )*1nte+en %$m$+ta a ten7e%entC+ia- .$+iti-(/(t" K1+?n?)en a* e78>(*an v$+tna78 a e#$+8()u-" A QII" )*(*a&an Je%u*)(+em .(t%i(%-(i -?*1+ e78 )em )*1+etettPa+e)*tin(an, a ma7a) ti)*tet et?+t= e78>(*i #0%#ia- -?*1+ i) c)a- T1%$)* 0%)e-e, 3i+4m$), =t .e&i7 nem en7e&t0- a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-i7" A* e78>(* nem )$-at tett a >itet+e4ne--e+ va+< /$ -a.c)$+at 0%&e-0en, a >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e->e* #*=&= -a.c)$+a4t$-%a .e&i7 e78ene)en -(%$) e#$+8())a+ v$+t" A >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- na78 e#$4+8()u- v$+t a mu)*+im u&va%$-an" A +e7i)me%te a%a '%<- 0) #i+$*<#u)$- -?*1+ )$4-an, a >'%e) $%v$)$- .e&i7 )*inte min&ann8ian -e%e)*t0n8e- v$+ta-" - va+<an >i4&at a+-$t>atta- v$+na a -e+eti 0) a n8u7ati vi+(7 -?*?tt"

Pa+e)*tina $%t$&$ -?*?))07ei e+#$7a&t(- a +atin >ie%a%c>i(t, me%t a ><&'t() i&e/0n)a/(t #=.a.)(7u- )*(m*et0)en v$+t" Daime%t .(t%i(%-a me7.%<(+-$*$tt a**a+,>$78 me7#$))*a a* $%t$&$ .a.)(7$t a S*ent)'%n(+ et?+t?tt )*e%e.0t=+, &e 4en a)*ent t**e+ -a.c)$+at$) )*e%ta%t() -?%1+i #u%c)a e)em0n8e- ) a -i%(+8 e#$+8()a vi)*4)*a(++'t$tta /$7ai-a a 7?%?7 -an$n$-$-at, 0) i)m0t a* $%t$&$ %'tu) )*e%int )*$+7(+4>att(- a S*ent)'%t" A -$%$na min&v07i7 a%(t)(7$) v$+t a* $%t$&$$- i%(nt" ;$%#ia, II"Ba+&uin #e+e)07e 0) ;e+i)en&a an8/a $%t$&$ >e%ce7n= v$+t, 0..C78, mint ;e+i)en&a-0t #i(na- a #e+e)07e" S*ent S*a()* S*(va a.(t/(t, a .a+e)*tinai $%t$&$$- ve*et=/0tI" Ba+&uin min&i7 na78 ti)*te+eten %0)*e)'tette" ;e+i)en&a .e&i7 #?+&e-et a&$tt a*a.(t)(7na-, ame+8 e*0%t va+<)*'n+e7 )*$+7(+atta+ ta%t$*$tt a -$%$n(na-" ;anu0+ c)(4)*(% i) 0e%en =%i*te a* $%t$&$$- 0%&e-eit, amint a*t a S*ent)'% 0) a S*1+et0)4tem.+$4m(na- na78)*a()C >e+8%e(++'t()i mun-(+atai i) i*$n8't/(-" //(0.1+t S*ent Eut>1m4$)* m$n$)t$%a i) a /C&eai .u)*ta)(7an, 0) -?%1+e+1+ een a* i&=en F ta+(n ;anu40+ )e7't)070ve+ F n8e%te e+ C/ &')*'t0)0t" Nem /avu+t a*$nan a vi)*$n8 a +atin 0) a 7?4%?7 .a.)(7 -?*?tt" E78 D(nie+ nev $%$)* *a%(n&$- 4en )*'v0+8e) #$7a&tat()4an %0)*e)1+t a +atin int0*m0n8e-en, &e G4en a 7?%?7 P><-a)*, n$>a i70n8evette a +atin$- int0*m0n8eit, a +atin$- i%(nt )emmi )*im.(ti(t )em tanC)'t$tt" E78-$%Anat<+i(an 0+=, ).an8$+ %emete -(%?%ven&=en )*(m$+t e e78 c)$&(%<+, ame+8 *a4va%a >$*$tt e78 +atin e78>(*i #0%#iCt, a* (+ta+a Wet$+a-$&<X4na- neve*ett +1&&ai.1).?-?t"

A* $%t$&$$- va+<)*'n+e7 ann(+ -ev0)0 +e+-e)e&te- a +atin u%a+$m0%t, mive+ a +a4tin .a.)(7 a* $%t$&$$--a+ i) me7 a-a%ta #i*ettetni a* e78>(*i ti*e&et, 0) tem.+$ma4i-an c)a- %it-(n en7e&0+8e*te a* $%t$&$ %'tu) >a)*n(+at(t" E*0%t ami-$% v07et 0%t a;anu0+ (+ta+ n8C/t$tt v0&e+em, a* $%t$&$$- m07 S*a+a&in ><&'t()(t i) )*'ve)een#$7a&t(-, mint a #%an-$- u%a+m(t" Anti<->i(an a* e%=) 7?%?7 -?*?))07 me7+0te 0) a.$+iti-ai #e/+em0n8e- n8'+t e++en)07e)-e&0)>e* ve*ette- a +atin$- 0) 7?%?7?- -?*?tt, )e* /e+ent=)en 78en7'tette a >e%ce7)07et"9

526U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&", .a))im, -1+?n?)en M4" ."527()& D(nie+ H07umen$)*, .a))im, 0) P>$-a)* J(n$), in Brief .es/ription, .a))im" ()& m07 Re82

i* m*, 94!5" ." 0) 6a>en2 i* h* P$+$c-i Eu#%$*ina $%$)* *a%(n&$-n=, ami-$% Pa+e)*tin(an >a+&$-$+t, aS*ent S*(va a.(t/(>$* #$%&u+t, mint a +e7#= $%t$&$ e78>(*i >at<)(7>$*, >$78 me7#e+e+= temet-e*04)i >e+8et ta+(+/$n )*(m(%a" ()& &e K>it%$$2 P`+e%ina7e en Pa+e)tine &e +dAe))e Eu.>%$)8ne, $e%ue

A -i%(+8)(7 te%1+et0n F Je%u*)(+emen -'v1+ F /e+ent0-te+ene- v$+ta- a* e%etne-)*e-t(-, &e a S*ent)'%n(+ )*inte min&e78i-1- -0.vi)e+tette ma7(t" Daime%t )i-e%te+e4n1+ .%<(+-$*$tt a -i*et0)1--e+" A -$%$na v0&te /$7ai-at" ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0 )*e4m0+8e)en t(m$7atta a /a-$ita )*'%e-et, ami-$% .e%en (++ta- e78 #%an- +$va77a+"9G At%i.$+i)*i 7%<#)(7an a +e7na78$ e%etne- e78>(* a ma%$nit(-0, a m$n$t>e+eti*mu)tva++<- ut<&ai0 v$+t" 3e+1- a n8u7ati e78>(* %it-a ta.intatta+ 0) t1%e+emme+ vi)e+tetett, 0) G t(/(n a ma%$nit(- e+i)me%t0- a %<mai S*ent)*0- #enn>at<)(7(t, a**a+ a#e+t0te++e+, >$78 me7ta%t>at/(- )*'% +itu%7i(/u-at 0) )*$-()ai-at" ;07 a K%i)*tu) e78et4+en a-a%at(%<+ )*<+< &$-t%'n(/u-%<+ )em -e++ett +em$n&aniu-" A t(%78a+()$-at, ame4+8e-%=+ nem )$-at tu&un-, Aime%8, Anti<->ia .(t%i(%-(/a %(te%metten ve*ette" A*,>$78 a .(.a)(7 a* e+)= e78e)1+t e78>(*at a -e+0%e ?+e+te, me7mutatta, >$78 >a #enn4>at<)(7(t e+i)me%i-, -0)*en (++ e+t0%= )*$-()$-, )=t m07 te$+<7iai+a7 -0te) t0te+e- en47e&0+8e*0)0%e i)"9!

A* Anti<->iai He%ce7)07en e%=) v$+t a -1+?nv(+t ?%m0n8 e78>(*, ) a* u%a+-$&<-t(m$7att(- i) =-et, me%t >at>at<) t(ma)*t +(tta- enn1- a* $%t$&$$- e++en" E&e))*(4an a* ?%m0n8e- F >a(% I" 0) II" Ba+&uin nem '*$tt enn1- F 0+ve*t0- a 6$u%tena84>(* a%(t)(7(t" S$- ?%m0n8 .1).?- e+i)me%te a .(.a #enn>at<)(7(t, )$-an %0)*t vet4te- a +atin e78>(* *)inatain, 0) e+n0*t0- a +atin tan't()$-an min&a*t, amit -1+?nenme7$c)(t>atat+anna- ta+(+ta- 0) e+'t0+te- a 7?%?7en" A /a-$ita )*'%e- e+einte n8'+4tan e++en)07e)e- v$+ta- a -e%e)*te)e--e+ )*emen, 0) e+=n8en %0)*e)'tett0- a mu)*4+im #enn>at<)(7$t, &e E&e))*a e+e)te ut(n me70-0+te- a* anti<->iai >e%ce77e+, n0v4+e7 a S*ent Ba%)*auma )'%/(n(+ t?%t0nt c)$&a miatt, (m va+</(an a*0%t, me%t e78?nte4ten 78+?+t0- Bi*(nc$t, 0) #0+te- t=+e" ;i>(+8 /a-$ita .(t%i(%-a, -$%a e78i- na78 t?%4t0net'%</a, Aime%8 .(t%i(%-a a%(t/a v$+t, 0) a%(ti +(t$7at()t tett Je%u*)(+emen" ;())*a-a&(% e78>(*a- nem /(t)*$tta- /e+ent=) )*e%e.et a #%an- (++am$-an"95

A #%an-$- mu)*+im a+attva+$78a #%an-$- i7a*)(7$)an i%(n8't/(- i%t$-ai-at, nem +e>etett )*(m'tani a*$nan %(/u-,>a %$))*u+ (++t a -e%e)*t0n8e- 178e" A *)i&<-na- min&en $-u- me7v$+t %(, >$78 a*a%a u%a+mat e+=n8en %0)*e)'t)0- a -e%e)*t0n8e-0ve+ )*emen2 a* a%a$-, >a #enn4ta%t())a+ i), &e min&i7 ec)1+ete)en 0) )*'v0+8e)en (nta- ve+1-"95

de '5rient Latin, 5" -?t" 5459" ." K0)=i $%t$&$ )*e%*=-, mint .+" a ti*en>ete&i- )*(*a&e+i D$)it>eu)nem )*'ve)en i)me%t0- e+, >$78 a* $%t$&$$- !! 0) G -?*?tt e+#$7a&t(- a +atin .(t%i(%-(-at, 0) =-0)*'tett >at va78 >0t nevet ta%ta+ma*< .(t%i(%-a+i)t(t, Sime$n !!4en e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+(t<+ G4

i7 D$)it>eu) II, 5" ."V e Ouien, O%ien) 6>%i)tianu), III, !G495" ."" E78 J(n$) nev /e%u*)(+emi.(t%i(%-a, a-i 94en a+('%ta S$te%ic>u) 't0+et0t, m'7 e78 Je%u*)(+emi J(n$) va+<)*'n+e7 u78ana* a)*em0+8 een a* i&=en e78 t%a-t(tu)t '%t a +atin$- e++en" K%umac>e%2 3es/h* .er Byz* Literatur , !." e>et, >$78 ;anu0+ #$7+a+-$*$tt a 7$n&$+atta+, >$78 vi))*a)*e%*i e78 na.$n a /e%u*)(+emi .at%i(%4-(tu)t, 0) a* a+-a+$m%a v(%va ta%t$tt min&i7 ta%ta+0-an e78 .(t%i(%-(t" A* a*$nan vi+(7$), >$78 Pa4+e)*tin(an a* $%t$&$$- a+(vetett0- ma7u-at a +atin .(t%i(%-(na-" A S*ent)'%n(+ 7?%?7 -an$n$-$- /e4+en+0t0t tanC)'t/a a 6a%tu+ai%e &u Saint S0.u+c%e, R$*i`%e -ia&", " ."

528()& e m II" -?t" 9499" ."529()& Di, a W;a%$nite)X )*<ci--, in 3acant et ;an7en$t, .i/tionnaire de +héoogie Cathoi4ue, Q"

-?t" I"530()& e m II" -?t" A forduat = 0gyiptom %arázsa c" %0)*, 0) S*'%iai ;i>(+8 Nau4#0+e -ia&()(na- a

eve*et=/e"531In D*)ua/%, %i7>t -ia&, 5459" ." Tu&e+ai Ben/(min )tati)*ti-(/a )*e%int a *)i&<- /$an 0+4te- a mu)*+im$- a+att"

9

A Ten7e%entC+ 0+ete #0n8*0)0ve+, )*aa&$))(7(va+ me7$t%(n-$*tatta a -$%ae+in8u7ati *a%(n&$-$-at" A mai t?%t0net'%< )*em0en in-( a -e%e)*te)e- t1%e+met+en4)07e 0) ec)te+en a%(%)(7a v$+t )a/n(+at$)" De min&-0t n0*=.$nt$t ma78a%(**a aS*ent#?+&?n u%a+-$&< +07-?%" Nem v$+t -?nn8 0) ve)*0+8te+en a #%ante+e.e)e- 0+e4te" O+8an #?+&?n 0+te-, a>$+ a* int%i-(- 0) a 78i+-$))(7$- 78a-$%ia- v$+ta-, ) a* e++en4)07 $tt 0+t a >at(% tC+$+&a+(n" Sen-i )em tu&>atta, >$78 mi-$% &?#i +e va+a-i a* a)*a4)*in$- )*e-t(/(<+, va78 mi-$% m0%7e*i me7 a* e78i- )*$+7(/a" Re/t0+8e) ete7)07e-t(ma&t(- me7 =-et, ame+8e-%=+ c)a- na78$n -eve)et tu&ta-" A #%an-$- Ke+eten m07a >e+8e+i &$-t$%$- )e7't)070ve+ )em 0+te- )$-(i7" A n=- )*e%enc)0)ee- v$+ta- a#0%#ia-n(+" -et nem #en8e7ett0- a c)at(- ve)*0+8ei, 0) >(+a a >e+8i #e/+ette $%v$)tu4&$m(n8na-, a 78e%me-)*1+0) -ev0)0 v$+t ve)*0+8e), mint N8u7at4Eu%<.(an" Na78v$+t a*$nan a 78e%me->a+an&<)(7, -1+?n?)en a #iC- -?%0en" Bi%t$- i%t$- ut(n /u4t$tt ?%?-?)n=- -e*0%e, ) va78$nu- v$n*$tta N8u7at%<+ a -a+an&$%$-at" Na78 i%t$4-$- 78a-%an ma%a&ta- 7a*&a n0+-1+ a ve)*0+8e) .i++anat$-an, 0) min&en >(*a))(74-?t0)t vit(- 0) c)e+)*?v0)e- e+=*te- me7" A >(*a))(7$-at 78a-%an nem -')0%te 78e%4me-(+&()" A +e7&e%e-a >a%c$)$- -?*1+ )$-an nem v$+ta- -0.e)e- 78e%me-et nem4*eni" A )*em0+8e) vi)*(+8$-at c)a- n?ve+te, >$78 a -i))*(mC neme)i c)a+(& e78m()-?*?tt >(*a)$&$tt" A i%t$-$-at e78e)'tett0- 0) e+$)*t$tt(-, an0+-1+, >$78 a #?+&%a/*it0n8e*=-et )*em e+=tt ta%t$tt(- v$+na" A +e7-?*e+ei %$-$n$- -?*?tt )*1nte+en1+&C+ta- a vit(-"

A #%an-$- (+ta+ e>$*$tt n8u7ati t(%)a&a+mi %en&)*e%ne- )*i+(%& ?%?-?)?&0)i%en&%e 0) (++an&< mun-ae%=%e v$+t )*1-)07e" A* eme%i t0n8e*= #i*i-ai >an8at+()a)$- ve)*0++8e+ /(%t" A #0+e+em (%u+<v(, &u%v(v( tette a* eme%e-et, a i*$n8ta+an)(7#e+)*'t$tta a +0>a mu+at)(7$- ut(ni v(78at" A>$78 >ata+mu- #$78$tt, 1nne.ei-, +$va47i /(t0-ai- e78%e .$m.()aa- +ette-" (t$7at<-at 0) >e+8e+ie-et e78a%(nt )0%tett a-?%1+?tt1- &C+< -1+?nc vi)e+-e&0), e%-?+c)te+en)07" A +e7na78$ $t%(n8t ma7a He4%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a $-$*ta"95 A ?+c)e +(t$7at< a*$nna+ me70%tette, >$78 a %a78$7<#e+)*'n a+att )emmi )inc) %en&en" A -i%(+8 min&en )e+8me 0) a%an8a e++en0%e )em%en&e+-e*ett ann8i .0n**e+, >$78 -at$n(it -i#i*e))e" A 1)*-e tem.+$m$), a-i .0n*e)*ac)-at$tt e78 $+8an c)at(4a, ame+8 )$--a+ -e78et+ene v$+t a N8u7at$n va+a>a i) i)me%te-n0+" 3'7 mu+at<4*$-, mint G54an a -e%a-i +a-$&a+mi ven&07e-, C78 -e+te- #e+ a* 1nne.i a)*ta+t<+,>$78 a >itet+ene- -=vet= 70.ei &?n7ett0- a #a+a-at" A )*ent#?+&i 0+et +$va7ia) 0) v'7$+&a+ai 0..>$78 e+ta-a%t(- a #0+e+met, a* a77$&a+mat, a i*$n8ta+an)(7$t, 0) a -'v1+4(++<an #e+me%1+>etett a -0%&0), va/$n me&&i7 ta%t>at m07 e* a -a+an&, >a a +e7/$u%a+-$&<- i%(n8't/(- i)_

532

E)t$i%e &dE%ac+e), II, GG" ."V E%n$u+, G54G" ."V 1tinerarium $egis $i/ardi, 94M" ."V Hei)te%ac>i 6ae)a4%iu)2 Dia+$7u) ;i%acu+$%um, I, GG" ." Je%u*)(+em e+e)t0t a ten7e%entC+i #%an-$- -$%%u.t)(7(t tu+a/&$4n't/a"

M

3. %e&e'et

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+Kijő-e győz-e2 h#gy győzz<n. /Jelenések 2?3

Anti<->iai Ra/mun&na- i7a*a v$+t, ami-$% a* A+e..< e++eni t(ma&()%a i*tatta am()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at ve*et=it" A* 0+et0ve+ #i*etett a*0%t, me%t nem >a++7atta-

%(" A -e%e)*t0n8)07 #= e++en)07e NC% a&4D'n v$+t, a-it 4en e78 na78 )e%e7 m07me7 tu&$tt v$+na )emmi)'teni" NC% a&4D'n i%t$-$+ta A+e..<t 0) E&e))*(t, &e a &a4ma)*-u)*i Unu% 0) a* O%$nt0)* v?+780=+ a -i)e em'%)07e- nem /?tte- v$+na a )e47't)070%e, mint a>$78an te)tv0%e, a m$)*u+i S*a/# a&4D'n )em, a-ine- a--$%ian me74v$+t a ma7a a/a I%a-an" A -e%e)*te)e- =%1+t vi)e+-e&0)e a%%a -0)*tette Unu%t, >$78a ve)*0+8 i&e/0%e )*?vet)07%e +0./en NC% a&4D'nne+" A v0+et+en me7a&ta ne-i a +e>et=4)07et, >$78 eavat-$*>a))$n T%i.$+i)* 178eie, 0) '78 me7e%=)'t)e >ata+m(t S*'%ia-?*0.)= %0)*e #e+ett"

A* e)em0n8e- Ra/mun&na- a&ta- i7a*at, a-i nem v$+t >a/+an&< c)at+a-$*ni a -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%at>$*" Sem =, )em e&e))*ai J$)ce+in nem >a78>atta ma7(%a $%)*(7(t,ame+8et NC% a&4D'n #en8e7etett" A+e..0% *()*4+< v0&e+m0en, ma7a ment NC% a&4D'n t($%(a -e78e+met -0%ni" 6)a- i&ei7+ene)>a+a)*t()t -a.$tt"955 E*a+att a Bi*(ncca+ 0-0) vi)*$n8an +ev= -$n8ai )*u+t(n, ;a4)*C& -i>a)*n(+ta a #%an-$- )*$%u+t >e+8*et0t, 0) ;a%a)%a t(ma&t" Ra/mun& #e+-0)*1+t,>$78 me71t-?**0- ve+e, e*0%t ;a)*C& #e+-0%te NC% a&4D'nt, >$78 te%e+/e e+ va+ami4+8en m<&$n a #i78e+met" NC% a&4D'n nem uta)'t$tta e+ a -0%0)t, &e Ra/mun& a* a)*a4)*in )*e-ta e78i- -u%& ve*et=/e, A+i in 3a#( )e7't)070ve+, a-i )$--a+ /$an 78+?+teNC% a&4D'nt, mint a -e%e)*t0n8e-et, G n$veme%0en me7+e.te NC% a&4D'nt, ami4-$% a* :am'/(n(+ a* A)*va&4)'-)(7 #a+vait .u)*t't$tta a* Anti<->i(<+ ;a%a)a ve*e4t= Ct$n" NC% a&4D'n -0t a+ve*0%e, a -u%& S'%-C> 0) a* a+e..a/+an&< %0)*t venni a c)at(an, ) a* e70)* mu)*+im)e%e7 78$%) 0) )*078en+ete) vi))*av$nu+()%a -0n8)*e%1+t" A -?vet-e*= tava)*$n NC%a&4D'n i)m0t e+?*?n+?tte e*t a vi&0-et, 0) Ba7%a)*n(+, nem me))*e a* e78-$%i c)ata4t0%t=+, +e78=*te Ra/mun&$t" E*ut(n &0+%e #$%&u+t 0) me7$)t%$m$+ta Ina v(%(t, a*O%$nt0)*t=+ -e+et%e e+te%1+= #?+&e- e78i- ut$+)<, -e%e)*t0n8 -0*en +ev= e%=))070t" N04>(n8 a)*a)*in )*?vet)07e)0ve+, a-i-et A+t in 3a#( ve*etett, Ra/mun& a v(% #e+ment04)0%e )ietett" NC% a&4D'nt t0ve)en in#$%m(+t(- a #e+ment= )e%e7 e%e/0%=+ ) e*0%t vi))*a4v$nu+t" A va+<)(7an a >ate*%e) mu)*+im )e%e7 na78$ v$+t, mint a n078e*e% +$va)4<+ 0) e*e% 78a+$7$)<+ (++< #%an- )e%e7" E--$% Ra/mun&, A+i tan(c)a e++en0%e, e+>at(4

533In a+4:u%at, 6a>en i&0* t=+e, La !yrie du Nord, 5G" ."

%$*ta, >$78 me7e%=)'ti a* inai >e+8=%)07et" NC% a&4D'n a*$nan m07i) tu&$m()t)*e%*ett Ra/mun& 78en7e)070%=+" !" /Cniu) G4(n a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 ;u%(& #$%%(4)(n(+ e78 -at+anan ve%t )(t%at a* Ina v(%a 0) La m$c)a%a -?*?tti )'-$n" A* 0/ +e.+ea+att NC% a&4D'n c)a.atat e-e%'tett0- a t($%t" ;()na. %e77e+ Ra/mun& #e+m0%te,>$78 e78et+en m<&$n mene-1+>et2 >a -it?% a 78%=+" A te%e. a*$nan e++ene v$+t"A #e+t(ma&t )*0+ .$%t >$%&$tt eme%ei )*em0e, mi-?*en #e+#e+0 -a.tatta- a* eme+4

-e&=n" N0>(n8 <%a a+att Ra/mun&)e%e7e me7)emmi)1+t" A >a+$tta--?*?tt v$+t ;a%a)i Ra/na+& 0) A+i, a*a)*a)*in .a%anc)n$-" Ra/mun& S'%4-C> -e*0t=+ e)ett e+, a-i e*(+ta+ vi)*4)*an8e%te u%a -e780t, ame+8et :a4m'/(n(+ e+ve)*'tett" NC% a&4D'ne*1)t&$$*a t0tette a >e%ce7 #e/0t, )e+ -1+&te a/(n&0-a )*e++emi at8/(4na-, a a7&a&i -a+i#(na-"95

E&e))*ai J$)ce+in, a-i a mu)*+i4m$--a+ ne>e*en -ia+-u&$tt #e78ve%4)*1net0t 0+ve*te, nem v$+t >a/+an&<e781ttm-?&ni %07i vet0+8t(%)(va+,

Ra/mun&&a+" E--$% a*$nan %( -e%1+t a )$%" NC% a&4D'n (tv$nu+t a* anti<->iai te%14+ete-en, A%*7an 0) Te++4Ka)#a>(n e+#$7+a+()(va+ -ite%/e)*tette a* O%$nt0)* -?*0.)= #$4+8()a #e+etti u%a+m(t, ma/& 0)*a-a%a e+#$7+a+ta A%t(t 0) Ha%encet" E--$% n8u7at%a#$%&u+t, me7/e+ent Anti<->ia #a+ai a+att, 0) .u)*t'tva -ic)a.$tt e70)*en S*ent Sime$4ni7"959 J$)ce+in me7 )em -')0%e+t #%ante)tv0%ei )e7't)070%e )ietni, >anem ;a%a) e++env$nu+t, me%t %em0+te, >$78 (tve>eti a ve/e, Ra/na+& ?%?-)070t" Bev$nu+t a v(%$)a, &ea*$n n8$man vi))*a i) v$nu+t, ami-$% me7>a++$tta, >$78 ;a)*C& )*u+t(n -?*e+e&i-"He+8=%)07e me7a&ta ma7(t a )*e+&*)u-$-na-, me%t '70%etet -a.$tt, >$78 me7-'m04+i- a -e%e)*t0n8e- 0+et0t, ami-$% a*$nan a -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) a .a.$- e+in&u+ta- Anti4<->ia #e+0, min&ann8iu-at me7?+t0-" ;a)*C& e70)*en Tu%e))*e+ )*$m)*0&)(7(i71+&?*te J$)ce+int" De -?*e+e&ett a -e%e)*t0n8 e%=)'t0), 0) NC% a&4D'n nem a-a%ta,>$78 J$)ce+in F a-i m07 min&i7 a )*?vet)07e)e v$+t F a )*e+&*)u-$- /av(%a ve)*'t)ente%1+ete-et" ;a)*C& e*0%t $-$)ana- +(tta, >a vi))*av$nu+" E*ut(n a &*)a%*'%ae+i$%t$-i&(-, a-i-et &0+en NC% a&4D'n 0) #iv0%ei ta%t$tta- #0-en, a* Eu#%(te)* ment0na-a%tate%/e)*-e&ni Ra/na+& a&<#i*et=i, a 7a%7a%i ?%m0n8e- %$v()(%a" J$)ce+in c)a-ene%7i(it .a*a%$+ta, ami-$% a )i-e% +e7>a+v(n8a %em0n8e n0+-1+ -1+&?tt )e7't)07eta 7a%7a%i 3a*u+na-" A* $%t$-i&a Ka%a A%)*+(n (tvette a La%7a% 0) Ka%.u%t #e+etti e+4+en=%*0)t, ami na78 ?%?mme+ t?+t?tte e+ a /a-$ita -e%e)*t0n8e-et" S*(mu-%a Ka%aA%)*+(n u%a+ma Ra/na+& e%=)en ?%m0n8a%(t 0) /a-$itae++ene) .$+iti-(/(n(+ ?))*e>a4)$n+'t>atat+anu+ -e++eme)ene- '70%-e*ett"95M ! te+0n NC% a&4D'n )*a-'t$tt J$)ce4+inna+" E+)= t(ma&()ai )i-e%te+ene- v$+ta-, &e 9 (.%i+i)(an, ami-$% J$)ce+in Anti<4

534T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, !, 45" ."V a tem.+$m$)$- )0n0c>a+/(na- a +eve+e Eve%a%& na78me)te%4>e* in $* H* <*, Q3" -?t" 9" ."V Kinnam$)*, 45" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, GG4G!" ."V Chron* Anon*!yr* )*'% -ia&(), !M" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+i, 5!" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., " ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', GG4!"

."V AC S(ma, 4" ."V In a+4:u%at2 i* h*, a >e+8et A%& a+4Hatimma+ a*$n$)'t/a"535T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, , 49" ."V +ev0+ Eve%a%&4>$*, i* h*V Chron* Anon* !yr* )*'% -ia&(), !!"

."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, G" ."

G

HII. =aj#s2 III. K#nrád2 III. alduin

->i(a +$va7$+t, >$78 a* $ttani -$%m(nn8a+ tan(c)-$**0-, e+)*a-'t$tt(- -')0%et0t=+, )t1%-m0n %a+<- -e*0%e -e%1+t" E*e- >a/+an&<- +ette- v$+na a )*aa&$n $c)(t()(%a>ata+ma) v(+t)(7&'/ #e/0en, &e NC% a&4D'n >'%0t vette a* e)etne-, ) +$va)c)a.at$t -1+4&?tt, >$78 me7)*e%e**e J$)ce+int e+%a+<it<+" J$)ce+int me7va-'t$tt(-, ) A+e..<an?%t?ne vetett0-" Ott >a+t me7 -i+enc 0vve+ -0)=, 9!4en"95

9 n8a%(%a min& a* Anti<->iai He%ce7)07, min& a* E&e))*ai L%<#)(7 ma%a&0-ae+ve)*'tette u%a+-$&</(t" NC% a&4D'n a*$nan nem me%0)*-e&ett t$v(" Ami-$% Ra/4mun& >e%ce7 >a+(+>'%e e+/ut$tt Anti<->i(a, Aime%8 .(t%i(%-a #e+-0)*'tette a v0&e4+em%e a v(%$)t, 0) )1%7=) )e7't)07et -0%t Ba+&uin -i%(+8t<+" E*ut(n %?vi& #e78ve%)*14netet -a.$tt NC% a&4D'nt=+ a**a+, >$78 me7'70%te, >a Ba+&uin nem 0%-e*i- me7, (t4a&/a ne-i Anti<->i(t" E* a me7$+&() tet)*ett NC% a&4D'nne-, me%t e78e+=%e C78)emv(++a+-$*$tt v$+na a v(%$) $)t%$m(%a, &e e*a+att e+#$7+a+ta A.ame(t, a* O%$nt0)*4v?+78 ut$+)< anti<->iai e%=))070t"

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 -ic)in8, #=+e7 tem.+$m$)$-<+ (++< )e%e77e+ 0)*a-%a )ietett" ;e7/e4+en0)e a%%a ?)*t?n?*te NC% a&4D'nt, >$78 e+ee78e**0- e78 >$))*a #e78ve%)*1net4e, 0) e78Ctta+ ;a)*C&$t i) vi))*ata%t$tta att<+, >$78 me7t(ma&/a Tu%e))*e+t" 78Anti<->ia me7mene-1+t u78an, &e a >e%ce7)07 m(% c)a- a v(%$) -?%1+i )'-)(7$t /e4+entette, va+amint a* A+ean&%etta 0) ata-ia -?*?tti .a%ti te%1+etet"95G

E+ -e++ett %en&e*ni a -0t, 7a*&a n0+-1+ ma%a&t $%)*(7 /?v=/0t" NC% a&4D'n, miut(ne+#$7ta J$)ce+int, me7t(ma&ta Tu%e))*e+t, &e Beat%i 7%<#n0 $+8an e%0+8e)en v0&e-e4*ett, >$78 t(ma&</a vi))*av$nu+t" 3i+(7$) v$+t a*$nan, >$78 Tu%e))*e+t nem +e>etme7ta%tani" Te+e v$+t #%an- 0) ?%m0n8 mene-1+te--e+, a-i- a -?%n80-%=+ 78+te- $&a"A /a-$ita -e%e)*t0n8e- n8'+tan e++en)07e)e- v$+ta- 0) a* e70)* te%1+etet NC% a&4D'n><&'t()ai v(7t(- e+ Anti<->i(t<+" A 7%<#n0 m(% -0)*1+t e+>a78ni a v(%$)t, ami-$% 1*e4netet -a.$tt ;anu0+ c)()*(%t<+" ;anu0+ i)me%te a >e+8*etet, 0) #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78me7ve)*i t=+e a*t, ami $%)*(7(<+ me7ma%a&t" Beat%i -?te+e))07tu&<an e)*(m$+ta* a/(n+at%<+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8na-, a-i Anti<->i(an v$+t" A -i%(+8 a -')0%et0ve+ 0) Anti4<->ia neme)eive+ me7vitatta a* a/(n+at$t" Nem )*'ve)en a&t(- e+ a v(%$)t e78 78+?+t7?%?7ne-, &e C78 &?nt?tte-, >$78 e*ut(n +e7a+( ma/& a c)()*(%t +e>et v(&$+ni, >a ete%1+ete- e+ve)*ne- a -e%e)*t0n8)07 )*(m(%a" Ki+i-ia i*(nci -$%m(n8*</a, Tam()a%ann8a+ te+i *)(-$-at vitt a 7%<#n0na- Anti<->i(a F a -%<ni-(- nem tu&<)'tana-enn1n-et a v0te+(%%<+ F, a 7%<#n0 .e&i7 c)e%0e (ta&ta a c)()*(% -at$n(ina- Tu%e)4)*e+, Raven&e+, S*am$)*ata, A/nta, Du+u- 0) Bi%e&*)i- v(%ait" A -i%(+8i )e%e7 e+-')0%4

536E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+i, 55455" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !4", !4!M" ." 0)a* ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, 5M ."

537T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, , M4" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+i, 55455" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, !9" ."VChron* Anon* !yr* 5" ."V In a+4:u%at, 6a>en i&0*i2 i* m* 5GM" ."V Ka%n(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 9549"."V Busztán, 9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, G" ."V S*it in a+4D*)au*', " ." A -?%1+4m0n8e- e+t0%ne- a* e78e) v(+t$*at$-an" 3i+m$) )*e%int J$)ce+in Anti<->i(a ment a .(t%i(%-a >'v()(4%aV E&e))*ai ;(t0 0) In a+4:u%at )*e%int a*0%t ment $&a, >$78 )e7't)07et -0%/enV a Né%teen ,rónika )*e4%int .e&i7 a*0%t, >$78 i*t$)'t)a a %07en))07et" 3i+m$) )*e%int a te%m0)*et .a%anc)(na- en7e&e+me)4-e&ve >a78ta $tt -i) i&=%e t(%)ait" S*it a &$+7$t e78 t1%-m0n +(n8 i%(nti )*e%e+m0ne- tu+a/&$n't/a, Ina+4:u%at )*e%int a #?+&%e *u>ant, ami-$% a +$va me7$t+$tt e78 #(an, ame+8, ;i>(+8 )*e%int, c)a- a-0.*e+et0en +0te*ett a )*'% #$%%()$- J$)ce+in e+#$7()(t I)ten 1ntet0)0ne- te-intett0-, me%t 1+&?*te a /a-$it(-at" A )*'% -%<ni-a'%<- )*e%int J$)ce+int e78 *)i&< a*$n$)'t$tta" 6)a- a Né%teen ,rónika '%ta

me7, >$78 me7va-'t$tt(-" ;i>(+8 '%/a, >$78 nem -a.$tt +atin 78<ntat<t, &e a >a+(+$) (78(n me778<n4tatta E&e))*a /a-$ita .1).?-e"538T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, 9, G54G" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !54!", 545" ."

!

te a i*(nci >e+8=%)07e-et Ct/u-$n, 0) vi))*a-')0%te a #%an- 0) ?%m0n8 mene-1+te- )$4-a)(7(t, a-i- nem '*ta- a i*(nci u%a+$man, 0) in-( Anti<->ia na78$na- v0+ti*t$n)(7(t v(+a)*t$tt(-" A 7%<#n0 e78 v(%at nem a&$tt e+, Rancu+at$t va78 RCm Ka4+(t, ame+8 S*am$)*ata -?*e+0en, a* Eu#%(te)*n0+ #e-1&t" E*t a v(%at a 7%<#n0 a* ?%4m0n8 -at>$+i-$)*na- a&ta" A t?%?- u%a+$m i&e/0n, )*(*?tven 0ven (t e* ma%a&t a -a4t>$+i-$)* )*0->e+8e" Ami-$% a -i%(+8i )e%e7 a mene-1+te--e+ vi))*a#e+e ta%t$tt, NC%a&4D'n me7.%<(+t +ec)a.ni %(/u- A/ntan(+, &e a -i%(+8 -itn= )*e%ve*0)e e+e/0t vettea a/na-" K0t +e7/e+ent=)e (%</a, T$%$ni On#%$i 0) S$u%&eva+4i R<e%t >i(a -0%+e+4te a -i%(+8t, >$78 a nev0en >a&& #$7+a+/(- e+ A/nta$t, a -i%(+8 ta%t$tta ma7(t a c)(4)*(%%a+ -?t?tt me7(++a.$&()>$*"95!

Nem tu&/u- .$nt$)an, mi0%t -?t?tte me7 e*t a* 1*+etet a c)()*(%" A #%an-$- )*e%inta 1)*-e c)()*(% ta+(n a*t >itte, >$78 ma/& me7 tu&/a ta%tani a v(%a-at" Nem va+<)*'4n a*$nan, >$78 enn8i%e ne i)me%te v$+na a >e+8*etet" Ta+(n in-( a /?v=e te-in4tett" Aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 %?vi&e)en me7e%=)?&i- S*'%i(an" Ha m$)t e+ i) ve4)*'ti a v(%a-at, e78-$% ma/& vi))*a tu&/a )*e%e*ni =-et, 0) a--$% )en-i )em vitat>at/ama/& e+ a /$7ait" NC% a&4D'n a )*e+&*)u- ;a)*C&&a+ )*?vet-e*ve e78 0ven e+1+ e+4#$7+a+ta t=+e a v(%a-at" E*t a )*?vet)07et -?*vet+en1+ J$)ce+in e+#$7()a ut(n -?t?tt0-,0) a**a+ .ec)0te+t0- me7, >$78 NC% a&4D'n n=1+ vette ;a)*C& +e(n8(t" Tu%e))*e+v$+t a +(n8 >$*$m(n8a" De ;a)*C& nem c)at+a-$*$tt ve/0>e* a Beat%i e++eni t(ma4&()-$%, e0%te a**a+, >$78 e+#$7+a+ta Kai)*unt 0) Be>e)*nit a* $%)*(7 0)*a-i %0)*0en,) a*t a #i(na-, Ki+i&*) A%)*+(nna- a&ta" 9 tava)*(n a*$nan = 0) NC% a&4D'ne781tt t(ma&ta me7 a i*(nci >e+8=%)07e-et, 0) a* $%t$-i&(- )iette-, >$78 =- i) %0)*t-a./ana-" A/nta 0) Du+u- ;a)*C&0 +ett, S*am$)*ata 0) Bi%e&*)i- a* $%t$-i&a ma%&i4ni Timu%ta)0, Raven&e+ .e&i7 NC% a&4D'n0" Tu%e))*e+en a i*(ncia- e78 i&ei7 e+4+en(++ta-, &e -i0>e*tett0- =-et, 0) 9 /C+iu)(an me7a&t(- ma7u-at NC% a&4D'n a+4ve*0%0ne-" a mani&*)i Ha)*(nna-"9 A* e&e))*ai 7%<#)(7na- n8$ma )em ma%a&t"Beat%i 7%<#n0 vi))*av$nu+t Je%u*)(+eme -0t 78e%me-0ve+, J$)ce+inne+ 0) Á7ne))e+,a-i- -0)= i7en )*e%enc)0t+en )*e%e.et /(t)*$tta- a -i%(+8)(7 ?))*e$m+()(an"9

E&e))*a e+ve)*ett, &e Anti<->ia m07 me7v$+t" Ra/mun& n078 -i)78e%me--e+ >a784ta ?*ve78en K$n)tancia >e%ce7n=t" A t%<n )a/(t /$7(n v$+t a* ?v0, &e min&en-i C780%e*te, >$78 i+8en i&=-en #0%#i%a -e++ '*ni a -$%m(n8*()t" A* i&=)e #iC, III" B$4emun& ?t e)*ten&=) v$+t, ami-$% me7>a+t a* a./a" Na78-$%C)(7(i7 #0%#i %07en)%e v$+t)*1-)07"

Aime%8 .(t%i(%-a a v(+)(7 .i++anat(an e++(tta a teen&=-et, &e a -?*v0+em0n8 e++e4ne*te, >$78 e78>(*i )*em0+8 +e78en a %07en)" A* i#/C >e%ce7n=nete>(t C/%a #0%/>e*-e++ett mennie" A&&i7 i) a me7#e+e+= %07en) a* un$-ate)tv0%e, Ba+&uin -i%(+8 v$+t, a-imint a >e%ce7n= +e7-?*e+ei #0%#i%$-$na +ett a %07en), 0) nem mint a >e%ce7n= >40%u%a" Ra/mun& >a+(+>'%0%e Ba+&uin Anti<->i(a )ietett" Ti*en-i+enc 0ve) i#/Ct<+ )*$4

539T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, M4", G4G!" ." A i*(nci t?%t0net'%<- nem em+'ti- a* a&()v0te+t Amu)*+im i*$n8't0-$- i&=.$nt/aiva+ -a.c)$+atan, +()& 6a>en2 i* m* 5GG" ." " )*" /e78*etV S*'%iai ;i4>(+8, III, !" .", 0) a* ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, 55" ." 3a%tan, 59" ." 0) 3a>%am2 $mes ,rónika, MG" .", '%/a,>$78 RCm Ka+at$t a -at>$+i-$)*na- a&ta" S*'%iai ;i>(+8 v(+t$*ata )*e%int a 7%<#n0 -0%te a -at>$+i4-$)*t, )e7't)en me7 RCm Ka+atan e78 ?%m0n8 u%at, &e a -at>$+i-$)* e>e+8ett c)e++e+ e+#$7+a+ta a v(4%$)t"

540T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i" >"V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&", " ."V ;i>(+8, ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, !" ."V In a+4

Ka+(ni)*', 5!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, 5" ." t0ve) i&=.$ntta+"541II" J$)ce+in +(n8a, I*ae++a +()& e m II" -?t" G" ." m(% va+<)*'n+e7 >a+$tt v$+t, (% T1%$)*i 3i+4m$) " ." C78 e)*0+ %<+a, mint a-i 0+t at8/a >a+(+a-$%"

-at+an ?+c)e))077e+ /(%t e+, 0) u%a+m(t e78?nteten e+#$7a&t(-" 9 n8(% e+e/0n t0%t>a*a, miut(n en7e&0+8e*te, >$78 Beat%i 7%<#n0 e+a&/a a i%t$-ait a c)()*(%na-" Dea>>$* tC+ )$- 7$n&/a v$+t $%)*(7a &0+i %0)*0en, >$78 ma7(%a ve78e a #e+e+=))07etAnti<->i(0%t i)" S1%7ette a min&?))*e >u)*$n-0t e)*ten&=) K$n)tanci(t, >$78 v(+a)*4)*$n ma7(na- C/ #0%/et, ) = ma7a >(%$m /e+?+tet a/(n+$tt" A* e+)=, Ne)+e4i ve), S$i)4)$n) 7%<#/a v$+t, 7a*&a7 #%ancia neme), a-i a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t -?vet=enment Pa+e)*tin(a, 0) )*'ve)en $tt ma%a&t v$+na" A m()$&i- :a+c$ne%74i 3a+te% v$+t,anna- a Saint Ome% c)a+(&na- a ta7/a, ame+8 e78-$% a 7a+i+eiai >0%i%t$- tu+a/&$4n$)a v$+t" A >a%ma&i- .e&i7 ;e%+e4i Ru&$+#, a t%i.$+i)*i 7%<#)(7 e78i- -itn= (%</a"K$n)tancia a*$nan e78i-1-et )em v(+a)*t$tta, 0) Ba+&uinna- C78 -e++ett vi))*at0%4nie Je%u*)(+eme, >$78 K$n)tancia -$%m(n8$*ta Anti<->i(t"9

K$n)tancia nem ?%1+t #iata+ un$-ate)tv0%e eavat-$*()(na-, 0) a>$78 Ba+&uin e+4uta*$tt, m(%i) me7v(+t$*tatta .$+iti-(/(t" K?vet)07et -1+&?tt K$n)tantin(.$+8a 0);anu0+t=+, mint >0%u%(t<+ a*t -0%te, >$78 v(+a))*$n a )*(m(%a #0%/et"95 ;anu0+i78e-e*ett e+e7et tenni <>a/(na-" A i%$&a+$m &0+-e+eti >at(%(n na78$n me778en71+ta i*(nci e#$+8()" A* 5" 0v t(/(n a %u.eni&a T$%$)* >e%ce7 e+mene-1+t K$n)tanti4n(.$+8<+, 0) un$-ate)tv0%0n0+, a* e&e))*ai J$)ce+in u&va%(an -e%e)ett mene&0-et"Ott ma7a -?%0 78/t?tte e78 c)a.at%a va+< >$n#it(%)(t, 0) )e7't)071--e+ vi))*a#$7+a+taa -e+eti Tau%u)*4>e78)07en 3a>-(t, a c)a+(&i e%=))07et" K0t #iv0%e, I)tv(n 0) ;+e> i)c)at+a-$*$tt >$**(, 0) me7a%(t-$*$tt a )*$m)*0&$) #%an- C%%a+, Raani Sim$nna+ i),a-ine- a +(n8(t e+vette #e+e)071+" 94en, mia+att a i*(ncia-at +e-?t?tte a Tu%e)4)*e+ e++eni mu)*+im t(ma&(), +ev$nu+t a -i+i-iai )'-%a, ;ami)*t%a e+=tt +e78=*te 0)me7?+te Tam() i*(nci -$%m(n8*<t" ;anu0+ a* un$-ate)tv0%0t, An&%$ni-$)*t -1+&te$&a, >$78 )*e%e**e vi))*a a T$%$)* (+ta+ e+#$7+a+t #?+&e-et, ) m$)t e+/?tt a* i&=, >$78 a)a/(t /e+?+t/0t 1+tet>e))e a* anti<->iai t%<n%a"

E te%ve- e78i-0=+ )em +ett )emmi" An&%$ni-$)* K$mn0n$)* a te>et)07e) c)()*(%ic)a+(& +e7-iv(+<, +e7e+v?+= ta7/a v$+t, &e -a.-$&< 0) 7$n&at+an" Ami-$% e+in4&u+t, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/a ;ami)*t%(an T$%$)*t, a* ?%m0n8e- me7+e.t0-, 0) )e%e70t#e+-0)*1+et+en1+ ta+(+t(-" An&%$ni-$)* ve%t )e%e7e %ettenete) (++a.$tan t0%t vi))*aK$n)tantin(.$+8a" Ami-$% K$n)tancia )*(m(%a #0%/et v(+a)*t$tt, ;anu0+ t? ta+(+04-$n8)(7$t mutat$tt, mint /<*an me77$n&$+()t" S<7$%(t, -e&venc n=v0%e, ;(%ia ?*4ve78 #0%/0t, J(n$) R$7e% cae)a%t -1+&te e+" J(n$) R$7e% n$%mann v$+t, 0) n$>a e78-$%?))*ee)-1v0)t )*=tt a c)()*(%i t%<n me7-a.a%int()(%a, imm(% a c)()*(% -i.%<(+t,me7'*>at< a%(t/a v$+t" ;anu0+ a*0%t v(+a)*t$tta =t, me%t tu&ta, >$78 )*(m't>at a>)070%e, ) %em0+te, >$78 n$%mann )*(%ma*()a e+#$7a&>at<v( te)*i a #%an-$- )*(m(4%a" ;anu0+ c)a- K$n)tanci(va+ nem )*(m$+t" A* i7enc)a- -?*0.-$%C cae)a% m(% e+ve4)*'tette min&en i#/$nti v$n*e%e/0t" A >e%ce7n=, a-ine- e+)= #0%/e >'%e) v$+t )*0.)0704%=+, #$nt$+<%a )em vett e78 i+8en, -ev0))0 %$manti-u) t(%)at" :e+-0%te a cae)a%t, >$78uta**0- vi))*a a c)()*(%>$*" Ta+(n )i-e%e)e +ett v$+na, >a ;anu0+ An&%$ni-$)*t-1+&i Anti<->i(a +e(n8-0%=e 0) J(n$)t Ki+i-i(a >a%c$+ni"9

Ba+&uin -i%(+8 m(% )*inte (%-it )*'ve)en +(t$tt v$+na un$-an=v0%e #0%/e-0nt, me%tnem%07ien C/a 7$n& )*a-a&t a n8a-(a" II" Ra/mun&, T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a 0) Je%u*)(+e4

542T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, G, G!4!" ." 78 v0+i, >$78 Aime%8 .(t%i(%-a (t$%'t$tta K$n)tanci(t,>$78 uta)'t)a e+ a /e+?+te-et, me%t att<+ #0+t, >$78 >ata+ma c)?--enni #$7"

543

Kinnam$)*, G" ."544Kinnam$)*, 4", G" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+iii, 55455M" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., MM" ."V S*ematc$nn0ta+e, M! ."V 3a>%ain2 $mes ,rónika, 949M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, G" ."

mi H$&ie%na >(*a))(7a nem v$+t e70)*en $+&$7" H$&ie%na te)tv0%ei>e*, ;e+i)en&(4>$* 0) A+i*>$* >a)$n+<an e%=) a-a%atC 0) v'7 -e&0+8 >?+78 v$+t" A*t i) )utt$7t(-,>$78 a -i)+(n8u-na-, ;e+i)en&(nata+(n nem i) a #0%/e a* a./a" Ra/mun& %ettenete4)en #0+t0-en8 v$+t H$&ie%n(%a, 0) me7.%<(+ta -e+eti m<&$n e+*(%va ta%tani" 9 e+e4

/0%e ann8i%a me7%$m+$tt a >(*a))(7, >$78 ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= -?te+e))070ne- 0%e*te,>$78 eavat-$**0-" :i(va+, a -i%(++8a+ e781tt e+uta*$tt T%i.$+i)*a, >$78 -i0-'t)e a>(*a)#e+e-et" Ba+&uin -i>a)*n(+ta a* a+-a+mat, 0) K$n)tanci(t i) T%i.$+i)*a %en&e+te,a>$+ a*ut(n a -0t na78n0ni me7)*i&ta, ami0%t ann8i%a %a7a)*-$&i- ?*ve78)070>e*" An0ni- -i$-tat()a nem >$*ta me7 a -'v(nt e%e&m0n8t, ta+(n me%t e78i-1- >(*a))(7a)em v$+t -im$n&$ttan )i-e%e)" K$n)tancia C78 t0%t >a*a, >$78 nem '70%t me7 )emmit"Ra/mun& 0) H$&ie%na &$+7(an ;e+i)en&a t? )i-e%t 0%t e+" A >(*a).(% e+>at(%$*ta,>$78 %en&e*i a n0*ete+t0%0)t, &e C78 +(tt(- >e+8e)ne-, >a H$&ie%na e+= >$))*ava-(ci<%a Je%u*)(+eme uta*i-" Ba+&uin C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 e78 &a%ai7 m07 T%i.$4+i)*an ma%a&, me%t a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78 NC% a&4D'n t(ma&()%a -0)*1+ a 7%<#)(7 e++en"A -i%(+8n= 0) a 7%<#n= e+in&u+t &0+%e, ) a 7%<# -?%1+e+1+ e78 m0%#?+&n8i%e e+-')0%te=-et" Amint vi))*a#e+0 +$va7$+t, #=v(%$)a -a.u/a e+=tt e78 a)*a)*in an&a t?%t %( Ra/4mun&%a, 0) +e)*C%t(- =t" ;e%+e4i Ru&$+# 0) a -')0%et e78 m()i- +$va7/a me7.%<(+tame7v0&eni, &e c)a- a )a/(t ve)*t1-e %$>anta-, =-et i) me7?+t0-" A* e70)* $+8an78$%)an *a/+$tt +e, >$78 a 7%<# te)t=%)07e nem tu&ta e+-a.ni a 78i+-$)$-at" A -i%(+80..en -$c-a/(t0--a+ )*<%a-$*$tt, ami-$% -ia(+() >a++at)*$tt e a .a+$t(a" A >e+8=%4)07 #e78ve%t %a7a&$tt, e+?*?n+?tte a* utc(-at, 0) min&en mu)*+im$t +em0)*(%$+t, a-ic)a- a )*em1- e+0 -e%1+t" De a* a)*a)*in$- e+mene-1+te-, 0) )$>a)em &e%1+t #0n8 tet4t1- in&'t0-(%a"99

:ut(%$-at -1+&te-, vi))*a>'vt(- a -i%(+8n=t 0) a 7%<#n0t, 0) H$&ie%na +ett a %07en)ti*en-0t e)*ten&=) #ia, III" Ra/mun& me++ett" Ám mint Anti<->i(an, itt i) #0%#i%a v$+t)*1-)07, 0) Ba+&uin mint a +e7-?*e+ei #0%#i%$-$n a%%a -0n8)*e%1+t, >$78 v(++a+/a a78(m)(7$t" NC% a&4D'n %?7ve)t e70)*en T$%t$)*(i7 me%0)*-e&ett, ame+8et c)a.ataie78 i&=%e e+#$7+a+ta-" De >ama%$)an -ive%t0- =-et $nnan, 0) Ba+&uin H$&ie%na e+e4e78e*0)0ve+ (ta&ta T$%t$)*(t a tem.+$m$) %en&ne-"9M

Ba+&uin ?%1+t, ami-$% v07%e >a*ame>etett Je%u*)(+eme" ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=, an4na- tu&at(an, >$78 )a/(t /$7(n v$+t u%a+-$&<, v$na-$&$tt (ta&ni a >ata+mat a #i(4na-" Ba+&uin a*$nan m(% e+mC+t >u)*$n-0t 0ve), 0) a -?*v0+em0n8 -?vete+te, >$78-$%$n(**(- me7, mint #e+n=tt u%a+-$&<t" A -i%(+8n0 e*0%t me7e)*0+te :$uc>e% .(t%i4(%-(va+, >$78 =t i) -$%$n(**(- C/%a a #ia $+&a+(n, 0) '78 min&en-i e+=tt n8i+v(nva+<v(te)*i-, >$78 -?*?)en u%a+-$&na-" ;(%ciu) 54(%a, >C)v0t va)(%na.%a te%ve*t0- a -$4%$n(*()t, &e Ba+&uin e+>a+a)*t$tta" Ke&&en a*ut(n, ami-$% an8/a )emmi%e )em 78a4na-$&$tt, +$va7/aiva+ ev$nu+t a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(a 0) a &1>?) .(t%i(%-(t a%%a-0n8)*e%'tette, >$78 -$%$n(**a =t me7 e78e&1+" E* a n8'+t )*a-'t() -e*&ete v$+t" A -i4%(+8n=ne- )$- a%(t/a v$+t" P(%t#$7$+t/a, Hie%7e)*i ;ana))*0)* m07 min&i7 #=ve*0%v$+t" ;ana))*0)* c)a+(&i -a.c)$+atai %0v0n %$-$na v$+t a na78 Ie+in c)a+(&na-,ame+8 a #i+i)*teu) )'-)(7$t e++en=%i*te, 0) )$- &0+4.a+e)*tinai neme) i) me++ette v$+t";e7/e78*en&=, >$78 ami-$% !4en Ba+&uin Anti<->i(a ment, c)a- n0>(n8 ne4me) ta%t$tt ve+e, me%t aan a* 178en a -i%(+8n= nem v$+t 0%&e-e+t" Ba+&uin a%(tai0)*a-$n 0+te-" 3e*et=i- T$%$ni On#%$i 0) :a+c$ne%7i 3i+m$) v$+ta-, a-i-ne- La+i+e(4

545T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, G4!, G!4!" ."546>#*; i* h*V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5" ."

an v$+ta- a i%t$-ai-" A -i%(+8 nem a-a%t e%=)*a->$* #$+8am$&ni" Ö))*e>'vta a -i4%(+8)(7 na78tan(c)(t, 0) .ana)*(t a tan(c) e+0 te%/e)*tette" A .a.)(7 e#$+8()(%a-$m.%$mi))*um$t -e++ett e+#$7a&nia" -a.ta La+i+e(t 0) a* 0)*a-i %0)*e-et, &e ;e+i4)en&(0 ma%a&t Je%u*)(+em 0) N(+u)*, a*a* JC&ea 0) S*ama%ia, va+amint a ten7e%4.a%t, a>$+ a -i%(+8 ?cc)e, Ama+%i- Ja##a 7%<#)(7(t i%t$-$+ta a -i%(+8n= #enn>at<)(7aa+att" e>etet+en me7$+&() v$+t e*, 0) n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= a -i%(+8 -0%te a* an84

/(t, en7e&/e (t ne-i Je%u*)(+emet" Je%u*)(+em n0+-1+, m$n&ta, nem -0.e) me7v0&eni a-i%(+8)(7$t" NC% a&4D'n >ata+ma na.%<+ na.%a n=tt, a -i%(+8 /$7$)an 0%ve+t '78, ) e-4-$% m(% a +e7/$ >'vei i) -e*&t0- e+>a78ni ;e+i)en&(t" A -i%(+8n= a*$nan )*i+(%&an-ita%t$tt, #ia e++en me7e%=)'tette Je%u*)(+emet 0) N(+u)*t" Ám a -i%(+8 c)a.atai a .a%4ti )'-)(7 ment0n +0v= ;i%ae+ v(%(n(+ me7+e.t0- 0) e+#$7t(- ;ana))*0)* #=ve*0%t";e7-'m0+t0- a* 0+et0t, a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >a e+uta*i- Ke+et%=+ 0) )$>a t?0 nem t0%vi))*a" N(+u)* e*ut(n me7a&ta ma7(t a -i%(+8na-" ;e+i)en&a, a-it a vi+(7i neme)4)07 e+>a78$tt, &e a-i me++ett m07 min&i7 $tt (++t a .(t%i(%-a, me7.%<(+ta ta%tani Je4%u*)(+emet" De a .$+7(%$- i) e++ene #$%&u+ta-, 0) a%%a -0n8)*e%'tett0-, >$78 a&/a #e+ a>a%c$t" N0>(n8 na. ut(n (ta&ta a v(%$)t a #i(na-" A -i%(+8 nem +0.ett #e+ an8/a e++en,me%t a /$7tu&<)$- )*e%int, >a a /<*an me77$n&$+() nem i), &e a /$7 a -i%(+8n= $+&a4+(n (++t" ;e+i)en&a me7-a.ta N(+u)*t 0) -?%n80-0t, vi))*av$nu+t a .$+iti-(t<+, &e a*e78>(* .(%t#$7</a ma%a&t" Ba+&uin, imm(% a vi+(7i >ata+$m +e7#= i%t$-$)a, T$%$niOn#%$i4t neve*te -i ;ana))*0)* >e+80e #=ve*0%ne-"9

NC% a&4D'n na78 ?%?mme+ +(tta a* e+=-e+= #%an- c)a+(&$- &ina)*ti-u) 7$n&/ait"Nem i) *ava%tatta ma7(t a**a+, >$78 -$m$+8a t(ma&()t in&'t)$n a -e%e)*t0n8ei e+4+en, v$+t enn0+ )1%7=)e &$+7a i), u78ani) Dama)*-u)*t a-a%ta me7><&'tani" A m(4)$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at -u&a%ca ut(n a &ama)*-u)*i Unu% n0>(n8 ><na.$n (t %en&4)*e%te+en >a%c$-at #$+8tat$tt a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en, &e a NC% a&4D'nt=+ va+< #0+e+emmiatt ?%?mme+ e+#$7a&ta a /e%u*)(+emi 0-ea/(n+at$-at" ! m(/u)(an -0t0ve)#e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tte-" Unu% nem )$--a+ -0)=, au7u)*tu)an me7>a+t 0) ;u4&*)'+ a&4D'n, T$7te-in u%i&a em'% un$-(/a, a-ine- nev0en Unu% -$%m(n8*$tt, (t4vette a -$%m(n8*()t"9G NC% a&4D'n -i>a)*n(+ta a u%i&a 78en7e)070t" Nem c)e+e-e4&ett a*$nna+, me%t n$veme%en me7>a+t a te)tv0%e, S*a/# a&4D'n, 0) e+= a c)a+(&ii%t$-$-at -e++ett C/%a e+$)*tani" Kut a&4D'n, a +e7#iata+a te)tv0% ?%?-?+te ;$)*u+t0) a* i%a-i te%1+ete-et, &e C78 +(t)*i-, e+i)me%te NC% a&4D'n #enn>at<)(7(t"9! A -?vet4-e*= 0v m(%ciu)(an NC% a&4D'n Dama)*-u)* e++en in&u+t" A na78 e)=*0)e- miatt

547

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, 54, !4G5" ." N(+u)* ;i++8 :1+?.0 v$+t, a-i a -i%(+8n=t t(m$7attaM" /C+iu) 540n, n0>(n8 >0tte+ a -i%(+8n= >a+(+a e+=tt N(+u)*0%t c)e%0e a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete-i%t$-(t -a.ta R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, !M" ."" ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n=ve+ nem tan(c)-$*ta-, ta+(n me%t tC+)(7$4)an ete7 v$+t, &e te)tv0%e, H$&ie%na, T%i.$+i)* ?*ve78 7%<#n0/a /<v(>a78ta a t%an*a-ci<t" :1+?. #e+te4>et=en nem Ba+&uint<+, >anem ;e+i)en&(t<+ -a.ta a #?+&/eit, 0) Ba+&uin c)a- a--$% va+<)'t>atta me7 ac)e%0t, ami-$% a -i%(+8n= m(% >a+(+(n v$+t, >i)*en e* a c)e%e me7#$)*t$tta ;e+i)en&(t e78 a%(t/(t<+ 0)#= va*a++u)(t<+" :1+?. #e+e)07e, I*ae++a va78 E%*)0et, a J$%&(n$n tC+i Pa7an un$-a>C7a 0) ut<&(na-,;au%ice4na- a* ?%?-?)e v$+t" :e+e)07e >a+(+a ut(n :1+?. e(++t a tem.+$m$) +$va7$- -?*0" Te)tv0%04ne-, ;(%i(na- a #0%/e a e/%Cti III" 3a+te% B%i)ea%%e v$+t, a-i -0)= F a /e+e- )*e%int F a J$%&(n$n tC+ite%1+ete-et i%t$-$+ta, ame+8e-0%t c)e%0e $&aa&ta e/%Cti i%t$-(t" :e+e)07e 0) c)ec)em= +(n8a >a+(+a4-$% a*$nan e+ve)*tette a >0%i%t$-$t, ame+8 :1+?. +(n8(0, Ste#(ni(0 +ett" ()& Re82 e) Sei7neu%)&e ;$nt%0a+ 0) e) Sei7neu%) &e Ba%ut, .a))im"

548

In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !9" ." Unu% v0%>a)an W/u)anti%8\X >a+t me7"549In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, 49" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !94!M" ." ()& 6a>en2 i* m* 5!5" ."" /e78*et, a -0*i%at#$%%()$-%<+"

5

c)a- +a))an >a+a&t, 0) '78 ;u&*)'% a&4D'nne- v$+t i&e/e )e7't)07et -0%ni Je%u*)(+em4=+" NC% a&4D'n e--$% vi))*av$nu+t, 0) e0%te a**a+ a* '70%ette+, >$78 nev0t %(v0)i- a.0n*e-%e, 0) a -?*?) im(-an me7em+'ti- a -a+i#a 0) a .e%*)a )*u+t(n neve ut(n" 78i*$n8$) #$-i7 e+i)me%tette #enn>at<)(7(t Dama)*-u)* #e+ett"99

9 m(/u)(an NC% a&4D'n i)m0t me7/e+ent Dama)*-u)* #a+ai a+att, 0) i)m0t a#%an-$- )iette- a v(%$) me7ment0)0%e" NC% a&4D'n e78 ><na.i7 t($%$*$tt a v(%$)-?*e+0en, ma/& vi))*av$nu+t Baa+e- me++0, ame+8et me7'*$tt/a, S'%-C> #iv0%e, A/4

/C -$%m(n8*$tt" E-?*en a #%an-$- Ba+&uin ve*et0)e a+att Dama)*-u)*>$* 0%te-"S$- -at$na me7+(t$7at>atta a v(%$) a*(%/(t" ;u&*)'% a&4D'n .e&i7 u&va%ia))(7i +(4t$7at()t tett a -i%(+8n(+ a -e%e)*t0n8 t($%an" A )*?vet)07e)e- a*$nan nem v$+ta-e+07 e%=)e- a>>$*, >$78 1+&?*=e ve780- NC% a&4D'nt" E>e+8ett B$)*%a e++en v$nu+4ta-" A* $ttani em'%, S*a%>a-, e78)*e% e+#$7a&ta NC% a&4D'n )e7't)070t e78, Dama)*4-u)* e++eni +(*a&()>$*" A >a&/(%at nem a%at$tt )i-e%t, &e nem )$--a+ -0)= S*a%>a-,a -i)e mu)*+im u%a- )*$-()$) -?nn8e&)070ve+ ?))*ea%(t-$*$tt a #%an-$--a+, 0);u&*)'% a&4D'nne- NC% a&4D'n )e7't)070%e v$+t )*1-)07e, >$78 S*a%>a-$t en7e&e+4me))07%e '%/a" Ami-$% NC% a&4D'n i)m0t 0)*a-%a ment, ;u&*)'% a&4D'n -?vette 0)e++(t$7at$tt A+e..<a, a>$+ e78 a%(t)(7i )*e%*=&0)t '%ta- a+("99 De a &ama)*-u)*ia-m07 e--$% i) -ita%t$tta- a #%an-$--a+ #enn(++< )*?vet)07 me++ett" 9 &eceme%0ene78 c)a.at t1%-m0n me7.%<(+-$*$tt B(n/()* +e%$>an()(va+, va+<)*'n+e7 A//C .a4%anc)(%a" A >e+8=%)07 v(+a)*-0..en et?%t Baa+e- te%1+et0%e, e*t a t(ma&()t vi)*$ntA//C ve%te vi))*a" ;u&*)'% a&4D'n e+=vi78(*at$)an -i/e+entette, >$78 )emmi -?*ee>>e* a >($%C)-$&()>$*"99 ;07 /$an *ava%a /?tt, ami-$% 9 =)*0n >i%te+enme7/e+ent Timu%ta), a ma%&ini $%t$-i&a #e/e&e+em t1%-m0n )e%e77e+, ame+8 e%=+tetettmeneten -?%ev$nu+t a )ivata7 .e%em0n, 0) )e7't)07et -0%t, >$78 me7t(ma&>a))a

Je%u*)(+emet" 3a+<)*'n+e7 tu&$m()t )*e%*ett Ba+&uin 0) ;e+i)en&a vit(/(%<+, 0) a*t7$n&$+ta, me%0)* +0.0))e+ )i-e%t a%at>at" ;u&*)'% a&4D'n ann8it en7e&ett, >$78 Ti4mu%ta) e)*e%e*>e))e, ami%e )*1-)07e van, &e t$v(i te%vei%=+ me7.%<(+ta +ee4)*0+ni" Timu%ta) e--$% (t-e+t a J$%&(n$n, ) t($%t ve%t a* O+a/#(- >e780n, mia+att a#%an- neme))07 N(+u)*an 1+0)e*ett, 0) min&en i*$nn8a+ a%%<+ &?nt?tt, >$78 ;e+i4)en&(na- me--$%a ?%?-%0)*t -e++ a&ni" A /e%u*)(+emi >e+8=%)07 a*$nna+ -ic)a.$tt at1%-m0ne-%e, a-i-, miut(n +(tt(-, >$78 a me7+e.et0))*e% t(ma&() nem >$* )i-e%t,vi))*av$nu+ta- a J$%&(n>$*" A #$+8<.a%t$n +ec)a.$tt %(/u- a -i%(+8 )e%e7e, 0) na7878=*e+met a%at$tt"995

A -?vet-e*= ><na.$- #$+8am(n a -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) a mu)*+im$- #i78e+me e78a%(ntE78i.t$m #e+0 #$%&u+t" A #(timi&a -a+i#(tu) m(% a te+/e) #e+$m+() -1)*?0n (++t" A+4A#&a+ ve*'% me778i+-$+()a <ta E78i.t$mna- nem v$+t %(te%mett ve*et=/e" A+4Ámi%-a+i#a ! $-t<e%0i7 u%a+-$&$tt, a--$% =t i) me7?+t0-" A -$%m(n8*() #e+a&at(va+e78 )$% 0%&emte+en ve*'% .%<(+-$*$tt" A+4Ámi% ut<&a un$-ate)tv0%e, a+4H(#i* +ett, )e%0+8e)e +0v0n, C78 i78e-e*ett a ve*'%i int0*m0n8 0-+8<it<+ )*aa&u+ni, >$78 a )a4

/(t #i(t, Ha)*ant neve*te -i a .$)*t%a" Ha)*an a*$nan >t+en v$+t a* a./(>$*, a-i594en -iv07e*tette 78e%me-0t" A -?vet-e*= ve*'%, a* ?%m0n8 )*1+et0) 3a>%am,>$n#it(%)aiva+ t?+tette e a -?*i7a*7at()i .$)*t$-at, amive+ a*t v(+t$tta -i, >$78 54en Kai%< utc(in na.$-$n (t -e%e)*t0n8 v0% #$+8t" A+4H(#i* -0)= )em v$+t )*e%en4

550In a+4Ka+(ni)*', !45" ."551

>o*, 545" ."552>o*, 545" ."553T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, , !4!" ."

c)0)e a ve*'%eive+, >a(% a na78 i*$n8ta+an)(7an !4i7, >a+(+(i7 me7ma%a&t at%<n/(n" :ia, a+4Z(#i% u%a+ma .$+7(%>($%Cva+ -e*&=&?tt, ame+8et a* u%a+-$&< -0t>a&ve*0%e v'v$tt e78m())a+" Am'% in S*a++(> 78=*?tt, 0) = +ett a ve*0%, ma/& >(%$m0v mC+va =t i) me7?+t0-"99 A v07et nem 0%= c)e+)*?v0)e- 0) v0%$nt()$- na78 %em04n8e-et -e+tette- E78i.t$m e++en)07eien" 94en Ba+&uin -i%(+8 >$**(-e*&ett a 7(4*ai e%=&'tm0n8e- -i/av't()(>$*" A)*-a+$n m07 min&i7 #(timi&a e%=))07 v$+t, 0) >e+84=%)07e (++an&<an .u)*t't$tta a -e%e)*t0n8e- +a-ta te%1+ete-et" L(*(t )*(nt(- a* A)*4-a+$n e++eni >a&mve+ete- t(ma)*.$nt/(u+" In S*a++(> ve*'% i) me7%ettent, &e a #(ti4mi&a u&va%n(+ 0+= mene-1+te- -?*?tt #e+i)me%t0- a mun-i&i&a U)*(ma >e%ce7et, a-i-$%(an Zan7' )*$+7(+at(an (++$tt" t -1+&t0- e+, >$78 -0%/e me7 a* e--$% Dama)*4-u)* a+att t($%$*< NC% a&4D'nt, >$78 e78 7a+i+eiai man=ve%%e+ te%e+/e e+ a -e%e)*t04n8e- #i78e+m0t a &0+i %0)*e-%=+, mi-?*en a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta ma/& a #%an-$- ten7e%i-i-?t=it .u)*t't/a" A -1+&et0) nem /(%t )i-e%%e+, NC% a&4D'n m())a+ v$+t e+#$7+a+va"U)*(ma Ctan >a*a#e+0 me7(++t A)*-a+$nan, 0) -0t 0ven (t = ve*ette a >e+8e+i #%an4-$- e++eni >a%c$-at" A*ut(n >a*ament E78i.t$ma, 0..en i&=en, >$78 tanC/a +e478en a* In S*a++(> me778i+-$+()(t -?vet= c)e+)*?v0)e-ne-" In S*a++(>$t U)*(mam$)t$>a#ia, A()* ?+te me7, a -a+i#a e+ee78e*0)0ve+"999

E* a &%(mai e)em0n8, me+8 nem )$--a+ a*ut(n -?vet-e*ett e, >$78 Ba+&uin &ia4&a+ma)-$&$tt an8/a #e+ett, a%%a -0)*tette a -i%(+8t, >$78 me7t(ma&/a A)*-a+$nt" Óva4t$)an -0)*1+t #e+, 0) 95" /anu(% 940n a -i%(+8)(7 )e%e7e a* ?))*e) #e++e+>et= $)t%$m470..e+ me7/e+ent A)*-a+$n #a+ai a+att" A -i%(++8a+ ta%t$tt a /$>annit(- 0) a tem.+$m$4)$- na78me)te%e v(+$7at$tt eme%e--e+, a -i%(+8)(7 na78u%ai, a .(t%i(%-a, T1%$)*,Kai)*a%eia 0) N(*(%et 0%)e-e, Bet+e>em 0) A--$n .1).?-e" A S*ent Ke%e)*t e%e-+80/e$tt v$+t a .(t%i(%-(n(+" A)*-a+$n #anta)*ti-u) e%=&'tm0n8 v$+t, #0+-?%en eme+-e&ett-i a ten7e%=+" T?-0+ete) (++a.$tan v$+t, ) a* e78i.t$mi -$%m(n8 min&i7 me7#e+e+=4en e++(tta ut(n.<t+())a+ 0) #e78ve%e--e+" A #%an- )e%e7 n0>(n8 ><na.i7 te>etet+env$+t a #a+a--a+ )*emen, >a(% te+/e) +$-(& a+att ta%t$tta a v(%$)t" A >C)v0t t(/(n e4#ut< *a%(n&$->a/<- eme%ei me7e%=)'tett0- a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 )$%ait" JCniu)ana*$nan me70%-e*ett a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta" A #(timi&(- me7 )em .%<(+-$*ta- a**a+,>$78 a )*(%a*#?+& #e+=+ ment)0- #e+ A)*-a+$nt, &e -1+&te- e78 >etven >a/<<+ (++<,eme%e--e+ 0) #e78ve%e--e+ /<+ #e+)*e%e+t #+$tt(t 0) =)07e) ut(n.<t+()t" S*i&<niL0%a%&, a min&?))*e >C)* 7(+8(<+ (++<, -i), -e%e)*t0n8 #+$tta .a%anc)n$-a, nem me%4te me7t(ma&ni a* e78i.t$mia-at" 78 a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta &ia&a+ma)an e#ut$tt A)*4-a+$n -i-?t=/0e" E* (t$%)(7$t ?nt?tt a v0&=-e, &e a >a/<- c)a- -i%a-$&ta-, ma/&e+>a/<*ta-, 0) a* $)t%$m #$+8tat<&$tt" A +e7na78)*e% #%an- $)t%$m70. e78 >ata+4ma) #at$%$n8 v$+t, ma7a)a a #a+a-n(+, me+8%=+ -?ve-et 0) +(n7$+< ve))*=n8a+($4-at +e>etett e+=ni a v(%$) utc(i%a" JC+iu) v070n, e78 0//e+ a >e+8=%)07=+ -i+$.a-$&$ttva+a-i, 0) #e+78C/t$tta a t$%n8$t" De )*0+ t(ma&t, ame+8 a +(n7$-at a #a+a- #e+0 #C/ta" Ana78 >=)07 -(%t $-$*$tt a #a+na-, ame+8en %e77e+%e n8'+() t(t$n7$tt" A tem.+$m$)$-,a-i- e*t a )*a-a)*t $)t%$m$+t(-, C78 >at(%$*ta-, >$78 a* ?v0- +e)* a &ic)=)07 a 78=4*e+em0%t" N0>(n8 eme%1- a*t a #e+a&at$t -a.ta, >$78 ne en7e&/en a -?*e+e m() -e4%e)*t0n8t, 0) ne78ven tem.+$m$) +$va7 e>at$+t a v(%$)a" A >e+8=%)07 e+=)*?% a*t7$n&$+ta, >$78 min&en e+ve)*ett, (m ami-$% +(tt(-, >$78 mi+8en -eve)en vanna- a

554In a+4A)*'%, 9", GM4G" ." ()& iet2 L'0gypte Ara", !4!9" ."555

U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&, 45" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5" ." A* 9" 0vi e78i.t$mi et?%0)%=+ a #%an-.a%t$-%a In a+4Ka+(ni)*' '%, 545G" .", )*int0n = tu&<)'t e78, 9" (.%i+i)i e78i.t$mi .$%t8(%<+, ame+8A)*-a+$n<+ in&u+t 5" .""

9

tem.+$m$)$-, -?%1+vett0- 0) me7?+t0- =-et" A v0&=- )etien -i/av't$tt(- a %0)t, 0) atem.+$m$)$- >$+tte)teit -?%en -i#177e)*tett0- a #a+a-%a"

;ia+att F %?vi& #e78ve%n8u7v() i&e/0n F a -0t #0+ e+temette >a+$ttait, a -i%(+8 aS*ent Ke%e)*t e+=tt tan(c)$t ta%t$tt )(t%(an" A vi+(7i u%a- a -u&a%ct<+ e+(t$%ta+an$&4va #e+a&t(- v$+na a* $)t%$m$t, &e a .(t%i(%-a 0) a /$>annit(- na78me)te%e, e Pu84iRa/mun& me778=*te a -i%(+8t, >$78 ta%t)$n -i, 0-e))*<+()u- a (%<-at i) me7>at$tta"A -$%(in(+ i) e%=te+/e)e t(ma&()t in&'t$tta-"

Au7u)*tu) !40n a v(%$) va& $m(*()a ut(n a >e+8=%)07 me7a&ta ma7(t, a**a+ a#e+t0te++e+, >$78 a +a-$)$- in7<)(7ai--a+ )*aa&$n e+v$nu+>atna-" Ba+&uin e+#$7a&taa #e+t0te+t, 0) >)07e)en e i) ta%t$tta" Ami-$% a mu)*+im$- )$-a)(7a Ct%a -e+t a v(4%$)<+, >$78 )*(%a*#?+&?n va78 ten7e%en vi))*av$nu+/$n E78i.t$ma, a #%an-$- e4v$nu+ta-, 0) e+#$7+a+t(- a #e++e7v(%at, a enne =%*?tt %en7ete7 -incc)e+ 0) #e78ve%%e+"A -i%(+8 A)*-a+$nt a te)tv0%0ne-, Ama+%i-na-, Ja##a 7%<#/(na- a&ta" A na78 mec)et4=+ S*ent P(+4)*0-e)e78>(* +ett, ) a .(t%i(%-a a* e78i- -an$n$-/(t, A)a+$m$t )*en4te+te .1).?-0v0" K0)= Le%a%& et+e>emi .1).?- e+i)me%tette R<m(va+, >$78 A)*4-a+$n a* = .1).?-)07e a+( ta%t$**$n"99M

A)*-a+$n ev0te+e a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8$- ut$+)< na78 &ia&a+a v$+t, te-int0+81-et /e+ent=)en me7n?ve+te" I7a*(n -$m$+8 e%e&m0n8ne- )*(m't$tt, >$78 v07%e me7><&'4t$tt(- WS*'%ia men8a))*$n8(tX, a>$78an A)*-a+$nt aan a* i&=en neve*t0-, &e av(%$) me7)*e%*0)e nem /(%t -0**e+#$7>at< e+=n8?--e+" N$>a a* e%=& e78-$% a #%an4-$- e++eni -i)e .$%t8(- t(ma)*.$nt/a v$+t, E78i.t$m m(% nem /e+entett t0n8+e7e)ve)*0+8t a -e%e)*t0n8e- )*(m(%a" De m$)t, >$78 A)*-a+$n a* ?v0- +ett, a #%an-$-atv$n*$tt(- a N'+u)4menti ve)*0+8e) -a+an&$-" Ta+(n e*0%t i) t?%t0nt, >$78 NC% a&4D'n,a-i min&i7 >$))*C t(v%a 7$n&$+-$&$tt, e )em avat-$*$tt a* e)em0n8e-e, e+te-int4ve e78 -i)e, B(n/()* e++eni >a&/(%att<+, ame+8et a &ama)*-u)*i ;u&*)'%%a+ te%ve4*ett, &e ame+8=+ a )*1nte+en vi)*(+8$- miatt )emmi e%e&m0n8 )em )*1+etett" NC%a&4D'n e78(+ta+(n nem (nta, >$78 E78i.t$m 78en71+t, mi-0nt a*t )em, >$78 a #%an4-$- #i78e+me e78%e in-( &0+ #e+0 te%e+=&?tt" A &ama)*-u)*i ;u&*)'%%a na78$ e4n8$m()t 78a-$%$+ta- a* e)em0n8e-" A*$nna+ i*t$)'t$tta Ba+&uint $&aa&< a%(t)(7(4%<+, 0) aa i) e+ee78e*ett, >$78 0vi a&<t #i*e))en ne-i" ;ia+att a #%an- u%a- v'7anuta*7atta- 0) #$)*t$7atta- a &ama)*-u)*i te%1+ete-en, a #%an- -?vete- a v(%$)an -i4%(+8u- )*(m(%a )*e&t0- e a* a&<t"99

;u&*)'% 0) tan(c)$)a, a-i- i7enc)a- a&ta- a i*t$n)(7u-%a, C78 +(tt(-, >$78 )*(4mu-%a )$--a+ -e&ve*= a #%an- .%$te-t$%(tu) ann(+, mint >a NC% a&4D'n +enne a*u%u-" A &ama)*-u)*i (t+a7.$+7(% )*(m(%a a*$nan e+vi)e+>etet+en v$+t a -e%e)*t04n8e- )*emte+en)07e" A u%i&a &ina)*tia e**e+ a .$+iti-(va+ a >it (%u+</(na- i*$n8u+t"A aa+e-i em'%, A//C, -i i) >a)*n(+ta a -?*>an7u+at$t" 78n?-ei e/ut$tta- a v(%$)4a 0) ;u&*)'% e++en u)*'t$tta-" E--$%ian 0..en 0+e+em>i(n8 v$+t Dama)*-u)*an,'78 NC% a&4D'n #e+ta%t<*tatta a )*e-e%e-et, ame+8e- 7a$n(t >$*ta- 0)*a-%<+, 0) A//C178n?-ei a*t te%/e)*tett0-, >$78 min&e* ;u&*)'% >i(/(<+ t?%t0nt, a-i nem <>a/tmu)*+im t(%)aiva+ e781ttm-?&ni" E*en -'v1+ NC% a&4D'n e+>itette ;u&*)'%%a+, >$78a &ama)*-u)*i e+=-e+=- ?))*ee)-1v0)t )*=tte- e++ene, mi%e a* .(ni-a e)ett, 0) #e++04.ett e++en1-" Ami-$% ;u&*)'% min& a 7a*&a7$-, min& a )*e70n8e- /<in&u+at(t e+ve4

556T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, 49", 45", !4G", G4G5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 545" ."V AC S(ma,

4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, !" ."557In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 59459" ." nem )*'ve)en '% a #%an- e#$+8()%<+ Dama)*-u)*anV In a+4A)*'%,!M" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, G!" ."

M

)*'tette, me70%-e*ett Dama)*-u)* #a+ai>$* A//C #iv0%e, S'%-C>, mint NC% a&4D'n -?4vete" A -?vet #en8e7et=en 0%-e*ett, $+8an #e78ve%e) e%=ve+, ame+8 a%(t)(7$) -1+&e4t0)n0+ i7enc)a- )*$-at+an v$+t" ;u&*)'% nem a-a%ta een7e&ni =t a v(%$)a, 0) nemv$+t >a/+an&< -imenni )em, >$78 ta+(+-$**0- ve+e" NC% a&4D'n e*t C78 0%te+me*te,>$78 me7)0%tett0- a -?vet0t, 0) na78 )e%e77e+ in&u+t Dama)*-u)* e++en" A -0t)07e4e)ett ;u&*)'% tC+ -0)=n #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t a #%an-$->$*" 9" (.%i+i) G4(n NC% a&4D'n +et($%$*$tt Dama)*-u)* a+att" P$nt$)an e78 >0tte+ -0)= a -e+eti #a+ e+=tt -i)?))*ec)a.() $nta-$*$tt -i, e78 *)i&< n= ee%e)*tette a *)i&< ne78e&e NC% a&4D'nn0>(n8 -at$n(/(t, a*ut(n a n0. me7n8it$tta a -e+eti -a.ut a )e%e7 *?me e+=tt" ;u4&*)'% a #e++e7v(%a mene-1+t, &e n0>(n8 <%a mC+va me7a&ta ma7(t" :e+a/(n+$tt(-,>$78 0+eten ma%a&>at 0) me7-a./a a >um)*i emi%(tu)t" P(% >0tte+ -0)= a**a+ v(4&$+t(-, >$78 ?))*ee)-1)*i- %07i &ama)*-u)*i a%(taiva+, 0) e+*t0- Hum)*<+" Nem#$7a&ta e+ a* Eu#%(te)* ment0n #e-v= -i) Ba+i)* v(%$)t, ame+8et #e+a/(n+$tta- ne-i, 0)vi))*av$nu+t Ba7&a&a"

E*a+att Dama)*-u)* +a-<i na78 ?%?mu//$n7())a+ #$7a&t(- NC% a&4D'nt, a-i me7ti+4t$tta -at$n(ina- a #$)*t$7at()t, a .iac$-at a*$nna+ #e+t?+t?tte 0+e+emme+, e+t?%?+te a*?+&)07%e 0) 781m?+c)%e -ivetett a&<-at" Ami-$% NC% a&4D'n vi))*at0%t A+e..<a,A//C%a '*ta Dama)*-u)*t" E78 >e+8i neme), Da>(- -a.ta Baa+e-et, = -0)=u78an #e++(*a&t NC% a&4D'n e++en, &e a +(*a&()t e+#$/t$tt(-"99G

Dama)*-u)* e+#$7+a+()a )$--a+ na78$ /e+ent=)07 v$+t ann(+, >$78 Ba+&uin -e4%e)*te)ei evett0- A)*-a+$nt" NC% a&4D'n i%t$-ai imm(% a #%an- (++am$- e70)* -e+eti>at(%(n v07i7>C*<&ta-, E&e))*(t<+ a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete-i7" 6)a- n0>(n8 -i) emi4%(tu) =%i*te me7 #177et+en)070t a mu)*+im S*'%i(an, mint .0+&(u+ Sai*a%" Ha(% a#%an-$- i%t$-ai na78$a- 0) 7a*&a7aa- v$+ta-, NC% a&4D'n e+=n8e aan (++t,>$78 a* = i%t$-ai e78 C%na- en7e&e+me)-e&te-, 0) =t nem -$%+(t$*t(- +(*$n7< va4*a++u)$-, mint a #%an- -i%(+8t" NC% a&4D'n c)i++a7a eme+-e&=en v$+t, = a*$nan na478$n i) <vat$) eme% v$+t a>>$*, >$78 &ia&a+(t tC+ 78$%)an -i>a)*n(+/a" 78 tni-,me7e%=)'tette a Dama)*-u)* 0) Je%u*)(+em -?*?tti )*?vet)07et, 0) 9M4an C/a -0t0vve+ me7>$))*a't$tta a #e78ve%)*1netet" É) m07 n8$+ce*e% &u-(t$t i) #i*etett, a;u&*)'% (+ta+ #i*etett a&< #$+8tat()a-0..en" e7in-( a* anat<+iai )*e+&*)u- vet0+84t(%)ai miatt v$+t <vat$), a-i-t=+ me7 a-a%ta -a.a%intani a* e78-$%i e&e))*ai 7%<#)(74<+ (+ta+u- me7)*e%*ett %0)*t"99!

994en me7>a+t ;a)*C& )*u+t(n, 0) #iai, II" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n 0) S(>in)(> a*$nna+?))*e-1+?n?*te- a* ?%?-)07en" A* ut<i me7)*e%e*te -ai)*a%eiai D*C+ Nun 0) me4+it0n0i D*C+ Ka%na/n &ani)men& u%a+-$&<- t(m$7at()(t, a* e+=i .e&i7 a +e7i&=)e&ani)men&, J(7i S*i/(n0t S*iva)*" J(7i S*i/(n NC% a&4D'nt<+ -0%t )e7't)07et, 0) a*-0)*)077e+ me7t(ma&ta 0) e+#$7+a+ta Du-u-, A/nta 0) va+<)*'n+e7 S*am$)*atae&e))*ai v(%$)$- )*e+&*)u- %0)*0t" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n +e78=*te #iv0%0t, &e anna- e++en04%e, >$78 me7.%<(+t )*?vet)07et +0t%e>$*ni a* ?%m0n8e--e+ 0) a #%an-$--a+ NC% a&4D'n e++en0en, e+e -e++ett n8u7$&nia, >$78 e+ve)*'tette a* Eu#%(te)* menti te%1+ete4it"9M

558In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5G45" ."V In a+4A)*'%, !M4!" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, !4 !" ."V Kam(+ a&4

D'n, B+$c>et -ia&" 949G" ."559In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5", 5" ."560>o*, 5459" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 949" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., M" ."

;iut(n NC% a&4D'n 0)*a-$n i*t$)'t$tta >ata+m(t, i)m0t &0+ #e+0 #$%&u+t" 9 #e4%u(%/(an Ba+&uin me7)*e7te a NC% a&4D'nne+ -?t?tt #e78ve%)*1netet" A #e78ve%)*14neten '*va i7en )$- t1%-m0n a B(n/()* me++etti 7a*&a7 +e7e+=-%e vitte n8(/ait 0) +$4vait" Ba+&uin -i%(+8na- #0n8*= 0+etm<&/a miatt )$- a&<))(7a v$+t, 0) nem tu&$tt e+4+en(++ni a c)('t()na-, >$78 me7t(ma&/a a 78anCt+an .()*t$%$-at, 0) e+%a7a&/a (++ata4i-at" A* e78e*)07 i+8en )*078ente+en me7$nt()a $+8an 0%t0-e) *)(-m(n8>$* /uttat4ta, ami+8ent Pa+e)*tin(an 0vti*e&e- <ta nem +(tta-, NC% a&4D'nt vi)*$nt $))*C%a)a%-a++ta" ;ia+att NC% a&4D'n Baa+e-en i&=*?tt, a>$+ me7#0-e*te a >e+8e+i +(*a&<em'%t, #=ve*0%e, S'%-C> +e78=*?tt n0>(n8 +atin .$%t8(*<t, a-i- a Bu-ai(<+ t?%te- e,a #iv0%e, Na)*% a&4D'n .e&i7 me7ve%t B(n/()* -?*e+0en e78 c)a.at /$>annit(t" ;(4

/u)an NC% a&4D'n e+in&u+t Dama)*-u)*<+, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/a B(n/()*t" S'%-C> +e478=*?tt e78 -i), #e+ment= c)a.at$t 0) c)at+a-$*$tt u%(>$* a v(%$) -?*e+0en" 6)a->a4ma% evett0- a* a+)<v(%$)t, &e a me%e&e- >e78en -0t m0%#?+&&e+ ma7a)aan #e-v=#e++e7v(% -ita%t$tt T$%$ni On#%$i #=ve*0% i%(n8't()a a+att" On#%$i m(% ma/&nem me74a&ta ma7(t, ami-$% me7tu&ta, >$78 a -i%(+8 -?*e+e&i-" NC% a&4D'n #e+78C/t$tta a* a+4)<v(%$)t 0) vi))*av$nu+t, >a78ta, >$78 Ba+&uin ev$nu+/$n B(n/()*a, 0) -i/av'tta))aa v(%$) #a+ait" Ami-$% a #%an-$- a J$%&(n ment0n &0+%e in&u+ta-, NC% a&4D'n a La+i+e4ai4ten7e%t=+ 0)*a-%a v(%at+anu+ %(/u- t(ma&t, 0) na78 &ia&a+t a%at$tt" A -i%(+8 a+i7 tu4&$tt S*a#e&a mene-1+ni, a mu)*+im$- i)m0t $)t%$m a+( vett0- B(n/()*t" N0>(n8na..a+ -0)= a*$nan me7tu&t(-, >$78 Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n t(ma&()%a -0)*1+" NC% a&4D'n a--$% #e+>a78$tt a B(n/()* -?%1+i .%<(+-$*()$--a+, 0) vi))*at0%t A+e..<a"9M

A&$tt .i++anatan t? $-<+ i) -e%1+ni -e++ett a n8'+t >($%C)-$&()t" 9M =)*0ne70)* S*'%i(t #?+&%en70))$%$*at %(*ta me7" Dama)*-u)*an nem $-$*$tt )C+8$) -(%$4-at, &e A+e..<an 0) Ham(an, C78 >'%+ett, -$m$+8an .u)*t't$tt, 0) A.ame(an i)+e$m+$tt e78 ()t8a" N$veme%en 0) &eceme%en C/a %en70)e- v$+ta-, ame+8e-Sai*a% v(%$)(t i) )C/t$tt(-" 9 tava)*(n a #?+&+?-0)e- 6i.%u)t 0) a T%i.$+i)*t<+0)*a-%a #e-v= .a%ti v(%$)$-at %$n7(+t(- me7, 9 au7u)*tu)(an .e&i7 m07 e%=)e%en70)e- .u)*t't$tta- a* O%$nt0)* v?+780en" Hum)*an 0) A+e..<an )$- v$+t a*(+&$*at" Ham(an a--$%a v$+t a .u)*t't(), >$78 a -%<ni-()$- a #?+&%en70)t WHam(i4#?+&%en70)ne-X neve*t0- e+" Sai*a%an a mun-i&i&a #e/e&e+mi c)a+(& e78 >e%ce7i78e%me- -?%1+met0+0)i 1nne.)070%e /?tt ?))*e, 0) a #e++e7v(% +e$m+< #a+ai a+att min&>a+(+u-at +e+t0-" 6)a- -etten ma%a&ta- 0+eten a c)a+(&<+, Sai*a% >e%ce7n=/e, a-it a%$m$- a+<+ mentette- -i, 0) U)*(ma, a-i &i.+$m(ciai -1+&et0)en v$+t" ;u)*+im$- 0)#%an-$- a**a+ v$+ta- e+#$7+a+va, >$78 )0%1+t e%=&ei-et /av't7att(-" E78 i&ei7 )en-i)em 7$n&$+t -$m$+8a t(ma&< a-ci<%a"9M

9 $-t<e%0en, -0t ><na..a+ a*ut(n, >$78 vi))*at0%t B(n/()*<+, S*a%minanNC% a&4D'n >i%te+en )C+8$)an me7ete7e&ett" ;ive+ a*t >itte, a >a+(+(n van, a*t -0%te,>$78 >$%&(78$n vi780- vi))*a A+e..<a, a>$+ v07%en&e+-e*ett" O%)*(7(t te)tv0%0%e,Na)*% a&4D'n%a >a78ta, a* = #enn>at<)(7a a+att -e++ett v$+na S'%-C>na- Dama)*-u)*ti%(n8'tania" Ami-$% a*$nan Na)*% a&4D'n ev$nu+t A+e..<a, >$78 (tve78e ?%?-)04

561T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 49, G54G9" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5945M", 55455" ."562T$%i7n8 R<e%t, I, 5!" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5945M" .", ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, 59M" ."V Chron* Anon*

!yr* )*'% -ia&(), 5" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 55G45" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 95" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et-ia&", 9!" ." In a+4Ka+(ni)*' )*e%int NC% a&4D'n att<+ #0+t, >$78 a #%an-$- me7t(ma&/(- v0&te+en v(4

%ait, e*0%t e781tt ta%t$tta )e%e70t, >$78 min&en i+8en -')0%+etet me7e+=**?n" U)*(ma .ana)*a %$-$nai.u)*tu+()a #e+ett F e**e+ a c)a+(&&a+ ?))*eve)*ett m07 %07een F Au S(m(n(+ ta+(+>at<, -ai%<i -ia&",I" -?t" " ."

G

70t, a -$%m(n8*<, In a&4Da/a e++en(++t" A* utc(-$n i) *ava%7()$- v$+ta-, ) a &$+7$tc)a- )C+8$)'t$tta, >$78 ami-$% a* a+e..$* >'v4t(-, +(t>att(-, >$78 NC% a&4D'n m07 0+" A ete7 tC+/ut$tt a -%'*i)en, e78%e /$an0%e*te ma7(t" A ete7)07 a*$nan C78 +(t)*i-, e+)$%va)*t$tta e%e/0t, -e*&em0n8e*=-0.e))070t" Nem v$+t t?0 +e78=*>etet+en >a%c$)" S*'%i(an C/ e%=- -0)*1+te-, >$78)*'n%e +0./ene- 0) (tve780- a* i%(n8't()t"9M5

563T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, , G4GG" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5 ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 95")--" ."V AC S(ma, " ." in $* H* C* 5r*"

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/ániel 11213

954an, ami-$% NC% a&4D'n m07 Dama)*-u)*%a ?))*.$nt$)'t$tt, ) Ba+&uin -i%(+8

0) )e%e7e A)*-a+$nt $)t%$m$+ta, a* anti<->iai >e%ce7n= &?nt?tt a )$%)(%<+" A*$- -?4*?tt a +$va7$- -?*?tt, a-i- a/$) #%ancia -i%(+8t e+-')0%t0- a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(4%at%a, $tt v$+t Le$##%$84na-, Lien 7%<#/(na- 0) 6>ti++$n4)u%4$in7 u%(na- i#/ai- #iai)" 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&%a nem v(%t na78 /?v= >a*(/(an, '78 ami-$% -e%e)*te) t(%)ai >a4*at0%te-, = Pa+e)*tin(an ma%a&t" A #iata+eme% Ba+&uin -i%(+8 )*$+7(+at(a (++t, 0)94en e+-')0%te =t Anti<->i(a" A* ?*ve78 >e%ce7n= >ama% #e+#i78e+t %(" 78 t4ni-, >$78 Ra/na+& a >e%ce7n= $%)*(7(an ma%a&t, va+<)*'n+e7 -i)e i%t$->$* /u4t$tt, 0) ta+(n /e+en+0te i) >$**(/(%u+t a>>$*, >$78 K$n)tancia vi))*auta)'t$tta a -i%(+80) a c)()*(% (+ta+ -iv(+a)*t$tt -0%=-et" 95 tava)*(n a >?+78 e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 #0%/>e*me78 Ra/na+&>$*" ;ie+=tt a*$nan )*(n&0-(t e/e+entette v$+na, a -i%(+8 en7e&0+80t

-0%te, a-i a* anti<->iai (++am 78(m/a 0) a v=+e70n8 >0%u%a v$+t" Ra/na+& A)*-a+$n4a )ietett, a>$+ 0.. a--$% (++t #e+ a -i%(+8 t($%a, 0) (ta&ta K$n)tancia 1*enet0t" Ba+4&uin /< -at$n(na- i)me%te Ra/na+&$t, &e min&ene-e+=tt anna- ?%1+t, >$78 me7)*aa4&u+>at a* Anti<->ia miatt %(ne>e*e&= #e+e+=))07t=+, '78 nem a-a&0-$)-$&$tt" AmintRa/na+& >a*a0%t, me7ta%t$tt(- a* e)-1v=t, 0) Ra/na+& >e%ce7 +ett" A >(*a))(7 nem v$+tn0.)*e%" Nemc)a- a* e+=-e+= anti<->iai #am'+i(- v0+e-e&te- C78, >$78 a >e%ce7n=%an7$n a+u+ >(*a)$&$tt, ami-$% e>>e* a #e+t?%e-v= )en-i>e* ment >$**(, &e e* v$+ta* e78)*e% a+attva+<- v0+em0n8e i)"9M

U&va%ia) 0) )*a(+8)*e% +ett v$+na, >a K$n)tancia me7-0%i ;anu0+ c)()*(% en7e4&0+80t i)" K$n)tantin(.$+8an nem #$7a&t(- -e&ve*=en a* e)-1v= >'%0t, ;anu0+t

a*$nan +e#$7+a+ta e78 >a&/(%at, ame+8et a )*e+&*)u-$- e++en ve*etett, ) '78 nem n8i+4v(n't$tta -i >a%a7/(t" J$7aina- tu&at(an #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 e+i)me%i a* C/ anti<->iai>e%ce7et, >a c)e%0e a* anti<->iai #%an-$- a* = $+&a+(n >a%c$+na- a* ?%m0n8 T$%$)*e++en" P0n*t i) '70%t a%%a a* e)et%e, >a #e+a&atu-at %en&e)en v07*i- e+" Ra/na+& ee)*'ve)en e+ee78e*ett" 78 0%e*te, >$78 a c)()*(%i /<v(>a78() me7e%=)'ti a >e+8*et0t"K1+?nen i), a* ?%m0n8e- e>at$+ta- A+ean&%etta -?%*et0e, ame+8 a #%an-$- )*e4%int a* anti<->iai >e%ce7)07>e* ta%t$*$tt" A* A+ean&%etta me++ett +e*a/+$tt %?vi& c)ata

564T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3II, M, G" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 a >e%ce7n= tit$-an #0%/>e* ment, mie+=tt me74-a.ta v$+na a -i%(+8 en7e&0+80t Kinnam$)*, G" ." We78 i*$n8$) Ra/na+&X4na- neve*i W:X

;[:[V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, 5" ." Sc>+ume%7e% $enaud de ChEtion, 5" ." ti)*t(**a )*(%4ma*()(t" ;(/u) e+=tt -e%1+t )$% a >(*a))(7%a, me%t m(/u)an Ra/na+& m(% me7e%=)'tette a ve+enceie--iv(+t)(7ait Anti<->i(an R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, " ."

ut(n Ra/na+& vi))*a*te Ki+i-i(a a* ?%m0n8e-et, 0) a* C/%a me7><&'t$tt te%1+etet #e+4a/(n+$tta a tem.+$m$) %en&ne-" A %en& (tvette A+ean&%ett(t, ) >$78 me7v0&>e))ea* $&ave*et= uta-at, C//(0.'ttette La)*tun 0) Ba7%a)* v(%(t, ame+8e- a S*'%iai4)*$%$)tv0&t0-" Ra/na+& e--$% m(% e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 a tem.+$m$)$--a+ #$7 e781ttm-?&ni,'78 -e*&=&?tt e+ a%(t)(7u-, ame+8 Je%u*)(+em )*(m(%a v07*ete))0 v(+t"9M9

;iut(n i*t$)'t$tta a -0%t te%1+ete-et, Ra/na+& /e+ent-e*ett a c)()*(%n(+ a #i*et)0470%t" A c)()*(% vi))*auta)'t$tta, m$n&v(n, >$78 #= #e+a&at(t m07 nem $+&$tta me7"Ra/na+& e--$% ta-ti-(t v(+t$tt" A tem.+$m$)$- i*tat()(%a -i0-1+t T$%$))*a+ 0) te)t4v0%eive+, ) mia+att a* ?%m0n8e- me7t(ma&t(- a Ki+i-i(an me7ma%a&t n0>(n8 i*(n4ci e%=&?t, = C78 >at(%$*$tt, >$78 me7t(ma&/a a 7a*&a7 6i.%u)t" 6)a->$78 nem v$+t.0n*e a v(++a+-$*()>$*" Aime%8, Anti<->ia .(t%i(%-(/a na78$n 7a*&a7 v$+t, ) n8'+tanK$n)tancia >(*a))(7a e++en #$7+a+t (++()t" Ra/na+& e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 )a/(t >a)*n(%ame71nteti =t" Aime%8 a Ra/mun& >e%ce7 >a+(+(t -?vet= ne>0* na.$-an (t$%)(7(4va+, mun-a'%()(va+ -iv'vta a* anti<->iaia- ti)*te+et0t, &e mve+et+en)07e 0) +a*a e%4-?+c)e )$-at (%t$tt >'%nev0ne-, e*0%t t(ma&>at< v$+t" Ra/na+& .0n*t -0%t t=+e, ) ami4-$% nem -a.$tt, &1>0en ?%t?ne vettette a #=.a.$t, a>$+ Aime%8ne- -e78et+en1+?))*eve%t0- a #e/0t" E*ut(n )eeit e-ent0- m0**e+, 0) e78 e70)* n8(%i na.$n (t a #e+4+e7v(% tete/0%e (++'t$tt(- -i a t*= na.%a, +(nc%a ve%ve, .%0&(u+ a -?%n80- ?))*e) %$4va%/(na-" A -e*e+0) me7>$*ta a -'v(nt e%e&m0n8t" A )*e%enc)0t+en .(t%i(%-a in-(#i*etett, mint)em m07 e78 >a)$n+<an %ettenete) na. e+0e n0**en" A t?%t0nte- >'%e e+4

/ut$tt Je%u*)(+eme i)" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e+)*?%n8e&t, ) a*$nna+ e+-1+&te a -ance++(%/(t,Ru&$+#$t 0) a* a--$ni .1).?-?t, >$78 -i/(%/(- a .(t%i(%-a >a+a&0-ta+an )*aa&$n $4c)(t()(t" Ra/na+& a--$% m(% me7-a.ta a .0n*t, '78 e+en7e&te Aime%8t, a-i me7men4t=ive+ Je%u*)(+eme uta*$tt, ) $tt a -i%(+8, ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n= 0) a .(t%i(%-a a +e>et=+e7na78$ ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta" Aime%8 nem v$+t >a/+an&< vi))*at0%ni Anti<->i(a"9MM

A .(t%i(%-a e)ete me7%(*ta a #e+e+=) #%an- -?%?-et, &e nem >$*ta *ava%a Ra/na+4&$t" ;$)t m(% e+in&u+>at$tt 6i.%u) e++en" 9M tava)*(n T$%$))*a+ v(%at+anu+ .a%t%a)*(++t a )*i7eten" A* e+mC+t )*(*a& )$%(n a* (*)iai -$ntinen)et &C+< >($%C- 0) me74)*(++()$- nem 0%intett0- 6i.%u)t" A )*i7et +a-a&/(%at %0)*tvev=ine-,ami-$% Anti<->i(n(+ 0>e*te-" N0>(n8 -?*i7a*7at()i vit(t<+ e+te-intve a #%an-$- 0) a)*i7et -$%m(n8a a%(ti -a.c)$+at$t ta%t$tt #?nn" Amint Ba+&uin -i%(+8 tu&$m()t )*e%4*ett Ra/na+& te%v0%=+, a*$nna+ #i78e+me*tette a )*i7etet" A* 1*enet a*$nan e+-0)ett,m(% nem +e>etett e%=)'t0)t -1+&eni 6i.%u)%a" A )*i7et -$%m(n8*</a a c)()*(% un$-a4?cc)e, K$mn0n$)* J(n$) v$+t, 0) $tt ta%t<*-$&$tt a na78 >'% -at$na, B%ana)* ;i>(+8i)" Ami-$% >'%0t vett0- a #%an-$- .a%t%a)*(++()(na-, B%ana)* a )*i7eti mi+'ci(va+ a.a%t%a )ietett, 0) e+einte -i)e 78=*e+me-et a%at$tt" A me7)*(++<- a*$nan na78$n)$-an v$+ta-, >ama%$)an a v0&=- #?+0e -e%e-e&te-, 0) e+#$7t(- B%ana)*t i)" Ami-$%a*ut(n K$mn0n$)* J(n$) t(%)a )e7't)070%e )ietett, = i) #$7)(7a e)ett" A 78=*te) #%an4-$- 0) ?%m0n8e- e/(%t(- a )*i7etet, #e+&C+ta- min&en >(*at, tem.+$m$t 0) -$+$)t$%t,0) e* a )$%) v(%t a* 1*+ete-%e 0) a ma7(n>(*a-%a i)" :e+07ett0- a te%m0)t, e-e%'tett0-a* (++at$-at, 0) a +a-$)$--a+ e781tt +ete%e+t0- a .a%t%a" A n=-et me7e%=)*a-$+t(-, a

565

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, , G54G59" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ." 0) a* ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at, 5!" ."-e&ve*=en )*<+ T$%$)*%<+, Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&", G5" ."566T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, I, GM4G" ."V Kinnam$)*, G" ."

78e%e-e- 0) a >a)*nave>etet+en ?%e7e- t$%-(t e+v(7t(-" A >un$- 0) a tat(%$- i) me74i%i78e+>ett0- v$+na a %a+() 0) 78i+-$+() m0%eteit" A 78?t%e+me) +(*(+$m minte78 >(4%$m >0ti7 ta%t$tt" A--$% >'%e ment, >$78 -?*e+e&i- a c)()*(%i #+$tta, ) Ra/na+& -ia&taa .a%anc)$t a vi))*a>a/<*()%a" A >a/<-at te+e%a-t(- *)(-m(nn8a+" A*$-at a* (++at$4-at, ame+8e- )*(m(%a m(% nem v$+t >e+8, ma7a) (%$n e+a&t(- e%e&eti tu+a/&$n$)ai-4na-" ;in&en ci.%u)ina- me7 -e++ett v(+tania ?nma7(t, ) a )*i7eten e%%e a c0+%a m(%e78(+ta+(n nem ma%a&t .0n*" E*0%t a #%an-$- c)a+(&/u--a+ e781tt Anti<->i(a >u%4c$+t(- 0) e?%t?n?*t0- a -$%m(n8*<t, B%ana)*t, a ve*et= e78>(*i )*em0+8e-et, a /e4+ent=)e i%t$-$)$-at 0) -e%e)-e&=-et, m'7 me7 nem 0%-e*ett a .$+7(%$-0%t /(%<.0n*" 6)a- n0>(n8 ci.%u)i v$+t -iv0te+, =-et me7c)$n-'t$tt(-, -i7Cn8$+t(-, 0) K$n)4tantin(.$+8a -1+&t0-"9M

6i.%u) )$>a)em t0%t te+/e)en ma7(>$* a #%an-$- 0) ?%m0n8 )*?vet)07e)ei- $-$*ta.u)*t't()<+" A* 9" 0vi, )C+8$) -(%$-at $-$*< #?+&%en70)e- etet=*t0- a n8$m$%C4)(7$t" 9G4an a* e78i.t$mia-, a-i- 0vti*e&e- <ta nem me%0)*-e&te- >a/<i--a+ aci.%u)i vi*e-%e, t?)*?% me7t(ma&t(- a v0&te+en )*i7etet, (m va+<)*'n+e7 a -a+i#a-$%m(n8a /<v(>a78()a n0+-1+, u78ani) a #$7+8$- -?*?tt $tt v$+t a -$%m(n8*< #iv0%e,a-it Kai%<an na78 ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&ta-, 0) a*$nna+ vi))*a-1+&t0- K$n)tantin(.$+84a"9MG

94en T>ie%%8, :+an&%ia 7%<#/a e78 c)a.at +$va77a+ vi))*at0%t Pa+e)*tin(a" S*4)*e+ III" Ba+&uin e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 -i>a)*n(+/a /e+en+0t1-et, va+amint NC% a&4D'n e4te7)070t, 0) >e+8%e(++'t/a a #%an-$- .$*'ci<it a* O%$nt0)* -?*0.)= #$+8()(n(+" Ra/na+4&$t i) %('%t(-, >$78 ve78en %0)*t a -i%(+8i )e%e77e+ e781tt e78 Sai*a% e++eni t(ma&()4an" A* au7u)*tu)i %ettenete) #?+&%en70) ut(n a #e++e7v(% a)*a)*in -a+an&$%$- -e*0%e-e%1+t" A -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 a* 0v v07e #e+0 0%t $&a" A* a+)< t$%$n8 a*$nna+ e+e)ett, )m(%4m(% me7a&t(- ma7u-at a %$m$-an >eve%= #e++e7v(% v0&=i, c)a->$78 e--$% n04*ete+t0%0) t(ma&t a* $)t%$m+<- -?*?tt" Ba+&uin a v(%$)t 0) -?%n80-0t T>ie%%8ne- '70%4te, e* +ett v$+na a ma7/a e78 C/ >e%ce7)07ne-, ame+8 a -$%$na #enn>at<)(7(>$* ta%t$4*$tt v$+na" Ra/na+& a*$nan a%%a >ivat-$*$tt, >$78 a mun-i&i&(- Anti<->ia a&<#i*e4t=i v$+ta-, ) e*0%t a*t -0%te, >$78 T>ie%%8 ne a -i%(+8na-, >anem ne-i ><&$+/$n ma/&a* C/ i%t$-0%t" A 7%<# )*(m(%a e+-0.*e+>etet+en v$+t, >$78 e78 i+8en a+ac)$n8 )*(%4ma*()C eme% e+=tt ><&$+/$n" Ba+&uin c)a- C78 tu&ta me7$+&ani a .%$+0m(t, >$78e+v$nu+t a vitat$tt te%1+et%=+" A )e%e7 0)*a- #e+0 #$%&u+t, >$78 e+#$7+a+/a A.amea %$m4

/ait, 0) ut(na $)t%$m a+( ve78e Ha%encet" E* ta7a&>atat+anu+ Anti<->ia i%t$-a v$+t,&e te-intette+ Ha%enc )t%at07iai /e+ent=)070%e, Ba+&uin 0) T>ie%%8 -0)*en (++t a%%a,>$78 )e7't)en a*t Ra/na+&navi))*a)*e%e*ni" A v(%$)t >eve)en $m(*t(- -=vet=i-4-e+, ) v071+ 9G #e%u(%/(an me7a&ta ma7(t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= T>ie%%8 e78i- +$4va7/a, Saint 3a+e%84i Ra/na+& -a.ta me7, ) = a* anti<->iai >e%ce7 >0%e)e-0nt i%(n8'4t$tta"9M!

567T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, , G54G59" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4!" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 59" ." 0) a* ?%4m0n8 v(+t$*at 59" ."V Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&" G" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., G" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 Ra/na+&+ev(7ta a* e+#$7$tt 7?%?7 .a.$- $%%(t"

568In ;u/a))*a%, 5" ."569T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 4!, G4G95" ."V T$%i7n8 R<e%t, I, 5M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, ?%m0n8 v(+t$4

*at, 594595" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5", 5" ."V Saint43a+e%8 Ra/na+& M4an m07 /e%u*)(+emi (%< v$+tR?>%ic>t2 $egesta, !" .", &e nem )$--a+ -0)= vi))*at0%t n8u7at%a" E78e&1+ T$%i7n8 R<e%t (++'t/aa*t, >$78 me7-a.ta Ha%encet"

A* anti<->iai >e%ce7 vi)e+-e&0)e nem tet)*ett a -i%(+8na-, e+>at(%$*ta >(t, >$78 C/i%(n8a te%e+i Ra/na+& .$+iti-(/(t" Tu&ta, >$78 Ra/na+& 0) a c)()*(% vi)*$n8a i7en%$))*" ;anu0+ a+i7>a $c)(t$tta me7 a 6i.%u) e++eni t(ma&()t, 0) a -i%(+8 a*t i) tu&ta,>$78 m07 min&i7 Bi*(nc0 v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8 vi+(7 +e7na78)*e% )e%e7e" 9 n8a4%(n a -i%(+8 -?vete-et -1+&?tt K$n)tantin(.$+8a 0) a c)()*(%i c)a+(&<+ -0%t ma7(4na- #e+e)07et" A -?vet)07et -etten ve*ett0-2 Ac>a%&, a n(*(%eti 0%)e-, a-i Ct-?*enme7>a+t, 0) T$%$ni II" On#%$i" ;anu0+ na78$n )*'v0+8e)en #$7a&ta a -1+&?tte-et" R?4vi& t(%78a+() ut(n T>e$&<%a nev un$-a>C7(t a/(n+$tta #?+" S*(*e*e% >1.e%.1%$na%an8at -'n(+t ve+e, t'*e*e% a%an8at a* e)-1v=i -ia&()$-%a 0) a/(n&0-$-at >a%minc4e*e% a%an8 0%t0-en" 6)e%0e A--$nt 0) -?%n80-0t -0%te T>e$&<%(na- >$*$m(n8u+,ame+8et a--$% i) me7ta%t>at, >a #0%/e e+>un8na, mie+=tt a .(%na- 78e%me-e )*1+etne"Ami-$% a -?vet)07 vi))*at0%t, 0) Ba+&uin e+ee78e*ett a #e+t0te+e-e, a* i#/C >e%ce7n=i) Ct%a -e+t K$n)tantin(.$+8<+" 9G )*e.teme%0en 0%t A--$na, ma/& 1nne.0+8e4)en v$nu+t e Je%u*)(+eme, a>$+ Aime%8 anti<->iai .(t%i(%-a e)-ette ?))*e a -i%(+84+8a+, mive+ Je%u*)(+em me7v(+a)*t$tt .(t%i(%-(/(t a .(.a m07 nem e%=)'tette me7 )*04-0en" A >e%ce7n= c)a- ti*en>(%$m 0ve) v$+t, &e #e/+ett 0) (/$)" Ba+&uin e+ v$+t t=+e%a7a&tatva, 0) >)07e) #0%/e +ett, #e+a&va +e70n80+ete -?nn8e+m )*$-()ait"9

78 tni-, a t(%78a+()$- )$%(n ;anu0+ me7'70%te, >$78 )e7't)07et n8C/t NC% a&4D'n e++en, 0) >$78 Ba+&uin e78et0%tett ;anu0++a+ aan, >$78 Ra/na+&$t me7 -e++a+(*ni" E*a+att a -i%(+8 a &ama)*-u)*i >at(%n(+ ve*etett >a&/(%at$t" 9G m(%ciu)(an:+an&%ia 7%<#/(va+ e781tt me7+e.et0))*e%en Dama)*-u)*t i) me7t(ma&t(-, 0) (.%i+i)e+)e/0n me7$)t%$m$+t(- a -1+v(%$)an Da%ei/a v(%(t" De a +(a&$*< NC% a&4D'n e-4-$% m(% Ct$n v$+t &0+ #e+0, >$78 v07et ve))en a ete7)07e a+att e+)*a.$%$&$tt int%i4-(-na-" Á.%i+i) 40n 0%t Dama)*-u)*a, a +a-$))(7 na78 ?%?m0%e, ) Ba+&uin ?+4c)ene- +(tta, >a vi))*av$nu+" NC% a&4D'n e--$% e++ent(ma&()a +en&1+t" ;ia+att ve4*0%e, S'%-C> a )*i&<ni te%1+etet .u)*t't$tta, = Hai)* D*)a+&a- v(%(t t(ma&ta me7"E*t a v(%at a #%an-$- e+=%et$+t (++()-0nt 0.'tett0- a La+i+eiai4ten7e% &0+-e+eti )*?7+et04en, a Ja%mC- #$+8<n" A >e+8=%)07 )*$%$n7at$tt >e+8*et0en e+>at(%$*ta, >a t'* na.$ne+1+ nem /?n )e7't)07, #e+a&/(- a v(%at" Ba+&uin T>ie%%8 7%<##a+ e+in&u+t a v(% #e+men4t0)0%e, &e a>e+8ett, >$78 e78ene)en $&ament v$+na, a t< 0)*a-i .a%t/(n, a Dama)*4-u)*a ve*et= Ct$n v$nu+t" A c)e+ ev(+t" NC% a&4D'n #0+t, >$78 e+v(7/(- Dama)*4-u)*t<+, 0) #e+a&ta a* $)t%$m$t" A -0t )e%e7 Butai>(n(+ 1t-?*?tt me7, a J$%&(n #e+)=#$+8()(t<+ -e+et%e" Amint a #%an-$- me7.i++ant$tt(- a mu)*+im$-at, a*$nna+ t(ma&4ta-, me%t a*t >itt0-, >$78 c)a- a* e+==%))e+ ta+(+-$*ta-" Ami-$% a*$nan e78 ?)*v0% Fame+8et a -i%(+8 a/(n&0-$*$tt e78, NC% a&4D'n -?%n8e*et0>e* ta%t$*< )e/-ne- F $+4&$7an #e+n8e%'tett, me%t a )*a7%<+ #e+i)me%te a #%an-$- +$vai -?*?tt e78-$%i t(%)ait, a#%an-$- %(/?tte-, >$78 a* e70)* mu)*+im )e%e7 (++ ve+1- )*emen" A t(ma&() $+8an)$&%< e%e/ v$+t, >$78 a mu)*+im$- me7in$7ta-" NC% a&4D'n m07 nem 0.1+t #e+ te+/e4)en, =t %(e)*0+t0-, >$78 >a78/a e+ a c)atame*=t, 0) a>$78 e+in&u+t, e70)* )e%e7e me74#$%&u+t, 0) #e+$m+$tt )$%$-an v$nu+t vi))*a" A #%an- 78=*e+em e+07 v$+t a>>$*,>$78 NC% a&4D'n #e78ve%)*1netet -0%/en" E*ut(n n0>(n8 0ven (t nem v$+t -$m$4+8a >($%C)-$&() a )*'%4.a+e)*tin >at(%$n" Ba+&uin 0) NC% a&4D'n 0)*a- #e+0 #i478e+t"9

570T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, M, , GM", G94G9G" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., GM4G!" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+iii,

594595" ."571T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, , G994G9M" ."V In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5M45G" ."V AC S(ma, !4" ." a*t '%/a,>$78 Ba+&uin #e78ve%)*1netet -0%t, ta+(n In a+4Ka+(ni)*' e78 #0+%e0%t>et= m$n&ata a+a./(n"

5

9G =)*0n a c)()*(% na78 )e%e7 0+0n Ct%a -e+t" K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ Ki+i-ia e++en v$4nu+t, ) mia+att a #=)e%e7 +a))an >a+a&t -e+et #e+0 a ne>e*en /(%>at< .a%ti Ct$n, = ma7ae+=%e)ietett -i)e, ?t)*(* #=) +$va) c)a.atta+" A -0)*1+=&0) $+8an tit$-an #$+8t, ac)()*(% .e&i7 $+8an 78$%)an m$*7$tt, >$78 Ki+i-i(an )en-i )em tu&$tt /?vete+0%=+"T$%$)* ?%m0n8 >e%ce7 a Tau%u)*4>e78)07en v$+t, mit )em 78an't$tt, m'7 e78)*e%c)a- $-t<e% v070n e78 +atin *a%(n&$-, a-it ven&071+ +(t$tt, vi))*a)ietett u&va%(a,0) /e+entette, >$78 e78na.i /(%()%a i*(nci c)a.at$-at +(t$tt" T$%$)* ?))*e)*e&te c)a4+(&ta7/ait, i*a+ma) a%(tait, -inc)eit 0) a*$nna+ a >e78e-e mene-1+t" ;()na. ;a4nu0+ ev$nu+t a -i+i-iai )'-)(7%a" S<7$%a, 3atat*e)* Te$&$% e+#$7+a+ta Ta%)*$)*t" ;a4nu0+ t$v(v$nu+t, 0) a+i7 -0t >0t a+att e70)*en Ana*a%$)*i7 min&en -i+i-iai v(%$) a-e*0%e -e%1+t" T$%$)* a*$nan e+%e/t=*?tt e+=+e" ;ia+att a i*(nci c)a.at$- a v?+78e-et-utatt(-, = >e78c)Cc)%<+ >e78c)Cc)%a mene-1+t, ) v071+ e78 Da&*)i7 nev, t? em4e%?+t= <ta %$m$), +a-at+an e%=&en ta+(+t mene&0-et a K1n&$)* #$%%()(>$* -?*e+"6)a- -0t +e7me7'*>at< )*$+7(/a i)me%te ta%t<*-$&()i >e+80t"9

A c)()*(% /?vete+e me7%0m'tette Ra/na+&$t" J<+ tu&ta, >$78 nem -0.e) e++en(++ni ana78 c)()*(%i >a&)e%e7ne-, ) e* a #e+i)me%0) mentette me7" R(&?ent, >a a*$nna+me7a&/a ma7(t, /$ #e+t0te+e-%e )*(m't>at, mint ve)*te) c)ata ut(n" L0%a%&, -ata-ia.1).?-e, Ra/na+& e78i- +e7/<*ana tan(c)$)a me7ma78a%(*ta ne-i, >$78 a c)()*(%i>a&/(%at $-a in-( a c)()*(%i te-int0+8 me7e%=)'t0)e, mint a ><&'t()" Ra/na+& e--$%)ietve -?vete-et -1+&?tt ;anu0+>e*, ) #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 a* anti<->iai #e++e7v(%at (t4a&/a e78 c)()*(%i >e+8=%)07ne-" Ami-$% a -?vette+ tu&att(-, e* nem e+e7en&=, Ra/4na+& ve*e-+=%u>(t ?+t?tt, ) a ;ami)*t%a a+atti c)()*(%i t($%a )ietett" A -?%n80- ?)*4)*e) u%a+-$&</(t<+ -?vete- 0%-e*te-, >$78 1&v?*?+/0- a c)()*(%t" Ott v$+t NC% a&4D'4n0, a &ani)men&e-0, a 7%C* -i%(+80 ) m07 a -a+i#(0 i)" ;anu0+ e78 -ic)it me7v(%attaRa/na+&$t" K?%1+e+1+ e--$% -a.$tt >'%t a )*(m*?tt Aime%8 .(t%i(%-(t<+, a-i a*t /ava4)$+ta, >$78 +(nc%a ve%ve ve*ette))e ma7a e+0 Ra/na+&$t, 0) #$))*a me7 >ata+m(t<+" Ac)()*(% a*$nan )*'ve)een vett e78 a+(*at$) a+attva+<t" nne.0+8e) 78+0)t >'vta-e78e" A c)()*(% a t%<n/(n #$7+a+t >e+8et na78 )(t%(an, u&va%$ncai 0) -1+#?+&i -?ve4te- -?%0en, v(+$7at$tt e*%e&e (++t )$%#a+at, 0) Ra/na+& '78 ><&$+t e+=tte" A v0t-e) -'4)0%et0ve+ e781tt 78a+$7, #e&et+en #=ve+ v07i7ment a v(%$)$n 0) a t($%$n" e$%u+t a.$%a a c)()*(%i eme+v0n8 e+=tt, m'7 eme%ei -?n8?%7= m$*&u+atta+ a* 07%e eme+t0--a%/u-at" J< n0>(n8 .e%c e+te+t, mi%e ;anu0+ #i78e+em%e m0+tatta" B$c)(nat(t >(%$m#e+t0te+>e* -?t?tte" Ra/na+&na- )*1-)07 e)et0n (%mi-$% (t -e++ a&nia a c)()*(%i >e+84=%)07ne- a* anti<->iai #e++e7v(%at, c)a.at$-at -e++ -1+&enie a c)()*(%i >a&)e%e7e, 0)Anti<->i(an a +atin .(t%i(%-a >e+8ett 7?%?7?t -e++ v(+a)*tani" Ra/na+& me7e)-1&?tt,>$78 eta%t/a a #e+t0te+e-et, e--$% e+$c)(t$tt(-, 0) vi))*at0%>etett Anti<->i(a"

;anu0+ -?*e+e&t0ne- >'%0%e >ama%/(an e+=-e%1+t &0+%=+ Ba+&uin -i%(+8 i), te)tv04%0ve+, Ama+%i--a+ 0) Aime%8 .(t%i(%-(va+" Nem )$--a+ Ra/na+& vi))*at0%te ut(n 0%4-e*te- Anti<->i(a" Ba+&uinna- n0mi c)a+<&()t $-$*$tt, >$78 a c)()*(% me7$c)(t$ttRa/na+&na-, ) '%()an a*$nna+ -i>a++7at()t -0%t ;anu0+t=+" ;anu0+ >a$*$tt, i*$4n8(%a att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 Ba+&uin a ma7a )*(m(%a -?vete+i ma/& a >e%ce7)07et" ;e7+e4>et, e* i) $tt )*e%e.e+t Aime%8 /ava)+atai -?*?tt" De Ba+&uin %a7a)*-$&$tt a ta+(+-$*<4>$*, 0) a c)()*(% v071+ en7e&ett" Ba+&uin C78 +$va7$+t -i Anti<->i(<+, >$78 a* =t -'4)0%= .$+7(%$- -?n8?%?7te-2 )*e%e**en 0-0t -?*t1- 0) a c)()*(% -?*?tt" A ta+(+-$*<<%i()i )i-e%t >$*$tt" ;anu0+t e+v?+te a* i#/C -i%(+8, a-it t'* na.$n (t ven&071+ +(t$tt"

572Kinnam$)*, !4G" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t02 i* h*V Le%7e+8 .a., G" ."

;ia+att me7vitatt(- e78 )*?vet)07 te%v0t, Ba+&uin -ie)*-?*?+te a c)()*(% $c)(nat(tT$%$)*na-, a-ine- u78ana*t -e++ett -i(++nia, mint Ra/na+&na-, 0) me7ta%t>atta a >e478e- -?*?tt #e-v= i%t$-ait" 3a+<)*'n+e7 Ba+&uinna- -?)*?n>et=, >$78 ;anu0+ neme%=+tette a 7?%?7 .(t%i(%-a a*$nna+i ei-tat()(t" Aime%8 vi))*a-e%1+t .(t%i(%-ai t%<nu4)(%a, 0) #$%m(+i)an -i0-1+t Ra/na+&&a+" Ami-$% Ba+&uin a/(n&0-$--a+ #e+.a-$+vavi))*at0%t Anti<->i(a, te)tv0%0t a c)()*(% me++ett >a78ta"

9!" (.%i+i) 40n, >C)v0t va)(%na. ;anu0+ Anti<->i(a 0%-e*ett, 0) 1nne.0+8e4)en ev$nu+t a v(%$)a" A +atin >at<)(7$- min&ent e+-?vette-, >$78 vi))*ata%t)(-,a*t >'%e)*te+t0-, >$78 me%0n8+et -0)*1+ e++ene, &e nem )i-e%1+t me7#0+em+'teni1-"Pu)*t(n ann8it -0%t, >$78 a .$+7(%$- (++'t)ana- tC)*$-at, ) >$78 a meneten %0)*tvev= +atin u%a- ne vi)e+/ene- #e78ve%t" ma7a ?+t?*0-e a+att +(nc)*eme-=+ -0)*1+tin7et vi)e+t" Zava%< e)em0n8%e nem -e%1+t )$%" A #e++e7v(%$n $tt +$$7$tt a c)()*(%i*()*+<, ) a menet a me7e%=)'tett >'&$n (t ev$nu+t a v(%$)a" e7e+?+ a va%07 c)()*(%ite)t=%)07 .$m.() c)a.ata menete+t" A*ut(n /?tt a c)()*(% +<>(t$n, '$% -?.en8en,#e/0n 78?n78#177=) &ia&0mma+" Ra/na+& 78a+$7$)an, -ant(%(n(+ #$7va ve*ette a c)(4)*(% +$v(t, 0) t? #%an- C% i) $tt 78a+$7$+t a c)()*(% +$va me++ett" ;anu0+ m?7?tt +$4va7$+t Ba+&uin, -$%$na n0+-1+, #e78ve%te+en1+, ut(na -?vet-e*te- a i%$&a+$m #=ti)*tvi)e+=i" A -a.un e+1+ te+/e) #=.a.i &')*en v(%a-$*$tt Aime%8 .(t%i(%-a a .a.4)(77a+, >$78 v07i7ve*e))e a menetet a )*=n8e7e--e+ 0) vi%(77a+ $%'t$tt utc(-$n (te+=)*?% a S*ent P0te%4)*0-e)e78>(*a, ma/& $nnan a .a+$t(a"

;anu0+ n8$+c na.i7 ma%a&t Anti<->i(an, 0) e*a+att e78i- 1nne.)07 a m()i-at0%te" A c)()*(%, a-i a* 1nne.0+8e) a+-a+ma--$% 1)*-e 0) #en)07e) v$+t, m$)t c)a-C78 )u7(%$*ta ma7(<+ a -e&ve))07et, 0) a%(t)(7$) vi)e+-e&0)0ve+ me7n8e%te a +a4-$))(7$t" A*$- a =-e* a/(n&0-$- .e&i7, ame+8e--e+ e+>a+m$*ta min& a neme))047et, min& a n0.et, c)a- n?ve+t0- a* (+ta+(n$) +e+-e)e&0)t" A n8u7atia-na- )*(nt 7e)*4tu)-0nt +$va7i t$%n(t %en&e*ett, me+8en t(%)aiva+ = ma7a i) %0)*t vett" A c)()*(% -it4n= +$va7 v$+t, 0) &ic)=)07et )*e%*ett ma7(na-, &e t(%)ai F a-i- )*(m(%a a +$va)tu&$4m(n8 e)*-?* v$+t 0) nem c0+ F nem (++t(- -i $+8an /<+ a* ?))*e>a)$n+'t()t a n8u7ati+$va7$--a+" A c)()*(% 0) a #iata+ -i%(+8 -?*?tt a >(*a))(7i -?te+0-en a+a.u+< %$-$ni-a.c)$+at m0+8 a%(t)(77( v(+t" Ami-$% Ba+&uin va&()*at -?*en -a%/(t t?%te, ;anu40+ ma7a a-a%ta -e*e+ni, mint a>$78 e78-$% a n0met K$n%(&$t i) e++(tta $%v$)i tan(4c)$--a+"95

E* a .$m.() >0t a c)()*(% te-int0+80ne- &ia&a+a v$+t" I7a*a v$+t ata-iai L0%a%&4na-2 a c)()*(% nem ><&'t()%a v(78$tt, >anem te-int0+80t a-a%ta n?ve+ni" A* 1nne.)047e- v07e*t0ve+ c)at+a-$*$tt a #a+a-$n -'v1+ v(%a-$*< )e%e70>e*, 0) a -e+eti mu)*+im>at(% #e+0 in&u+t" S*inte a*$nna+ #e+-e%e)t0- NC% a&4D'n -?vetei, a-i-et u%u- #e78ve%4)*1net me7-?t0)0%e >ata+ma*$tt #e+" A +atin$- a*t v(%t(-, >$78 a c)()*(% A+e..< e++env$nu+, e*0%t #e+&1>'tette =-et, >$78 #$7a&ta a -?vete-et, 0) me7-e*&=&te- a t(%78a+(4)$-" Ami-$% NC% a&4D'n #e+a/(n+$tta, >$78 min& a >ate*e% -e%e)*t0n8 #$7+8(t -ien7e4&i ?%t?n0=+, 0) >a&/(%at$t in&'t a )*e+&*)u- t?%?-?- e++en, ;anu0+ i) e+e78e*ettaa, >$78 v07et vet >a&/(%at(na-"

Ta+(n )*(n&0-(an )em (++t >a%ca $c)(t-$*ni" e>et, >$78 a -e%e)*te)e- 0) m$4&e%n v0&e+me*=i- e%%e (%u+()t -i(+tana-, &e ne>0* e+-0.*e+ni, >$78 mi m()t i) te>e4

573T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 549, G9!4GM" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4!" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 49"

."V P%$&%$m$)*, in $* H* C* 3* II, 9", MM" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0 cc+iv, 594599" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., GG4G!"."V 3a>%am2 $mes ,rónika, 99" .", In a+4Ka+(ni)*', 5!", 595" ." ()& m07 a ;$nte2 T$ >at etenta) t>e B8*antine Em.i%e t>e Su*e%ain $# t>e 6%u)a&in7 State)_ Byzantion, " -?t"

9

tett v$+na" A -e%e)*te)e- )*(m(%a S*'%ia /e+ent=)07e min&en m()t #e+1+mC+t, &e ;a4nu0+ )*em0en S*'%ia c)a- e78i-e v$+t a i%$&a+$m nem i) +e7/e+ent=)e >at(% mentite%1+eteine-" Nem en7e&>ette me7 ma7(na-, >$78 t? ><na.i7 i&=**?n e78 >$))*C0) )ee*>et= ut(n.<t+()i +(nc +e7v07)= .$nt/(n" Se%e7e .e&i7, (%mi+8en .$m.() i)v$+t, nem -$c-(*tat>at$tt na78 ve)*te)07e-et" A c)()*(% nem i) -'v(nta me7t?%niNC% a&4D'n >ata+m(t" Ke)e% ta.a)*ta+atai v$+ta- a%%<+, >$78 a #%an-$- c)a- #en8e7e4tett >e+8*et1-en ?%1+tene-i" B$+$n&)(7 +ett v$+na te>(t me7)emmi)'teni #0+e+m1-#= #$%%()(t" NC% a&4D'n )*?vet)070%e na78 )*1-)07e v$+t a i%$&a+$mna- e78 m07)$--a+ ve)*0+8e)e e++en)07, a* anat<+iai t?%?-?- e++en" Amint a*$nan a* e)em04n8e- -0)= me7mutatt(-, ;anu0+ min&ent me7tett, >$78 me7a-a&(+8$**a NC% a&4D'nt E78i.t$m me7><&'t()(an, me%t a* m(% v07*ete)en #e+$%'t$tta v$+na a -0n8e)e78en)C+8t" Ta+(n na78$ t1%e+emme+ /$ #e+t0te+e- me++ett +e>etett v$+na me7-?tnia #e78ve%)*1netet" ;anu0+>e* a*$nan a77a)*t< >'%e- 0%-e*te- K$n)tantin(.$+8<+e78 ?))*ee)-1v0)%=+ 0) a* eu%<.ai >at(%$- menti *ava%7()$-%<+" Nem ma%a&>at$ttt$v( S*'%i(an"9

;in&ent e78evetve a NC% a&4D'nna+ -?t?tt #e78ve%)*1net .)*ic>$+<7iai t0ve&0)v$+t" A #%an-$- m(% c)a-nem e+#$7a&t(- a c)()*(%t ve*0%1-ne-, = a*$nan F a>$78 a?+c)ee- e+=%e me7m$n&>att(- v$+na F in-( t?%=&?tt i%$&a+ma )$%)(va+, mint a#%an-$-0va+" A #%an-$- )*(m(%a nem )$-at /e+entett a -e%e)*t0n8 %a$- )*aa&$n $4c)(t()a" 3$+t -?*t1- n0>(n8 -ieme+-e&= >e+8e+i >a%c$), mint .+" a tem.+$m$)$-na78me)te%e, B+anc#$%t4i Be%t%an&, &e t?)071- a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )$%(ne+#$7$tt n0met v$+t" Ott v$+t a #$7+8$- -?*?tt a T%i.$+i)*t ma7(na- i70n8+= T$u+$u)e4i Be%t%an& i), a-ine- #e+u--an()a *ava%t $-$*>at$tt v$+na, >a a #$7)(7 nem t?%te v$+4na me7 a* e70)*)070t"99

A #e78ve%)*1net me7-?t0)e ut(n a c)()*(%i )e%e7 n8u7at #e+0 in&u+t, e+einte +a))anv$nu+t, ma/& e78%e 78$%)aan, me%t n8u7ta+an't< >'%e- 0%-e*te- a #=v(%$)<+" NC%a&4D'n n0>(n8 eme%e F u%u- a-a%ata e++en0%e F me7.%<(+ta me7*ava%ni a i*(ncia4-at" Ami-$% a i*(nci )e%e7 i&=n8e%0) c0+/(<+ )*e+&*)u- te%1+eten v(7$tt (t, a )*e+4&*)u- )*u+t(n c)a.ataiva+ -i)e ?))*et*0)e-%e -e%1+t )$%" A )e%e7 amC78 )0%tet+e4n1+ 0%t e+ a n8(% v070n K$n)tantin(.$+8a" H(%$m ><na..a+ -0)= ;anu0+ i)m0tÁ*)i(a ve*etett >a&/(%at$t a )*e+&*)u-$- e++en, 0) C/, m$*70-$n8a ta-ti-(t .%<4(+t -i ve+1- )*emen" Eme%ei u78ana--$% me7.%<(+tatet= a+( >$*ni a -$a+'ci<tII" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n e++en" NC% a&4D'n %en&-'v1+ me7-?nn8e1+t;anu0+ e+uta*()a ut(n, 0) a* Eu#%(te)* -?*0.)= #$+8()(n(+ e>at$+t a )*e+&*)u-$- te4%1+et0%e J(-C A%)*+(n &ani)men&i u%a+-$&< $+8an >eve)en t(ma&t 0)*a--e+et%=+,>$78 a )*u+t(n -0n8te+en v$+t te%1+ete-et (ta&ni ne-i A+i)*t(n -?%n80-0n, a* Anti4Tau%u)*an" K$nt$)*te.>an$)* I<ann0)* i*(nci >a&ve*0% ?))*e78/t?tte -?*ena*$-at a -at$n(-at, a-i-et Ra/na+& 0) T$%$)* '70%t a -1+?n?*= e78e*m0n8e-en,ma/& ve+1- 0) e78 c)a.at e)en8=ve+ F a-i-et ;anu0+ te+e.'tett +e Ki+i-i(an F e+in4&u+t a Tau%u)* >(7<in (t" ;anu0+ 0) a c)()*(%i #=)e%e7 F ame+8et a )*e% u%a+-$&<c)a.atai 0) $+8an #%an- *a%(n&$-$- e%=)'tette-, a-i-ne- a >a/</a 0..en e#ut$tt R$4&$)*%a F a ;ean&e% v?+780en in&u+t #e+#e+0" A )*u+t(nna- me7 -e++ett $)*tani a >a&4

574T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 9, GM" ." e78(+ta+(n nem v(&$+/a a c)()*(%tV :%ei)in7i Ott<2 3esta <ride2ri/i, !" ."V Kinnam$)*, GG4!" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., !4!" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+v, 599459G" ."V In a+4

Ka+(ni)*', 5954599" ."575T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*V Kinnam$)*, GG" ." -im$n&$ttan Saint Li++e) #i(%<+ e)*0+ ;\: ]9^^_[9 0) ;\: ;`_ 9[a;<9"

M

e%e/0t" Ami-$% K$nt$)*te.>an$)* te+/e) 78=*e+met a%at$tt a* e++ene -1+&?tt t?%?-?-#e+ett, Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n #e+a&ta a -1*&e+met" %t a c)()*(%na-, 0) a 0-e #e/0en #e+a/(n4+$tta a* e+mC+t 0vei )$%(n a mu)*+im$- (+ta+ e+#$7+a+t ?))*e) 7?%?7 v(%$)t, a >at(%$-ti)*te+eten ta%t()(t, a .u)*t't< .$%t8(- #e+#177e)*t0)0t, 0) a*t, >$78 )*1-)07 e)et0n ac)()*(%i )e%e7 %en&e+-e*0)0%e $c)(t e78 e*%e&et" ;anu0+ e+#$7a&ta a #e+t0te+e-et, &ea i*t$n)(7 -e&v00%t t$v(%a i) a* u&va%(an ta%t$tta a )*u+t(n +(*a&< #iv0%0t, S(4>in)(>$t, a-i a c)()*(%n(+ -e%e)ett v0&e+met" Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n a )*e%*=&0) me7e%=)'t04)0%e -e%e)*t0n8 -ance++(%/(t, K%i)t<#$t -1+&te K$n)tantin(.$+8a" A* = #e+a&ata v$+t a)*u+t(n >ivata+$) -$n)tantin(.$+8i +(t$7at()(na- e+=-0)*'t0)e i)" M n8a%(n v07et0%t a* e++en)07e)-e&0), a -?vet-e*= tava)*$n Ki+i&*) A%)*+(nt >ata+ma) .$m.(va+ #$47a&t(- K$n)tantin(.$+8an" A )*u+t(nt na78 ti)*te+ette+ vett0- -?%1+, e+>a+m$*t(-a/(n&0-$--a+, &e va*a++u) u%a+-$&<-0nt -e*e+t0-" A +(t$7at() >'%e na78 >at())a+ v$+ta -e+eti u%a+-$&<-%a"9M

Een a* (+ta+(n$) me7vi+(7't()an -e++ 0%t0-e+n1n- ;anu0+ -e+eti .$+iti-(/(t"I7en 0%t0-e), te-int0+8n?ve+= 78=*e+met a%at$tt, ) +e7a+(i) i&ei7+ene)en me7a+(*ta a)*e+&*)u-$-at, a-i- a +e7in-( #en8e7ett0- i%$&a+m(t" A )i-e%=+ a #%an-$-na- i))*(%ma*$tt n0mi e+=n8e" NC% a&4D'nt u78an nem 78=*t0- +e, &e me7#0+em+'tett0-"Nem me%t n8'+tan -e%e)*t0n8 te%1+ete-%e t(ma&ni" Amint me7)*1+etett a 0-e a )*e+4&*)u-$--a+, me7n8'+t a )*(%a*#?+&i Ct a n8u7ati *a%(n&$-$- e+=tt" A *a%(n&$-$- )*(4ma e78%e n=tt, 0) c)a- a n8u7ati .$+iti-a a-a&(+8$*ta me7, >$78 m07 t?en 0%-e**e4ne-, mint>$78 >($%C &C+t a H$>en)tau#ene- 0) a .(.a)(7 -?*?tt N0met$%)*(7an0) It(+i(an, t$v(( a 6a.ete- 0) a P+anta7enete- -?*?tt :%ancia$%)*(7an" Anna-e++en0%e a*$nan, >$78 a* e+-?vet-e*en&= >C)* 0ven É)*a-4S*'%i(an Bi*(nc ma4%a&t a +e7e#$+8()$)a >ata+$m, a #%an-$- -?*?tt Bi*(ncna- c)a- na78$n -ev0) i7a*ia%(t/a a-a&t"

A* M" 0v e)em0n8ei me7mutatt(-, >$78 mi+8en te%m0)*et, 0) men8it 0% a c)(4)*(% Anti<->ia #e+etti #enn>at<)(7a" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 vi))*at0%t &0+%e 0) 0.. a &ama)*4-u)*i te%1+et%e ve*etett -i)e .$%t8(-at, -i>a)*n(+va, >$78 NC% a&4D'nne- 0)*a-$nv$+ta- 7$n&/ai, (m e--$% me7>a++$tta, >$78 NC% a&4D'n e+#$7ta Ra/na+&$t" M n$4veme%0en a n8(/a- =)*i (t-?+t?*tet0)e a* Anti4Tau%u)*<+ a* Eu#%(te)* )'-)(7(%aa%%a c)('t$tta Ra/na+&$t, >$78 et?%/?n a #$+8< v?+780e" 3i))*a#e+0 +a))'t$tt(- v$nu4+()(t a *)(-m(n8$+t ma%>(-, tev0- 0) +$va-, 0) NC% a&4D'n te/te)tv0%e, ;a/&e&&in,A+e..< -$%m(n8*</a c)a.&(a c)a+ta" Ra/na+& &e%e-a)an >a%c$+t, &e a* e++en#0+ +0t4)*(m#?+0n8en v$+t, = .e&i7 e+ve)*'tette a +$v(t, ) e+#$7t(-" T(%)aiva+ e781tt me7-?4t?*ve, teve>(t$n -1+&t0- A+e..<a, a>$+ ti*en>at 0ven (t %a$)-$&$tt" Sem a c)()*(%,)em a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8, )em a* anti<->iai n0. nem i78e-e*ett -iv(+tani =t" Ra/na+& a?%t?nen ta+(+-$*>at$tt E&e))*a c'm*ete) 7%<#/(va+, a* i#/C J$)ce+in &e 6$u%tena84ve+, a-it n0>(n8 ><na..a+ -$%(an e78 .$%t8a )$%(n #$7ta- e+"9

Ra/na+& #$7)(7a a+-$tm(n8$) .%$+0m(t vetett #e+ Anti<->i(an, a>$+, mint K$n)4tancia >e%ce7n= #0%/e u%a+-$&$tt" A* a))*$n8 ma7(na- -?vete+te a >ata+mat, &e a -?*4v0+em0n8 K$n)tancia e+)= >(*a))(7(<+ )*(%ma*< #ia, a Da&$7<na- neve*ett B$4emun& me++0 (++t, a-i e--$% c)a- ti*en?t 0ve) v$+t" S*inte me7i)m0t+=&?tt ;e+i)en&a

576Kinnam$)*, !4", 4G" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)* 94M" ."V Le%7e+8 .a., !54!", !!" ."VE&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+ii, 5M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr* 5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9" ."

577

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, G, GMG4GM!" ."V E&e))*ai ;(t0, cc+i, 5M545M" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, 5"."V Le%7e+8 .a., 55" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 955" ."V 6a>en i* m*, 9" ." " )* /e78*et t$v(i#$%%()$-at a& me7, 0) t(%78a+/a a >e+8)*'ne-et"

-i%(+8n= 0) III" Ba+&uin n0>(n8 0vve+ -$%(i /e%u*)(+emi e)ete" K?*vet+en ve)*0+8%=+nem v$+t )*<, me%t NC% a&4D'n #0+t ;anu0+t<+, ) e* vi))*ata%t$tta att<+, >$78 Anti<4->i(%a t(ma&/$n" De a v(%$)na- >at0-$n8 -$%m(n8*()%a v$+t )*1-)07e" Tu+a/&$n-0.4.en Anti<->ia +e7#= >0%u%(na-, a c)()*(%na- -e++ett v$+na %en&e*ni a -0%&0)t,;anu0+ a*$nan me))*e v$+t, ) a* anti<->iaia- nem i) #$7a&t(- e+ =t #ennta%t() n0+4-1+" Anti<->ia n$%mann >e%ce7ei )*uve%0n u%a+-$&<-nate-intett0- ma7u-at, &emint>$78 78a-%an -i)-$%C ?%?-?)?-%e )*(++t a t%<n, a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8$-na- t?4)*?% e -e++ett avat-$*niu-, (% in-( %$-$n-0nt, mint u%a+-$&<-0nt +0.te- #e+" An4ti<->i(an '78 -ia+a-u+t a* a n0*et, >$78 va+</(an a -i%(+8 a +e7#= >0%u%u-" K0t4)07-'v1+ a*0%t #$7a&t(- e+ $+8an -?nn8en ;anu0+t, me%t Ba+&uin /e+en v$+t, 0) e+e4e78e*ett a &$+7$- i+8en a+a-u+()(a" A n0. m$)t i) Ba+&uint<+ v(%ta a me7$+&()t,nem ;anu0+t<+" A -i%(+8t Anti<->i(a >'vt(-, 0) = -i/e+entette, >$78 III" B$emun& a

/$7$) u%a+-$&<, ) a -$%m(n8*()t a >e%ce7 na78-$%C)(7(i7 Aime%8 .(t%i(%-(%a '*ta"A &?nt0) K$n)tanci(na-, a m<&)*e% .e&i7 ;anu0+nanem tet)*ett" A >e%ce7n=a*$nna+ a c)()*(%i u&va%>$* #e++ee*ett"9G

A* 9!" 0v v07e #e+0 me7>a+t Ei%0n0 c)()*(%n0, )*1+etett Su+*ac>i Be%ta, 0) e78et4+en +e(n878e%me- ma%a&t ut(na" M4an K$nt$)*te.>an$)* I<ann0)* ve*et0)0ve+a* u&va%i #=t$+m(c), a* $+a)* T>e$.>i+a-t$)* t(%)a)(7(an -1+&?tt)07 0%-e*ett Je%u4*)(+eme, 0) me7-0%te a -i%(+8t, >$78 /ava)$+/$n e78 $+8an ten7e%entC+i >e%ce7n=t,a-i >itve)e +e>etne a me7?*ve781+t c)()*(%na-" K0t /e+?+t /?>etett )*(m't()a2 ;(%ia,Anti<->iai K$n)tancia +e(n8a 0) ;e+i)en&a, II" Ra/mun&na-, T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/(na- a +e4(n8a" ;in&-etten Ba+&uin -i%(+8 un$-ate)tv0%ei v$+ta-, 0) >'%e) )*0.)07e-" Ba+&uint*ava%ta v$+na a c)()*(% 0) Anti<->ia )*$%$)a -a.c)$+ata, 0) e*0%t ;e+i)en&(t /ava4)$+ta" A -?vete- T%i.$+i)*a uta*ta- >(t, >$78 /e+ent0)t -0)*'t)ene- a >e%ce7n=%=+,a-i%e a* e70)* #%an- Ke+et m(%i) C78 te-intett, mint /?ven&= c)()*(%n0%a" T%i.$+i)*iRa/mun& 1)*-e v$+t 0) e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 /e+ent=) >$*$m(n8t a& te)tv0%0ne-, 0) >a4ta+ma) ?))*e7et -?+t?tt -e+en780%e i)" ;e+i)en&a an8/a, H$&ie%na 0) ;e+i)en&a -i%(+84n= i) e+>a+m$*ta a/(n&0-$--a+" ;in&en#e+=+ +$va7$- i78e-e*te- T%i.$+i)*a, aan a%em0n8en, >$78 me7>'v/(- ma/& =-et a* e)-1v=%e" K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ a*$nannem 0%-e*ett me7 a v07)= v(+a)*" A -?vete- e)*(m$+ta- a c)()*(%na- ;e+i)en&a)*em0+80%=+, &e em+0-e*tett0- a%%a i), >$78 .+et8-(- -e%in7te- )*1+et0)e -?%1+, >i4)*en min&en-i tu&ta, >$78 a* an8/a a--$%ian ?))*eve)*ett a* a./(va+" A va+<)(7anva+<)*'n+e7 )emmi -0t)07 )em #0%>etett ;e+i)en&a t?%v0n8e) )*(%ma*()(>$*, &e +e4>et, >$78 a c)()*(% a .+et8-(- miatt m07i) >a$*$tt" E*ut(n tu&ta me7, >$78 Ba+&uineavat-$*$tt Anti<->ia 178eie, ma/& e#ut$tt K$n)tancia #e++ee*0)e i)" M -$%an8a%(n a* e78%e t1%e+met+ene Ra/mun& K$n)tantin(.$+8a -1+&te e78i- +$va7/(t,Ri)e%7i Ott<t, >$78 me7tu&/a, mi a >e+8*et" Au7u)*tu)an Ott< a**a+ t0%t vi))*a,>$78 a c)()*(% #e+m$n&ta a* e+/e78*0)t"9!

A me7%(*-<&tat() 0) a me7a+(*tat() )$- v$+t ;e+i)en&(na-" E70)*)07e me7%$m4+$tt, c)a->ama% e+)$%va&t, mint e78 -?*0.-$%i #%ancia %e70n8en a P%ince)) $in4

578T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 5, G" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 K$n)tanci(t T$%$)*#$)*t$tta me7 a* Anti<->ia #e+etti u%a+$mt<+"

579T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 5, G4GM" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4" .", a*t '%/a, >$78 a )*(%ma*()(%<+ te%4 /en7= >'%e)*te+0)e-en tC+ ;e+i)en&a %(a&()u+ nem v$+t te+/e)en e70)*)07e) )em" E78, M" /C+iu) 540n

-e+t $-+ev0+en, ame+8 ;i++8 :1+?.ne- a&/a a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+etet, C78 em+'ti- ;e+i)en&(t, mintWIutmae Im.e%at%ici) 6$n)tantin$.$+itanaeX K$n)tantin(.$+8 /?ven&= c)()*(%n0/a" ;e+i)en&a 0) a #i4v0%e a -i%(++8a+ v$+ta- N(*(%eten R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, !M" ."

G

taine" :iv0%e, Ra/mun&, =%/?n7?tt" D1>?)en -0%te, >$78 t0%'t)0- me7 a -e+en780%e-?+t?tt .0n*0t" Ami-$% K$n)tantin(.$+8 e*t me7ta7a&ta, #e+#e78ve%e*te anna- a ti4*en-0t 7(+8(na- a +e70n8)070t, ame+8e-ne- ;e+i)en&(t -e++ett v$+na K$n)tantin(4.$+8a )*(++'taniu-, ) e+-e*&te 6i.%u) .a%t/ait #$)*t$7atni"9G Ba+&uin -i%(+8 un$-a4te)tv0%eive+ e781tt v(%ta a >'%e-et, 0) i7en n8u7ta+an v$+t, -1+?n?)en, ami-$% a i*(n4ci -?vete- a*t a .a%anc)$t -a.t(-, men/ene- Anti<->i(a" A n8$mu-a e%e&t" Anti<4->i(an ta+(+ta a c)()*(% #0n8e) -?vet)070t, ame+8et Anna K$mn0n0 #ia, A+ei$)*B%1enni$)* K$mn0n$)* 0) K$n)tantin(.$+8 .%e#e-tu)a, Kamat0%$)* J(n$) ve*etett" A-?vete- a--$%%a m(% e+ i) %en&e*t0- a >(*a))(7i )*e%*=&0)t a c)()*(% 0) Anti<->iai;(%ia >e%ce7n= -?*?tt, /e+en+0t1- .e&i7 e+e7en&= v$+t a>>$*, >$78 K$n)tanci(<+ a>e%ce7)07 u%a+-$&</a +e78en" Ba+&uinna- e+ -e++ett #$7a&nia a >e+8*etet" ;(%ia m07a* un$-ate)tv0%0n0+, ;e+i)en&(n(+ i) (/$)a v$+t" S*e.teme%en -e+t Ct%a S*ent Si4me$n -i-?t=/0=+" B1)*-e v$+t a%%a, >$78 c)()*(%n0 +e)* 0) $+&$7 tu&at+an)(7anuta*$tt v07*ete #e+0" Deceme%en e)-1&?tt me7 a c)()*(%%a+ a Ha7ia S*$.>i(an" A*e)-et0)t >(%$m .(t%i(%-a v07e*te, K$n)tantin(.$+8 .(t%i(%-(/a, u-(c), II" Atan(*,Anti<->ia c'm*ete) .(t%i(%-(/a 0) S*$.>%<ni$)*, a+ean&%iai .(t%i(%-a"9G

Ba+&uin /<+ +(tta a i*(nci )*?vet)07 0%t0-0t, &e ;anu0+ )i-e%e a -e%e)*t0n8 É)*a4-$n na78$ v$+t ann(+, mint ame--$%(t = /<na- +(t$tt, 0) -ev0)0 v$+t >at0-$n8,mint ami%e NC% a&4D'n miatt )*1-)07e v$+t, m07 >a a -?vet-e*= -0t 0ven vi))*a i)vetette a mu)*+im t(ma&()$-at" A c)()*(% >(*a))(7a a -i%(+8 )*(m(%a &i.+$m(ciai-u&a%c$t /e+entett" Ba+&uin >a*ain&u+t" O%)*(7a -$%m(n8*()a )im(n #$+8t, ami<ta a*an8/(t e+t(v$+'t$tt(- a >ata+$m<+" ;e+i)en&a 94en u--ant #e+ i)m0t, %07en) ta4n(c)an e+n?-?+t, mi-?*en Ba+&uin >($%Can v$+t" A* = #e+a&ata a* e78>(*i int0*4m0n8e- .(%t#$7()a, t(m$7at()a v$+t" Ami-$% 9 n$veme%0en me7>a+t :$uc>e%.(t%i(%-a, ;e+i)en&a e78)*e% .a.$t, a )a/(t i)me%=)0t, Ne)+e4i Ama+%ic$t /uttatta a>e+80%e" Ama+%i- /< neve+0)en %0)*e)1+t, &e /(%at+an v$+t a vi+(7i &$+7$-an, 0) nemv$+t -e++= 78a-$%+ati 0%*0-e" Kineve*0)e e++en #e+eme+te )*av(t He%ne)*, Kai)*a%eia 0%4)e-e, 0) Ru&$+#, Bet+e>em .1).?-e" Ama+%i-na- :%i78e) a--$ni .1).?-?t -e++ett R<4m(a -1+&enie a .(.ai /<v(>a78()0%t" :%i78e) ta.intata 0) F mint %ee)7ett0- F me74ve)*te7et0)ei e+n8e%t0- a .(.ai -C%ia t(m$7at()(t"9G A* e78>(**a+ -a.c)$+at$) tev04-en8)070en ;e+i)en&(t a m$)t$>a+(n8a, :+an&%iai S*ii++a )e7'tette, a-i 9G4an e+4>at(%$*ta, nem t0% vi))*a #0%/0ve+, T>ie%%8ve+ Eu%<.(a, >anem a.(c(na- (++ a ;e+i4)en&a (+ta+ Bet(ni(an a+a.'t$tt -$+$)t$%an" Ami-$% M )*e.teme%0en ;e+i4)en&a me7>a+t, >e+80t a -i%(+8i c)a+(&an 0) a* e78>(*i 178e- t(m$7at()(an S*ii++avette (t, n078 0vve+ -0)= e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+(i7"9G5

T%i.$+i)*$n (tuta*va III" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 me7ete7e&ett" T%i.$+i)* 7%<#/a )a/(t $%v$4)(t, a )*'% Ba%a-$t -1+&te >$**(, &e a -i%(+8 (++a.$ta %$))*a$&$tt" T$v(uta*$ttBe/%Cta, 0) $tt >a+t me7 M" #e%u(% 40n" E%=) #e+0.'t0), ma7a) #0%#i v$+t, vi%u+<a%c)*'ne, t?m?tt, )*=-e )*a-(++a /< e70)*)07et, #0%#ia))(7$t )u7(%*$tt" ;in&en-i C78>itte, >$78 Ba%a- $%v$))(7ai m0%7e*t0- me7" Ha%minc>a%ma&i- 0v0en /(%t" Ha t$4

580T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, 5, 55, !M", GG4G!" ."581>o*, 5, G94GM" ."V Kinnam$)*, 4" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 9" ." #ennen &ic)0%i a* C/ c)(4

)*(%n0 )*0.)070t"582T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3III, , G9" ." R?>%ic>t a $egestáan GG", !" ." .0+&(-at >$* ;e+i)en&a -a%i4

tat'v tev0-en8)070%e"583T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*, em+'ti S*ii++a )*e%e.0t" E%n$u+, " ." '%/a, >$78 S*ii++a nem v$+t >a/+an&<e+>a78ni a S*ent#?+&et"

!

v( 0+t v$+na, na78 -i%(+8 +ett v$+na e+=+e, me%t me7v$+t enne a )*1-)07e) ene%7ia,a* e+=%e+(t() 0) a* e++en(++>atat+an )*em0+8e) va%(*)" ;ve+t v$+t, /(%at$) a t?%t0ne4+emen 0) a /$7an" A+attva+e78e-=+, >$78 +e%</(- ti)*te+et1-et >$+tte)te e+=tt, ami-$% a 78()*menet+a))an Je%u*)(+em #e+0 v$nu+t" NC% a&4D'n n0>(n8 a%(t/a a*t /ava)$+ta a* ata07ne-,>$78 e+0%-e*ett a* i&= a -e%e)*t0n8e- me7t(ma&()(%a" NC% a&4D'n a*$nan a--$%0%t vi))*a e78 )$-(i7 >a+$7at$tt me--ai *a%(n&$-Ct%<+, 0) nem v$+t >a/+an&< me7*a4va%ni e78 n0.et, ame+8 na78 u%a+-$&</(t 78()*$+ta"9G

584T1%$)*i 3i+m$), Q3I, , 94M" ." %?vi& /e++em%a/*$t a& III" Ba+&uin%<+"

5

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+Cem8 Lanem ,gyipt#m (<ldjére megy7nk 'e8 /Jeremiás >?21>3

III" Ba+&uinna- nem v$+t 78e%me-e" L?%?7 #e+e)07e, T>e$&<%a c)u.(n ti*en>at0ve) v$+t, ami-$% me7?*ve781+t" Ba+&uin ut<&a a #iv0%e, Ama+%i- +ett, Ja##a 0) A)*-a4

+$n 7%<#/a" Ba+&uin >a+(+a ut(n n8$+c na..a+ Ama+%i- .(t%i(%-a -i%(++8( -$%$n(*ta =t"A* ut<&+())a+ -a.c)$+atan -i)e 7$n&$- me%1+te- #e+" A (%<- nem a-a%t(- #e+a&ni-i%(+8v(+a)*ta m() /e+?+t )*<a )em -e%1+t" E78et+en t?%v0n8e) -i#$7()4)a+ tu&ta- c)a- 0+ni" N078 0vve+ -$%(an Ama+%i- e+vette 6$u%tena84i Á7ne)t,e&e))*ai II" J$)ce+in +e(n8(t" A >(*a)t(%)a- >a%ma&#$-C un$-ate)tv0%e-, te>(t $+8an-?*e+i %$-$n$- v$+ta-, a-i- )*(m(%a a* e78>(* a >(*a))(7-?t0)t nem en7e&0+8e*te"A .(t%i(%-a me7ta7a&ta a >(*a))(7 me7e%=)'t0)0t" ;() $-$- miatt )em -e&ve+t0-Á7ne)t" S$--a+ i&=)e v$+t a #0%/0n0+" !4en ?+t0- me7 e+)= #0%/0t, ;a%a)i Ra/na+4&$t, ami-$% Ama+%i- m07 c)a- ti*en>(%$m 0ve) v$+t, 0) Á7ne) >'%neve nem v$+t 0..ma-u+(t+an" A .(t%i(%-a 0) a (%<- -0%t0- a >(*a))(7 me7)emmi)'t0)0t" Ama+%i- eea*$nna+ e+ee78e*ett, &e -0%te, >$78 i)me%/0- e+ t?%v0n8e)ne- -0t 78e%me-0t, Ba+&u4int 0) S*ii++(t, va+amint a* ut<&+()>$* va+< /$7u-at"9G9

Ama+%i- e--$% >u)*$n?t 0ve)" ;a7a) 0) /<-0. v$+t, mint a (t8/a, m07 a%c)*'n1-0) t?m?tt, )*=-e )*a-(++u- i) >a)$n+'t$tt, (% '%(+a++7ata7 v$+t, (m 78a-%an>ata+ma) >a>$t(*()an t?%t -i, ami n0mi+e7 c)$%'t$tta m0+t<)(7(t" S$>a)em +ett$+8an n0.)*e%, mint a (t8/a, mive+ nem v$+t $+8an -e&ve) 0) n8'+t m$&$%C" S ma47(n0+ete )em v$+t -i#$7()ta+an"9GM T%<n%a +0.0)e ut(n .(% ><na..a+ m(% tanCi*$n84)(7(t a&>atta (++am#0%#iCi -0.e))07eine-, ami-$% L0%a%&, S*i&<n 0) Beau#$%t u%amin&en a+a.$) in&$- n0+-1+ e+vette e78 va*a++u)a /avait, 0) a* i++et= a -$%$n(>$* #e+4+ee*ett" Ama+%i- -?vete+te, >$78 a -i%(+8)(7 na78tan(c)a t(%78a+/a a* 178et" Ott e+4#$7a&tat$tt e78 %en&e+etet a))i)e, ame+8 .%ece&en)e-%e a+a.$*va +e>et=v0 tette,

585T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, I, , GG54GG", GGG4G!" ." T$%i7n8 R<e%t, I, 5!" ." 94%e te)*i Ama+%i- e)4-1v=/0t" Á7ne) e+)= #0%/0%=+ +()& e m II" -?t" M" ." T1%$)*i 3i+m$) #$+8tatet, >$78 e+tC+$*t(- a >i(it, &e nemva+<)*'n, >$78 a (%<- .u)*t(n a t(v$+i v0%%$-$n)(7 miatt %a7a)*-$&ta- a v(+()>$*" 3i+m$) )*e%int I" J$)ce+in 0) Sa+e%n'vta #e+ a #i78e+met a v0%%$-$n)(7%a, &e min&en-itu&>atta, >$78 I" Ba+&uin 0) I" J$)ce+in e+)= un$-ate)tv0%e- v$+ta-, 0) a .(t%i(%-a me7 i) ta7a&ta, >$78

me7-?))e a >(*a))(7$t" Á7ne) va+<)*'n+e7 554an )*1+etett, an8/(na-, Beat%ine- a* e+)= #0%/e54en >a+t me7, 0) a >?+78 nem )$--a+ ut(na #0%/>e* ment E&e))*ai J$)ce+in>e*"586T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, 45, GG4GGG" ."

5

>$78 ti)*te+eten ta%t/a +e7#= >0%i >ata+m(t" A i*t$n)(7 -e&v00%t ma7(>$* >'4vatta K$n)tantin(.$+8a K$n)tancia m()$&)*1+?tt #i(t, Ba+&uint, ma/& -0)= a Ra/4na+&t<+ )*1+etett 78e%me-eit i)" Ba+&uin e+0.ett a c)()*(%i )e%e7e, 0) c)at(an e)ette+"9! ;'7 Ama+%i- -i%(+8 n8'+tan .(%t$+ta a i*(ncia-at, e78Ctta+ 3II" a/$) #%ancia -i4%(+8na- i) '%t, 0) a*t tu&a-$+ta, van4e %em0n8 a%%a, >$78 )e7't a )*'%iai +atin$-na-_9!

A>>$*, >$78 Ama+%i- e+0%/e #= .$+iti-ai c0+/(t, 0) me7)*e%ve**e a* E78i.t$m #e+ettiu%a+mat, )*1-)07e) v$+t a i*(ncia- /<in&u+ata" Ama+%i- na78$n i) /<+ tu&ta, >$78 a+atin (++am$- +0te a mu)*+im )*$m)*0&$- )*0t>C*()(t<+ #177?tt" A mu)*+im S*'%iam$)t e78)07e) v$+t, &e am'7 E78i.t$m e++en)07e) vi)*$n8an v$+t NC% a&4D'nna+, a>e+8*et nem v$+t %em0n8te+en" A #(timi&a -a+i#(tu) a*$nan e--$% $+8 m0%t0-en >a4n8at+()na- in&u+t, >$78 u-()a -?*e+ine- +(t)*$tt" 0t-0%&0) v$+t, >$78 a -a+i#(tu) ne>u++/$n NC% a&4D'n ?+0e" A)*-a+$n e+ve)*t0)e <ta a -a+i#a u&va%(t e78%e na78$*%*ava% /e++eme*te" A()* ve*'% e78 0vve+ 0+te tC+ a )*e%enc)0t+en)07et" :ia, Na)*%,a* i#/C a+4Z(#i% -a+i#a -e78ence v$+t, i*a+ma) a%(t)(7u- $t%(n8$) .+et8-(-at t(.4+(+t" E* #e+&1>'tette A()*t, nem ann8i%a e%-?+c)i me77$n&$+()$-<+, >anem me%t$--a+ 78an't$tta, >$78 a+4Z(#i% a* a.a e++en a-a%/a -i/(t)*ani a #iCt" U)*(ma m07 min4&i7 a* u&va%n(+ v$+t, 0) me7tu&ta, >$78 Na)*% va+<an e+ee78e*ett a./a me7?+0)04e" I78e-e*ett >(t -i0-'teni a* a.(t 0) a #iCt, 0) me778=*te Na)*%t, >$78 a +e7/$ a*+enne, >a a -a+i#(t ?+n0- me7" Na)*% e--$% me7>'vta /<tev=/0t e78 0/)*a-ai mu+at)(74%a, 0) +e&?#te" A()* C78 tett, mint>a a*t >inn0, a 78i+-$)$- a -a+i#a #iv0%ei v$+ta-, 0)-iv07e*tette =-et" ;e7-a.a%int$tta a -a+i#a -inc)t(%(t, 0) a t%<n%a a+4Z(#i% ?t e)*ten4&=) -i)#i(t, a+4:(i*t 1+tette, a-i v07i7n0*te na78(t8/ai -iv07*0)0t, ) att<+ -e*&ve vi)*4)*at0%= %(n7at<*() 78?t?%te" A c)a+(& >?+78ta7/ai 78an't$tt(- a* i7a*)(7$t, 0) :e+4)=4E78i.t$m -$%m(n8*</(>$*, a* ?%m0n8 )*(%ma*()C In Ru**i->$* #$%&u+ta-,>$78 ment)e me7 =-et" A -$%m(n8*< Kai%<a v$nu+t, 0) a ma7a $+&a+(%a (++'t$tta a>e+8=%)07 ti)*t/eit" A()* 0) Na)*% ?))*ec)$ma7$+t(- -inc)ei-et, 0) 9" m(/u) !40n e+mene-1+te- a #=v(%$)<+" ;a7u--a+ vitt0- U)*(m(t, a-i m(%i) int%i-(+ni -e*&ettIn Ru**i--a+" Amint -i/ut$tta- a S'nai4)ivata7<+, ;$nt%ea+<+ #%an- c)a.at$- 1t?t4te- %a/tu-" U)*(ma 0.)07en e+mene-1+t, 0) e+/ut$tt Dama)*-u)*a" A()*t +em04)*(%$+t(-, 0) Na)*%t a -inc)e--e+ e781tt e+#$7t(-" Áta&t(- a tem.+$m$)$-na-, ) =a*$nna+ -i/e+entette, -e%e)*t0nn80 -'v(n +enni" A -ai%atvane*e%&in(%t -'n(+t Na)*%0%t, '78 aa>a78t(- va++()$) $-tat()(t, 0) +(nc%a ve%ve Kai%<a-1+&t0-" Ott a v$+t -a+i#a n078 ?*ve78e )a/(t -e*0ve+ c)$n-'t$tta me7 Na)*%t, ma/&#e+a-a)*t$tt(-, 0) a te)te -0t e)*ten&ei7 +<7$tt a Zavi+a -a.un(+"9!

In Ru**i- M4i7 -$%m(n8*$tt" M4an a 78e%me- -a+i#a me7>a+t, ) >e+80e -i4+enc0ve) un$-ate)tv0%e, a+4Á&i& +0.ett, a-it e78 0vve+ -0)= a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette-,>$78 ve78e #e+e)071+ In Ru**i- +(n8(t" De a -a+i#a na78n0n/e, a+4Z(#i% n=v0%e ta%t$tt

emun& WAnti<->ia >e%ce70ne-, a$&i-eia 0) Lie+ u%(na-X neve*i ma7(t" ;ive+ ata-ia 0) D*)aa+aa* an8/a i%t$-a v$+t, = e--$% va+<)*'n+e7 m(% >a+$tt v$+t"

590Ba+&uin%<+ +()& e m II" -?t" Az iszám diadaa = Muszim egység c" %0)*" K$n)tanci(na- Ra/na+&t<+)*1+etett Á7ne) nev +(n8(t a i*(nci t%<n -i/e+?+t ?%?-?)e, a ma78a% B0+a4A+ei$)*, vette #e+e)071+, a-i54an III" B0+a n0ven ;a78a%$%)*(7 -i%(+8a +ett" Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, " ."

591Ama+%i- +eve+e B$u[uet4n(+, in $* H* <*, M" -?t" 5M45", !4" ." A m()$&i- +ev0+ a* Anti<->i(t#en8e7et= i*(nci ve)*0+8%=+ )*<+" III" B$emun& -" u78anaan a* i&=en '%t a/$) -i%(+8na- uo*, 4G" ."

592

U)*(ma, Hitti -ia&, 549" ." e+e)*0+0)e nem tu&/a e+%e/teni a+-a+mi >t+en)07eitV In a+4A)*'%,!4!5" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$) Q3III, !, G54G5" ." E78i.t$m t?%t0net0%=+ een a* i&=)*a-an +()& iet2'0gypt Ara"e, !" )--" ."

55

a ve*0% ec)v(78(t<+" R(vette a a%(tait, >$78 &?#/0- +e In Ru**i-$t a .a+$ta c)a%n$4-(an" Ám mie+=tt M )*e.teme%0en me7>a+t v$+na, ma7(>$* >'vatta, 0) = ma7a?+te me7 a >e%ce7n=t" E*ut(n ti*en?t ><na.%a a+4Á&i+, In Ru**i- #ia +ett a ve*'%V =tS(va%, :e+)=4E78i.t$m -$%m(n8*</a #$)*t$tta me7 >ata+m(t<+, 0) ?+ette me7" S(va%n8$+c ><na.i7 u%a+-$&$tt, ma/& M5 au7u)*tu)(an a%a -ance++(%/a, D*i%7am e+-e%47ette" D*i%7am >ata+ma me7)*i+(%&'t()a 0%&e-0en min&en-it me7?+t, a-it=+ ta%t>a4t$tt, '78 a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 c)a-nem va+amenn8i %an7i&=) ti)*t/0t e+ve)*'tette"9!5

M4an Ba+&uin E78i.t$m me7)*(++()(va+ #en8e7et=*?tt, 0) )*(n&0-(t<+ c)a-a*0%t (++t e+, me%t )*(*>atvane*e% &in(%$) 0vi a&<t '70%tene-i" E*t a* a&<t a*$nan)$>a nem #i*ett0- me7, 0) M5 )*e.teme%0en e* v$+t Ama+%i- 1%178e, >$78 E78i.4t$m e++en in&u+/$n" Ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ (t-e+t a S*ue*i4#?+&)*$%$)$n, 0) Pe+u)ium$t vet4te $)t%$m a+(" A N'+u) a*$nan 0..en (%a&t, 0) D*i%7am vi))*av$nu+()%a -0)*tetteAma+%i-$t a**a+, >$78 (tv(7at$tt n0>(n8 7(tat"9! NC% a&4D'n #e+#i78e+t Ama+%i- e4avat-$*()(%a, 0) t(v$++0t0t -i>a)*n(+va me7t(ma&ta a +e778en70 -e%e)*te) (++am$t,T%i.$+i)*t" ;e7)*(++ta a Bu-aia v?+780t, >$78 me7$)t%$m$+/a a -e)-en8 )'-)(7$t u%a4+< K%a- v(%(t" A #%an-$- )*e%enc)0/0%e Hu7<, u)i7nan 7%<#/a 0) L$tt#%ie& ;a%te+,An7$u+hme 7%<#/(nate)tv0%e F >a*at0%=en e78 /e%u*)(+emi *a%(n&$-+at%<+ F 0..enT%i.$+i)*$n uta*$tt (t" 6)at+a-$*ta- Ra/mun& 7%<#>$*" A* Anti<->i(a -1+&?tt )e470+8-0%0)%e nemc)a- III" B$emun& eme%ei 0%-e*te- me7, >anem K$n)tantin K$+$4man c)()*(%i t($%n$- i)" A* e78e)1+t -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 78$%)an (tv$nu+t a &$m$4-$n, 0) me7+e.te a mu)*+im$-at K%a- a+atti t($%u-an" R?vi& c)ata ut(n, ame+8enK(+m(n 0) eme%ei i7enc)a- -it1ntett0- ma7u-at, NC% a&4D'n %en&e*et+en )$%$-anHum)* #e+0 mene-1+t" Ott %en&e )*e&te c)a.atait, 0) e%=)'t0) i) c)at+a-$*$tt >$**(" A-e%e)*t0n8e- e%%e #e+>a78ta- a* 1+&?*0)0ve+"9!9

Nem )$--a+ -0)= a* E78i.t$m<+ e+mene-1+t e4ve*'%, S(va% me7/e+ent NC% a&4D'n u&va%(an, ) #e+a/(n+$tta, >a -at$nai )e7't)07et n8C/t ne-i Kai%< vi))*a)*e%*0)04>e*, #e&e*i a >a&/(%at -?+t)07eit, (ta& >at(% menti te%1+ete-et, e+i)me%i NC% a&4D'n#enn>at<)(7(t, 0) 0vi a&<-0nt #e+a/(n+/a ne-i $%)*(7a /?ve&e+m0ne- e78>a%ma&(t"NC% a&4D'n >a$*$tt" Nem )*'ve)en tett -$c-(%a e78 )e%e7et, ame+8et v$nu+()i Ctv$4na+(n v07i7 a #%an-$- ve)*0+8e*tette-" 6)a- M (.%i+i)(an &?nt?tt, miut(n ta+(4+$m%a #e+1t?tte tan(c)0%t a K$%(nt" Na78 c)a.atta+ e+in&'t$tta S'%-C>$t, +e7me7'*>a4t< >a&ve*0%0t, >$78 S(va%%a+ e781tt in&u+/ana- e+ a )ivata7$n (t, m'7 = e+te%e+=>a&mve+ete #$7$tt, 0) B(n/()*t vette $)t%$m a+(" S'%-C>>a+ ta%t$tt a* un$-a?cc)e,S*a+a&in, Na&*)m a&4D'n A//C #ia, e78 >u)*$n>0t 0ve) #iata+eme%, a-i e78(+ta+(nnem +e+-e)e&ett a*0%t, >$78 c)at+a-$*nia -e++ett a >a&/(%at>$*" D*i%7am me7%ettent 0)Ama+%i-t<+ -0%t )e7't)07et, &e S'%-C> 78$%)an >a+a&t2 (t-e+t a S*ue*i4#?+&)*$%$)$n,m07 mie+=tt a #%an-$- -?*eavat-$*>atta- v$+na" D*i%7am #iv0%e -i) +0t)*(mC c)a.a4t$t tu&$tt c)a- ?))*e)*e&ni, 0) ve%e)07et )*enve&ett Pe+u)iumn(+" M" m(/u) v070%eS(va% >e+8%e(++'t$tta u%a+m(t Kai%<an, 0) D*i%7am >a+$tt v$+t"9!M

593In a+4A)*'%, 9!" ."V AC S(ma, " ."594T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, 9, G!4G!" ."V Ama+%i- +eve+e, in $* H* <*, M" -?t" 9!4M" ." A%%<+ i*t$)'t/a

a/$) -i%(+8t, >$78 E78i.t$m$t -i) )e7't)077e+ me7 +e>et ><&'taniV S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ."595T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, G, G!4G!9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 95" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 4!" ."V Kam(+

a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 95" ." S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ." In a+4A)*'% )*e%int a i*(ncia- a+-$tt(- a -e4

%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 +e7na78)*e% %0)*0t"596T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, 9, , G!4G!" ."V AC S(ma, " ."V In a+4A)*'%, 955" ." 0) A moszui ata"é2 gek, 94M" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M4G" ."

5

A >ata+$ma vi))*at0%t S(va% #e+%C7ta a* a+-ut, 0) S'%-C>$t vi))*a-1+&te S*'%i(a"S'%-C> e%%e nem v$+t >a/+an&<, 0) e+#$7+a+ta Bi+ei)*t" S(va% e--$% Ama+%i->$* #$%4&u+t, -0%te, )ie))en >$**(, 0) #e+a/(n+$tt e*e% &in(%t a Je%u*)(+em=+ a N'+u)i7 ve*et=Ct min& a >u)*$n>0t )*a-a)*(%a" E*en -'v1+ t$v(i a&$m(n8$-at '70%t /$>annita +$4va7$-na-, a-i- a -i%(++8a+ ta%tana-, 0) a*t i) me7'70%te, >$78 #e&e*i a +$va- 0+e+me*04)i -?+t)07eit" Ama+%i- e+=)*?% $%)*(7a v0&e+m0t i*t$)'t$tta, ma/& au7u)*tu) e+e/0n )i4etve a N'+u) menti :(-u)*a ment" Ott c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( S(va%, 0) e781tt $)t%$m$+4t(- S'%-C>$t Bi+ei)*en" A v(% >(%$m ><na.i7 (++t e++en, ) m(% c)a-nem e+e)ett, ami4-$% Ama+%i- F a-i >'%e-et -a.$tt S*'%i(<+ F C78 &?nt?tt, >$78 aa>a78/a a* $)t%$4m$t, amenn8ien S'%-C> e+>a78/a E78i.t$m$t" S'%-C> ee e+ee78e*ett, 0) a -0t )e4%e7, a #%an- 0) a )*'%iai, .(%>u*am$) uta-$n (tv$nu+t a S'nai4#0+)*i7eten" S(va% e78e4&1+ ma%a&t, a* ?v0 +ett a* $%)*(7" S'%-C> ut$+)<-0nt in&u+t e+ eme%ei -?*1+" Ami-$%e+Cc)C*$tt a #%an-$-t<+, a* e78i- #%an-, a-i #%i))ien 0%-e*ett Ke+et%e, me7-0%&e*te,>$78 nem ta%t4e (%u+()t<+" B1)*-0n #e+e+te, >$78 e70)* )e%e7e -0)* a $))*C%a 0%te, a#%an- .e&i7 e%%e u&va%ia)an a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 m$)t 0%tette me7, mi0%t ec)1+i- $+8na78%a a -e%e)*te)e- S'%-C>$t"9!

A* a >'%, ame+8 Ama+%i-$t a 78$%) vi))*at0%0)%e -0)*tette, Anti<->i(<+ 0%-e*ett"Amint NC% a&4D'n me7tu&ta, >$78 Ama+%i- E78i.t$ma ment, me7t(ma&ta a* 0)*a4-i >e%ce7)07et, 0) $)t%$m a+( vette Ha%enc -u+c)#$nt$))(7C v(%(t" 3e+e ta%t$tt a #iv0%e)e%e7e i) ;$)*u+<+, va+amint Di/a%a-i%, ;a%&in, Die%t 0) Ki% $%t$-i&a u%a+-$&<ina-c)a.atai" Ha%enc i%t$-$)a, Saint43a+e%84i Ra/na+& &e%e-a)an v0&e-e*ett" B$emun&>e%ce7 T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&>$*, a* ?%m0n8 T$%$)*>$* 0) K$+$man t($%n$->$* #$%4&u+t )e7't)070%t, a-i- au7u)*tu) -?*e.0n e781tt -e+te- Ct%a" J?vete+1- >'%0%e NC% a&4D'n #e+a&ta a* $)t%$m$t" Tu&/u-, >$78 NC% a&4D'nt -1+?n?)en a i*(nci c)a.at$- /e4+en+0te n8u7ta+an't$tta" Amint vi))*av$nu+t, B$emun&, a-ine- minte78 >at)*(* +$4va7/a v$+t, e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 n8$m(an ma%a&, anna- e++en0%e, >$78 Saint43a+e%84iRa/na+& nem tan(c)$+ta e*t, >i)*en a mu)*+im )e%e7 /<va+ na78$ v$+t, mint a B$4emun&0" A -0t )e%e7 au7u)*tu) 40n c)a.$tt ?))*e A%ta -?*e+0en" B$emun& nem>a++7at$tt T$%$)*%a, a*$nna+ t(ma&$tt, ) ami-$% a mu)*+im$- vi))*av$nu+()t )*'n+e+4te-, a n8$mu-a e%e&t, c)a.&(a -e%1+t, 0) a m$)*u+i )e%e7 -?%1+*(%ta =t 0) +$va7/ait"T$%$)* 0) a #iv0%e, ;+e> <vat$)a v$+t, ) e+mene-1+t a c)atame*=%=+" A -e%e)*t0n8)e%e7 ma%a&0-(t e+#$7t(-, va78 me7?+t0-" A #$7+8$- -?*?tt v$+t B$emun&, T%i.$+i)*iRa/mun&, K$n)tantin K$+$man 0) u)i7nani Hu7<" A #$7+8$-at me7-?t?*ve, e784m()>$* +(nc$+va A+e..<a vitt0-"9!G

NC% a&4D'nna- a*t /ava)$+t(- tan(c)a&<i, v$nu+/$n a*$nna+ a v0&te+en Anti<->iae++en, = a*$nan nem v(++a+-$*$tt e%%e" Ha Anti<->ia e++en in&u+na, m$n&ta, a 7?%?47?- a*$nna+ #e78ve%e)e-et -1+&en0ne- a #e++e7v(%a, 0) m07 >a e i) tu&n( venni av(%$)t, a #e++e7v(% -ita%tana a c)()*(% 0%-e*0)0i7" NC% a&4D'n )*e%int /$, >a Anti<4->ia e78 /e+ent0-te+en #%an- (++am$c)-a ma%a&, mint >a e78 na78 i%$&a+$m %0)*0v0v(+i-" Na78$n i78e-e*ett, >$78 ne )0%t)e me7 Bi*(nc$t, '78 )*(*?tven )e+8em ?+t?*04

597T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, , G!54G!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 95495M" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 4!" ."V ACS(ma, 9" ."

598T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, !, G!94G!" ." t0ve)en M94%e te)*iV T$%i7n8 R<e%t, I, 599" ."V I" Ama+%i- 0)

Lau#%e& :u+c>e% +eve+ei 3II" a/$)>$*, in $* H* <*, M" -?t" M4M" ."V Kinnam$)* M" ." %?vi&en uta+K(+m(n e+#$7()(%aV S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5" ."V Chron* Anon* !yr*, 5" ."V Busztán, 99!" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 9" ."V AC S(ma, 55" ."V In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, 45" ."

59

-0%t c)e%0e )*inte a*$nna+ )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta K$+$mant" I)m0t a c)()*(% te-int0+8ementette me7 Anti<->i(t a -e%e)*t0n8)07 )*(m(%a"

A* 0)*a-%a )iet= Ama+%i->$* Ct -?*en c)at+a-$*$tt :+an&%iai T>ie%%8, a-i imm(%ne78e&)*e%%e /?tt *a%(n&$-Ct%a Pa+e)*tin(a" A -i%(+8 e**e+ a* e%=)'t0))e+ me7(++tT%i.$+i)*an, >$78 0%v0n8e)'t)e %07en)i /$7ait a 7%<# #$7)(7a i&e/0%e" Onnan a )e%e7Anti<->i(a ta%t$tt, a>$+ t(%78a+ni -e*&ett NC% a&4D'nne+" NC% a&4D'n ma7a) v(+t4)(7&'/0%t >a/+an&< v$+t e+en7e&ni B$emun&$t 0) T$%$)*t, &e c)a- a*0%t, me%t =- a c)(4)*(% va*a++u)ai v$+ta-, (m nem en7e&te )*aa&$n )em T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&$t, )em%07i #$7+8(t, 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&$t"9!! Ama+%i- n8u7ta+an +ett, ami-$% e78 c)()*(%i -1+4&?tt #e+-e%e)te, 0) me7tu&a-$+ta, >$78 mit -e%e) Anti<->i(an" Ama+%i- v(+a)*-0.4.en K$n)tantin(.$+8a -1+&te Kai)*a%eia 0%)e-0t 0) a .$>(%n$-me)te%0t, Saint4A4man&4i O&<t, >$78 e78 c)()*(%i >e%ce7n=t -0%/en ma7(na- #e+e)071+, 0) >$78 )*?vet4)07et a/(n+/$n a c)()*(%na- E78i.t$m me7><&'t()(%a"M ;anu0+ -0t 0vi7 v(+a)* n0+4-1+ >a78ta a -?vete-et" I&=-?*en Ama+%i- vi))*at0%t &0+%e, me%t NC% a&4D'n, a>e4+8ett >$78 Anti<->i(%a t(ma&t v$+na, $-t<e%en >i%te+en me7/e+ent B(n/()*n(+, mi4-?*en a v(%$) u%a, T$%$ni II" On#%$i Ama+%i- )e%e70en v$+t" NC% a&4D'n e+>'%e)*te+4te, >$78 a c0+/a Ti0%i(), mi%e a >e+8i #%an- mi+'cia $&a)e%e7+ett" B(n/()* >e+8=%)07ee+einte &e%e-a)an v0&e-e*ett" A*t %em0+t0-, >$78 a* 0..en Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*ett:+an&%iai T>ie%%8 e+/?n ma/& a #e+ment0)1-%e, &e e78)*e% c)a-, ta+(n (%u+() #$+8t(n, av(% me7a&ta ma7(t" NC% a&4D'n e+#$7+a+ta a -?%n8e*= vi&0-et, 0) a**a+ #en8e7et=4*?tt, >$78 ev$nu+ La+i+e(a" A* $ttani (%<- a&<t '70%tene-i, >a e+(++ a )*(n&0-(4t<+"M

Anti<->iai B$emun& -i)*aa&u+()a ut(n a*$nna+ K$n)tantin(.$+8a ment, >$78me7+(t$7a))a a n=v0%0t, 0) .0n*t -0%/en )<7$%(t<+ a v(+t)(7&'/ m07 -i nem #i*etett %04)*0%e" ;anu0+ me7a&ta a -0%t )e7't)07et" 6)e%0e B$emun& e78 7?%?7 .(t%i(%-(va+,II" Atan(**a+ t0%t vi))*a Anti<->i(a" Aime%8 +atin .(t%i(%-a ti+ta-$*()u+ Ku)*a/% v(4%(a v$nu+t vi))*a )*(m*et0)e"M E*ut(n ?t 0ven (t a 7?%?7?- u%a+t(- a* anti<->iaie78>(*at" Nem tu&un- a%%<+, >$78 e+-e%7ette- v$+na +atin .1).?-?-et, &e a me71%e4)e&ett >e+8e-et 7?%?7?--e+ t?+t?tt0- e" ;in&e* nem v$nat-$*$tt a* Anti<->i(>$*ta%t$*< T%i.$+i)* +atin e78>(*(%a" A 7?%?7?- #e+1+-e%e-e&0)e a +atin$- -a%/(a -e%7et4te a /a-$it(-at" A -0t e78>(* -?*?tt 9 <ta v$+t a%(ti a vi)*$n8, ami-$% a )*'%S*ent Ba%)*auma )'%/(n(+ c)$&a t?%t0nt, 0) me778<78u+t e78 )(nta #%an- 78e%me-"9M4an a /a-$it(-, .(t%i(%-(/u-, a t?%t0net'%< ;i>(+8 na78 ?%?m0%e en7e&0+8t -a.4ta- C/ )*0-e)e78>(* 0.'t0)0%e, ame+8ne- a #e+)*ente+0)0n %0)*t vett K$n)tancia >e%4ce7n= 0) T$%$)* ?%m0n8 #e/e&e+em i)" ;$)t ;i>(+8 .(t%i(%-a me7+(t$7atta Ku)*a/%4an Aime%8t, 0) i*t$)'t$tta e781tt0%*0)0%=+" ;i>(+8 ann8i%a nem )*e%ette a 7?%?7?4

599T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, , II, G!G", !4!" ."V Busztán, 9M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5M" .", ?%m0n8v(+t$*at, 5M" ." a*t (++'t/a, >$78 T$%$)*t $c)(t$tt(- e+)=ne- )*aa&$n, 0) = -0%te B$emun& )*aa&u+(4)(t i)"

600Kinnam$)*, 545G" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !" ."601T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, , G!G4!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 949" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 5" ."V Kam(+

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M94en 0) MM4an NC% a&4D'n me7+e.et0))*e% t(ma&()$-at int0*ett a ian$n-e+eti +an-(in 0.1+t v(%a- e++en, mi-?*en S'%-C> a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+etet .u)*t't$t4ta, ) +e%$m$+t e78 v(%at, ame+8et a tem.+$m$)$- a%+an7an a+a-'t$tta- -i Amman4t<+ &0+%e"M MM v070n S'%-C> v07%e en7e&0+8t -a.$tt u%(t<+, >$78 i)m0t me7)*(++/aE78i.t$m$t" S'%-C> me778=*te a a7&a&i -a+i#(t, a* e70)* 178 tu+a/&$n-0..en )*ent>($%C, ame+8 a* e%etne- )'ita :(timi&a Ka+i#(tu) e++en in&u+" E* a* 0%ve+0) va+<)*'4n+e7 &?nt= v$+t NC% a&4D'n )*(m(%a i), a-i ete7)07e <ta m0+8en va++()$) v$+t" NC%a&4D'n A+e..<<+ e%=)'t0)t -1+&?tt S'%-C>na- 0) )e%e70ne-" S'%-C> M /anu(%/(an-e+t Ct%a Dama)*-u)*<+" I)m0t ma7(va+ vitte S*a+a&int" ;ive+ S'%-C> nem tit-$+tate%v0t, S(va%na- v$+t i&e/e a%%a, >$78 i)m0t Ama+%i->$* #$+8am$&/$n )e7't)070%t" A-i%(+8 N(+u)*an v$+t, 0) $&a>'vta (%<it" R(mutat$tt, >$78 mi+8en ve)*0+8e -e%1+Pa+e)*tina, >a a )*unnita )*'%e- e+#$7+a+/(- E78i.t$m$t, ) e%%e a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7a*$nna+ e+ee78e*ett e78 >a&/(%ata, ame+8ne- a c0+/a S(va% t(m$7at()a v$+t"

A -i%(+8)(7 e70)* #e78ve%e) >a&e%e/e %0)*t vett a >a&/(%atan, a*$-na- a -iv0te+04ve+, a-i- a >at(%$-at =%i*t0- a -i%(+8 t(v$++0t0en" Ai& nem tu&$tt %0)*t venni a >a&4

/(%atan, 0ve) /?ve&e+me ti*e&0ve+ v(+t$tta me7 t(v$++0t0t" ;ie+=tt #e+-0)*1+t v$+na a)e%e7, >'%e ment, >$78 S'%-C> (tv$nu+ a S'nai4)ivata7$n" Ama+%i- c)a.at$-at -1+&?tta* e+#$7()(%a, &e e+-0)ett"M9

E78 )*?%n8 >$m$-vi>a% c)a-nem me7)emmi)'tette S'%-C> )e%e70t, &e #e%u(%e+)= na./aian e+0%te a #?+&)*$%$)t" Ott tu&ta me7, >$78 /anu(% 54(n a #%an- )e%e7 i)Ct%a -e+t" E*0%t &0+n8u7ati i%(n8an )*e+te (t a )ivata7$t, 0) At#i>n(+, Kai%<t<+ ne784ven m0%#?+&%e 0%te e+ a N'+u)t" Ott (t-e+t a #$+8<n, +e#e+0 in&u+t a n8u7ati .a%t$n, 0)Li*(an ve%t t($%t a #=v(%$))a+ )*emen" A #%an- )e%e7 -?*en 0)*a--e+et%=+ -?*e+e4&ett Kai%< #e+0, S(va% a v(%$)$n -'v1+ #$7a&ta a )e%e7et, 0) a N'+u) -e+eti .a%t/(n +0te4)'tett t($%a ve*ette, e78 m0%#?+&%e a v(%$)#a+a-t<+" S(va% vi))*auta)'t$tta S'%-C>a/(n+at(t, >$78 -?*?)en +0./ene- #e+ a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++en, ma/& e78e*)07et -?t?ttAma+%i--a+" A #%an-$- n078)*(*e*e% i*(nci a%an8at -a.ta-, a #e+0t a*$nna+, a m()i-#e+0t va+amive+ -0)=, a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >$78 Ama+%i- 1nne.0+8e)en me7e)-1)*i-,>$78 nem >a78/a e+ E78i.t$m$t, m'7 $nnan S'%-C>$t -i nem *te" A -i%(+8 e+-1+&teKai%<a Kai)*a%eia u%(t, Hu7<t 0) e78 Le$##%$8 nev tem.+$m$)t F a-i va+<)*'n+e7e)*0+t a%au+ F, >$78 me7)*e%e**0- a* e78e*m0n8>e* a -a+i#a #$%m(+i) /<v(>a78(4)(t" A -?vete-et na78 .$m.(va+ #$7a&t(-" O)*+$.)$%$-, )*?-=-uta- 0) -e%teme++ettve*ett0- =-et v07i7, a -e%te-en a* u&va% (++atai 0) a ma&(%>(*a- v$+ta-, a*t(n)*(mta+an te%men v$nu+ta- (t, ame+8e- )e+8em#177?n8?--e+ 0) a%ann8a+ v$+ta- &'4)*'tve, 0--?ve--e+ -i%a-va" 3071+ #e+eme+-e&ett e78 >ata+ma) a%an8$) #177?n8, )

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0vi >a&/(%at ut(n%a te)*iV In a+4A)*'%, 9949M" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 5945M" ." NC% a&4D'n vette e;uniet%(t a D*)aai+<+ Baa+e-e ve*et= Ct$n, mi-?*en S'%-C> Sa-i# Titunt va78 a T8%$n4i a%+an47$t vette e" E*t Re8 Coonies <ran4ues, 95" ." a S*i&<nt<+ 9 m0%#?+&%e -e+et%e +0v= Ka+at an4Nin>(4va+ a*$n$)'t$tta" A* Amman me++etti tem.+$m$) e%=& >e+8e i)me%et+en" Ba>( a&4D'n A-a+na- >'v/a"e>et, >$78 a* Ammant<+ &0+-e+et%e #e-v= Ka# a%+an7/a v$+t, a>$+ %<mai -$%i ma%a&v(n8$- ta+(+>a4

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5

me7.i++ant$tt(- a%an8 t%<nu)(n a +e#(t8$+$*$tt 78e%me- -a+i#(t" etett0- a* e78e*)07eta%t()(%a )*$+7(+< e)-1-et, ma/& Hu7< a -i%(+8 -0.vi)e+=/e-0nt n8u7ati m<&$na-a%ta me7.ec)0te+ni a* e78e*)07et, -e*et a-a%t %(*ni a -a+i#(va+" A* e78i.t$mi u&4va%$nc$- me7$t%(n-$*ta-, v071+ a*$nan me778=*t0- +en0*=en m$)$+87< u%a+-$4&</u-at, a-i +e>C*ta a -e)*t8/0t" A -?vete- e--$% vi))*av$nu+ta-V m0+8 en8$m()ttett %(/u- F 0) Kai%<an 0..en e*t a-a%t(- F a #(timi&a i%$&a+$m <%i()i 7a*&a7)(47a"MM

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K?*0.4E78i.t$man, ;in/(t<+ nem me))*eS'%-C> i)m0t (t a-a%t -e+ni a N'+u)$n a**a+ a*e+-0.*e+0))e+, >$78 vi))*a)iet, 0) me7)*(++/a a)*'% >at(%t" A)muneinn0+, a* <-$%i He%m$.$4+i)* %$m/ai -?*?tt ve%t t($%t" Itt c)a.$tt ?))*eve+e a #%an-4e78i.t$mi )e%e7, ame+8 m07 a Kai4%<an >a78$tt >e+8=%)07 n0+-1+ i) na78$ v$+tS'%-C> )e%e70n0+" S'%-C> #= e%e/0t a*$nan a-?nn8 t?%?- +$va))(7 a+-$tta, m'7 a* e78i.t$4mia- 78a+$7$) -at$n(- v$+ta-, 0) a #%an-$-c)a- n0>(n8 )*(* +$va7$t vitte- ma7u--a+" S'%4-C>, em'%/ei tan(c)a e++en0%e, C78 &?nt?tt,>$78 me7-1*& a* e++en)077e+" Ama+%i- >a$4*$tt" Ám e--$% -?*e+0.ett S*ent Be%n(t, a-i4ne- nem e* v$+t a* e78et+en a+)*e%enc)0) e4avat-$*()a a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0e";e7/e+ent e78 +(t$m()an a -i%(+8na- 0) a**a+

v(&$+ta, >$78 m0+tat+an a S*ent Ke%e)*t &a%a-(/(%a, ame+8et a n8a-(an vi)e+" 6)a-a--$% v$+t >a/+an&< me7(+&ani a* e%e-+80t, ami-$% a -i%(+8 me7e)-1&?tt, >$78 /$-e%e)*t0n8 +e)* e+=+e" A +(t$m() #e+(t$%'t$tta Ama+%i-$t, a-i m()na., M" m(%ciu)G4(n %e77e+ me7t(ma&ta a )*'%iaia-at" S'%-C> a )*$-()$) t?%?- ta-ti-(>$* #$+8am$4&$tt" A S*a+a&in ve*ette -?*0. me7>(t%(+t, ) ami-$% a -i%(+8 -')0%et0ve+ a* 1+&?*0)04%e in&u+t, a /$)*(%n8at a #%an-4e78i.t$mi a+)*(%n8 e++en i%(n8't$tta, ame+8 ?))*e4$m+$tt" Ama+%i-$t e-e%'tett0-" ;in&en-i a* (+&$tt e%e-+80ne- tu+a/&$n't$tta, >$780+ve me7mene-1+t, &e +e7/$ +$va7/ait na78%0)*t me7?+t0-, m()$-at, -?*t1- Kai)*a4

606

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%eiai Hu7<t, e+#$7t(-" Ama+%i-, S(va% 0) a )e%e7 ma%a&0-a )1%7=)en vi))*av$nu+t Kai4%<a, 0) c)at+a-$*$tt a >e+8=%)07>e*"M

S'%-C> 78=*?tt, &e a )*?vet)07e) )e%e7 m07 me7v$+t" S'%-C> nem t(ma&ta me7 Ka4i%<t, >anem :a//Cm$n -e%e)*t1+ 78$%)an 0)*a-n8u7at%a ment" N0>(n8 na. a+att A+e4an&%i(n(+ v$+t, ) a na78v(%$), a>$+ 78+?+t0- S(va%t, me7n8it$tta e+=tte -a.uit" I&=4-?*en Ama+%i- 0) S(va% Kai%<n(+ C//()*e%ve*te )e%e70t, ame+8 a ve)*te)07e- e++en0%em07 min&i7 na78$ v$+t, mint S'%-C>0" E*ut(n a )*?vet)07e)e- A+ean&%i(>$*mente-, 0) +$-(& a+( vett0- a v(%$)t" N0mi e%=)'t0) 0%-e*ett Pa+e)*tin(<+, 0) #%an->a/<- i) e#ut$tta-, te+/e))0 t0ve a +$-(&$t" E78 ><na. mC+va S'%-C>$t a* 0>>a+(+ #e4n8e7ette" Ott>a78ta S*a+a&int minte78 e*e% eme%%e+, >$78 ta%t)a a v(%$)t, 0) e78 m(4

/u)i 0//e+en )e%e7e na78$ %0)*0ve+ -i)*?-?tt A+ean&%i(<+, e+>a+a&t Ama+%i- t($%ame++ett, 0) :e+)=4E78i.t$ma in&u+t" Ama+%i- &1>?) v$+t, 1+&?*=e a-a%ta venni, &eS(va% a*t /ava)$+ta, >a78/a, >$78 S'%-C> #e+&C+/a a #e+)=4e78i.t$mi v(%$)$-at, >a a>4>$* van -e&ve" S$--a+ #$nt$)a v$+t A+ean&%ia vi))*a)*e%*0)e" JCniu) v070n S*a+a4&in >e+8*ete $+8an %em0n8te+enn0 v(+t, >$78 -?n8?%7?tt na78(t8/(na-, t0%/en vi)*4)*a" S'%-C> i) e+(tta, >$78 nem te>et m()t" Amint A+ean&%i(>$* -?*e+e&ett, e+-1+&4te e78i- #$7+8(t, a Tu%e))*e+i A%nu+#$t F miut(n Kai)*a%eiai Hu7< nem v(++a+ta a #e+4a&at$t F, >$78 men/en Ama+%i- t($%(aV /ava)$+/$n 0-0t a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >$78min& S'%-C>, min& Ama+%i- e+>a78/a E78i.t$m$t, S(va% .e&i7 me7'70%i, >$78 neme)i- (nt<&()a a*$-na- a* eme%e-ne-, a-i- A+ean&%i(an 0) m()>$+ a et$+a-$&<4-at t(m$7att(-" Ama+%i- n8u7ta+an v$+t a .a+e)*tinai 0) a t%i.$+i)*i #e/+em0n8e- mi4att, e*0%t e+#$7a&ta a #e+t0te+e-et" Au7u)*tu) 40n a -i%(+8 ve*et0)0ve+ a #%an- )e%e7,ev$nu+t A+ean&%i(a" S*a+a&int 0) )e%e70t -at$nai ti)*te+eta&())a+ -')0%t0- -i $n4nan, >a(% a >e+8e+ie- )*'ve)en &a%a$-%a )*a&a+t(- v$+na S*a+a&int, me%t =t $-$+4t(- a -?*e+mC+t )*enve&0)ei0%t" De a +a-$))(7 a/ai nem )*nte- me7" A+i7 v$nu+ta-e S(va% eme%ei a v(%$)a, m(%i) min&en-it +eta%t<*tatta-, a-it a )*'%iaia--a+ va+<e781ttm-?&0))e+ 78anC)'t$tta-" S*a+a&in e*t #e+.ana)*$+ta Ama+%i-na-, a-i me7.a4%anc)$+ta S(va%na-, >$78 $c)())a )*aa&$n a #$7+8$-at" ;a7a a -i%(+8 7$n&$)-$4&$tt >a/<-%<+, me+8e- S'%-C> )ee)1+t/eit A--$na )*(++'t$tt(-, (m a #e+78<78u+ta-atF )a/n(+at$) m<&$n F cu-$%n(&1+tetv0n8e-en &$+7$*tatt(-, m'7 v071+ a -i%(+8 )*em04+8e)en )*aa&$n nem en7e&te =-et" A t(%78a+()$- a+att S*a+a&in )$- a%(t$t )*e%*ettma7(na- a -e%e)*te)e- -?*?tt, ) -0)= a* a >'% i) /(%ta, >$78 a #=ve*0%, T$%$ni On#4%$i, +$va77( i) 1t?tte" S'%-C> 0) S*a+a&in au7u)*tu) 4e t(/(n >a78ta e+ E78i.t$m$t,0) )*e.teme%en 0%t Dama)*-u)*a" Ama+%i- a )e%e70ve+ Kai%<a ment, >$78 #e+4ment)e a >e+8=%)07i #e+a&at$- a+<+ Ie+ini Hu7<t" S(va%%a+ a+('%atta- e78 )*e%*=&0)t,ame+8ne- a+a./(n 0vi )*(*e*e% a%an8at -e++ett #i*etnie, 0) #%an- #=i*t$)t 0) -i) #%an->e+8=%)07et -e++ett Kai%<an ta%tania, a-i- a v(%$) -a.uit e++en=%i*t0-" E--$% a -i%(+8vi))*at0%t Pa+e)*tin(a, 0) au7u)*tu) 4(n 0%t A)*-a+$na"MG

3$+ta- $+8an #%an- u%a-, a-i- C78 v0+e-e&te-, >$78 /$ #e+t0te+e-et i) e+ +e>etettv$+na 0%ni" Ama+%i- a*$nan nem a-a%ta t$v( -$c-(*tatni, >$78 )e%e70ve+ E78i.4t$man ma%a&, m'7 É)*a-4S*'%i(t =%i*et+en1+ >a78ta, NC% a&4D'n t(ma&()aina- -it04

607T1%$)*t 3i+m$), QIQ, 49, !4!G" ." E78i.t$m 0) a N'+u) +e'%()(va+V In a+4A)*'%, 949!" .",m(%ciu) G4(%a &at(+/a a* a)muneini c)at(t 0) A moszui ata"égek, 5" ." (.%i+i) G4(%a" Vita !* Bernardi,

M* &* L*, 6QQQ3" -?t" 5MM45M" c$+", m(%ciu) !40%e te)*i a c)at(t"608

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, M45, !G4!5!" ."V AC S(ma, 545" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9499" ." 0) A mo2szui ata"égek, 5M4M" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !49" ."V Im(& a&4D'n" S*a+a&in +$va77( 1t0)0ne- at?%t0nete )*e%e.e+ a* 1tinerarium $egis $i/ardian, !" ."

5!

ve" ;ia+att a -i%(+8 E78i.t$man v$+t, NC% a&4D'n et?%t T%i.$+i)* te%1+et0%e, &e nem#$7+a+t e+ e78et+en #$nt$) v(%at )em" /%a -e++ett )*e%ve*ni a* $%)*(7 v0&e+m0t" ;intmin&i7, m$)t i) a* eme%>i(n8 v$+t a +e7#= .%$+0ma" A -int 0+= c)a+(&$-at a >a+(+0) a #$7)(7 ti*e&e+te" A -i+(t$7at< -e%e)*te)e-et, .+" :+an&%iai T>ie%%8t c)a- me7>at(4%$*$tt #e+a&at$-%a +e>etett >a)*n(+ni" Ama+%i- te>(t #=-0nt a +$va7%en&e-t=+ #177?tt,ame+8e-ne- M4en 0) a %(-?vet-e*= 0ve-en )*(m$) v(%at a&$tt (t a >$**(/u- ta%4t$*< #?+&e--e+" K1+?n?)en /e+ent=)e- v$+ta- e*e- a* a&$m(n8$- a T%i.$+i)*i L%<#)(74an, me%t a 7%<# #$7$+8 v$+t, 0) c)a- n0>(n8 #$nt$)a c)a+(& 0+t $tt" T$%t$)*a ) a* $%4)*(7 c)a-nem e70)* 0)*a-i %0)*e a tem.+$m$)$- e++en=%*0)e a+( -e%1+t" A /$>annit(-.e&i7, a-i- e--$% m(% va+<)*'n+e7 K%a- v(%(na- u%ai v$+ta-, ame+8et %<+u- WK%a-&e) 6>eva+ie%)X4ne-, a $va7$- K%a- v(%(na- neve*te-, me7-a.t(- a Bu-aia v?+4780t" A /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8)(7an a tem.+$m$)$- &0+en L(*(an m(% e%en&e*-e&4te-, m$)t 0)*a-$n me7-a.t(- S*a#e&et, ) a /$>annit(-0 +ett Be+v$i%, ame+8 a La+i+eai4ten7e%t=+ &0+%e a J$%&(n (t-e+=it e++en=%i*te" Anti<->i(an III" B$emun& Ama+%i- .0+4&(/(t -?vette" A S*'%i(i4)*$%$)n(+ n?ve+te a tem.+$m$)$- i%t$-ait Ba7%a)* -?%1+, 0) a

/$>annit(- a >e%ce7)07 &0+i %0)*0n -a.ta- #?+&e-et, me+8e- /< %0)*e mu)*+im -0*env$+t" Ha a +$va7%en&e- nem +ette- v$+na $+8an #e+e+=t+ene-, 0) nem #0+t0-en8-e&te-v$+na e78m()%a, e%e/1- e+e7en&= +ett v$+na, >$78 me7v0&/0- a -i%(+8)(7$t"M!

;'7 a* $%)*(7 v0&e+me a +$va7%en&e-%e >(%u+t, Ama+%i- i78e-e*ett Bi*(ncca+ i))*$%$)a )*?vet)07et +0t%e>$*ni" M au7u)*tu)(an, E78i.t$m<+ >a*at0%ve, me74tu&ta, >$78 -$n)tantin(.$+8i -?vetei, a -ai)*a%eiai 0%)e- 0) O&$ .$>(%n$-me)te% 0...a%t%a )*(++ta- T1%$)*an a c)()*(% (/$) i#/C un$-a>C7(va+, K$mn0n0 ;(%i(va+" A-i%(+8 ;(%i(>$* )ietett, 0) e)-1v=/1-et au7u)*tu) !40n na78 .$m.(va+ ta%t$tt(-me7 a T1%$)*i )*0-e)e78>(*an" A )*e%ta%t()t Ama+%i- .(t%i(%-a ce+e%(+ta" A -i%(+84n0 i%t$-a +ett N(+u)* 0) a >$**( ta%t$*< te%1+et" K$mn0n0 ;(%i(va+ /?tt -0t c)()*(%i#=ti)*tvi)e+=, a c)()*(% un$-ate)tv0%ei, Pa+ai$+$7$)* L8?%78 0) K$mn0n$)* ;anu0+,a-ine- #e+>ata+ma*()a v$+t, >$78 a )*?vet)07%=+ t(%78a+/$n Ama+%i--a+"M

An&%$ni-$)* K$mn0n$)*, ;anu0+ c)()*(% e78 m()i- un$-ate)tv0%e nem )$--a+-$%(an #e+e+=t+en1+ ve)*0+8e )$&$%ta a #%an- u%a+-$&<- 0) a c)()*(% /< -a.c)$+ata4it" E* a >e%ce7, c)a+(&/a e78i- +e7%a78$7< 0) +e7c)in$)a ta7/a, m(% -e78ve)*tettv$+t, me%t e+c)('t$tta a c)()*(% un$-a>C7(t, Eu&$-i(t, a-i ne-i i) %$-$na v$+t, ) a-i4%=+ a*t .+et8-(+t(-, >$78 a c)()*(% i) -e&ve+te" 94en An&%$ni-$)* nem i*$n8u+t?+c) -$%m(n8*<na- Ki+i-i(an, enne- e++en0%e MM4an i)m0t -ineve*t0- e%%e a.$)*t%a" E+=&/e, A+ei$)* A$->, a-it a--$% -1+&te- $&a, ami-$% K$+$man #$7)(7ae)ett, nem tu&ta me7va+<)'tani a c)()*(% .a%anc)ait, 0) nem tu&ta me70-'teni a* ?%4m0n8e-et" A* u&va% a*t %em0+te, >$78 An&%$ni-$)* )*em0+8e) va%(*)a ) a /e+ent=))e70+8e- na78$ )i-e%t 0%nema/& e+ T$%$)*n(+" De a ne78ven>at 0ve) An&%$n4i-$)*t m07 min&i7 in-( 0%&e-e+t0- a 7(+(n) -a+an&$-, mint a -$%m(n8*ati #e+a&a4t$-" Hama%$)an e++(t$7at$tt Anti<->i(a, a>$+ +en87?*te B$emun& te)tv0%0ne-, a*i#/C P>i+i..a >e%ce7n=ne- a )*0.)07e" ;e7#e+e&-e*ve -$%m(n8*i(an, 0) %$manti-u) )*e%en(&$- ?*?n0ve+ (%a)*t$tta e+ a >e%ce7n=t,m'7 v071+ a* )emmit )em v$+t -0.e) me7ta7a&ni t=+e" B$emun& %ettenete)en me7>a4%a7u&$tt, 0) .ana)*t tett )<7$%(n(+, ;anu0+ c)()*(%n(+, a-i >a%a7/(an vi))*a>'vta

609

()& De+avi++e a R$u+2 i* m* 4M" ." R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, !" )--" .", a %en&e-ne- /uttat$tt a&$4m(n8$- )*(m$) .0+&(/(t i&0*i"610T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !4!5" ."V E%n$u+, 4G" ."V Kinnam$)*, 5G" ."

An&%$ni-$)*t, 0) >e+80e i)m0t K$n)tantin K$+$mant tette" K$+$man .a%anc)$t -a4.$tt, >$78 men/en = i) Anti<->i(a, 0) .%<(+/a e+n8e%ni P>i+i..a >e%ce7n= )*e%e+4m0t" A >e%ce7n= a*$nan K$+$mant a+ac)$n8na-, una+ma)na-, i&=)ne- 't0+te %a78$47< )*e%et=/0>e* -0.e)t" An&%$ni-$)* tetteine- +e7#= m$*7at</a a* v$+t, >$78 #e+4$))*ant)a a* (+ta+a ut(+t c)()*(%n0t, '78 v071+ i) $-$)ana- +(tta, >a e+>a78/a Anti4<->i(t 0) a )*e%et=/0t" ;a7(>$* vette Ki+i-ia 0) 6i.%u) ev0te+eine- /< %0)*0t, ma/&&0+%e +$va7$+t, 0) #e+a/(n+$tta )*$+7(+atait Ama+%i- -i%(+8na-" A* e+>a78$tt >e%ce7n=t78$%)an >$**(a&t(- e78 i&=) ?*ve78 -at$n(>$*, T$%$ni II" On#%$i >a&)e%e7.a%anc)4n$->$*"

Ama+%i-$t e+v?+te An&%$ni-$)*, me7tet)*ett ne-i (t$%)(7a, 0) ne-i a&ta a 7a*4&(t+an Be/%Ct$t" Nem )$--a+ -0)= An&%$ni-$)* A--$na +(t$7at$tt, un$-ate)tv0%e,a* ?*ve78 T>e$&<%a -i%(+8n0 ?*ve78i i%t$-(%a" T>e$&<%a >u)*$ne78 0ve) v$+t, )*0.4)07e te+/0en" Na78 )*e%e+em +$ant #e+ min&-ett=/1-en, >a(% a %$-$n)(7 tC+ -?4*e+i v$+t a>>$*, >$78 >(*a))(7%a +e>etett v$+na 7$n&$+ni" A* ?*ve78 -i%(+8n0 a*$n4an nem %e)te++t An&%$ni-$))*a+ Be/%Cta menni, ) $tt 0+t ve+e, mint )*e%et=/e" Ami4-$% ;anu0+ tu&$m()t )*e%*ett e%%=+ a* C/ vi)*$n8%<+ F va+<)*'n+e7 a* a -?vet )*(4m$+t e ne-i %<+a, a-i ;(%ia -i%(+8n0t -')0%te Pa+e)*tin(a F, #0-te+en >a%a7%a 7e%/e&t"Pa+e)*tin(a -1+&?tt C/a -?vete tit$-an -0%te a n?) -ia&at()(t" A -?vetne-a&$tt uta)'t()$- a*$nan T>e$&<%(>$* /ut$tta-" ;ive+ -?*tu&$tt v$+t, >$78 Ama+%i-

/< vi)*$n8%a t?%e-e&ett ;anu0++a+, An&%$ni-$)* ?+c)ene- v0+te, >a t$v((++" E+4>'%e)*te+te, >$78 >a*ain&u+" T>e$&<%a me70%-e*ett A--$n<+, >$78 e+Cc)C**0- t=+e"Amint e781tt v$+ta-, >(t%a>a78t(- min&en >$+mi/u-at, ) 0)*%ev0t+en1+ (t)*?-te- a&ama)*-u)*i >at(%$n" NC% a&4D'n )*'ve)en #$7a&ta =-et, 0) n0>(n8 0vi7 a mu)*+im-e+eten v(n&$%$+ta-, m07 Ba7&a&a i) e++(t$7atta-, m'7nem e78 mu)*+im em'% a i4%$&a+$m .a.>+a7<niai >at(%(>$* -?*e+ v(%at a/(n&0-$*$tt ne-i-" An&%$ni-$)* F a-ita* e78>(* -i-?*?)'tett F $tt te+e.e&ett +e, 0) 0+te a -a+an&$%$- $+&$7 0+et0t" Ama+%i-e78(+ta+(n nem (nta t(v$*()u-at, >i)*en '78 vi))*a-e%1+t >$**( ?*ve78 )<7$%n=/e7a*&a7 i%t$-a, A--$n"M

78 tni-, >$78 Ama+%i- Pa+ai$+$7$)* L8?%778e+ /ava)+at$t -1+&?tt ;anu0+na-E78i.t$m me7><&'t()(%a" ;anu0+ +e7-?*e+e -0t $+a)*, 6$nve%)an(+8 ve*et0)0ve+ -1+&?tt -?vet)07et, me71*enve (+ta+u- #e+t04te+eit, me+8e- va+<)*'n+e7 a -?vet-e*=- v$+ta-2 %0)*e)e&0) a* e78i.t$mi *)(-m(n84<+, )*aa& %en&e+-e*0) Anti<->ia #e+ett, e)et+e7 m() #%ante%1+ete- (ta&()a" Ke4m0n8 #e+t0te+e- v$+ta-, '78 >(t Ama+%i- a /?ven&= t?%t0net'%<t, 3i+m$) T1%$)*i #=e)4.e%e)t -1+&te K$n)tantin(.$+8a t(%78a+ni" Ami-$% 3i+m$) a #=v(%$)a 0%t, me7tu&4ta, >$78 a c)()*(% S*e%i(an >a%c$+" Ut(na uta*$tt, 0) ;$na)*ti%an ta+(+-$*ta-" ;a4nu0+ a )*$-()$) .a*a% ven&07+(t())a+ #$7a&ta a -?vetet, 0) vi))*amente- a #=v(%$)a"Ott )*1+etett me7 a* e78e*)07, ame+8 )*e%int a c)()*(% 0) a -i%(+8 me7$)*t/(- e78i.t$4mi ><&'t()ai-at" MG -0)= =)*0n 3i+m$) vi))*at0%t Pa+e)*tin(a"M

Sa/n$) a -i%(+8)(7 (%a*at0%t0t" A* E78i.t$m<+ 0%-e*= >'%e-a*t eme+t0- -i, >$78 mi+8en in7ata7 S(va% u%a+ma" I)me%ete) v$+t, >$78 a #%an- >e+84=%)07 )*(+-a a )*em0en, ) >$78 -0)ett a* a&< me7#i*et0)0ve+ i)" A*t i) %ee)7ett0-,>$78 a #ia, Kami+, S'%-C>>a+ t(%78a+, 0) me7-0%te S*a+a&in n=v0%0ne- a -e*0t" A n8(%

611

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !54!" ."V Kinnam$)*, 949" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G4GM" .",An&%$ni-$)* t$v(%a )$%)(%<+ +()& e m II" -?t" Az iszám diadaa = Muszim egység c" %0)*"612T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !94!" ."

v070n Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*ett I3" 3i+m$), Neve%) 7%<#/a )*(m$) +$va7 t(%)a)(7(an, )e* #e+(t$%'t$tta a* a*$nna+i c)e+e-v0) >'veit" A -i%(+8 *)inat$t >'v$tt ?))*e Je%u*)(4+eme" Ott A))ai++84i Li+e%t, a /$>annit(- na78me)te%e )*enve&0+8e)en -?vete+te,>$78 ne -0)+e-e&/ene- t$v(, 0) a vi+(7i u%a- t?)07e e78et0%tett ve+e" Neve%)7%<#/a 0) +$va7/ai .e&i7, a-i- a*0%t /?tte-, >$78 a -e%e)*t0%t >a%c$+/ana-, )*int0n t(4m$7att(- a* e+-0.*e+0)t" A tem.+$m$)$- e++ene*te- min&en >a&/(%at$t, 0) -e%e-enme7ta7a&t(- a %0)*v0te+t" e>et, >$78 (++().$nt/u- a /$>annit(- i%(nti #0+t0-en8)074=+ #a-a&t, a /$>annit(- u78ani) m(%i) e+>at(%$*t(-, >$78 Pe+u)ium$t -0%i- $)*t(+84%0)*1+, ame+8 e++en)C+8$**a ma/& a tem.+$m$) -0*en +ev= L(*(t" A tem.+$m$)$-.0n*178e-en i) -?t=&te- a mu)*+im$->$* 0) a* $+a)* -e%e)-e&=->?*, ) e* ut<ia-een a* i&=en t? 1*+etet $n8$+'t$tta- +e E78i.t$mma+, mint a -e%e)*t0n8 S*'%i(4va+" Ama+%i- -i%(+8 ti)*t(an v$+t a**a+, >$78 S(va% 78en7e)07e 0) me7'*>atat+an)(47a >ama%$)an va+ami+8en +0.0)t -?vete+, &e a&&i7 a-a%t v(%ni, am'7 i*t$) nem +e>e4tett a c)()*(% t(m$7at()(an" A -i%(+8 a*$nan -i)e)07en ma%a&t n0*eteive+" A /$4>annit(- 0) )a/(t a+attva+$78 mi0%t -e++ene $)*4t$*niu- a *)(-m(n8$n a 7?%?7?--e+ F v071+ me7tette a ma7(0t, ) a -i%(+8 en7e&ett"O-t<e%%e te%ve*t0- a >a&/(%at$t"M5

Ami-$% T1%$)*i 3i+m$) me70%-e*ett K$n)tantin(.$+8<+ a* e78e*m0nn8e+ a -i4%(+8 m(% e+ment a >($%Ca" Ama+%i- a*t >'%e)*te+te, >$78 Hum)* e++en in&u+, >$78e**e+ -iv0&/e NC% a&4D'n a-ci<it, a-ine- 0.. e+07 7$n&/a v$+t É)*a--e+et4S*'%i(an, )nem v(78$tt >($%C%a a #%an-$--a+" S(va% ma7a )em tu&ta, mi -0)*1+=&i-, m'7 c)a-e+ nem in&u+t A)*-a+$n<+ $-t<e% 4(n a #%an- )e%e7, me+8 t'* na. a+att e+0%t Bi+4ei)*>e*" S(va% na78$n me7%ettent" Nem i) (+m$&ta, >$78 Ama+%i- i+8en )*em0%met4+en1+ me7)*e7i a* e78e*m0n8t" E+)= -?vete, e78 Be&%an nev em'%, Da%$nn(+ ta+(+-$4*$tt a -i%(++8a+, &e =t a -i%(+8 a ma7a $+&a+(%a (++'t$tta" A -?vet-e*= -?vet, Sam)* a+4Hi+(#a, a )ivata7an ta+(+ta a -i%(+8t, n0>(n8 na. /(%()%a Bi+ei)*t=+" Ke)e%en )*em04%e >(n8ta (%u+()(t" A -i%(+8 a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 S(va% #ia, Kami+ 0) S'%-C> t(%78a+(4)ai #e+/$7$)'t$tt(- e%%e a +0.0)%e ) a n8u7at%<+ C/$nnan 0%-e*ett -e%e)*te)e- min&en4-0..en me7 a-a%t(- t(ma&ni E78i.t$m$t, = c)a- a*0%t ta%t$tt ve+1-, >$78 #0-e**e=-et" E)et+e7, tette >$**(, C/a -0tmi++i< &in(%0%t vi))*av$nu+na" E--$% a*$nanS(va% m(% nem '*$tt a -i%(+8an" Ama+%i- na78 me7+e.et0)0%e S(va% a* e++en(++()me++ett &?nt?tt" S(va% #ia, Ta//, Bi+ei)* .a%anc)n$-a, nem n8it$tta me7 -a.uit a #%an4-$- e+=tt" De c)a- -i) >a&e%e/e v$+t" H(%$mna.i -0t)07ee)ett >a%c ut(n F amit Ama+4%i- #e+ )em t0te+e*ett a* e78i.t$mia-%<+ F, a #%an- )e%e7 n$veme% 40n ev$nu+t av(%a" Rettenete) m0)*(%+()t vitte- v07e a +a-$)$- -?*?tt" A #=)*e%e.+=- a neve%)4e+ie- v$+ta-, #anati-u), t?%v0n8t nem ti)*te+= eme%e-, mint (+ta+(an a N8u7at%<+C/$nnan 0%-e*ette-" L%<#/u- +(*a) ete7)07en me7>a+t m07 Pa+e)*tin(an, a >a&/(4%at e+=tt, 0) )en-i )em tu&ta a+attva+<it #0-en ta%tani" Ama+%i- me7.%<(+-$*$tt a%en&te%emt0))e+, ) ami-$% v071+ )i-e%%e+ /(%t, ma7a v()(%$+ta vi))*a a -at$n(-t<+ a*$4-at a tC+0+=-et, a-i-et #$7+8u+ e/tette-" A a/ a*$nan m(% me7t?%t0nt" S$- $+8ane78i.t$mi v$+t, a-i nem -e&ve+te S(va%t, 0) >a/+an&< +ett v$+na )*aa&'t<-0nt -?)*?n4teni a #%an-$-at" A -$.t -?*?))07e-, ame+8e- /e+ent=)e- v$+ta- a N'+u)4&e+ta v(%$)ai4an, e70)*en e&&i7 e781ttm-?&te- -e%e)*t0n8 te)tv0%ei--e+" A m0)*(%+()an a*$n4an -$.t$- 0) mu)*+im$- e78-0nt $&ave)*te-" Imm(% a* e70)* e78i.t$mi n0.et

613

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, !G4!!" ." a* e+=*= #e/e*eten em+'ti Neve%) 7%<#/a me70%-e*0)0t" S*'%iai;i>(+8 III, 554555" ." 0) a* a%a t?%t0net'%<- In a+4A)*'%, 995499" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, M4"." 0) AC S(ma, 455" ." ti)*t(an v$+ta- a**a+, >$78 a -i%(+8 me7>a/$+t a tan(c) a-a%ata e+=tt"

e78e)'tette a #%an-$- e++eni 78+?+et" N0>(n8 na..a+ -0)= -i) #%an- #+$tta, ame+84ne- )*em0+8*et0t #=+e7 a N8u7at%<+ 0%-e*ette- a+-$tt(-, a ;an*a+e4t<>$* 0%-e*ett, 0)v(%at+anu+ me7t(ma&ta Tani)* v(%$)(t" A $%*a+ma- me7i)m0t+=&te-, 0) itt #=+e7 a-$.t$- )*enve&te-"

Ama+%i- n0>(n8 na.$t Bi+ei)*en t?+t?tt, -0t)07te+en1+ a*0%t, >$78 i)m0t e++en=%4*0)e a+( v$n/a a )e%e7et" E+)*a+a)*t$tta a*t a +e>et=)07et, >$78 me7+e.et0))*e%en e4ve78e Kai%<t, ) c)a- n$veme% 54(n 0%t a na78v(%$) %07i -1+v(%$)a, :u)*tat #a+ai a+("S(va% C78 7$n&$+ta, >$78 :u)*tat$t nem +e)* -0.e) me7v0&eni, e*0%t #e+78C/t$tta, 0)Sam)* -?vette+ a*t 1*ente a -i%(+8na-, >$78 in-( .$%i7 07eti Kai%<t min&en -inc)04ve+, mint)em (ta&/a a #%an-$-na-" Ama+%i-, a-ine- #+$tt(/(t a &e+t(an a #$+8<me&e%4en eme+t a-a&(+8$- #e+ta%t<*tatt(-, +(tta, >$78 a >a&/(%at )*e%enc)0t+en #$%&u+at$tvett" P+anc84i ;i+e) u&va%na78a tan(c)(%a tu&atta S(va%%a+, >$78 .0n* #e/0en +e4m$n& a t(ma&()%<+" S(va% i&=t a-a%t n8e%ni, ) e+-e*&ett a+-u&$*ni a* ?))*e7%=+" S*(*4e*e% &in(%t -i#i*etett #ia, Ta// v(+t)(7&'/a-0nt, 0) t(%78a+t t$v(i #i*et0)%=+" I&=-?*ena #%an- )e%e7 n0>(n8 m0%#?+&&e+ 0)*a-a%a ment, 0) ;ata%i(an ve%t t($%t, ann(+ a)*i-$m$%#(n(+, ame+8ne- a* (%n80-(an a >a78$m(n8 )*e%int a S** i) me7.i>ent,ami-$% E78i.t$ma mene-1+t" N8$+c na.i7 v(%a-$*$tt, ma/& me70%-e*ett a >'%, >$78S'%-C> a #(timi&a -a+i#a >'v()(%a ev$nu+ E78i.t$ma"M

S(va% nem )*(nta v$+na e+ ma7(t e%%e a -0t)07ee)ett +0.0)%e, &e a #ia, Kami+, a./(tme7-e%1+ve me7-0%te a+4A&i& -a+i#(t, n0v+e7e) u%a+-$&</(t, >$78 '%/$n A+e..<a,a/(n+/a #e+ NC% a&4D'nna- E78i.t$m #?+&/e e78>a%ma&(t, va+amint i%t$-$-at ve*0%e4ine-" A* i#/C -a+i#a i*$n8$)an tu&ta, >$78 mi+8en ve)*0+8e) $+8an eme% )e7't)070t-0%ni, a-ine- a )*em0en = ma7a e%etne- 0) t%<nit$%+< v$+t" De nem v$+t >ata+ma"Ami-$% NC% a&4D'n me7-a.ta a +eve+et, 1*ent Hum)*a S'%-C>na-, a-i a--$% m(%A+e..< e+=tt v$+t" NC% a&4D'n nem >a$*$tt t$v(" N8$+ce*e% +$va)t 0) -0t)*(*e*e%&in(%t ta%ta+ma*< >a&i-inc)t(%at a&$tt (t Si%-C>na-, >$78 a &ama)*-u)*i )e%e77e+ in4&u+/$n E78i.t$m e+#$7+a+()(%a" S*a+a&inna- me7.a%anc)$+ta, >$78 -')0%/e e+ S'%-C>$t"S(va% m07 min&i7 nem tu&ta, >$78 -ine- a* $+&a+(%a (++/$n, '78 0%te)'tette Ama+%i-$t,a-i a #?+&)*$%$) #e+0 in&u+t )e%e70ve+ aan a %em0n8en, >$78 +ec)a.>at a )ivata7<+e+=u--an< S'%-C>%a" S'%-C> a*$nan &0+%=+ me7-e%1+te Ama+%i-$t" A #%an-$- )*(4m(%a nem ma%a&t m(), mint e+>a78ni E78i.t$m$t" Ama+%i- me7.a%anc)$+ta a #+$tt(4na-, >$78 t0%/en vi))*a A--$na, ma7(>$* %en&e+te a Bi+ei)*en >a78$tt >e+8=%)0470t, 0) M!" /anu(% 4(n me7-e*&te a vi))*av$nu+()t"M9

Hat na..a+ -0)= S'%-C> ev$nu+t Kai%<a" A* e+4u- -a.un(+ +et($%$*$tt a )e4%e7e, = a .a+$t(a ment, a>$+ a -a+i#a )*e%ta%t()$) a/(n&0-$--a+ #$7a&ta, .0n*t 0) 0+e+4met '70%t c)a.ataina-" S(va% i) )*'v0+8e)en 1&v?*?+te" N0>(n8 na.$n -e%e)*t1+ na4.$nta ta+(+-$*ta-, .0n*178i &$+7$-%<+ 0) a ve*0%i #e+a&at-?% me7$)*t()(%<+ t(%78a+4ta-" S'%-C> -e78e)en #$7a&ta a -?*e+e&0)t, &e un$-a?cc)e, S*a+a&in, a-i #= tan(c)a&<4

/a v$+t, )1%7ette, >$78 +0./en t$v(" R(vett0- a -a+i#(t, >$78 (+%u>(an men/en e+ S'%4-C> )*(++()(%a" ;a/& /anu(% G4(n a*ut(n S'%-C> me7>'vta S(va%t, >$78 *a%(n&$-$+4

/ana- e+ e781tt a )*ent a)*4Sa#i> )'%/(>$*" Ami-$% S(va% Ct%a-e+t, S*a+a&in 0) em'%/eime7t(ma&t(-" K')0%et0t +e#e78ve%e*t0-, =t .e&i7 e+#$7t(-" Keve)e, mint e78 <%a

614T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, M4!, !!4!9M" ."V AC S(ma, 49", 5M4" ." i&0*i Im(& a&4D'ntV Ba>(a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 9" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 99499M" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 49" ."

615

Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 9495" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9M5" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 9" ."V AC S(ma," ." Ba>( a&4D'n )*e%int S*a+a&in e*Ctta+ i) v$na-$&va c)at+a-$*$tt >a&/(%at>$*, 0) e*t =veen-i#e/ti In a+4A)*'% i)"

5

a+att )*e%e*t0- me7 a -a+i#(t<+ a +e#e/e*0)i .a%anc)$t, 0) S(va% #e/0t a -a+i#a +(a e+0 >e4+8e*t0-" Ut(na S'%-C>, >$78 e+-e%1+/e a )*em0+8e e++eni t(ma&()$-at, e/e+entette,)*aa& a *)(-m(n8$+() a v$+t ve*0% >(*(an" ;'7 a t?me7 $&a%$>ant, a*a+att S'%-C>0) a -a+i#a vi))*at0%t a .a+$t(a, 0) -0*e vette a -$%m(n8*()t" A* C/ %e*)imme+e78et+en vi&0-i -$%m(n8*< )em )*(++t )*eme, me%t S(va% u%a+ma n0.)*e%t+en v$+t,0) S'%-C> na78$n 178e+t a t?%v0n8e))07 eta%t()(%a" S'%-C> n0>(n8 >0t +e#$%7()a a+attE78i.t$m u%a +ett" Em'%/ei (tvett0- a*$-at a #?+&e-et, me+8e- S(va% 0) c)a+(&/a i%t$4-(an v$+ta-, S'%-C> .e&i7 #e+vette a ve*'% 0) a -i%(+8 c'met"MM

S'%-C> )em )$--a+ 0+te tC+ ma7a) .$*'ci<a /ut()(t" M!" m(%ciu) 54(n e+>un8t,>a+(+%a ette ma7(t" A t?%t0ne+emen u%a, NC% a&4D'n 0) un$-a?cc)e, S*a+a&in >'%neveme++ett a* ?v0 e+>$m(+8$)u+t" Pe&i7 a mu)*+im$- -?*1+ = +(tta a +e7vi+(7$)aan,>$78 E78i.t$m me7><&'t()a, -$%+(t+an e%=#$%%()ai 0) /e+ent=) )t%at07iai >e+8*ete$-(n Pa+e)*tina vi))*a)*e%*0)0ne- )*1-)07)*e% e+=/(t0-a, ) NC% a&4D'n a77(+8ai 0)>a$*()a e++en0%e S'%-C> )*1nte+en1+ e c0+ 0%&e-0en #(%a&$*$tt" Un$-a?cc)e a%atta+e -ita%t< mun-(/a 781m?+c)eit" S'%-C> /e+ent0-te+en -1+)e/ #0%#i v$+t, a+ac)$n8, t?m4*)i 0) v?%?) a%cC, a* e78i- )*em0%e va-" ;e7/e+en0)e e+(%u+ta a+ac)$n8 )*(%ma*()(t"U78ana--$% *)eni(+i) -at$na v$+t, 0) c)a- na78$n -ev0) >a&ve*0%t ?ve*te- $+8an$&aa&< )*e%etette+ a -at$n(i, mint =t"M

A #%an-$- me70%tett0- S'%-C> 78=*e+m0ne- v07*ete) /e+ent=)070t" E78e)e- P+anc84i ;i+e)4t -(%>$*tatt(-, a-i %(vette a -i%(+8t, .0n*t #$7a&/$n e+, a>e+8ett, >$78 a >a%c$tv(+a)*t$tta v$+na, m'7 m()$- a /$>annit(- na78me)te%0en v0+t0- me7ta+(+ni a n4a-$t" em$n&att(- =t, 0) e*ut(n >a*a i) uta*$tt N8u7at4Eu%<.(a" ;a7a Ama+%i- aN8u7at>$* #$%&u+t, 0) C/ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t )1%7etett" M! e+e/0n -?vet)07et -1+4&?tt Ama+%i- .(t%i(%-a 0) a -ai)*a%eiai 0%)e- ve*et0)e a+att :%i78e) c)()*(%>$*, 3II"a/$) #%ancia -i%(+8>$*, II" Hen%i- an7$+ -i%(+8>$*, ;a%7it )*ic'+iai %07en) -i%(+8n04>$*, :+an&%ia, B+$i) 0) T%$8e) 7%<#/ai>$*" A -?vete- +eve+e-et i) vitte- ma7u--a+" K0t4na.i uta*() ut(n na78 vi>a% t?%t -i, 0) a ten7e% vi))*a)$&$%ta A--$na a >a/<t" E*e-ut(n e78et+en uta) )em v$+t >a/+an&< i)m0t -itenni ma7(t a ten7e% ve)*e&e+meine-" Am()$&i- -?vet)07et :%i78e) t1%$)*i 0%)e- ve*ette" 3e+e v$+t )e70&.1).?-e, J(n$),(n/()*i .1).?- 0) a /$>annit(- .%ece.t$%a, Luie%t" M! /C+iu)(an 0%te- e+ R<m(4a, a>$+ III" S(n&$% .(.a a .a.)(7>$* )*<+< a/(n+<+ev0++e+ +(tta e+ =-et" A -?vete-a*$nan nem 0%te- e+ e%e&m0n8e-et" a/$) -i%(+8 t? ><na.i7 P(%i*)an ta%t$tta=-et, a>$+ B(n/()* .1).?-e me7>a+t, ) >a+(+a e+=tt #e+t(%ta ne-i-, >$78 menn8i%e a747<&i- a P+anta7enete- miatt" E*ut(n a -?vete- An7+i(a mente-, a>$+ Hen%i- -i%(+8a%%<+ e)*0+t, >$78 menn8i a/a van a 6a.et4e--e+" A .(.a 0) a c)()*(% -?*?tti vi4)*(+8 e+eve 0%te+met+enn0 tette a n0met$%)*(7i uta*()t" K0t0vi >i(ava+< -$+&u+()ut(n a -?vete- %em0n81-et ve)*tve vi))*at0%te- Pa+e)*tin(a"MG

A -$n)tantin(.$+8i -?vet)07 t? )i-e%t 0%t e+" ;anu0+ t?-0+ete)en ti)*t(an v$+ta**a+, >$78 a >ata+mi e78en)C+8 -e+eten ve)*e&e+me)en #e+$%u+t" :e+a/(n+$tta Ama+4

616Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 95499" ." Im(& a&4D'nt i&0*iV In a+4A)*'%, 99G49M" ." 0) A moszui ata"é2 gek, 9495" ."V AC S(ma, G4!", 549" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !9M4!9G" ."

617Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 99" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9M49M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$) QIQ, 9, G!" ." c)a-nema*$--a+ a )*ava--a+ '%/a =t +e, mint a* a%a )*e%*=-" Ba>( a&4D'n 949" ." me7'%/a, menn8i%e )*e%ettev$+na 7a*&(/a i%$&a+m(>$* c)at$+ni E78i.t$m$t"

618

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !M4M!" ."V Ama+%i- +eve+ei in $* H* <*, M" -?t" G4GG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, Amoszui ata"égek, 9G49!" ." A /$>annit(- na78me)te%e G54an a ten7e%e #C+t, ami-$% Die..e4=+An7+i(a >a/<*$tt" ()& De+avi++e e R$u+2 Les Hospitaiers, M" )--" ."

%i-na-, >$78 a -?vet-e*= >a&/(%atan a c)()*(%i #+$tta t(m$7atni #$7/a"M! E*t ?%?m4me+ #$7a&ta a -i%(+8" E78i.t$m$t ta+(n m07 vi))*a +e>et )*e%e*ni" 78 +(t)*$tt, NC%a&4D'nt te+/e)en +e-?ti- a* 0)*a-i 7$n&$-" MG4an me7>a+t Di/a%a-i% $%t$-i&aem'%/e, Ka%a A%)*+(n, 0) a* ?%?-)07 -?%1+i vi)*(+8$- )*eme(++'t$tt(- NC% a&4D'ntm$)*u+i te)tv0%0ve+, Kut a&4D'nne+, ma/& nem )$--a+ a*ut(n #e++(*a&t L(*' in Ha4)*an, ;ani&*) -$%m(n8*</a, ) a +(*a&() e+#$/t()a ><na.$-a te+t" Kut a&4D'n >a+4&$-+$tt, ) -1)*??n (++t a ;$)*u+ ?%?-)07e -?%1+i vi)*(+8 i)"M E78i.t$man S'%-C>c'meit 0) >ata+m(t un$-a?cc)e, S*a+a&in ?%?-?+te" S*a+a&in a*$nan ta.a)*ta+at+anu%a+-$&< v$+t" S'%-C> em'%/ei -?*1+ t?en i) v(78ta- a* ?%?-)07%e, &e a -a+i#a v(4+a)*t()a S*a+a&in%a e)ett, aan a %em0n8en, >$78 a ta.a)*ta+at+an S*a+a&in ma/& a#(timi&a ti)*tvi)e+=-%e #$7 t(ma)*-$&ni" E-?*en a+4Á&i& #=eunuc>/a, tit-$) tan(c)$4)a, a nCiai a+4;utamin tit$-an '%t Je%u*)(+eme, 0) me7'70%te a )e7't)070t, >a a#%an-$- et?%ne- E78i.t$ma" Ba+)*e%enc)0/0%e S*a+a&in e78i- eme%0ne- #e+tnt,>$78 a* u&va%i #ut(% #u%c)a #$%m(/C )*an&(+t vi)e+, ) a +(e+it e+vett0-, #e+#e/tett0-, 0)me7ta+(+t(- a tit-$) +eve+et" S*a+a&in v(%t a $))*Cva+" De a i*$n8ta+an >e+8*et0%=+)*(++$n7< >'%e- #e+(t$%'t$tt(- a -e%e)*t0n8e-et"M

Ama+%i- me7)1%7ette a c)()*(%t, 0) M!" /C+iu) 40n a c)()*(%i #+$tta e+in&u+t aHe++e)*.$nt$)*t<+, An&%$ni-$)* K$nt$)*te.>an$)* na78>e%ce7 ve*et0)e a+att" A #+$t4ta #= %0)*e 6i.%u)a >a/<*$tt, ) Ct-?*en e+#$7$tt -0t e78i.t$mi >a/<t" E78 -i)e >a4

/<%a/ e78ene)en A--$na ta%t$tt, 0) .0n*)e70+8t vitt Ama+%i- -at$n(ina-" Ama+%i-na-me7>a78t(-, >$78 1*en/en 6i.%u)%a, >a a*t a-a%/a, >$78 a #+$tta e+in&u+/$n" Ama+%i-a*$nan m07 nem -0)*1+t #e+" A* MG" 0vi >a&/(%at me7vi)e+te >a&i e%e/0t" A /$>anni4t(- i) )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&te-" A tem.+$m$)$- e*Ctta+ i) me7ta7a&t(- a%0)*v0te+t, a (%<- .e&i7, a-i-et a* e+=*= ta.a)*ta+at e+(t$%ta+an't$tt, m(% nem v$+4ta- $+8an +e+-e)e-, mint -$%(an" A -i%(+8 e*0%t c)a- )*e.teme% v070n %en&e+te A-4-$na a .$m.() #+$tt(t, ame+8 e+-(.%(*tatta a >e+8e+ie-et, 0) a )e%e7 c)a- $-t<e%-?*e.0n (++t -0)*en a%%a, >$78 e+in&u+/$n E78i.t$ma" A -0)e&e+em -0t)*e%e)en )*e4%enc)0t+en v$+t" A &e%+(t< te%m0)*et ;anu0+ %?vi& >a&/(%at%a )*(m't$tt, 0) c)a- >(4%$m ><na.%a e+e7en&= #e+)*e%e+0))e+ +(tta e+ a >a/<-at" E* a >(%$m ><na. m(% c)a-4nem e+te+t" 6i.%u) m07 nem t0%t ma7(>$* a Ra/na+&4#0+e .u)*t't()<+, 0) nem tu&ta0+e+emme+ e++(tni a >a/<-at, A--$nan .e&i7 nem +e>etett ut(n.<t+()>$* /utni"M

I&=-?*en S*a+a&in =)07e)en -a.$tt >'%e-et a >a&/(%at e+=-0)*1+etei%=+" H$78i*t$)'t)a a >e+8*et0t Kai%<an, M!" au7u)*tu) 4(n +eta%t<*tatta 0) +e#e/e*tette a+4;utamin eunuc>$t, ma/& e+$c)(t$tta a .a+$t(<+ a -a+i#(>$* > )*em0+8*etet, 0) >e4+81-e a )a/(t eme%eit (++'t$tta" A* e+$c)(t$tt ti)*tvi)e+=- a -a+i#a i*tat()(%a a%%a?)*t?n?*t0- a nCiai .a+$ta=%)07et, +(*a&/$n #e+ 0) t(ma&/a me7 S*a+a&in c)a.atait":a>% a&4D'n, S*a+a&in te)tv0%e, e++ent(ma&()t -')0%e+t me7, &e nem 0%t e+ )emmit,am'7 S*a+a&in #e+ nem 78C/tatta :u)*tatan a* =%)07 -a)*(%n8(/(t" A nCiaia- c)a+(&4

/u-at #0+tve $&a%$>anta-, >$78 me7ment)0- =-et" E--$% :a>% a&4D'n +ec)a.$tt %(/u-,) )*inte min&ann8iu-at me7?+ette" A -a+i#a v07i7n0*te a* ?+&?-+0)t, 0) )ietve i*t$)'4t$tta S*a+a&int +$/a+it()(%<+" A nCiaia- ?))*e$m+()(>$* >$**(/(%u+t, >$78 a -a+i#a

619T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, 5, !M4!M" ."620Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 9" ."V AC S(ma, GG4G!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, M" ."V S*'4

%iai ;i>(+8, III, 55!45" ."V Ku% a&4D'n a -?vet-e*= 0ven >a+t me7"621

Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 9949M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9MM49MG" ."V AC S(ma, M" ." A* a* $-+ev0+,ame++8e+ a -a+i#a -ineve*i S*a+a&int, Be%+inen ta+(+>at<, 0) !G #<+i< te%/e&e+m"622Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G4!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 i* h*

9

ma7(%a >a78ta =-et" A* ?%m0n8 =%)07, ame+8 nem vett %0)*t a >a%c$-an, a -a)*(%4n8(an >a+(+%a 07ett" S*a+a&in -ai%an$)*,#e+&1>?&ve Ama+%i- -0)+e-e&0)0n #e+a/(n+$tta, a -at$n(- t?)070t e+)*(++'t/a a ten7e4%en, &e a #%an-$- %a7a)*-$&ta- a )*(%a*#?+&i uta*()>$*" O-t<e% 940n :a%am(n(+,Pe+u)ium -?*e+0en a )e%e7 E78i.t$m #?+&/0%e +0.ett" S*a+a&in C78 )*(m't$tt, Bi+4ei)*%e t(ma&na- ma/&, ) $tt ?))*.$nt$)'t$tta e%=it, &e a i*(nci >a/<-, ame+8e- a )e4%e77e+ .(%>u*am$)an >a+a&ta-, (t)*(++'t$tt(- a #%an-$-at a N'+u) -e+eti (7ain, 0) '78a #%an-$- 78$%)an Damietta e++en v$nu+ta-" Damietta v(%a a N'+u) #= (7(n(+ eme+-e4&ett, $nnan a #+$tta #e+vit$%+(*>at$tt Kai%< #e+0" E* me7+e.te S*a+a&int" Nem me%te e+4>a78ni Kai%<t, me%t att<+ ta%t$tt, >$78 t(v$++0t0en #(timi&a t(m$7ate+8=%)07 <%i()i +(nc$t #e)*'tett -i a #$+8< #e+ett" A 7?%?7>a/<-, ame+8e-et e+eve -0)+e+tetett a* e++en)*0+, nem tu&ta- a v(%$) #?+0 >a/<*ni, >$78e+#$7/(- a Kai%<<+ 0%-e*= c)a.at$-at 0) ut(n.<t+()t" E78 >i%te+en %$>amma+ ta+(n e+e>etett v$+na venni a* e%=&?t" K$nt$)*te.>an$)* a77<&$tt a* a.a&< -0)*+ete- miatt,0) a*$nna+i a-ci<t )1%7etett, &e Ama+%i-$t me7#0+em+'tett0- a >ata+ma) e%=&'tm04n8e-" T? $)t%$m70.et )*e%etett v$+na m07 0.'teni" A* e+)= t$%n8$t F va+ami )*(m'4t()i >ia #$+8t(n F a #a+ +e7e%=)e %0)*0n0+ >e+8e*t0- e+" A >e+8i -e%e)*t0n8e- 0)mu)*+im$- e+)*?%n8e&te-, me%t a 7?%?7?- $+8an v(%$)%0)*t $m(*ta-, ame+8ene78, a S**ne- )*ente+t -(.$+na (++t, a>$+ a S** me7.i>ent a* e78i.t$mi mene-1+0))$%(n" ;in&en na. C/a 0) C/a c)a.at$- 0%-e*te- Damiett(a" É) min&en na.c)?--enteni -e++ett a 7?%?7 ten7e%0)*e- 0) a .a%t$n +ev= >$n#it(%)ai- #e/a&a7/(t, a#%an- )*?vet)07e)e- .e&i7, a-i- min&enen =ve+-e&te-, nem )iette- a 7?%?7?- )e47't)070%e" K$nt$)*te.>an$)* na.$nta -0%te Ama+%i-$t, in&'t)$n (+ta+(n$) t(ma&()t a#a+a- e++en, &e Ama+%i- min&i7 a na78 -$c-(*at%a >ivat-$*$tt" 3e*0%ei, a-i- min&i7i) 78ana-$&ta- a 7?%?7?-%e, a*t )utt$7t(-, >$78 K$nt$)*te.>an$)* u*7a+m(t a*t(.+(+ta, >$78 Damiett(t m(%i) a c)()*(%i *)(-m(n8 %0)*0ne- te-intette" Deceme%e+e/0%e vi+(7$))( v(+t a >a&/(%at -u&a%ca" A 7?%?7?- 0+e+em n0+-1+ nem '%t(- t$v("A v0&=- e78 07= >a/<t i%(n8't$tta- a #+$tta >a/a(% Ama+%i- -?*e+0.0)e e+-e%1+>et=v0 tette a na78$ -(%t" A v(%an e--$%m(% me7#e+e+= )*(mC v0&= v$+t, 0) min&enne+ /<+ e+ v$+ta- +(tva" H'%e ment, >$78S*'%ia #e+=+ mu)*+im )e%e7 -?*e+e&ett" A -$%ai e)=- e-?)*?nt0ve+ a -e%e)*t0n8 t($%m$c)(%%( v(+t$*$tt, ) e+/?tt a .i++anat, ami-$% aa -e++ett >a78ni a* $)t%$m$t" Nemtu&/u-, >$78 K$nt$)*te.>an$)* va78 Ama+%i- -e*&te4e me7 a t(%78a+()$-at a )*a%a4c0n$--a+, ) nem i)me%/1- a me7(++a.$&() #e+t0te+eit )em" A -e%e)*t0n8e- va+<)*'n4+e7 .0n*t -a.ta-, 0) Ama+%i- aan i) %em0n8-e&ett, >a a%(t)(7$) S*a+a&inna+, ta+(n)i-e%1+ e+t(v$+'tania =t NC% a&4D'nt=+2 -?*tu&$tt v$+t, >$78 S*a+a&in 0) NC% a&4D'n-a.c)$+ata nem tC+ )*'v0+8e)"

Deceme% 54(n a -e%e)*t0n8e- e+07ett0- $)t%$m70.ei-et, >$78 ne -e%1+/ene- a*e++en)07 -e*0e, 0) e+>a78t(- Damiett(t" A )e%e7 40n 0%t A)*-a+$na" A #+$tta nemv$+t i+8en )*e%enc)0)" É)*a- #e+0 >a/<*va na78 vi>a%a -e%1+t" A* 0>e*0)t=+ +e78en71+tten7e%0)*e- nem v$+ta- u%ai >a/<i-na-, 0) )$- >a/< e+)1++8e&t" A >u++(m$- na.$-i7)$&$%t(- -i a .a+e)*tin .a%t$-%a a 7?%?7?- >$+tte)teit" K$nt$)*te.>an$)* me7mene4-1+t, 0) Ki+i-i(a >a/<*$tt, ma/& $nnan a )*(%a*#?+&?n uta*$tt t$v(, >$78 /e+ent)e a

623AC S(ma, 4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9MG" ."

M

t?%t0nte-et a c)()*(%na-" A #+$tta ma%a&0-a a* C/ e)*ten&= e+e/0n 0%te e+ a B$)*.$4%u)*t"M

A >a&/(%at )*e%enc)0t+en -imenete+e <>atat+anu+ v(&a)-$&()$->$* ve*etett" A#%an-$- a 7?%?7?-et -(%>$*tatt(-, me%t $+8an -ev0) ta%ta+0-u- v$+t" A 7?%?7?- F va4+amive+ t? $--a+ F a >$))*C -0)+e-e&0) miatt v(&$+t(- a #%an-$-at" U78ana--$%min& Ama+%i-, min& a c)()*(% /<+ +(tta, >$78 nem )*aa& #e+%C7ni a )*?vet)07et, >i4)*en S*a+a&in imm(% vitat>atat+anu+ E78i.t$m u%a v$+t"

S*a+a&in tC+ $-$) v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e)0t(+/$n Ama+%i- &i.+$m(ciai c)a.&(/(a"NC% a&4D'n me7'*$tt S'%-C>an, &e 78anC) v$+t ne-i E78i.t$m C/ u%a+-$&</a" S*a+a4&in a*$nan >i(t+anu+ vi)e+-e&ett" (.%i+i)(an NC% a&4D'n e+-1+&te S*a+a&in4>$* a./(t, Na&*)m a&4D'n A//C$t )*'%iai c)a.at$- -')0%et0en, ami %0)*en a%(ti7e)*tu) v$+t, %0)*en .e&i7 1*enet, >i)*en A//C >)07e) v$+t NC% a&4D'n>e*" ;'7 ac)a.atta+ na78)*(mC &ama)*-u)*i -e%e)-e&= uta*$tt, a-i- i7en v(78ta- a%%a, >$78-e%e)-e&e+mi -a.c)$+at$-at a+a-'t)ana- -i Kai%<va+, NC% a&4D'n e+te%e+= >a&mve+e4tet ve*etett Ke%a- e++en '78 i*t$)'tva a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+eten a -a%av(n (t/ut()(t"M9

E* v$+t NC% a&4D'n e78et+en +0.0)e a #%an-$- e++en" A* e78i.t$mi >a&/(%at a+att i) 04-0n >a78ta =-et, 0) /anu(%/(an a #%an-$- m07 A--a% v(%(t i) vi))*a tu&t(- ><4&'tani a Bu-aia v?+78e &0+i %0)*0n, ame+8et va+<)*'n+e7 m07 M94en ve)*'tette- e+"Ama+%i- T%i.$+i)* %07en)e-0nt a vi))*a#$7+a+t v(%at A%-a v(%$)(va+ e781tt (ta&ta a

/$>annit(-na-, a-i- '78 a* e70)* v?+78et e++en=%*0)1- a+( v$nt(-"MM

" /Cniu) !40n S*'%i(t %ettenete) #?+&%en70) %(*ta me7, $+8an .u)*t't<, mint a*9" 0vi" A )*e%enc)0t+en)07et -?vet= ><na.$-at -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) mu)*+im$- e784a%(nt a me7%$n7(+<&$tt e%=&?- -i/av't()(va+ t?+t?tt0-" A+e..<, Sai*a%, Ham( 0)Hum)* -$m$+8 -(%$-at )*enve&ett, a-(%c)a- K%a- &e) 6>eva+ie%), T%i.$+i)* 0) D*)a4ai+ Anti<->i(an <%i()i -(%$- -e+et-e*te-, &e a #%an-$- a* i)teni i7a*)(7)*$+7(+tat()-e*0t +(tt(- a .u)*tu+()an" A S*ent P0te%4)*0-e)e78>(*an 0..en a 7?%?7 .(t%i(%-a0) .a./ai ce+e%(+ta- mi)0t, ami-$% a* 0.1+et %(/u- $m+$tt" ;ia+att Atan(* a %$m$-a+att >a+&$-+$tt, B$emun& >e%ce7 0) u&va%a Ku)*a/%a )ietett a .(t%i(%-a vet0+8t(%)(4>$*, Aime%8>e*, 0) -0%te, t0%/en vi))*a, ) #$7+a+/a e+ )*0-0t" A* e78>(* 7?%?7 i%(n8't(4)(na- %?vi& i&=)*a-a e**e+ v07et 0%t"M

A c)()*(% in7e%1+ten vette tu&$m()u+ a >'%e-et, &e nem tu&$tt eavat-$*ni, me%tKi+i-i(an %$))*u+ mente- a &$+7$-" MG4an me7>a+t T$%$)* ?%m0n8 >e%ce7" E7878e%me- ma%a&t ut(na, II" Ru.en, a-i e78 Tam() nev #%an- C% 78(m)(7a a+att (++t"Tam() an8/a T$%$)* n=v0%e v$+t" T$%$)* ;+e> nev te)tv0%e a*$nan ma7(na- -?ve4te+te a* ?%?-)07et" ;+e> e78-$% tem.+$m$) #$7a&a+mat tett, ma/&, miut(n vit(a -e4

624T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, 4, !M4!" ."V Kinnam$)*, G4G" ." A*t m$n&/a, >$78 a >a&/(%at ut(nS*a+a&in 0ve) (t+<t a/(n+$tt #e+ ;anu0+na-, &e ;anu0+ nem #$7a&ta e+V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, !4!".", vi)*$nt a*t '%/a, ;anu0+ 0-0t -?t?tt E78i.t$mma+V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 9M49!", AC S(ma, 949G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, MMG4M" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 9!4M" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8 III, 559" ." 0) a* ?%4m0n8 v(+t$*at 5M!45" ." a*t )u7a++/a, >$78 S*a+a&in +e.0n*e+te a 7?%?7?-et, >$78 >a78/(- aa a>a&/(%at$t" TanC)(7a $+8ann8i%a 7?%?7e++ene), >$78 #$%%()0%t0-e i7en c)e-0+8" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) a*tm$n&/a, K$nt$)*te.>an$)* -0%te e+)=-0nt a #e78ve%)*1netet, m'7 Ni-0ta)* )*e%int a -i%(+8"

625Ba>( a& Din, &* &* +* !*, 9!4M" .", AC S(ma, 9549" ."V In a+4A)*'%, A moszui ata"égek, M4M"."

626AC S(ma, !" ." A /$>annita %en& a /Cniu)i #?+&%en70) ut(n -a.ta a/(n&0-a A--a%t 0) A%-(t

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ve%e&ett T$%$))*a+, 0) me7.%<(+ta me778i+-$+ni =t, NC% a&4D'n>e* mene-1+t, 0) m$4>ame&(nn( +ett" e+e/0n NC% a&4D'n c)a.at$-at $c)(t$tt %en&e+-e*0)0%e, ame4+8e- )e7't)070ve+ nemc)a- a* un$-a?cc)0t #$)*t$tta me7 ?%?-)070t=+, &e me7)*(++ta a-i+i-iai )'-)(7$t i), 0) e+#$7+a+ta a 7?%?7?-t=+ ;ami)*t%(t, A&an(t 0) Ta%)*$)*t" E*4ut(n Ba7%a)*n(+ me7t(ma&ta a tem.+$m$)$-at" B$emun& Ama+%i->$* #$%&u+t, a-iev$nu+t Ki+i-i(a, 0) C78 tni-, i&ei7+ene)en vi))*a(++'t$tta a c)()*(%i >ata+mat" E* aa%(ti 7e)*tu) ta+(n me7vi7a)*ta+ta ;anu0+t a*0%t, >$78 e+ve)*ett a 7?%?7 e++en=%*0)a* anti<->iai e78>(* #e+ett" ;+e>et a*$nan nem +e>etett me7(++'tani" E78 0vve+ va78va+amive+ -0)= )i-e%1+t e+#$7nia K$)tantin K$+$mant, 0) i)m0t me7)*(++ta Ki+i-i4(t"MG

E*a+att NC% a&4D'n -e+eten v$+t e+#$7+a+va" n8a%(n me7>a+t a #iv0%e, a m$)*u+iKut a&4D'n" A* ?%?-)07en -0t #ia, S*a/# a&4D'n 0) Im(& a&4D'n vitat-$*$tt" E+te+t .(%><na., mi%e NC% a&4D'nne- )i-e%1+t a )a/(t e+-0.*e+0)ei )*e%int %en&e*nie a &$+7$4-at"M! A >a+a&0- /<+ /?tt a #%an-$-na-, &e E78i.t$m .%$+0m(/a nem $+&<&$tt me7"Ama+%i- > ma%a&t .$+iti-(/(>$*, >$78 )*$%$) )*?vet)07en ma%a& a c)()*(%%a+, 0)#$+8amat$)an )e7't)07et -0% a N8u7att<+" n8a%(n e+>at(%$*ta, >$78 e++(t$7atK$n)tantin(.$+8a"

A* in&u+()t -0)+e+tette S*a+a&in v(%at+an t(ma&()a a &0+i >at(%$- e++en" " &e4ceme% e+e/0n na78 e78i.t$mi )e%e7 /e+ent me7 a .a%tvi&0- +e7&0+i #%an- e%=&/0n0+,Da%$nn(+" A v(%$) v0&e+me 78en7e v$+t, 0) (% S*a+a&inna- nem v$+ta- $)t%$m70.ei,m07i) C78 tnt, >ama%$)an e+e)i- a v(%$)" Ama+%i- ) ve+e a .(t%i(%-a 0) a S*ent Ke4%e)*t e%e-+80/e -ic)i, &e /<+ -0.*ett c)a.atta+ e+in&u+t A)*-a+$na" Deceme% G4(n 0%t$&a, ma/& a tem.+$m$)$- 7(*ai v(%(a ment, a>$+ $tt>a78ta .a%anc)n$--0nt P+anc84i ;i+e)t, me%t a tem.+$m$)$- c)at+a-$*ta- >$**( a Da%$n e++eni a-ci<>$*" Si-e%1+t (t4t?%nie a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7en, 0) e/ut$tt Da%$na" S*a+a&in e--$% #0+e>a78ta a* $)t4%$m$t, 0) L(*a e++en in&u+t" A* a+)<v(%$)t evette, anna- e++en0%e, >$78 ;i+e) i%(n8'4t()(va+ i7en -em0n8 e++en(++() #$7a&ta" A +a-$)$-at S*a+a&in +em0)*(%$+ta" A #e++e74v(% a*$nan $+8an e%=) v$+t, >$78 nem me%te me7t(ma&ni" Ami+8en >i%te+en /?tt,u78anC78 tnt e+ a* e78i.t$mi >at(% m?7?tt" E*ut(n e78 c)a.at$t -1+&?tt a* a-aai??+e, 0) a* 0v ut$+)< na./aian e+#$7+a+ta a* ??+ e/(%at(n(+ Ai+(t, a #%an-$- e+=%e4t$+t (++()(t"M5

Ama+%i- m(%ciu) 40n in&u+t e+ A--$n<+ K$n)tantin(.$+8a, na78 -')0%ette+,ame+8en $tt v$+t A--$n .1).?-e 0) P$u7i L0%a%& u&va%i ma%)a++ i)" ;i++84i P>i4+i..e, a tem.+$m$)$- na78me)te%e +em$n&$tt, 0) -?vet-0nt e+=%euta*$tt" A -i%(+8,miut(n %?vi& +(t$7at()t tett T%i.$+i)*a, >a/<%a )*(++t, 0) 0)*a-nata%t$tt" La++i.$+i4an ta+(+-$*$tt a.<)(va+, a-i a )*(%a*#?+&?n vitte ma7(va+ He%a-+ei(a, mive+ a )*0+nem v$+t -e&ve*=" Ott i)m0t >a/<%a )*(++ta-, >$78 a .a+$ta -a.u/(n(+, a Bu-$+e$n -i4-?t=en )*(++/ana- .a%t%a a #=v(%$)an, ami a -$%$n() #=- -iv(+t)(7a v$+t"

628T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, M, !!4!!" ."V Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, G5" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 55", 55" ."VS*emat c$nn0ta+e, M4M9" ."V 3a>%am2 $mes ,rónika, 9G49!" .", +e>etet+en -i$7$*ni a* i&=.$nt$4-at" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) Ama+%i- K$n)tantin(.$+8an tett +(t$7at()a ut(n%a te)*i, ;i>(+8 a* " 0vi #?+&4%en70) e+0" Ta%)*$)* m07 7?%?7 -0*en v$+t, ami-$% O%$)*+(n Hen%i- 4en >a*at0%t -e%e)*te) >a&4 /(%at(<+ 1ec-i A%n$+&, 45" .""

629

()& a >ivat-$*()$-at e m II" -?tete 95" ." ;$)*u+ ?%?-+0)e -?%1+i vi)*(+8%<+ )*<+< /e78*et 0)9G" ."630T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, !4, !54!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 949G" ."

G

A #$7a&tat() na78$n tet)*ett Ama+%i-na- 0) -')0%et0ne-" ;anu0+ (+ta+(an -e&ve+4te a n8u7atia-at, 0) Ama+%i-$t i) %$-$n)*enve)ne- ta+(+ta" ;int %en&e)en, e*Ctta+ i)=-e* v$+t" 6)a+(&/a i), -1+?n?)en a -i%(+8 a.<)a, i7en ven&07)*e%et=ne- mutat-$4*$tt" E78m()t 0%t0- a va++()$) )*e%ta%t()$- 0) a* 1nne.)07e-" T(nce+=a&() v$+t a >i.4.$&%$man, 0) a ven&07e- #e+4+e >a/<-(*ta- a B$)*.$%u)*$n"M5 E-?*en a c)()*(% 0)a -i%(+8 me7vitatt(- a /?v=t" S*e%*=&0)t '%ta- a+(, ame+8ne- a #e+t0te+eit, ta%ta+m(tnem /e78e*t0- #e+" 78 tni-, a -i%(+8 va+ami+8en >at(%$*at+an #$%m(an e+i)me%te ac)()*(% #enn>at<)(7(t a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8e- #e+ett, ;anu0+ .e&i7 .0n*178i 0) ten7e%i)e7't)07et '70%t a* e)et+e7e) E78i.t$m e++eni t(ma&()$->$*, i++etve -?*?) +0.0)e-et>at(%$*ta- e+ a* ?%m0n8 ;+e> e++en" A )*e%*=&0)ne- va+<)*'n+e7 v$+ta- *(%a&0-aia* anti<->iai 7?%?7 e78>(**a+ -a.c)$+atan, ) ta+(n a -i%(+8)(7e+i 7?%?7 e78>(**a+-a.c)$+atan i), a>$+ ;anu0+ m(% M!4en ma7(%a v(++a+ta a et+e>emi S*1+et0)tem.+$m(na- C/%a&')*'t0)0t" E78 m$*ai-#e+i%at tanC)'t/a, >$78 a mun-(t a c)()*(% .a4%anc)(%a e78 E.>%aim nev mv0)* -0)*'tette e+" A c)()*(% >$*atta >e+8%e a S*ent)'%4tem.+$m$t i)"M5

B(%mi i) v$+t a )*e%*=&0) ta%ta+ma, a #%an-$- na78$n e+07e&ette- v$+ta- a +(t$7a4t())a+, 0) te+/e) )*'vve+ c)$&(+t(- >(*i7a*&(/u-at" JCniu) 940n )*(++ta- >a/<%a 0) %e4m0n8-e&ve te-intette- a /?v=e"

Nem /(%ta- i+8en )i-e%%e+ a N8u7at>$* int0*ett )e70+8-0%0)e-" T1%$)*i :%i78e) m07min&i7 e%e&m0n8 n0+-1+ $+8$n7$tt a #%ancia 0) a* an7$+ u&va% -?*?tt" v07e#e+0 Ama+%i- '%t ne-i, >$78 -0%/e me7 Sance%%e 7%<#/(t, 6>am.a7ne4i I)tv(nt, >$78 ve478e n=1+ S*ii++a >e%ce7n=t"M55 A /ava)+at$t a -i%(+8i c)a+(&$t 0%t t%a70&ia ?)*t?n?*te"Ama+%i- -i+ence)*ten&=) Ba+&uin nev #i(t >a)$n+< -$%C t(%)aiva+ e781tt e+-1+&t0-,>$78 T1%$)*i 3i+m$) #=e).e%e) tan't)a =-et" Ba+&uin c)in$), $-$) #iC v$+t" E78 na.$na*$nan, ami-$% a #iC- -?%m1-et e78m() -a%/(a m0+8e)*tve tett0- .%<(%a a t%=4-0.e))071-et, 3i+m$)na- #e+tnt, >$78 e78e&1+ a >e%ce7 nem .ana)*-$&$tt" A+a.$4)aan )*em178%e vette a 78e%me-et, 0) #e+#e&e*te, >$78 a*0%t nem 0%*ett #(/&a+mat,me%t +e.%() v$+t"M5 E* v$+t I)ten 1ntet0)e Ama+%i- 0) Á7ne) v0%#e%t=*= >(*a))(7(0%t,0) -e&ve*=t+en /e+nete-intett0- a* e70)* -i%(+8)(7 )*em.$nt/(<+" Ba+&uin, m07 >a#e+ i) c)e.e%e&i-, nem tu& ma/& 78e%me-et nem*eni" A #iata+ 7?%?7 -i%(+8n0na- m07)*1+et>et #ia, &e Ama+%i- a%%a 7$n&$+t, >$78 a i*t$n)(7 -e&v00%t +e7i&=)e +e(n8(t,

631T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, 4, !G4!G" ."V Kinnam$)*, G" ." na78$n %?vi& e+e)*0+0), ame+8en e+4m$n&/a, >$78 Ama+%i- _9:4t '70%t a c)()*(%na-" S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 55" ."

632De 3$ue2 Les 0gises de a +erre !ainte, !!45" ." me7a&/a a et+e>emi m$*ai-$- #e+i%at(t" P>$-a)*7?%?7 uta*< i) uta+ e*e-%e, 0) '% a S*ent)'% tata%$*()(%<+ i) !", 5" ."" a ;$nte2 T$ >at etent a)t>e B8*antine Em.i%e t>e Su*e%ain $# t>e 6%u)a&in7 State)_V me7vitat/a a c)()*(%i #enn>at<)(7 -0%&04)0t, 0) a%%a a -?vet-e*tet0)%e /ut, >$78 a*t a -e%e)*te) (++am$- )$>a)em i)me%t0- e+" ;anu0+ a*$nan, a-e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- e+=tti c)()*(%$->$* >a)$n+<an, #e+e+=)ne- 0%e*te ma7(t a .a+e)*tinai $%t$&$$-0%t0) e+i)me%t0- a /$7(t, >$78 a*$- /av(%a eavat-$*>a))$n" ()& e m II" -?t" " ." ta+(+>at< /e78*etet a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-(va+ -a.c)$+atan, a-it ;anu0+ K$n)tantin(.$+8an ta%t$tt ta%ta+0-an" 3a+<)*'4n+e7 ;anu0+na- -?)*?n>et=- a*$- a /av't()i mun-(-, ame+8e-%e een a* i&=en Pa+e)*tin(an )$%-e%1+t, +()& .+" a ca+am$ni av%(0 +()& 3ai+>02 e) au%e) &i Saint L0%a)ime et &e 6a+am$n, in 0/hosd'5rient, II" -?t" " ." 0) S*ent Eut>8miu) -$+$)t$%(0" ()& J$>n)2 T>e 6%u)a&e%) attem.t t$ c$+$ni4*e Pa+e)tine an& S8%ia" 6ourna of the $oya Centra Asian !o/iety, " -?t" !4!5" ."

633T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, 9, !GG" ." I)tv(n B+$i) 7%<#/(na-, a -e%e)*te) vit0*ne- v$+t a* un$-(/a 0) B+$4i), 6>a%t%e) 0) T%$8e) 7%<#/(na-, Ti$+&4na- a -i)ei- #ia" 5 t(/(n )*1+etett, me7)*?-tette 0) e+vette

D$u*84i ;ati+&(t" ()& An)e+me2 Hist* 3eneaogie de a <ran/e, II, G" ." ;ive+ a*$nan a #e+e)070t >$+A+i*na-, >$+ ;(%i(na- neve*i-, ta+(n t?)*?% n=)1+t, 0) 4en ?*ve78 v$+t"634T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, I, F9" ."

!

S*ii++(t e78 ta.a)*ta+t, 7a*&a7 n8u7ati +$va7>$* a&/a, a-i )*1-)07 e)et0n %07en)va78 e)et+e7 -i%(+8 i) +e>et" I)tv(n e+#$7a&ta a #e+-0%0)t, 0) n8a%(n e78 c)a.at +$4va77a+ .a%t%a )*(++t Pa+e)*tin(an, n0>(n8 na..a+ a*e+=tt, >$78 Ama+%i- vi))*at0%tv$+na K$n)tantin(.$+8<+" De I)tv(nna- nem tet)*ett Pa+e)*tina" Hi%te+en #0+e)*a-'4t$tta a >(*a))(7i t(%78a+()$-at, ) miut(n +e%<tta ti)*te+et0t a )*ent >e+8e-en, t(%)aiva+e+in&u+t, >$78 e++(t$7a))$n K$n)tantin(.$+8a" Ki+i-i(n (t>a+a&va a* ?%m0n8 ;+e>c)a.&(/(a e)ett, a-i min&en0t=+ me7#$)*t$tta"M59

A -?vet-e*= 0ven m07 /e+ent=)e +(t$7at< 0%-e*ett Je%u*)(+eme, O%$)*+(nHen%i-, S*()*$%)*(7 0) Ba/$%$%)*(7 >e%ce7e, $t(% c)()*(% un$-(/a 0) II" Hen%i- an47$+ -i%(+8 ve/e" i) e+uta)'t$tta a*$nan, >$78 a -e%e)*t0%t >a%c$+/$n" ;int e78)*e%*a%(n&$- /?tt, ) ami+8en 78$%)an c)a- tu&$tt, vi))*at0%t N0met$%)*(7a"M5M

Na78 0) -e)e% c)a+<&() v$+t a N8u7at 0%*0-et+en)07e, &e ta+(n nem i) v$+t )1%7=)a* E78i.t$m e++eni >a&/(%at" 78 +(t)*$tt, >$78 NC% a&4D'n 0) S*a+a&in -?*?tt )*a-'4t()%a -e%1+ )$%" /anu(%/(an NC% a&4D'n ;$)*u+a v$nu+t, a>$+ un$-a?cc)e,S*a/# a&4D'n u%a+-$&$tt, )a/(t >e+8=%)07et (++'t$tt #e+, ma/& #enn>at<)(7a a+( v$nta Ni4)*iint 0) a Hau% v?+780t, -e&venc un$-a?cc)0ne-, Im(& a&4D'nna- .e&i7 me7)*e4%e*te S*in&*)(%t" E*ut(n, )*'v0n vi)e+ve a* $%t$&$ i)*+(m &ia&a+(t, '%t S*a+a&inna-,0) -0%te, a* e78i.t$mi mec)ete-en t?0 ne a #(timi&a, >anem a a7&a&i -a+i#(0%tim(&-$**ana-" S*a+a&in nem <>a/t$tta te+/e)'teni a -0%0)t" K0t 0v)*(*a&$) #(timi&au%a+$m ut(n E78i.t$m e%=)en )'ita 0%*e+m v$+t" S*a+a&in tu&at(an v$+t anna-,>$78 NC% a&4D'n a* u%a, e78i.t$mi >ata+m(t a*$nan nem t=+e, >anem a #(timi&a-a+i#(t<+ -a.ta" A&&i7 >a$*$tt, m'7 au7u)*tu)an NC% a&4D'n me7#en8e7ette, >anem en7e&e+me)-e&i-, )*em0+8e)en /?n e+ E78i.t$ma" S*a+a&in %en&=%i int0*-e&04)e- #$7anat$)'t()a ut(n -0)*1+t #e+ a v(+t$*()%a, &e )en-i )em me%te me7tenni a* e+)=+0.0)t, m'7 v071+ e78, ;$)*u+<+ 0%-e*ett )*ent eme% a mu)*+im i&=)*(m't() )*e%in4ti 9M" 0v e+)= .0nte-0n (t%an #e+ nem +0.ett a Na78mec)et )*<)*0-0%e, 0) a+4;u)*ta4&' -a+i#(0%t im(&-$*$tt" P0+&(/(t Kai%<4)*e%te -?vett0-" A #(timi&a a+4Á&i& -a+i#a .a4+$t(/(an >a+&$-+$tt" S*a+a&in me7ti+t$tta a )*$+7(-na-, >$78 e+m$n&/(- ne-i a* C/)(47$t" WHa #e+78<78u+, C78i) >ama%$)an me7tu&/a F m$n&$tta F, >a .e&i7 me7 -e++ >a+4nia, >a&& >a+/$n me7 0-0en"X De ami-$% a )*e%enc)0t+en i#/C >a+(+a e+=tt .(% <%(va+S*a+a&int -'v(nta +(tni, me7ta7a&t(- t=+e, me%t ?))*ee)-1v0)t=+ #0+te-" S*a+a&in e*ta*ut(n me7(nta, &e m(% -0)= v$+t" ;in&i7 )*e%etette+ e)*0+t a me7$+&$7u+t%<+" A+4Á&i&&a+ -i>a+t a #(timi&a &ina)*tia" A m07 0+eten ma%a&t >e%ce7e-et 0) >e%ce7n=-et=%i*ete vett0-, &e 0+et1-et +uu) -?%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt 0+>ett0- +e, n$>a )emmi+8en-a.c)$+atu- )em +e>etett a vi+(77a+"M5

N0>(n8 na..a+ -0)= S*a+a&in e+in&u+t, >$78 me7t(ma&/a ;$nt%ea+ v(%(t, ame+8a H$+t4ten7e%t=+ &0+%e #e-1&t" Kem0n8 $)t%$m$t -e*&em0n8e*ett, 0) Ama+%i-, a-itnem 0%te)'tette- i&=en, tC+ -0)=n in&u+t e+ a v(% me7ment0)0%e" Ami-$% a >e+8=%)07m(% a me7a&()%a -0)*1+=&?tt, a -e%a-i Ct$n v(%at+anu+ me7/e+ent NC% a&4D'n, 0) S*a4+a&in #e+>a78$tt a* $)t%$mma+" A*t m$n&ta NC% a&4D'nna-, >$78 te)tv0%ei #e+4)=4e78i.t$mi >($%C)-$&()a vi))*a)*<+'t/a =t Kai%<a" NC% a&4D'n )*em0en a-ci</a(%u+() v$+t, ame+8 1ntet0)t 0%&eme+t" Ha%a7/(%<+ 0%te)1+ve S*a+a&in me7i/e&t, c)a+(&4

635>o*, QQ, 9, !GG" ."636Ke%e)*te) >a&/(%at(t %0)*+ete)en +e'%/a J$%an)$n2 T>e 6%u)a&e $# Hen%8 t>e i$n, in Medie%a 0s2

says presented to 3* 7* +hompson" A #= #$%%() 1ec-i A%n$+&"637In a+4A)*'%, 9949G" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, 45" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 99" ."VBa>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M4M" ."

9

/a 0) ve*0%ei tan(c)(t -0%te" A* i#/a %$-$n$- a )*eme)*(++()t /ava)$+t(-, &e #e+(++tS*a+a&in a./a, a* ?%e7 Na&*)m a&4D'n A//C, 0) -i/e+entette, = >)07e) u%(>$*" ;e74#e&&te a #i(t ec)v(78(0%t, 0) n078)*em-?*t i) me7)*i&ta, ami0%t n8'+tan i) -imutattaam'ci<it" S*a+a&in me7#$7a&ta a./a tan(c)(t, $c)(nat$t -0%t NC% a&4D'nt=+, a-i e*a+-a+$mma+ min&/(%t me7$c)(t$tt ne-i"M5G

n8a%(n NC% a&4D'n >a&/(%at$t te%ve*ett La+i+ea e++en, &e te%v0t #e+a&ta" K0)==))*e+, #e+>($%$&va a*$n, >$78 a +ata-iai #%an-$- -0t e78i.t$mi -e%e)-e&=>a/< e++en-?vette- e+ -a+<*a-ci<t, NC% a&4D'n et?%t anti<->iai 0) t%i.$+i)*i te%1+et%e, e+.u)*t'4t$tta S*a#ita 0) A%aima v(%(t, 0) c)a- na78 ?))*e7 -(%t0%'t0) #e/0en v$+t >a/+an&< -i4v$nu+ni"M5! 4en a*$nan me7ta%t$tta a 0-0t, e78%0)*t, me%t nem '*$tt S*a+a&in4an, m()%0)*t, me%t )*e+&*)u- )e7't)07%e v$+t )*1-)07e a>>$*, >$78 me7t(ma&>a))aAnti<->i(t" A )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n, a-it -$m$+8an #i78e+me*tette- K$n)tantin(.$+8<+,vi))*auta)'t$tta NC% a&4D'n a/(n+atait, 0) in-( n0>(n8 0vi7 ta%t< >($%Ca $c)(t4-$*$tt a &ani)men&e--e+" A i*(nci )*?vet)07, n$>a m() c0++a+ a+a-'t$tt(-, +e7a+(me7mentette Anti<->i(t e78 A+e..<4K$n8a -$a+'ci< ve)*0+8eit=+"M E*i&= t(/t e78e4*ett e+e v071+ NC% a&4D'n aa, >$78 n8$+cvane*e% &in(%0%t )*aa&$n $c)(t/a T%i4.$+i)*i Ra/mun&$t" A .0n* *?m0t a -i%(+8 0) a /$>annit(- a&t(- ?))*e" Ra/mun& >a4*at0%>etett" Ám a* e+)= %0)*+et ut(n #ennma%a&< -" >a%mince*e% &in(%t )$>a)em #i4*ette me7 NC% a&4D'nna-"M

A >($%C)-$&() 54an C/%a-e*&=&?tt" Ama+%i- e+0770 i*t$n)(7an 0%e*te ma47(t a>>$*, >$78 0)*a-%a men/en, Ki+i-i(a, me71ntetni ;+e>et a 6>am.a7ne4i I)t4v(nna+ )*emen e+-?vetett tettei0%t, ) >$78 eta%t)a a c)()*(%na- tett '70%et0t" A >a&4

/(%at e78et+en e%e&m0n8e a* v$+t, >$78 me7a-a&(+8$*ta ;+e> t$v(i te%/e)*-e&04)0t"M NC% a&4D'n me7%a7a&ta a* a+-a+mat, >$78 me7)*(++/a a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete4-et, 0) S*a+a&int >'vta )e7't)071+" S*a+a&in, at8/a tan(c)(>$* >'ven, )e%e77e+ /?ttE78i.t$m<+, 0) me7$)t%$m$+ta Ke%a-$t" NC% a&4D'n -?*en Dama)*-u)*<+ &0+ #e+0ta%t$tt" J?vete+0ne- >'%0%e S*a+a&in #e+>a78$tt a* $)t%$mma+, vi))*at0%t E78i.t$ma,a**a+ a -1+?nen i7a* ma78a%(*atta+, >$78 a* a./a )C+8$) ete7 v$+t" De a* vi+(7$)v$+t, >$78 nem a-a%/a +e%$m$+ni a #%an- 1t-?*=(++am$t, ame+8 e+v(+a)*t$tta .a%an4c)$+< u%(t<+" NC% a&4D'nen v$+t a )$%, >$78 t($%t ve%/en Ke%a- a+att" A J$%&(n$n tC+ite%1+et, ame+8ne- Ke%a- a #=v(%$)a v$+t, ;i++8 Ste#(nia ?%?-?)n=0 v$+t" E+)= #0%/e,On#%$i, T$%$n ?%?-?)e, n0>(n8 0vve+ -$%(an me7>a+t" ;()$&i- #0%/e, P+anc84i ;i4+e), Ama+%i- -i%(+8 )0n0c>a+/a t(v$+ v$+t a -i%(++8a+" Ste#(nia e+)= a.<)a, T$%$ni II"On#%$i, a* ?%e7 c$nn0ta+e )ietett Ke%a- )e7't)070%e" Ami-$% a -i%(+8)(7an ma%a&t

638T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, , !!4!!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9G49G5" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, GM4GG" ."V Ka4m(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 99" ."V ;a-%'*', B+$c>et -ia&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G" -?t" 9M" ." Ba>( a&4Din, &* &* +* !*, M4M5" .", ta.intat$), nem tC+ .$nt$) +e'%(), ame+8 ?))*e-eve%i a* " 0) a* 5" 0vi>a&/(%at$t" A*t m$n&at/a S*a+a&inna+, >$78 e78e&1+ = nem 7$n&$+t a%%a, >$78 e++en(++ NC% a&4D'nna-M9" .""

639In a+4A)*'%2 A moszui ata"égek, !" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, 9G" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M" ." a*t(++'t/a, >$78 NC% a&4D'n evette A%7(t, ame+8et ?))*et0ve)*t A%8m(va+"

640Kinnam$)*, !4!" ."V Im(& a&4D'n, 9!4M" ." O%$)*+(n Hen%i-et )*'v0+8e)en #$7a&ta Ki+i&*)A%)*+(n, ami-$% Pa+e)*tin(<+ Anat<+i(n (t t0%t >a*a"

641AC S(ma, MG" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, G, !!9" ." Nem vi+(7$), >$78 mi+8en -?%1+m0n8e- -?4*?tt en7e&t0- )*aa&$n Ra/mun&$t" ()& Ba+&in2 $aymond 111 of +ripois, II" " 0) 5" ." A* i&=.$nt

5 )*e.teme%e 0) M au7u)*tu)a -?*?tt v$+t"642T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, M, !!4!!" ."V +()& e m II" -?tete 9G" ." " /e78*et" 3i+m$) va+<)*'n+e7?))*e-eve%te Ama+%i- -0t >a&/(%at(t"

9

e%=-et m$*7<)'t$tt(-, NC% a&4D'n vi))*av$nu+t" ;0%>etet+en1+ >a%a7u&$tt S*a+a&in4%a" Ami-$% au7u)*tu)an me7tu&ta, >$78 me7>a+t +e7>'ve, -ai%$78 a -?vet-e*= 0v tava)*(n me7)*(++/a E78i.4t$m$t"M5

A mu)*+im vi+(7an ta.a)*ta+>at< )*0t>C*() vi7a)*ta+< v$+t a #%an-$- )*em.$nt/(4<+, 0) 5 =)*0n m07 v(%at+an a/(n+at$-at i) -a.ta-" A* e+=*= 0ve- )$%(n -eve)et>a++at$tt ma7(%<+ a* a)*a)*in$- )*e-t(/a, +e)*(m'tva a*t a* 9" 0vi e)em0n8t, ami4-$% )a/(t -e*&em0n8e*0)1-%e me7?+t0- T%i.$+i)*i II" Ra/mun&$t" A )*e-ta a N$)*ai%i4>e78)07en c)en&e)en 0.'t7ette >ata+m(t" Á+ta+(an nem v$+ta- e++en)07e)e- a #%an4-$--a+" L8+?+t e++en)071- NC% a&4D'n v$+t, >i)*en a* = >ata+ma )*$%'t$tta vi))*a=-et -e+et%e" NC% a&4D'n nem tu&ta te+/e)en me7)emmi)'teni a )*e-t(t, ) ami-$% e78e)te t=%t ta+(+t a .(%n(/a a+att, e* a%%a #i78e+me*tette, >$78 ne me%0)*-e&/en tC+)(7$4)an me))*i%e" A* a)*a)*in$- in-( )'ita, mint )*unnita 0%*e+me- v$+ta-, e*0%t me74%en&'tette =-et a :(timi&a Ka+i#(tu) ?))*e$m+()a" M!4en a* a)*a)*in #=>a&i)*(++()a .e%*)iai A+amCt<+ C/ -$%m(n8*<t -1+&?tt N$)*ai%i ta%t$m(n8a, a a)*%ai Ra)'&a&4D'n S*in(n )*em0+80en" E* a %en&-'v1+i -0.e))07 )e/-, a-it a #%an-$- a He78Ö%e70ne- neve*te-, na78$n tev0-en8 .$+iti-(t va+<)'t$tt me7" *ent Ama+%i-na-, 0))*?vet)07et -'n(+t NC% a&4D'n e++en" A*t i) me7em+'tette, >$78 eme%eive+ e781tt#$nt$+7at/a a -e%e)*t0n8)07 #e+v0te+0t" 6)e%0e a*t -0%te, >$78 t?%?+/0- e+ a* a&<t,ame+8et a t$%t$)*ai tem.+$m$)$- vetette- -i a* a)*a)*in$- n0>(n8 #a+v(%a" Nem tu&4ni, >itt4e va78 )em Ama+%i- a* a)*a)*in$- me7t0%0)0en, &e min&en-0..en ?%1+t -?4*e+e&0)1-ne-, 0) (t$%'tani a-a%ta =-et" S*in(n )e/- -?vetei a**a+ a* '70%ette+ t0%te-vi))*a a >e78e-e, >$78 >ama%$)an #%an- -1+&?tt)07 0%-e*i- >$**(/u-" Ami-$% a*a)*a)*in -?vete- T%i.$+i)* -?*e+0en /(%ta-, ;e)ni+4i 3a+te% tem.+$m$) +$va7, na784me)te%e e78et0%t0)0ve+, t=%e c)a+ta 0) me7?+te =-et" Ama+%i- e+)*?%n8e&t" P$+iti-(/(tt?n-%etett0-, a ec)1+et0n #$+t$t e/tette-, .u)*t(n me%t a %en& i%i78 v$+t, 0) nem a-a%ta#e+(+&$*ni ev0te+eine- e78 t?%e&0-0t" A -i%(+8 -0%te Saint4Aman&4i O&$ na78me)4te%t, a&/a -i a n?)t" O&$ e*t me7ta7a&ta, &e 3a+te% >a/+an&< v$+t a .(.a e+0 $c)(ta4ni, 't0+-e**en #e+ette" Ama+%i- tC+)(7$)an >a%a7u&$tt a>>$*, >$78 >a/+an&< +ett v$+naa %en& a+a.)*a(+8aiva+ 'e+=&ni" 6)a.ataiva+ S*i&<na )ietett, a>$+ a na78me)te% 0)a -(.ta+an ta%t<*-$&$tt, 0) e%=)*a--a+ e>at$+t >$**(/u-, e+#$7ta 3a+te%t, 0) T1%$)*4an ?%t?ne vetette" ;e7'70%te a* a)*a)*in$-na-, i7a*)(7$t )*$+7(+tat ne-i-, ) a)*e-ta e+#$7a&ta a -i%(+8 $c)(nat-0%0)0t" K?*en Ama+%i- a%%a 7$n&$+t, >$78 R<m(4t<+ -0%ni #$7/a a %en& #e+$)*+at()(t"M

A* " 0v a -e%e)*t0n8e- )*(m(%a /<+ -e*&=&?tt" A* a)*a)*in$- a%(t)(7$)an vi4)e+-e&te-" J<+ (++ta a* i&= .%<(/(t a i*(nci )*?vet)07 i)" II" 3i+m$), S*ic'+ia i#/C -i%(4+8a a tava)*%a ten7e%i )e7't)07et '70%t" NC% a&4D'n 0) S*a+a&in e++ent0te -e*&ett v(+)(47$))( v(+ni, S*a+a&in >ata+ma e78(+ta+(n nem v$+t )*i+(%& E78i.t$man, mive+ a )'itaneme))07 #$n&$%-$&$tt e++ene, 0) m07 a #%an-$--a+ i) -a.c)$+atan (++ta-" 54anS*a+a&in +e7i&=)e ?cc)0t, TC%(n)(>$t -1+&te S*u&(n me7><&'t()(%a, >$78 a c)a+(&4na- $tt +e78en mene&0-e, >a e-?vet-e*i- a +e7%$))*a" TC%(n)(> e+#$7+a+ta S*u4&(nt a 3(&i Ha+#a me++etti I%imi7, a>$+ me7?+te a -$.t .1).?-?t 0) n8(/(t" A -i#e/e4*0) )*< )*e%int 0%ten&=, me%t nemc)a- a >'ve-et m0)*(%$+ta +e, &e >0t)*(* &i)*na/(t i)"

643In a+4A)*'%, 9G49!5" ." 0) A moszui ata"égek, !5" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 995" ."V ;a-%'4

*', B+$c>et -ia&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G" -?t" 9!49" ." Na&*)m a&4D'n A//C .<+<t /(t)*$tt, +ee)ett0) e+e>a+t a a+e)eten"644T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, !45, !!94!!!" ."

9

A #iv0%0ne- a*$nan a*t /e+entette, >$78 a te%1+et nem a+-a+ma) a +ete+e.e&0)%e" S*a4+a&in e--$% D0+4A%(i(a -1+&te, ame+8 m(% /$an tet)*ett TC%(n)(>na-" ;e7><&'4t$tta a te%1+etet, 0) S*a+a&in nev0en a+-i%(+8-0nt i7a*7atta M4i7"M9

De nem v$+t )*1-)07 a%%a, >$78 NC% a&4D'n >a%a7/a e+=+ e+mene-1+/ene-" ta4va)*(n a* ata07 Dama)*-u)*a ment, >$78 -ite%ve+/e a* E78i.t$m e++eni >a&/(%at$t"E78i- %e77e+ -i+$va7$+t a%(taiva+, ) amint a -e%te-en (t17ette-, a* eme%i 0+et i4*$n8ta+an v$+t(%<+ e)*0+7ette-" Ki+enc na..a+ -0)=, m(/u) 940n a* ata07 me74>a+t t1)*=) man&u+a78u++a&()an" Na78 u%a+-$&< v$+t, 0) /< eme%, a-i min&ene- #e4+ett )*e%ette a* i7a*)(7$t" Ti*en-i+enc 0vve+ -$%(i na78 ete7)07e ut(n e%e/e me7478en71+t, 0) e78%e t? i&e/0t t?+t?tte -e78e) (/tat$))(7$--a+" 3a++()$))(7a, m07 >a-$%+(t$*ta i) e780 tev0-en8)070en, e+n8e%te min& a+attva+<i, min& e++en)07ei ti)*te4+et0t" K$m$+8 eme% v$+t, %it-(n m$)$+87$tt" E78)*e% 0+etet 0+t, a c)a+(&/(t i) e%%e)*$-tatta" J?ve&e+m0t /<t0-$n8 c0+$-%a #$%&'t$tta" L$n&$)an int0*te 7a*&a)(7i 178eit,) ?+c) -$%m(n8*()a me7)*i+(%&'t$tta -a%&&a+ )*e%*ett i%t$-ait" A**a+ i78e-e*ettme7#0-e*ni a t?%?- 0) a -u%& em'%e- n8u7ta+an)(7(t, >$78 +ete+e.'tette =-et, a i%t$-ut(n -at$n(- (++'t()(va+ a&<*ta-" T?%v0n8)*0-ei u78ana--$% )*$%$)an e++en=%i*t0- a*em'%e-et" E* a* en8>0 #$%m(/C #eu&a+i*mu) na78an >$**(/(%u+t S*'%ia C/a #e+vi4%(7*()(>$* a c)a-nem e78 0v)*(*a&$) n$m(& u%a+$m ut(n" NC% a&4D'n ma7a), )?t0t=% eme% v$+t, )*inte )*a-(++ta+an" S*a(+8$) a%cv$n()ain )*e+'&, (nat$) -i#e/e*0)1+t" E78et+en )*<%a-$*()a a .<+</(t0- v$+t"MM

NC% a&4D'n ?%?-?)e, a #ia, ;a+i- a)*4S*(+i> I)*m('+ ti*ene78 e)*ten&=) #iC v$+t, a-ive+e ta%t<*-$&$tt Dama)*-u)*an" In a+4;u-a&&am em'% a 78e%me- an8/(na- )e7't4)070ve+ me7)*e%e*te a %07en))07et" E-?*en NC% a&4D'n #=v(%$)a, A+e..< -$%m(n84*</a, L1m1)te-in -i-i(+tatta ma7(t %07en)ne-" A 78e%me- un$-ate)tv0%e, a m$)*u+iS*a/# a&4D'n i) eavat-$*$tt, e+#$7+a+ta Ni)*iint 0) a D*)a*'%(t e70)*en E&e))*(i7"S*a+a&in, mint NC% a&4D'n +e77a*&a7a ta%t$m(n8(na- -$%m(n8*</a, '%t Dama)*4-u)*a, 0) = i) ma7(na- -?vete+te a %07en))07et" Ám nem v$+t m07 -e++= >ata+ma -?4vete+0)e 0%v0n8e)'t0)0>e*"M A mu)*+im e78)07 ?))*e$m+()a $+8an +e>et=)07et -'n(+ta #%an-$-na-, ame+8et Ama+%i- a*$nna+ me7 i) %a7a&$tt" JCniu)an B(n/()*>$* v$4nu+t" A+4;u-a&&am Dama)*-u)*<+ e+0e ment, ) a*$nna+ #e+a/(n+$tta F va+<)*'n+e7Ama+%i- 0..en e*t a-a%ta F, >$78 na78$ ?))*e77e+ me7v(+t/a a >($%Ct, m07 a &a4ma)*-u)*i #%an- #$7+8$-at i) e+$c)(t/a, 0) )*?vet)07et i) '70%t a -?vet-e*= 0v%e S*a4+a&in e++en"MG Ama+%i- F a-i een a* i&=en -a.$tt v0%>a)t F e+#$7a&ta a* a/(n+at$t"A+('%ta- e78 e78e*)07et, ma/& a -i%(+8 Ti0%i()$n 0) N(+u)*$n (t vi))*a+$va7$+t Je4%u*)(+eme" Nem v$+t >a/+an&< a -0n8e+me)e >$%&)*0-en uta*ni" ;i%e >a*at0%t,na78ete7 v$+t" L?%?7 0) )*'% &$-t$%$-at >'vta- ete7(78(>$*" A -i%(+8 0%v(7()t 0)>a)>a/t<t -0%t" A* $%v$)$- e*t me7ta7a&t(-, me%t tC+ 78en7e v$+t" E*ut(n )a/(t #%an-$%v$)ai>$* #$%&u+t, a-i- nem v$+ta- i+8en a77(+8$)a-" 78 +(t)*$tt, c)a-u78an /<t tettne-i a -e*e+0), &e a -e&ve*= #$%&u+at c)a- e784-0t na.i7 ta%t$tt" " /C+iu) 40n,>a%mincn8$+c 0ve) -$%(an me7>a+t"M!

645In a+4A)*'%, 9!!", M4M5" .", 0) A moszui ata"égek, !5" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M94MM" ."646In a+4A)*'%, M4M9" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M9" ."647

In a+4A)*'%, MM4M!" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 99G49M" ."648T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, G, " ."V AC S(ma, M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M" ."649T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQ, 5, 4" ." A )*'% $%v$) va+<)*'n+e7 S*u+e/m(n in D(vC& v$+t"

95

Ha a t?%t0ne+em nem m(), mint -i>'v()$- 0) a %(/u- a&$tt v(+a)*$- )$%$*ata, a-4-$% Zan7', NC% a&4D'n 0) S*a+a&in a+att a mu)*+im e78)07 e%=)?&0)e v$+t a* e+-e%1+4>etet+en %ea-ci< a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a" Ám a )$%) )*e)*0+8e -i)*(m't>atat+an" e+e/0n C78 +(t)*$tt, m(% +etn=en van S*a+a&in c)i++a7a" NC% a&4D'n 0) Ama+%i-v(%at+an >a+(+a me7mentette S*a+a&int, 0) me7n8it$tta e+=tte a &ia&a+$- Ct/(t" A -e+e4ti #%an-$- )*(m(%a Ama+%i- >a+(+a, a&$tt .i++anatan, a c)a+(&/(t -$%(an )C/t< c)a4.()$--a+ e781tt, a -i%(+8)(7 v070t /e+e*t0-" Ama+%i- v$+t a* ut$+)< /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8,a-i m0+t< v$+t t%<n/(%a" )em v$+t >i(t+an" MG4an ma7(va+ %a7a&ta neme)ei +e+-e4)e&0)e, M!4en .e&i7 a* u%a- t0t$v(*()a" TC+)(7$)an )*'ve)en #$7a&$tt e+ .0n*e+ia/(n&0-$-at F me%t a -$%m(n8na- )*1-)07e v$+t %( F, a>e+8ett, >$78 me))*ete-int=.$+iti-(t va+<)'t$tt v$+na me7, &e >at(%ta+an ene%7i(va+ 0) v(++a+-$*< -e&vve+ u%a+-$4&$tt" ;e7mutatta, >$78 )em a+attva+<i, )em a +$va7%en&e- nem )*(++>atna- ve+e)*eme 1ntet+en1+" Ha t$v( 0+, ta+(n Ct/(t (++ta v$+na a* i)*+(m e+-e%1+>etet+en &i4a&a+menet0ne-"

9



H. kö!"#

AZ ISZLÁM IAALA

99

1. %e&e'et

MB-'+2/ e("-,(

+A '<l:sek tisztességet <r<k<lnek2 a '#l#nd#k pedig gyalázat#t aratnak. /9élda'eszédek 2%3

S*a+a&in, a-i a77<&va #i78e+te Kai%<an a #e/+em0n8e-et, Ama+%i- >a+(+(t i)teni-e78 /e+0ne- te-intette" A )'it(- int%i-(i &?nt= #$%&u+at$t vette-, ami-$% (.%i+i)an

S*a+a&in tu&$m()(%a /ut$tt, >$78 a* 0+et0%e t?%ne-" S*a+a&in +ec)a.$tt a* ?))*ee)-14v=-%e, a ve*et=-et -e%e)*t%e #e)*'ttette, &e aan nem +e>etett i*t$), >$78 m()$-nem (++na-4e -0)*en C/a ?))*ee)-1v0)%e, #=-0nt, >a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 a )e7't)071-4%e /?nne" I&=-?*en .e&i7 NC% a&4D'n i%$&a+ma ta+(n ?%?-%e m()$- -e*0%e -e%1+4>et"M9 Ama+%i- >a+(+(va+ me7)*nt e78 )*(%a*#?+&i t(ma&() ve)*0+8e" I7a*, a n8'+tten7e%en $tt v$+t a )*ic'+iai #+$tta, >i)*en II" 3i+m$) -i%(+8 nem tu&$tt m07 )em a* ?)*4)*ee)-1v0) +e+e.+e*0)0%=+, )em Ama+%i- >a+(+(%<+" " /C+iu) 940n a )*ic'+iaia-, a-i-4ne- eme%eit, (++atait, ut(n.<t+()(t G >a/< )*(++'t$tta Tan-%0&, ecce 7%<#/a i%(n8't(4)a a+att, >i%te+en me7/e+ente- A+ean&%ia e+=tt" 6)a->$78 nem -a.t(- me7 a*t a t(4m$7at()t, ame+8%e )*(m't$tta-" A c)()*(%t<+ -e*&ett=+ #$7va nem v$+ta- >a/+an&<-)emmit )em e+#$7a&ni, me%t 3i+m$) ?))*eve)*ett ;anu0++e+, a-i e+= #e+a/(n+$tta 3i+4m$)na- ;(%ia +e(n8a -e*0t, ma/& vi))*av$nta a* a/(n+at$t" 3i+m$) -1+?nen i) me7a-a%ta mutatni, >$78 t?%e vi)*i, mint M!4en a i*(ncia-" ;ive+ a )*ic'+iaia-na-nem )i-e%1+t me7+e.et0))*e%en e+#$7+a+niu- a v(%$)t, 0) tu&$m()t )*e%e*te- a%%<+,>$78 -?*e+'tett S*a+a&in )e%e7e, au7u)*tu) 4/0n e+>a/<*ta-" S*a+a&in e+=tt )*aa& v$+ta* Ct S*'%i(a"M9

A &ama)*-u)*i -$%m(n8*<, In a+4;u-a&&am me7i/e&t, 0) a #%an-$->$* #$%&u+t)e7't)070%t" :0+e+me c)a- n?ve-e&ett, ami-$% a* i#/C a)*4S*(+i> an8/(va+ e781tt A+e.4.<a mene-1+t, L1m1)te-in na78$ i*t$n)(7$t n8C/t< $+ta+ma a+(" In a+4;u-a&4&am e*ut(n a m$)*u+i S*a/# a&4D'nt=+ -0%t )e%e7et, &e anna- e+=%eva+< v$+t, >$78 a&*)a*'%ae+i ><&'t()ait me7)*i+(%&'t)a" Dama)*-u)* n0.e e--$% a*t -?vete+te a -$%4m(n8*<t<+, >$78 >'v/(- e S*a+a&int" S*a+a&in >0t)*(* v(+$7at$tt +$va))a+ a*$nna+Ct%a -e+t, 0) (tv(7tat$tt T%an)*/$%&(ni(n, a>$+ a #%an-$- me7 )em -')0%e+t0- #e+ta%t<*4tatni" N$veme% M4(n 0%-e*ett Dama)*-u)*a" Na78 ?%?mme+ #$7a&t(-" A* 0/)*a-(tat8/a %07i >(*(an t?+t?tte" Re77e+ In a+4;u-a&&am me7n8it$tta e+=tte a #e++e7v(%-a.uit" S*a+a&in a)*4S*(+i> nev0en T$7te-in nev te)tv0%0%e '*ta a -$%m(n8*()t,

650

In a+4A)*'%, M" ."651AC S(ma Im(& a&4D'n i&0*i, M4M9" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, MM4M" ." )*e.teme% 40%e te4)*i a )*ic'+iaia- 0%-e*0)0tV T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 5, " ."

9M

a*ut(n, >$78 a* a)*4S*(+i> -inc)t(%(<+ )*(%ma*< na78v$na+C a/(n&0-$--a+ a &a4ma)*-u)*ia-at e+v?+te, 0) 0)*a-%a in&u+t, L1m1)te-in e++en"M9

Ama+%i- -i%(+8 >a+(+a me70n't$tta a #%an-$-at, nem v$+t e%e/1- a eavat-$*()%a"A -i%(+8i c)a+(& e78et+en >e%ce7e a ti*en>(%$m 0ve), +e.%() Ba+&uin v$+t" A* e78 0v4ve+ i&=)e S*ii++a >e%ce7n= m07 >a/a&$n v$+t" Ba+&uin m$)t$>aan8/a, K$mn0n0;(%ia c)a- +e(n8$-at )*1+t, a* e78i- me7>a+t, a m()i-, I*ae++a, e--$% -0te)*ten&=)v$+t" A (%<- >a$*() n0+-1+ e+#$7a&t(- Ba+&uint -i%(+8u-na-, a-it a./a >a+(+a ut(nn078 na..a+ a .(t%i(%-a me7 i) -$%$n(*$tt" Nem neve*te- -i %07en)t" P+anc84i ;i+e))0n0c>a+, a v$+t -i%(+8 +e7-?*e+ei a%(t/a, a-i a #e+e)07e %0v0n a J$%&(n$n tC+i na78i%t$- u%a v$+t, t$v( -$%m(n8*$tt" ;i+e) a*$nan nem v$+t n0.)*e%, -1+?n?)en a>e+8e+i )*1+et0) a%i)*t$-%at(- nem -e&ve+t0-" - T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& 7%<#$t t(m$47att(-, 0) %( a-a%t(- '*ni a %07en))07et" A* C/ -i%(+8 +e(n8te)tv0%ein -'v1+ Ra/mun&v$+t a -i%(+8i c)a+(& +e7-?*e+ei %$-$na" An8/a, Je%u*)(+emi H$&ie%na Ama+%i- -i4%(+8 na78n0n/e v$+t" Ha(% Anti<->iai B$emun& H$&ie%na +e7i&=)e +e(n8(na-,A+i*na- v$+t a #ia, =t m(% e78 nem*e&0- v(+a)*t$tta e+ a -$%$n(t<+, 0) a -i%(+8)(7t<+me))*e 0+t" Ra/mun& vi)*$nt a -?*e+mC+tan vette e+ a -i%(+8)(7 m()$&i- +e77a*&a47a ?%?-?)n=/0t, Bu%e)*i E)c>iv(t, La+i+ea >e%ce7n=/0t, Saint4Ome%4i 3a+te% ?*ve4780t" Ra/mun& t(m$7ata&)e%e7.a%anc)n$-, a* Ie+inc)a+(& 0) )*i&<ni Ra/na+& a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 e+0 a-a%t(- vinni Ra/mun& /$7aina- a-0%&0)0t" ;i+e) >C*ta4>a+a)*t$tta a &$+7$t, ame&&i7 c)a- tu&ta, &e v071+ -0n8te+env$+t en7e&ni" K0)= =))*e+ Ra/mun&$t ei-tatt(- a %07en)i m0+t<)(7a" N0>(n8 >0tte+-0)= ;i+e)4t, a-i i7enc)a- %$))* n0ven vette, >$78 e+t(v$+'t$tt(- a >ata+$m<+, e78)?t0t 0//e+ A--$n utc(in me778i+-$+t(-"M95

Ra/mun& e--$% >a%mincn078 0ve) v$+t, ma7a), v0-$n8, )?t0t >a/C, )?t0t =% #0%#i"A%c(t >ata+ma) $%%a u%a+ta, %i&e7 te%m0)*et, >i&e7v0% 0) )*-ma%-C v$+t" Semmi)em v$+t me7 enne a* e+)= -e%e)*te) +$va7$- e+%a7a&tat$tt +e+-e)e&0)0=+" Ra)(7a>$))*C 0vei a+att )$-at $+va)$tt, me7tanu+t a%au+, 0) me7i)me%te a mu)*+im$- )*$-(4)ait" A #%an- (++am$- .%$+0m(it a >e+8e+ie- )*em.$nt/(<+ n0*te" J$an 0%&e-e+te,>$78 e*e- a* (++am$- #ennma%a&/ana-, mint a*, >$78 a t(ma&< -e%e)*t0n8)07 0+c)a4.at(na- )*e%e.0t v(++a+/(-" Ra/mun& 178e) eme% v$+t, 0+ve*te a%(tai t(m$7at()(t,&e c)a- %07en) v$+t, 0) v$+ta- e++en)07ei"M9

R07en)i m-?&0)e me7in&'t$tta a -i%(+8)(7 (t%0te7*=&0)0t" ;(% -$%(an i) +0te*4te- .(%t$-, -1+?n?)en ;e+i)en&a -i%(+8n0 i&e/0en, e*e- a*$nan nem v$+ta- >$))*C0+ete-" A -$%$na min&i7 me7ta%t$tta a* e++en=%*0)t a .(%t$- #e+ett" ;$)t -0t, e784m()t<+ /<+ me7-1+?n?*tet>et= .(%t a+a-u+t -i" A* e78i->e* a >e+8i (%<- 0) a /$>an4nit(- ta%t$*ta- Ra/mun& 7%<# ve*et0)e a+att" A%%a t?%e-e&te-, >$78 /< -a.c)$+at$-ata+a-'t)ana- -i a )*$m)*0&$) (++am$--a+, 0) ne $c)(t-$**ana- -$c-(*at$) -a+an&$-4a" A m()i- .(%t$t a n8u7at%<+ C/$nnan 0%-e*ette- 0) a tem.+$m$)$- a+-$tt(-2 e* t(4ma&<, >a%c$), -e%e)*t0n8 .(%t v$+t 0) 94en ta+(+t m0+t< ve*et=%e, ami-$% 6>ti+4+$n Ra/na+&$t a mu)*+im$- -ien7e&t0- a #$7)(7<+, a 7%<#)(7 n0+-1+i 7%<##a+,E&e))*ai J$)ce+inna+ e781tt, a-it )$%)a -a+an&$%%( tett"M99 A )*em0+8e) e++en)07e)-e&04)e- m07 a .$+iti-aia-n(+ i) e%=)ee- v$+ta-" E--$%%a a neme)e- )*inte min& %$-$n4

652Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4MM" ."V ;a-%'*', B+$c>et, -ia&", $e%ue de '5ri2ent Latin, G" -?t" 9" ."

653

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 54, F!" ."654T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 9, F" ."655Ra/na+& 0) J$)ce+in )*aa&u+()(%<+ +()& e m II" -?t" !4" ."

9

)(7an (++ta- e78m())a+, 0) a c)a+(&i vi)*(+8$- min&i7 a +e7-e)e%e-" Ama+%i- -i4%(+8 -0t #e+e)07e 78+?+te e78m()t" 6$u%tena8 Á7ne), J$)ce+in 7%<# n=v0%e, a v(+() <tam(% -0t)*e% ment #0%/>e*" ;()$&i- #0%/e, Ie+ini Hu7< n0>(n8 0vi >(*a))(7 ut(n me74>a+t, a -?vet-e*= #0%/, S*i&<ni Ra/na+& ?%?mme+ #e&e*te #e+, >$78 Ama+%i->$* >a)$n4+<an = i) tC+ -?*e+i %$-$na v$+t Á7ne)ne-, 0) #e+$ntatta a >(*a))(7$t"M9M ;ive+ Á7ne)0) te)tv0%e a tem.+$m$)$- $+&a+(n (++t, Ra/na+& a m()i- .(%t>$* c)at+a-$*$tt" K$mn04n0 ;(%ia -i%(+8n0 >ama%$)an C/%a #0%/>e* ment Ie+ini Hu7< te)tv0%0>e*, Ba+ian>$*,0) ma7(va+ vitte a >(*a))(7a ?*ve78i /u))(t, N(+u)*t" E* a >(*a))(7 $+&$7 v$+t, 0)a* ?*ve78 -i%(+8n0 #$nt$) )*e%e.et /(t)*$tt #0%/e .(%t/(an"M9 6>ti++$n Ra/na+& )*aa4&u+()a ut(n .(% ><na..a+ e+vette P+anc84i ;i+e) ?*ve780t, Ste#(ni(t, a J$%&(n$n tC+ite%1+ete- ?%?-?)n=/0t, a-i Ra/mun& 7%<#$t #0%/e 78i+-$)(nate-intette"M9G Ra/mun&na-a tem.+$m$)$--a+ #$+8tat$tt >$))*C vit(/a )*em0+8e) .%$+0m(--a+ -e*&=&?tt" Ri&4#$%t4i L0%a%&, e78 #+aman& +$va7 54an 0%-e*ett T%i.$+i)*a, 0) e(++t a 7%<# )*$+47(+at(a, a-i ne-i '70%te a* e+)= a+-a+ma) ?%?-?)n= -e*0t" De ami-$% .(% ><na. mC+4va me7>a+t B$t%un u%a, i%t$-(t ucia nev +(n8(%a >a78va, Ra/mun& me7#e+e&-e4*ett a L0%a%&4na- tett '70%et0%=+, 0) a +(n8t e78 P+ivan$ nev 7a*&a7 .i)ai>$* a&ta,a-i nem tC+ +$va7ia) 7e)*tu))a+ m0%+e7%e (++'t$tta a +(n8t, 0) a )C+8(na- me7#e+e+=a%an8at a&$tt 0%te a 7%<#na-" A c)a+<&$tt 0) )0%t=&?tt L0%a%& e+0.ett a tem.+$m$)%en&e, ame+8ne- %?vi&e)en i7en e#$+8()$) ta7/a 0) '%(/a +ett" Ra/mun&na- )$>a)em $c)(t$tt me7"M9!

A* i#/C -i%(+8 -$%(t me7>a*u&t$+< 0%ett)077e+ +(tta (t a -?%1+?tte #$+8< int%i-(-at,0) me7.%<(+t e78en)C+8t ta%tani a .(%t$- -?*?tt" Ra/mun& >(%$m 0ven (t a %07en)ema%a&t, &e a %$-$ni )*(+a- in-( a 6$u%tena8 c)a+(& #e+0 v$n*$tt(- a -i%(+8t" M4an J$)ce+in na78(t8/(t tette me7 )0n0c>a+/(na- 0) an8/a, Á7ne) C%n= i) vi))*at0%>e4tett a* u&va%>$*" Á7ne) na78$n )*e%enc)0t+en >at())a+ v$+t -?%n8e*et0%e" E%-?+c)te4+en 0) -a.*)i a))*$n8 v$+t, #0%#i 0) .0n* )$>a nem v$+t ne-i e+07" Anna- i&e/0n nem>a78t(-, >$78 = neve+/e 78e%me-eit" Ba+&uint T1%$)*i 3i+m$)%a '*t(-, S*ii++(t .e4&i7, a na784na78n0n/0%e, J$veta >e%ce7n=%e, a et(niai -$+$)t$% a.(tn=/0%e" Ett=+-e*&ve a*$nan Á7ne) eavat-$*$tt 78e%me-ei 0+et0e" Ba+&uin +e7/$ me778=*=4&0)e e++en0%e i) >a++7at$tt %(, S*ii++a .e&i7 te+/e)en a e#$+8()a a+( -e%1+t"MM

Ra/mun& e+)= %07en)i #e+a&ata S*a+a&in n?ve-v= >ata+m(na- a me7#0-e*0)e v$+t"A #%an-$- nem tu&t(- me7a-a&(+8$*ni Dama)*-u)* 0) Kai%< e78e)1+0)0t, &e A+e..<m07 -1+?n (++t" Amint e%=)'t0)t -a.$tt E78i.t$m<+, S*a+a&in e+in&u+t Dama)*-u)*4<+ A+e..<a" " &eceme% !40n ev$nu+t Hum)*a 0) c)a.at$-at >a78$tt $tt,>$78 $)t%$m$+/(- a m07 e++en(++< v(%at" Ham(n -e%e)*t1+ A+e..< #e+0 ta%t$tt" Ami-$%

656Ie+ini Hu7<, a-i M4en Ama+%i- me7'*$tt/a v$+t Kai%<an, M! t(/(n >a+t me7" Á7ne), mi4e+=tt Ama+%i->$* #e+e)071+ ment v$+na, Hu7< /e78e)e v$+t T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QIQ, , G!" ."" 3i+m$) e4)*(m$+ S*i&<ni Ra/na+& v(+()(%<+ i)" Ra/na+& a./a mutat$tt %( a* Á7ne))e+ va+< %$-$n)(7%a" E* a %$-$n4)(7 -0t)07 -'v1+ Á7ne) an8/(n -e%e)*t1+ (++t #enn, a-i S*a>/Cni 3i+m$) ?*ve78e, Beat%i v$+t, &e a-ine-+e(n8-$%i c)a+(&nev0t nem i)me%/1-"

657T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, G, 59" ."V E%n$u+, " ."658E%n$u+, 545" ."659E%n$u+, " ."V E)t$i%e &dE%ac+e), 949" ." Pi+van$ i*(nci a%an8at #i*etett a men8a))*$4

n8(0%t" Ha e .0n*e- te+/e) a%an8ta%ta+mCa- v$+ta-, a )C+8u- -" M5 -7 +e>etett"660 J$)ce+in 4t=+ i*$n8't$ttan )0n0c>a+ R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, " ."" ;in&i7 WJ$)ce+in 7%<#X4na-

>'v/(-" A* $-+eve+e-en Á7ne) .e&i7 7%<#n0-0nt )*e%e.e+, me%t Ama+%i- #e+e)07e-0nt Ja##a 0) A)*-a4+$n 7%<#n0/a v$+t" S$>a)em v$+t -i%(+8n0, 0) nem i) neve*t0- '78" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, , M" .", S*i4i++a neve+tet0)0%=+ 0), e m II" -?t" 9G" .", Ba+&uin neve+tet0)0%=+"

9G

me7, mi-$% a* O%$nt0)*en -e+te- (t Ham( -?%n80-0n" T'* na..a+ -0)= S*a/# a&4D'n +ec)a.$tt S*a+a&in )e%e70%e, mia+att a -at$n(- +$vai-at itatt(-" S*a/# a&4D'n enne-e++en0%e >a$*$tt me7in&'tani a t(ma&()t" Ami-$% m()na. %e77e+ ?))*e78/t?tte )e4%e70t, >$78 A+e..<t<+ minte78 >C)* m0%#?+&%e a S*u+t(n4>e78en me7t(ma&/a S*a+a4&in t($%(t, m(% -0)= v$+t" A* e+)= t(ma&() c)a-nem )i-e%1+t, &e S*a+a&in ta%ta+0-a0+0n e++ent(ma&()a ment (t, 0) (tt?%te a* e++en)07 v$na+(t" E)t0%e S*a+a&in v$+t a c)a4tame*= u%a" A* e+mene-1+t S*a/# a&4D'n t($%(an ta+(+t -inc)e-et a%%a >a)*n(+ta,>$78 me7/uta+ma**a eme%eit" :$7+8aiva+ /<+ (nt, ) >ama%$)an >a*a i) -1+&te =-et"Neme)+e+-)07e, =-e*)07e na78)*e% en8$m()t -e+tett"MM

A+e..< m07 min&i7 nem v$+t >a/+an&< me7n8itni -a.uit S*a+a&in e+=tt, e*0%t S*a4+a&in e+#$7+a+ta a* A+e..< 0) a* Eu#%(te)* -?*?tti e%=&?-et, Bi*a(t 0) ;ani&*)et,ma/& $)t%$m a+( vette A*a*t, a* 0)*a-%a ve*et= Ct$n #e-v= na78 v(%at" Itt i)m0t c)a-4nem me7?+te e78 a)*a)*in, a-i e+$.a-$&$tt a .i>en= S*a+a&in )(t%(a" S*a+a&in 0+e4t0t a tu%(n/a a+att vi)e+t, +(nc)*eme-=+ -0)*1+t )a.-a mentette me7" A*a* /Cniu) 40n a&ta me7 ma7(t" JCniu) 40n S*a+a&in i)m0t me7/e+ent A+e..< a+att" ;$)t a*$n4an >a/+an&< v$+t e78e*-e&ni" A)*4S*(+i> 0) Hi)*n Ka/#ai 0) ;a%&ini =t t(m$7at< $%4t$-i&a #e/e&e+mei e+ee78e*te- aa, >$78 (ten7e&/0- S*a+a&inna- a* ?))*e) (+ta+ame7><&'t$tt te%1+etet, 0) min& 1nne.0+8e)en me7e)-1&te-, >$78 me7ta%t/(- a 0-0t"Ami-$% /C+iu) !40n a+('%t(- a* e78e*m0n8t, a)*4S*(+i> -i) >C7a me7+(t$7atta S*a+a4&in t($%(t" S*a+a&in -e&ve)en me7-0%&e*te t=+e, >$78 mit -0% a/(n&0-a, ) a -i)+(n8a*t #e+e+te2 WA*a* v(%(tX" S*a+a&in e--$% vi))*aa&ta a -i)+(n8 (t8/(na- a v(%at"MM9

Ha(% S*a+a&in A+e..<t m07 min&i7 nem ><&'t$tta me7, me7#0+em+'tette a)*4S*(4+i>$t 0) %$-$n)(7(t" Ett=+ -e*&ve S*a+a&in a* a)*a)*in$-%a 0) a #%an-$-%a ?))*.$nt$4)'t$tta #i78e+m0t" A N$)*ai%i4>e78)07en me7$)t%$m$+ta ;a)*/(#$t, a* a)*a)*in$- #=e%=))070t" S*in(n )e/- nem ta%t<*-$&$tt $tt" Ami-$% >a*a#e+0 ta%t$tt, S*a+a&in -at$n(ie+ i) #$7>att(- v$+na, >a va+ami+8en tit$-*at$) e%= vi))*a nem ta%t$tta v$+na =-et" A*e70)* 178en )$- v$+t a %e/t0+8" S*a+a&int %ettenete) (+m$- 78?t?%t0-" E78i- 0//e+ a%%a0%e&t, >$78 #$%%< )1tem0n8 van a* (78(an, a<+ a #a/t(<+, ame+8et c)a-i) a* a)*a4)*in$- )1t?tte-, a t0)*ta me++ett m0%7e*ett t=% v$+t, 0) e78 .a.'%, ve%)e )*e&ett #en8e47et0)e--e+" S*a+a&in a*t >itte, ma7a a He78e- Ö%e7e /(%t a )(t%(an" I&e7ei #e+m$n&4t(- a )*$+7(+at$t" *ent S*in(nna-, -0%te nei $c)(nat(t, 0) a )*aa& e+v$nu+()ti*t$)'t< en7e&0+80%t c)e%0e me7'70%te, >$78 )$>a t?0 nem *ava%/a a* a)*a)*in$4-at" A* Ö%e7 me7$c)(t$tt ne-i, 0) e i) ta%t$tt(- a me7(++a.$&()t"MMM

A #%an-$--a+ nem +e>etett >a)$n+< me7(++a.$&()t -?tni" 94en -?t?tte- e78#e78ve%)*1netet, ami-$% S*a+a&in F >$78 )*aa& -e*et -a./$n S*a/# a&4D'nne+ )*em4en F )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta -e%e)*t0n8 #$7+8ait"MM E78 0vve+ -0)= a*$nan a #%an4-$- #e+%C7t(- a #e78ve%)*1netet" ;ia+att S*a+a&in A+e..<t $)t%$m$+ta, T%i.$+i)*i Ra/4mun& a Bu-aia i%(n8(<+ me7)*(++ta a Be-aa v?+780t, mi-?*en a -i%(+8i )e%e7 T$%$4

664Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M94MM" ." Ba>( a&4D'n )*e%int a c)ata a Te++ a)*4S*u+tann(+ 0) Ham( S*a%vain(+ *a/+$tt +e"

665Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 49" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", M4" ."V In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*V Ka4m(+ a&4D'n )*e%int A+e..<an a -?*v0+em0n8 a )*e%*=&0) e++en v$+t, 0) e%=)en t(m$7atta a)*4S*(+i>$t"

666Au :i%()*, Lu8a%& -ia&", 6ourna Asiati4ue, " )$%$*at, !" -?t" G", a%a )*?ve7, 9949!" ."V Ina+4A)*'%, i* h* -?*?+ e78 #en8e7et= +eve+et, ame+8et S*in(n -1+&?tt S*a+a&in an8ai na78(t8/(na-, Si4

>( a&4D'nne-"667T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, G, 4!" ." T$%$ni On#%$i, a #e78ve%)*1net0%t #e+e+=) )*em0+8 )*em0%eveti, >$78 nem 78a-$%$+t na78$ n8$m()t S*a+a&in%a, ami-$% a* a/an v$+t"

M

ni On#%$i 0) a ti*en?t 0ve) -i%(+8 ve*et0)e a+att &0+%=+ n8$mu+t e+=%e" 78 tni-, Ra/4mun& -i)e ve%e)07et )*enve&ett In a+4;u-a&&amt<+, a-i e--$% Baa+e- -$%m(n84*</a v$+t, &e a -e%e)*t0n8e- ?))*e#$7ta-, 0) na78 78=*e+met a%atta- S*a+a&in te)tv0%e,TC%(n)(> 0) a &ama)*-u)*i mi+'cia #e+ett" A -e%e)*t0n8e- a*$nna+ vi))*av$nu+ta-,amint S*a+a&in -?*e+e&ett 0)*a- #e+=+" S*a+a&in nem vette 1+&?*=e =-et" A+i7 v(%ta,>$78 vi))*at0%>e))en E78i.t$ma" TC%(n)(>$t e%=) )e%e77e+ S*'%i(an >a78ta, )ietve(tv(7$tt a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+eten, 0) )*e.teme% v070n Kai%<a 0%-e*ett"MMG

E78 e)*ten&ei7 nem v$+ta- c)at(%$*()$-, ) enne- min& a -0t #0+ na78$n ?%1+t" ;i4a+att S*a+a&in C//()*e%ve*te E78i.t$m$t, 0) C//(0.'tette 0) me7e%=)'tette Kai%<t, a /e%u4*)(+emi -$%m(n8na- /e+ent=) e+)= .%$+0m(va+ -e++ett )*emen0*nie" 4en Ba+4&uin na78-$%C +ett, ti*en>at e)*ten&=), 0) me7)*nt Ra/mun& %07en))07e" A -i%(+8+e.%(/a a*$nan )C+8$)$&$tt, 0) e+=%e +(t>at< v$+t -?*e+i >a+(+a" A* ?%?-+0) i*t$)'t(4)a 0%&e-0en S*ii++a >e%ce7n=t #0%/>e* -e++ett a&ni" 94en, va+<)*'n+e7 3II" a/$)#%ancia -i%(+8 /ava)+at(%a, Ba+&uin me7>'vta a m$nt#e%%ati =%7%<# +e7i&=)e #i(t,H$))*C-a%&C 3i+m$)t, >$78 /?//?n Pa+e)*tin(a, 0) ve78e #e+e)071+ S*ii++(t" 3i+m$)

/< v(+a)*t() v$+t" Kitn=e- v$+ta- a* ?))*e-?ttet0)ei" A./a É)*a-4It(+ia e78i- +e77a*4&a7a na78u%a v$+t" 3i+m$) un$-ate)tv0%e v$+t Ba%a%$))a :%i78e) c)()*(%na- 0)a/$) #%ancia -i%(+8na-" B(% nem v$+t 0.. i#/C eme%, &e -e++=en +$va7ia) 0) /< me7/e4+en0) v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e+n8e%/e a vi&(m >e%ce7n= tet)*0)0t" M $-t<e%0en )*(++t.a%t%a S*i&<nan" N0>(n8 na..a+ -0)= #e+e)071+ vette S*ii++(t, ) mint a t%<n e+i)4me%t ?%?-?)e, me7-a.ta A)*-a+$n 0) Ja##a 7%<#)(7(t" A* e%e/0%e 0) /< -a.c)$+atai%aa+a.$*$tt %em0n8e- a*$nan >i(ava+<a- v$+ta-" e+e/0n ma+(%i(t -a.$tt" Bete74)07e n0>(n8 ><na.i7 e+ta%t$tt, 0) /Cniu)an me7>a+t" A n8(% v070n ?*ve78e #iCt)*1+t, me7v$+t te>(t a -i%(+8)(7 ?%?-?)e, &e i)m0t %07en)%e v$+t )*1-)07" A -i%(+8 -1+4&?ttei m07 e78)*e% v07i7-utatt(- Eu%<.(t, >$78 a >e%ce7n= )*(m(%a me7#e+e+= m(4)$&i- #0%/et ta+(+/ana-"MM!

A -?vete- #e+a&atai -?*0 ta%t$*$tt a* i), >$78 )*?vet)07e)e-et )*e%e**ene- S*a+a4&in e++en, me%t i*$n8$) v$+t, >$78 a c)en& nem ta%t )$-(i7" De a n8u7ati u%a+-$&<4-at na78$n +e-?t?tt0- )a/(t 178ei-, 0) K$n)tantin(.$+8 )em tu&$tt ann8i )e7't)07eta&ni, mint -$%(an" M a i*(nci t?%t0ne+emen a #$%&u+at 0ve v$+t" II" Ki+i&*)A%)*+(n )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n e78%e t1%e+met+ene +ett a c)()*(%%a+ )*emen" ;'7 NC%a&4D'n 0+t, #0-en ta%t$tta a )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(nt" 54an NC% a&4D'n #e++0.ett Anat<+i4(an 0) me7a-a&(+8$*ta, >$78 a )*e+&*)u-$- #?+&e-et #$7+a+/ana- e+ a &ani)men&i-4t=+" NC% a&4D'n ve*0%e, A& a+4;a))*'>, a-i e78-$% NC% a&4D'n #iv04%0ne-, a m$)*u+iKut a&4D'nne- v$+t a mini)*te%e, vi))*aa&ta Kai)*a%eia ;a*a->(t a &ani)men&D*C+ NCnna-, ) na78 >e+8=%)07 0+0n S*iva)*an ma%a&t" S(>in)(>$t, Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n#iv0%0t me70%=)'tett0- An-a%a i%t$-(an, ame+8e n0>(n8 0vve+ -$%(an ma7a ac)()*(% i-tatta e" NC% a&4D'n >a+(+a #e+$+&$tta Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n 7(t+()ait, v070%eA& a+4;a))*'> i)m0t ;$)*u+an v$+t, D*C+ NCn 0) S(>in)(> )*(m*et0)en 0+tK$n)tantin(.$+8an, #?+&/ei- .e&i7 Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n -e*0%e -e%1+te-" A )*u+t(n e--$%Bi*(nc e++en #$%&u+t" M n8a%(n ;anu0+ e+>at(%$*ta, e78)*e% ) min&en-$%%a +e)*(4m$+ a t?%?-?--e+" A* e+=*= n8(%$n e+0%t -i)e )i-e%ei #e+(t$%'t$tt(-, >$78 '%/$n a.(.(na-, 0) e/e+ent)e, me70%ett a* i&= a* C/a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a" E+>at(%$*ta,

668T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, , F5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M" ."669

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 5, 94M" ."V 3i+m$) an8/a K$n%(& -i%(+8na- 0) Ba%a%$))a :%i78e) c)(4)*(% a./(na- a #0+te)tv0%e v$+t" A./a 0) a/$) -i%(+8 an8/a, ;au%ienne4i A&e+ai&e Bu%7un&iai Li*e++a-1+?n?*= >(*a))(7<+ )*(%ma*< 78e%me-ei v$+ta-"

M

>$78 e78)*e% ) min&en-$%%a i*t$n)(7$))( te)*i a* Anat<+i(n (t ve*et= uta-at" A c)(4)*(% un$-ate)tv0%e, An&%$ni-$)* 3atat*e)* .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+att e78 )e%e7 Pa.>+a47<ni(n (t e+in&u+t, >$78 vi))*a)*e%e**e D*C+ NCn i%t$-ait" ;anu0+ a #=)e%e7 0+0%e(++t, ame+8et min&en +e>et)07e) m<&$n #e+&u**a)*t$tt, 0) e+in&u+t K$n8a, a )*u+t(n#=v(%$)a e++en" Ami-$% Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n a >a&/(%at >'%0t vette, 0-0t -0%t" Ám ;anu0+t?0 nem '*$tt a )*av(an"

S*e.teme% e+e/0n a .a.>+a7<niai >a&/(%at N'-)*(% #a+ai a+att )*e%enc)0t+en v07et0%t" 3atat*e)* #e/0t t%<#ea-0nt -1+&t0- e+ a )*u+t(nna-" N0>(n8 na. mC+va ;anu0+ )e4%e7e -i/ut$tt a ;ean&e% v?+780=+, e+>a+a&t a S*u+ai$nn(+ n0>(n8 0vve+ -$%(aneme+t e%=& me++ett, me7-e%1+te a* E7%i&i%4t< 0)*a-i c)1c)-0t, e+0%t a &$m$-i7, ame4+8e- a S*u+t(n4>e78 na78 >e78+(nc(>$* ve*ette-" Ha+a&()(t +a))'t$tt(- a* $)t%$m704.e-et 0) a* 0+e+met )*(++'t< )*e-e%e-, a #?+&e-et .e&i7, ame+8e-en (t -e++ett v$nu+ni4u-, a t?%?-?- e+.u)*t't$tt(-" A* Ct )*$%$)$n ve*etett (t, ame+8et a 7?%?7?- T*i%it*04ne- >'vta-, ) ame+8ne- t(v$+i v070en $tt (++t ;1%i$-e.>a+$n %$m$) v(%a" Ott 781+e4-e*ett /<+ +(t>at< >e+8en, e78 -$.(% &$mtet=n a t?%?- )e%e7" ;anu0+t ta.a)*ta+tat($%n$-ai <vt(- att<+, >$78 ma7(t ne>e*en v$n)*$+< )e%e70ve+ (t-e+/en a )*$%$)$n,0) a* e++en)07 -a%/aia ve))e ma7(t, (m a #iata+a neme)e- '*ta- (t$%)(7u-an 0)&ic)=)07%e )*$m/a*ta-" R(vett0- a c)()*(%t, >$78 men/en c)a- t$v(" A )*u+t(n min4&en )*?vet)07e)0t=+ 0) >0%e)0t=+ c)a.at$-at 78/t?tt" Se%e7e a--$%a v$+t, mint ;a4nu0+0, ) (% nem v$+t $+8an /<+ #e+#e78ve%e*ve, m$*70-$n8a v$+t" M" )*e.teme%40n a* e+==%) (tve%7=&?tt a )*$%$)$n" A t?%?-?- -it0%te- a* e+==%) e+=+, me7-e%1+t0-a &$m$-at, 0) +e*C&u+ta- a +e/t=-?n a )*$%$)a, a>$+ a #=)e%e7 a -e)-en8 Ct$n v$4nu+t" Anti<->iai Ba+&uin, a c)()*(% )<7$%a +$va) c)a.at 0+0n e++ent(ma&()a +en&1+t,#e++$va7$+t a &$m$n a* e++en)07 -?*0, &e eme%eive+ e781tt =t i) me7?+t0-" A v?+784en a -at$n(- +(tt(-, >$78 Ba+&uint +e78=*t0-" O+8an )*$%$)an (++ta-, >$78 )*inte a-a%/u-at )em tu&t(- #e+eme+ni" J< -at$nai i%(n8't() ta+(n m07 me7#$%&'t>atta v$+na a&$+7$- menet0t" 6)a->$78 ;anu0+t e+>a78ta a (t$%)(7a" E+)=-0nt = e)ett .(ni-a 0)e+mene-1+t, vi))*a a )*$%$)$n -e%e)*t1+" A* e70)* )e%e7 me7.%<(+ta -?vetni" A *%4*ava%an a te>e%)*(++'t< -$c)i- e+*(%t(- a* utat" 6)a- -ev0) -at$n(na- )i-e%1+t me74mene-1+nie" A t?%?-?-, 3atat*e)* #e/0t +en7etve, )?t0te&0)i7 *ava%ta+anu+ 78i+-$+ta-"A--$% a )*u+t(n >'%n?-?t -1+&?tt a c)()*(%>$*, amint a* a )'-$n .%<(+ta %en&e)*e&ni a c)a.atait, 0) 0-0t a/(n+$tt ne-i a**a+ a #e+t0te++e+, >$78 a*$nna+ vi))*av$nu+,0) vi))*a>'v/a a S*u+ai$nan 0) D$%1+ai$nan >a78$tt >e+8=%)07e-et i)" ;anu0+ >(4+()an e+#$7a&ta a #e+t0te+e-et" 3e%et+en e+==%)e )0%tet+en1+ t0%t vi))*a a )*$%$)<+, 0)c)at+a-$*$tt a>>$* a )*(na+$m%a m0+t< ma%a&0->$*, ame+8ne- 0+0n ;anu0+ me7in4&u+t >a*a#e+0" t-?*en a )e%e7 )*1nte+en t(ma&()$-na- v$+t -it0ve a*$-t<+ a t?%?4-?-t=+, a-i- nem 0%tett0- )*u+t(n/u- ta%t<*-$&()(t" A )*u+t(n va+<)*'n+e7 nem i)#$7ta #e+, me--$%a 78=*e+met a%at$tt" É%&e-+=&0)e -?*0..$nt/(an a Ke+et (++t, nem-'v(nt e .i++anatan N8u7at #e+0 te%/e)*-e&ni" Ki*(%<+a7 i*t$n)(7%a v(78$tt"M

;anu0+ e**e+ )*emen vi+(7$)an +(tta a ve%e)07 na78)(7(t, ame+8et = ma7a >a)$n4+'t$tt a )*(* 0vve+ -$%(an +e*a/+$tt man*i-e%ti )*e%enc)0t+en)07>e*"M Hi%te+en me74

670Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 5M4G" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5M!45" ." ()& 6>a+an&$n2 Les Comn9nes,9M495" .", 0) 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, " ." 5" )*" /e78*et, 0) ma7(%<+ a c)at(%<+, Ram)a82 P%e+imi4na%8 %e.$%t, in History and Art of the 0astern &ro%in/es of the $oman 0mpire, 5945G" ."

671

Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, !" ." ;anu0+ i78e-e*ett c)?--enteni a )*e%enc)0t+en)07 na78)(7(t a II"Hen%i- an7$+ -i%(+8>$* '%t +eve+0en ame+8et R$7e% $# H$ve&en i&0*, Chroni/a, II, " ."" S*(m$)n8u7ati -%<ni-() #e+#i78e+t a c)at(%a, .+" Vita Ae:andri, in Li"er &ontifi/ais, II, 59" ." 0) Annaes !* $udi2

M

)emmi)1+t a* a na78 >a&i 70.e*et, ame+8et na78a./a 0) a./a a+a-'t$tt -i" S$- 0v%e +ettv$+na )*1-)07 a* C//(0.'t0)0>e*, ami%e va+</(an )$>a)em -e%1+t )$%" A >at(%$- v04&e+m0%e e+07 -at$na ma%a&t, ) a -?vet-e*= >(%$m 0ven m07 -i)e 78=*e+me-et i)e+0%te- a i*(ncia-" De a c)()*(% t?0 nem v$nu+>at$tt e S*'%i(a, 0) nem -0n8)*e4%'t>ette %( a-a%at(t Anti<->i(%a" Na78 >'%nev0=+, ame+8 anna- i&e/0n vi))*ata%t$ttaa >ata+ma c)Cc)(n (++< NC% a&4D'nt att<+, >$78 -em0n8en t(ma&/a a -e%e)*t0n8 vi+(47$t, nem ma%a&t )emmi" A #%an-$- )*(m(%a a ;1%i$-e.>a+$nn(+ e+)*enve&ett i*(n4ci ve%e)07 c)a-nem $+8an v07*ete) v$+t, mint Bi*(nc )*(m(%a" Anna- e++en0%e, >$78 a-0t #0+ nem '*$tt e78m()an, 0) nem i) 0%tette me7 e78m()t, a #%an-$- na78$n /<+tu&t(-, >$78 a* i)*+(m &ia&a+(va+ )*emen c)a- e78 na78$n e%=) Bi*(nci Bi%$&a+$m

/e+ent>et $+ta+mat" E .i++anatan É)*a-4S*'%i(an e78 78en7e #iCc)-a, a)*4S*(+i> u%a+4-$&$tt, 0) a #%an-$- m07 nem 0%*0-e+t0- a i*(ncia- ve%e)070ne- /e+ent=)070t" Ami4-$% a*$nan >(%$m 0vve+ -0)= T1%$)*i 3i+m$) K$n)tantin(.$+8a +(t$7at$tt 0).$nt$) a&at$-at 78/t?tt a t?%t0nte-%=+, m(% #e+i)me%te a /?ven&= ve)*0+8e-et"M

;anu0+ )e%e7e me7)emmi)1+t, &e #+$tt(/a m07 e%=) v$+t, 0) a c)()*(% -0)*en (++t,>$78 #e+>a)*n(+/a S*a+a&in e++en" 4en m07 e78)*e% me7'70%te, >$78 E78i.t$ma-1+&i a #+$tt(t, >$78 t(m$7a))a a #%an-$- t(ma&()(t" N8(%$n a*t %ee)7ett0-, C/ -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%at in&u+ n8u7at%<+, >$78 min& 3II" a/$) #%ancia, min& II" Hen%i- an7$+-i%(+8 #e+vette a -e%e)*tet"M5 Pa+e)*tin(an a*$nan c)a- e78et+en n8u7ati na78C% /e4+ent me7" S*e.teme%en, ami-$% Ba+&uin -i%(+8 0.. e78 )C+8$) ma+(%ia%$>am ut(n+(a&$*$tt, :1+?., :+an&%ia 7%<#/a na78)*(mC -')0%=ve+ .a%t%a )*(++t A--$nan" T>i4e%%8 7%<# 0) An/$u S*ii++a #ia v$+t, 0) a #%an-$-, em+0-e*ve a%%a, >$78 a* a./a n078>a&/(%atan vett %0)*t, ) a* an8/a menn8i%e )*e%ette a S*ent#?+&et, na78$n )$-at v(%4ta- t=+e" J?tt0ne- >'%0%e n078 e+=-e+= -?vet 0%-e*ett a c)()*(%t<+2 .0n*t a/(n+$tta- #e+e78 E78i.t$m e++eni >a&/(%at%a, a n8$mu-an .e&i7 >etven, /<+ #e+#e78ve%*ett >a/<<+(++< #+$tta #ut$tt e A--$n -i-?t=/0e" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 tC+)(7$)an ete7 v$+t a>>$*,>$78 #e78ve%t #$7>a))$n, 0) )ietve #e+-'n(+ta :+an&%ia 7%<#/(na- a %07en))07et, >a e+4v(++a+/a a* e78i.t$mi >a&/(%at ve*et0)0t" :1+?. a*$nan >a$*$tt, 0) a* i&=t >C*ta"A*t (++'t$tta, e78)*e% *a%(n&$--0nt 0%-e*ett c)u.(n, 0) e78e&1+ nem v(++a+>at ma47(%a e--$%a #e+e+=))070t, ma/& ami-$% a -i%(+8 a*t /ava)$+ta, >$78 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&+e78en a t(%)ve*0%, -i#$7()ai t(ma&ta- Ra/na+& /e++em0ve+ -a.c)$+atan" :e+>'vt(- a#i78e+m0t a%%a, >$78 a i*(nci #+$tta -0)*en (++ a* e781ttm-?&0)%e" E%%e c)a- ann8it#e+e+t, mi0%t -e++ene ne-i en7e&e+me)-e&nie a 7?%?7?-ne-" 3071+ -i&e%1+t, >$78 .a4+e)*tinai uta*()(na- e78et+en c0+/a a*, >$78 -0t un$-a>C7(t, S*ii++a 0) I*ae++a >e%4ce7n=t #0%/>e* a&/a -e&venc va*a++u)a, B0t>une4i R<e%t -0t #i(>$*" E* m(% t? v$+tann(+, mint amit a /e%u*)(+emi (%<- e+ tu&tavi)e+ni" WA*t 7$n&$+tu-, a*0%t /?tt0+,>$78 a -e%e)*t0%t >a%c$+/, te me7 c)a- >(*a))(7$-%<+ e)*0+)*X F -i(+t$tt %( Ie+iniBa+&uin, ami-$% :1+?. a* u&va% e+=tt i) e+m$n&ta /?vete+e c0+/(t" A c)a+<&$tt 0) &1>?):1+?. >a*a-0)*1+t" A vi)*(+8 me7$t%(n-$*tatta a c)()*(% -?veteit" 3i+(7$))( v(+t, a#%an-$- )emmi+8en >a&/(%at$t )em in&'tana- E78i.t$m e++en" 3(%ta- m07 e78 ><na4

"erti !ais"urgiensis, " ."672T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, , 9" ."673

II" Hen%i- 0) 3II" a/$) a* " )*e.teme% 40n Iv%84en me7-?t?tt e78e*m0n8en me7'70%te,>$78 e781tt in&u+ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%ata Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e-, I, !4!" ."" Ám >ama%$)an e+e/4tett0- a te%vet"

M5

.$t, a*ut(n me7c)?m?%+?tten e+vit$%+(*ta-, >$78 e)*(m$+/ana- u%u-na- a #%an-$- /av't>atat+an #e+e+=t+en)070%=+"M

:+an&%ia 7%<#/a $-t<e% v070n Je%u*)(+em=+ T%i.$+i)*a ment" Ta+(n +e+-i#u%&a+(4)a v$+t, me%t v071+ e+ee78e*ett, >$78 e+-')0%i Ra/mun& 7%<#$t a Ham( e++eni >a&/(4%at%a, ) m07 a -i%(+8t<+ i) -a.ta- )e70&c)a.at$-at" ;'7 e78 -i) )e%e7 Hum)* vi&0-0t.u)*t't$tta, ma/& c)a.&(a e)ett, ) e+ve)*'tette a* e70)* a&&i7 me7)*e%*ett *)(-4m(n8t, a -0t 7%<# $)t%$m a+( vette Ham(t, ame+8ne- -$%m(n8*</a na78ete7 v$+t"Ami-$% a &ama)*-u)*i c)a.at$- -?*e+e&te-, a -0t 7%<# min&en e%e&m0n8 n0+-1+vi))*av$nu+t" :1+?. T%i.$+i)*<+ Anti<->i(a ment, ) $tt me7e78e*ett B$emun& >e%4ce77e+, >$78 e781tt t(ma&na- Ha%enc v(%(%a" Ha%enc a)*4S*(+i> e78-$%i mini)*te%00,L1m1)te-in0 v$+t, = a*$nan ?))*eve)*ett u%(va+, a-i v071+ -iv07e*tette" L1m1)t4e-in >a%enci va*a++u)ai #e++(*a&ta- a)*4S*(+i> e++en, &e a #%an-$- -?*e+e&t0%e a +(*a4&() e+1+t" B$emun& 0) :1+?. min&en +e+-e)e&0) n0+-1+ -e*&ett a* $)t%$m>$*" A-na4()()u- nem v$+t )i-e%e)" A)*4S*(+i>na- e++enen )i-e%1+t a* $)t%$m+<- v$na+(n (te%=)'t0)t -1+&eni a v0&=-ne-" Ami-$% a)*4S*(+i> -?vete-et -1+&?tt >$**(/u- 0) tu4&atta, >$78 A+e..< 0) Anti<->ia va+<&i e++en)07e, S*a+a&in vi))*at0%t S*'%i(a, e+e4e78e*te- a* $)t%$m #e+$+&()(a" :+an&%iai :1+?. >C)v0t%a vi))*ament Je%u*)(+eme,ma/& ata-i(an >a/<%a )*(++t, 0) K$n)tantin(.$+8a in&u+t"M9

S*a+a&in n$veme% G4(n +0.te (t a* e78i.t$mi >at(%t" ;in&i7 -itn= v$+t a >'%4)*e%*0)e" Tu&ta, >$78 ?))*e$m+$tt a #%an-4i*(nci )*?vet)07, ) :+an&%ia 7%<#/a 0)*a-4%a ment" E+>at(%$*ta, >$78 >i%te+en me7t(ma&/a a ten7e%.a%t ment0n Pa+e)*tin(t" Atem.+$m$)$- >a%ca )*<+'t$tt(- a %en& ?))*e) e+0%>et= ta7/(t, >$78 me7v0&/0- L(*(t,&e a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 e78ene)en A)*-a+$n e++en v$nu+t" T$%$ni On#%$i, a* i&=) #=ve4*0% na78ete7 v$+t, 0) a -i%(+8 i) +(a&$*$tt m07" Ba+&uin ?t)*(* +$va77a+ F enn8it tu4&$tt -i(++'tani F ) a S*ent Ke%e)*tet >$%&$*< et+e>emi .1).?--e+ A)*-a+$na )ietett,0) a+i7>$78 e/ut$tt a* e%=&e, m(%i) $&a0%t a* e++en)07" A -i%(+8 #e+)*<+'t$tta $%)*(7amin&en >a%c-0.e) eme%0t, >$78 c)at+a-$**0- >$**(, &e S*a+a&in a* e+)=-0nt $&a0%4-e*=-et e+#$7ta" S*a+a&in e--$% e78 -i)e e78)07et >a78$tt >(t%a, ame+8ne- a* v$+ta #e+a&ata, >$78 A)*-a+$nan ta%t)a a -i%(+8t, = .e&i7 t$v( v$nu+t Je%u*)(+em e++en"Ám tC+ec)1+te +e>et=)07eit" ;ive+ -?*te 0) a -e%e)*t0n8e- #=v(%$)a -?*?tt nem v$+te++en)07, >a78ta, >$78 #e++a*u+/$n c)a.atai #e78e+me, ) a*t i) me7en7e&te, >$78 eme4%ei -i/(%/ana- %a$+ni a -?%n80-%e" Ba+&uin -0t)07ee)0)e &i-t(+ta (t$%)(7(an 1*e4netet /uttat$tt e+ a tem.+$m$)$->$*, -0%ve, >a78/(- $tt L(*(t 0) c)at+a-$**ana- >$*4*(" Amint a tem.+$m$)$- a -?*e+e 0%te-, a -i%(+8 -it?%t A)*-a+$n<+, 0) ?))*e) em4e%0ve+ e781tt me7in&u+t a .a%t$n Ie+in #e+0, ma/& $nnan a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/0e" N$4veme% 940n a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 e78 )*$%$)$n -e+t (t ;$nt7i)a%& v(%a -?*e+0en,Ram+(t<+ n0>(n8 m0%#?+&%e &0+%e, ami-$% +ec)a.$tt %( a* 0)*a-%<+ 0%-e*= #%an- )e%e7"A me7+e.et0) t?-0+ete) v$+t" S*a+a&in -at$n(i -?*1+ e78e)e- #$)*t$7atni v$+ta-, a t?4

674T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 4G, F59" ." A*t )u7a++/a, >$78 T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& 0) Anti<->iaiB$emun& min&-etten a* e78i.t$mi >a&/(%at e++en v$+ta-, 0) +ee)*0+t0- :1+?.?t" A* Ie+ine-et a*$n4an -i(%(n&'t$tta :1+?., (%, mive+ =- >a78$m(n8$)an Ra/mun&4.(%tia- v$+ta-, +e>et, >$78 3i+m$)i) tC+$*" v$+t a #e+e+=) a i*(nci )*?vet)070%t, ) e*0%t #e+-ava%ta =t a te%v #e+a&()a" A*, >$78 :1+?. -04)= >a/+an&< v$+t )e7'teni Ra/mun&na- 0) B$emun&na-, e)et+e7 m07 78anC)a( tette )*(m(%a =-et"()& m07 E%n$u+, 55" .", a-i e)*(m$+ Ie+ini Ba+&uin 7Cn8$) me7/e78*0)0%=+"

675

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, !, 9, 5M", 4!" ."V E%n$u+, 5" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5945M" ."VAC S(ma, G!4!" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M54M55" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n,B+$c>et -ia&", G495" ."

M

ie- c)ata)$%a (++'t()(>$* nem v$+t i&=" S$-an a* e+)= i/e&e+em >at()(%a e+mene-1+4te-" S*a+a&int c)a- )a/(t mame+u- te)t=%)07e mentette me7" 6)a-nem min&en e78)047e me7)emmi)1+t" A -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7en a -i%(+8 a* e+)= v$na+an >a%c$+t" A 78=*e4+em>e* >$**(/(%u+t a* Ie+in #iv0%e-, Ba+&uin 0) Ba+ian &e%e-a))(7a, 0) Ra/mun&m$)t$>a#iaina-, La+i+eai Hu7<na- 0) 3i+m$)na- a vit0*)07e, &e S*ent L8?%78?t i)+(tt(- >a%c$+ni a #%an-$- $+&a+(n"

N0>(n8 <%a +e#$%7()a a+att a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 #e/ve)*tetten mene-1+t >a*a#e+0,>(t%a>a78va a* a&&i7 )*e%*ett *)(-m(n8t 0) a %a$-at" A -at$n(- m07 a #e78ve%ei-eti) e+&$(+t(-, c)a->$78 78$%)aan mene-1+>e))ene-" S*a+a&inna- v071+ )i-e%1+t va4+ame+8e)t %en&et te%emtenie, &e a S'nai4)ivata7$n i7en -e)e%ve) v$+t a* (t-e+0), a e4&uin$- t(ma&t(- a c)a-nem te+/e)en v0&te+en mene-1+=-et" A* e78i.t$mi >at(%%<+S*a+a&in &%$me&(%$-$n 1*enetet -1+&?tt Kai%<a, #i78e+me*tetett min&en-it, a-ine-e)et+e7 +(*a&ni t(ma&t -e&ve, >$78 m07 0+, ) Kai%<a va+< vi))*at0%t0t e70)* E78i.4t$mma+ .$)ta7a+am$- Ct/(n tu&att(-" H'%neve a*$nan me7)'n8+ette e*t a ve%e)047et"MM

A 78=*e+em /e+ent=) v$+t, 0) .i++anatn8i+a7 me7mentette a -i%(+8)(7$t" De >$))*Ct(v$n nem v(+t$*tat$tt a >e+8*eten" E78i.t$m #$%%()ai -ime%'t>etet+ene- v$+ta-, m'7a #%an-$- )*1nte+en eme%>i(nn8a+ -1*&?tte-" Ha Ba+&uinna- m<&/(an (++t v$+naE78i.t$mi7 -e%7etni a* e++en)07et, va78 +e%$>anni Dama)*-u)*t, ta+(n me7 tu&/a t?%4ni S*a+a&in >ata+m(t, &e -1+)= )e7't)07 n0+-1+ a -i%(+8 nem -$c-(*tat>atta )a/(t -i))e%e70t t(ma&< a-ci<-an" E>e+8ett C78 >at(%$*$tt, e%=&?-et eme+ a &ama)*-u)*i >a4t(% ment0n, $tt, a>$+ B(n/()* e+ve)*t0)e #e+$%'t$tta a -i%(+8)(7 v0&e+mi %en&)*e%0t"T$%$ni On#%$i a B(n/()*<+ T$%$na ve*et= Ct$n, Hunin >e780n eme+t v(%at, a -i%(+8a J$%&(n #e+)= #$+8()(n(+ -e*&ett 0.'t-e*0)e a Hu+e>4t< 0) a La+i+eai4ten7e% -?*?tt"A*t a 7(*+<t a-a%ta e++en=%i*ni, a>$+ J(-$ -1*&?tt me7 a* an78a++a+, ) ame+8et B(nat47(*+< n0ven i)me%te-" ;in&-0t .a%t/(n mu)*+im .a%a)*t$- 0) .()*t$%$- +a-ta-, e78e4)e- Dama)*-u)* a+attva+at(%$n, ame+8et c)a- e78 na78 t?+78#a /e+*ett, 0) a #%an-$- )$>a)em e%=)'tett0-me7 a* (t-e+=t" Ba+&uin e a-a%ta ta%tani a* e78e*)07et, 0) m()>$+ 0.'tett v$+na v(%at,&e a tem.+$m$)$- a-a%ata 78=*?tt" A >e+8e+i mu)*+im$- #e+.ana)*$+t(- S*a+a&in4na- a >it)*e70)t, a-i e+=)*?% >atvane*e%, ma/& )*(*e*e% a%an8at '70%t Ba+&uinna-, >aaa>a78/(- a mun-(t" Ami-$% a -i%(+8 e+uta)'t$tta a* a/(n+at$t, S*a+a&in me7e)-14&?tt, >$78 ma7a ve)*i -0*e a* 178et"M

;$nt7i)a%&i ve%e)07e ut(n S*a+a&in ><na.$-i7 E78i.t$man ma%a&t, m'7 me7nem i*$n8$)$&$tt a#e+=+, >$78 u%a a >e+8*etne-" G tava)*a v070n S*'%i(a ment,0) a* 0v >(t%a+0v= %0)*0t $tt t?+t?tte" A* e)*ten&= >($%C) e)em0n8eit c)a- n0>(n8 t(4ma&() 0) e++ent(ma&() tette -i"MG É)*a-a%a 0-e u%a+-$&$tt Anti<->ia 0) A+e..<,t$v(( )*?vet)07 v$+t Anti<->ia 0) Ö%m0n8$%)*(7 -?*?tt, ame+8ne- %ene7(t u%a+-$4&</(t, ;+e> >e%ce7et nem )$--a+ NC% a&4D'n >a+(+a ut(n me7u-tatta a* un$-a?cc)e,III" Ru.en" Ru.en a #%an-$- a%(t/a v$+t, )e7'tett i) ne-i- a Ha%enc e++eni e%e&m0n8te4

676T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 4, 54" ."V E%n$u+, 499" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 59" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 94M" ."V AC S(ma, G4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4M59" ."

677T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, M, 949" ."V E%n$u+, 949" ."V AC S(ma, !4!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M5"

." S*a+a&in a--$%ian e78 aa+e-i, >e+8i +(*a&())a+ v$+t e+#$7+a+va, J(-$ 7(*+</a #e+ett ma e78 >'&van, ame+8ne- neve2 J(-$ +e(n8aina- a >'&/a"678In a+4A)*'%, M55" ."

M9

+en $)t%$m )$%(n"M! III" B$emun& a c)()*(% a%(t)(7(t i) -e%e)te, 0) 4en, ami-$%m()$&)*$% i) me7n=)1+t, ;anu0+ e78i- n=%$-$n(t, T>e$&<%(t vette #e+e)071+"MG

! tava)*(n, ami-$% me7-e*&=&?tt a n8(/a- +e7e+=v(+t()a, Ba+&uin e+in&u+t,>$78 e-e%'t)e a i%-(-at, ame+8e-ne- a &ama)*-u)*i )'-%<+ B(n/()* #e+0 -e++ett v$4nu+niu-" S*a+a&in $&a-1+&te un$-a?cc)0t, :(%C-)(>$t, >$78 n0**e me7, mi t?%t0ni-,0) 7a+am.$)ta Ct/(n tu&a))a na78(t8/(va+ a #%an-$- +0.0)eit" :(%C-)(> (.%i+i) 40n e78 B(n/()* me++etti e%&=en, e78 )*- v?+78en e78)*e% c)a- )*emeta+(+ta ma47(t a* e++en)077e+" A ta+(+-$*() a -i%(+8t i) me7+e.te" A )e%e7 anna- -?)*?n>etteme7mene-1+0)0t, >$78 T$%$ni On#%$i, a* i&=) #=ve*0% te)t=%)070ve+ >=)ie)en #e+ta%4t<*tatta a mu)*+im$-at, mi-?*en a -i%(+8 e+mene-1+t a )e%e70ve+" On#%$i >a+(+$) )e4et -a.$tt, S C/ v(%(an, Huninan >a+t me7 (.%i+i) 40n" ;07 a mu)*+im$- i) ti)*4te+t0- /e++em0t" Ha+(+a %ettenete) c)a.() v$+t a -i%(+8)(7%a, me%t = v$+t a* e78et+en,-?*ti)*te+eten (++< i&=)e (++am#0%#i"

S*a+a&in -i>a)*n(+ta a 78=*e+met, 0) $)t%$m a+( vette a J(-$ 7(*+</(n(+ 0.1+t v(4%at" De a v0&e+em $+8an e%=) v$+t, >$78 n0>(n8 na. mC+va vi))*av$nu+t, 0) +et($%$4*$tt B(n/()* e+=tt" Onnan c)a.$tt (t La+i+e(a 0) a S*i&<n 0) Be/%Ct -?*?tti te%1+ete-%e0) .u)*t't$tta a te%m0)t" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 ?))*e78/t?tte a -i%(+8)(7 >a&e%e/0t, 0) #e+)*<4+'t$tta T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&$t, = i) c)at+a-$**$n a )e%e7>e*" Ti0%i()$n 0) S*a#e&en -e4%e)*t1+ v$nu+ta- T$%$n #e+0" Ott tu&t(- me7, >$78 :(%C-)(> 0) e78 %a+< c)a.at *)(-4m(nn8a+ %a-$ttan 0.. vi))*a#e+0 ta%t a .a%tvi&0-%=+" É)*a-%a in&u+ta- >(t, >$78 #e+4ta%t<*ta))(- e*t a c)a.at$t ;a%&*) A//Cnan, a :$%%()$- v?+780en, a it(n' #$+8< 0) a

J$%&(n #e+)= #$+8()a -?*?tt" S*a+a&in a*$nan B(n/()*t<+ 0)*a-%a e78 &$m$n +ev=me7#i78e+=>e+8%=+ 0)*%evette a J$%&(n tC+.a%t/(n a n8(/a- i/e&t m$*7()(t" R(/?tt,>$78 a%%a >a+a& a #%an- )e%e7, 0) e+in&u+t 1+&?*0)1-%e" !" /Cniu) 40n, mia+att a-i%(+8i )e%e7 a :$%%()$- v?+780en me7#utam't$tta :(%C-)(>$t, Ra/mun& 0) a tem.4+$m$)$- e+=n8$mu+ta- a J$%&(n #e+0" A v?+78 e/(%at(n(+ ta+(+-$*ta- S*a+a&in )e%e704ve+" A tem.+$m$)$- a*$nna+ >a%ca $c)(t-$*ta-, &e S*a+a&in e++ent(ma&()(va+vi))*ave%te =-et, 0) *ava%t -e+tett Ba+&uin )e%e70en" A -i%(+8i )e%e7 i) vi))*av$nu+()4%a -0n8)*e%1+t, ) %?vi& i&= mC+va a* e70)* -e%e)*t0n8 >a& mene-1+t" A -i%(+8, Ra/4mun& 0) eme%ei- e78 %0)*e (t-e+t a it(n' #$+8<n, 0) ma7a)an a #$+8< n8u7ati .a%t/a#e+ett, a na78 Beau#$%t v(%an ta+(+t mene&0-et" A #$+8< .a%t/(n >a78$tt eme%ei-et+em0)*(%$+t(-, va78 e-e%'tett0-" Nem min&en mene-1+= (++t me7 Beau#$%t4an, >anem )$-an e78ene)en a ten7e% #e+0 ta%t$tta-" t-?*en ta+(+-$*ta- S*i&<ni Ra/na+&4&a+ 0) >e+8e+ie-=+ t$$%*$tt c)a.ataiva+" ;e7m$n&t(- ne-i, >$78 e+-0)ett, '78 vi)*4)*a#$%&u+t, .e&i7 >a e+/ut$tt v$+na a it(n' #$+8<i7, ta+(n )$- mene-1+= 0+et0t me74ment>ette v$+na"

S*a+a&in #$7+8ai -?*?tt v$+t Saint4Aman&4i O&$, a tem.+$m$)$- na78me)te%e, a-i-a.-$&()(va+ a )*e%enc)0t+en)07 #= $-$*</a v$+t" :$7)(7a e)ett Ie+ini Ba+&uin 0)

679S*emat c$nn0ta+e, M" ."V 3a>%am2 $mes ,rónika, 9!" ." Ru.en >(*a))(7(%<+ +()& e m II" -?t"" ."

680T1%$)*i 3i+m$)" QQII, 9, M!" ." 3ita t(%78a e >(*a))(7 i&=.$nt/a, )=t m07 a men8a))*$n8 nevei)" A Lignages 3" M" ." I%0nne- >'v/a, 0) e78 K$n)tancia nev +e(n8t tu+a/&$n't ne-i, a-i%=+ m() >'%4a&() ninc)" Nem tu&ni, >$78 e78 K$mn0n0 v$+t4e va78 an8/(n -e%e)*t1+ v$+t a c)()*(% %$-$na" Re82Hi)t$i%e &e) P%ince) &dAnti$c>e, $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G!M", II, 5!45G" .", C78 tu&/a, = v$+t B$4

emun& e+)= #e+e)07e" 3a+<)*'n, >$78 e+)= #e+e)07e Ha%enci O%7i++$)a v$+t, a-i F9 -?*?tt t4ni- #e+ a* $-+eve-en R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 9", 5!" ."" 3i+m$) >at(%$*$ttan -i/e+enti, B$emun& e+>a784ta T>e$&<%(t, >$78 S*ii++(va+ 0+/en"

MM

La+i+eai Hu7< i)" Hu7<t ?tven?te*e% t1%$)*i &in(%0%t c)a->ama% -iv(+t$tta an8/a, T%i4.$+i)* 7%<#n0/a" Ie+ini Ba+&uin0%t S*a+a&in )*(*?tvene*e% &in(%t, -i%(+8i v(+t)(7&'/at-0%t, $+8 na78%a ec)1+te #$7+8a /e+ent=)070t" N0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= Ba+&uin e*e%mu)*+im #$7$+80%t c)e%0e vi))*an8e%te )*aa&)(7(t, &e me7 -e++ett '70%nie, >$78 e+=4te%emti a v(+t)(7&'/a ?))*e70t" A*t i) #e+a/(n+$tt(-, >$78 O&<t -ic)e%0+i- e78 #$nt$)mu)*+im #$7$+80%t, &e a na78me)te% tC+)(7$)an 1)*-e v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e+i)me%/e2(%-i i) #e+0%>et ve+e" 78 a -?vet-e*= 0ven e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+(i7 e78 &ama)*-u)*it$%$n8 #$7+8a ma%a&t"

S*a+a&in nem >a)*n(+ta -i a >e+8*etet, nem )*(++ta me7 Pa+e)*tin(t, ta+(n, me%tme7tu&ta, 6>am.a7ne4i II" Hen%i-, 6$u%tena8 P0te% 0) :1+?. eauvai)4i .1).?- ve4*et0)e a+att na78 c)a.at, #%ancia +$va7 0%-e*ett a S*ent#?+&%e" E>e+8ett i)m0t me7t(4ma&ta Ba+&uin v(%(t J(-$ 7(*+</(n(+" Ötna.$) $)t%$m ut(n au7u)*tu) 4!" )i-e4%1+t a+(a-n(*nia a #a+a-at 0) e/utnia a v(%a" Kiv07e*te a v0&=-et, 0) a #?+&&e+ tettee78en+=v0 a v(%at" A #%ancia +(t$7at<- nem v$nu+ta- $&a, >$78 me7ment)0- a v(%at,>anem c)a->ama% >a*auta*ta-" A n8u7at%<+ 0%-e*ett -e%e)*te)e- e*Ctta+ i) te+/e)en>a)*nave>etet+ene- v$+ta-"MG

A* e78i.t$mi #+$tta $-t<e%en )i-e%e)en t(ma&ta me7 a* a--$ni -i-?t=en >$%47$n8*< >a/<-at, ma/& a* C/ e)*ten&= e+e/0n amu)*+im$- et?%te- La+i+e(a, mi%e Ba+&uin#e78ve%)*1netet -0%t S*a+a&int<+, 0) S*a+a&inee e+ee78e*ett" T0+en 0) -$%a tava))*a+na78 v$+t a )*(%a*)(7, e70)* S*'%i(t a* 0>'n)07#en8e7ette" Sen-ine- )em >i(n8$*ta- a et?%04)e-, ame+8e- t$v( .u)*t't$tt(- v$+na a )$4v(n8 te%m0)t" S*a+a&in va+<)*'n+e7 C78 &?n4t?tt, Je%u*)(+em e+#$7+a+()a e+=tt m07 me7)*e%4*i A+e..<t" G m(/u)(an Ba+&uin 0) S*a+a4&in me7'*$ttai -0te)*ten&=) #e78ve%)*1netet'%ta- a+(" A #e78ve%)*1net nem v$nat-$*$ttT%i.$+i)*%a, &e miut(n a* e78i.t$mi #+$tta -i4#$)*t$tta T$%t$)*a -i-?t=/0t, 0) S*a+a&in e+/ut$tta Bu-aia v?+780i7, Ra/mun&&a+ i) >a)$n+<#e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt"MG S*a+a&in =))*e+

0)*a-%a ta%t$tt a* Eu#%(te)* ment0n, a>$+ )*?vet)07e)e, a Hi)*n Ka/#ai u%a+-$&<, a*$%t$-i&a NC% a&4D'n, ?))*eve)*ett a )*e+&*)u- Ki+i&*) A%)*+(nna+" NC% a&4D'n a)*u+t(n +(n8(t vette #e+e)071+, &e e78 t(nc$)n= -e&v00%t me++=*te =t" G" $-t<e% 4(n S*a+a&in tan(c)-$*()t ta%t$tt S*am$)*ata -?*e+0en, ame+8en /e+en v$+ta- a* $%4t$-i&a >e%ce7e-, va+amint Ki+i&*) A%)*+(n, a m$)*u+i S*a/# a&4D'n 0) a* ?%m0n8Ru.en -1+&?ttei" nne.0+8e)en me7e)-1&te-, >$78 -0t 0vi7 me7ta%t/(- a 0-0t"MG5

681T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQI, 45, 949!" ."V E%n$u+, 9549" ."V AC S(ma, !4" ."V In a+4A)*'%,M594M5M" ."V ;a-%'*', B+$c>et -ia&" in $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G" -?t" 95495" ." 3an n0mi -0t)07 a#e+=+,>$78 Saint4Aman&4i O&<t va+<an me7?+t0-4e, me%t III" S(n&$% .(.a u++(/(<+ C78 tni-, >$78 %a4-0nt 0+t t$v(" ()& &dA+$n2 a ;$%t &dO&$ &e Saint4Aman&, $e%ue de '5rient Latin, !" -?t" !4G"

." 682T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 45, 9549M" ."V AC S(ma, " ."V In a+4A)*'%, M" ."683In a+4A)*'%, M5!4M" ."

M

A izán:i ir#dal#m 'ukása6 I. And@r#nik#szt meggyilk#lják a lázad&k2

11!%

Ba+&uin a%%a >a)*n(+ta #e+ a +0+e7*etv0te+n8i )*1netet, >$78 -e%e)*t0n8 e78)07#%$n4t$t >$**$n +0t%e a* i)*+(mma+ )*emen" T1%$)*i 3i+m$), a-i 9 <ta 0%)e- v$+t, a*!" 0vi +ate%(ni *)inat%a R<m(a ment, 0) >a*at0%=en a* 0v ut$+)< na./aian e++(4t$7at$tt K$n)tantin(.$+8a" ;anu0+ u&va%ia) 0) a%(t)(7$) v$+t, mint min&i7, &e3i+m$) /<+ +(tta, >$78 >a+&$-+i-" A c)()*(% )$>a)em >eve%te -i a ;1%i$-e.>a+$nn(+e+)*enve&ett ve%e)07et, &e m07 min&i7 0+0n-en 0%&e-e+t0- a )*'%iai 178e-" 3i+m$) >0t><na.i7 ma%a&t K$n)tantin(.$+8an" Je+en v$+t a* 1nne.)07e-en, ami-$% ;anu0+ +(4n8a G 0ve) v0n-i)a))*$n8-0nt #0%/>e* ment ;$nt#e%%ati Raine%>$*, S*ii++a )<7$%(4>$*, 0) ;anu0+ a--$% e)*ten&=) #ia, A+ei$)* #e+e)071+ vette a -i+ence)*ten&=):%ancia$%)*(7i Á7ne) >e%ce7n=t" 3i+m$)t a c)()*(%i -1+&?tte- e70)*en Anti<->i(i7-')0%t0-"MG

Ru.en ?%m0n8 u%a+-$&< i78e-e*ett me7e%=)'teni a #%an-$--a+ -?t?tt )*?vet)07et"G e+e/0n Je%u*)(+eme *a%(n&$-$+t, 0) #e+e)071+ vette T$%$ni I*ae++(t, a-i a J$%&(4n$n tC+i te%1+et ?%?-?)0ne-, Ste#(ni(na- v$+t a +e(n8a"MG9 ;07 a )*'%iai /a-$it(- i) -i4#e/e*t0- a* e78e)1+t -e%e)*t0n8)07 1780>e* va+< >)071-et, ami-$% .(t%i(%-(/u-, at?%t0net'%< ;i>(+8 Je%u*)(+eme +(t$7at$tt, 0) >$))*a)an e+e)*0+7etett a -i%(++8a+"MGM

:e+me%1+t e78 t(v$+4-e+eti )*?vet)07 %em0n8e i)" 9 <ta -?*-0*en #$%7$tt N8u47at4Eu%<.(an e78 +ev0+, ame+8%=+ a*t (++'t$tt(-, a -0.*e+ete+i, na78 >ata+mC J(n$).a. int0*te ;anu0+ c)()*(%>$*" A +ev0+ va+<)*'n+e7 e78 n0met .1).?- >ami)'tv(4n8a v$+t, &e a >ata+ma) .a.-i%(+8 7a*&a7)(7(%<+ 0) va++()i u*7a+m(%<+ )*<+< >'%e-$+8an na78)*e%e- v$+ta-, >$78 +e>etet+en v$+t nem >inni enn1-" 4en a .(.a:1+?. nev $%v$)(t -1+&te >'%e-0%t 0) )e7't)070%t J(n$) .a.>$*" A /e+e- )*e%int :1+?.e+/ut$tt Eti<.i(a, &e uta*()a nem /(%t -0**e+#$7>at< e%e&m0n8e--e+"MG

Ám t$v(%a )em -e+t Ct%a e78et+en /e+ent=) +$va7 )em Eu%<.(<+ a S*ent#?+&%e,m07 S*ii++a >e%ce7n= -e*00%t 0) a t%<n0%t )em" Ami-$% T1%$)*i :%i78e) R<m(an

/(%t, 1*ent a 6a.et c)a+(& -i%(+8i (7(<+ )*(%ma*< Bu%7un&iai III" Hu7<na- 0) -0%te,v(++a+/a a #e+a&at$t" Hu7< e+=)*?% e+#$7a&ta a* a/(n+at$t, ma/& m07i) in-( :%ancia4$%)*(7an ma%a&t" I&=-?*en S*ii++a e+e)*e%etett Ie+ini Ba+&uina" A* Ie+in c)a4+(& )*(%ma*()(t te-intve nem v$+t 0.. e+=-e+=, e--$%ian a*$nan m(% a .a+e)*tinaineme))07 e+)= v$na+(a ta%t$*$tt" A* i&=) &ina)*tiaa+a.'t< Ba+ian >a+(+a ut(n Ie+in a

/$>annit(-0 +ett, Ram+(t a +e7i&=)e #iC, Hu7< -a.ta, ma/& Hu7< >a+(+a ut(n te)tv04%00, Ba+&uin0 +ett, a-i e+=)*?% e+vette Bei)*an ?%?-?)n=/0t, &e a -?*e+i %$-$n)(7%a >i4vat-$*va %?vi& Ct$n me7)*aa&u+t t=+e" A +e7-i)e #iC, Ba+ian K$mn0n0 ;(%ia -i4%(+8n0 #0%/e v$+t, 0) #e+e)07e ?*ve78i /$7(n N(+u)* u%a" Ba+&uin 0) Ba+ian a >e+8i ne4me))07 -0t +e7e#$+8()$)a ta7/a v$+t, ) Ba+&uin 0) S*ii++a >(*a))(7a F a v=+e70n8nem tC+ e+=-e+= )*(%ma*()a e++en0%e i) F, n0.)*e% +ett v$+na a -i%(+8)(7an" Ám a*e+/e78*0) e+=tt Ba+&uint e+#$7t(- a :$%%()$- v?+780en" S*ii++a '%t a #$7$+8na- 0) i*4t$)'t$tta )*e%e+m0%=+" Ami-$% a*$nan a +$va7 -i)*aa&u+t, S*ii++a >i&e7en (ntve+e, a*t m$n&ta, nem i) 7$n&$+ a&&i7 a >(*a))(7%a, m'7 Ba+&uin <%i()i v(+t)(7&'//a+ta%t$*i-" S*ii++a 0))*e%en 0%ve+t, &e e+(t$%ta+an't$tta +$va7/(t" Ba+&uin nem tu&ta,

684T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, , MMFMG" ."685S*emat c$nn0ta+e, M" ."V E%n$u+, 5" ." >ivat-$*i- a >(*a))(7%a 0) Ru.ent T$%$)* #i(na- >'v4

/a" i) 945" ." me7em+'ti T$%$)* +(t$7at()(t Je%u*)(+emen, ame+8ne- m()>$+ ninc) n8$ma 0) va+<4)*'n+e7 c)a- -ita+(ci<"

686

S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5!" ."687R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, M", 9" ." J(n$) .a. +e7en&(/(%<+ +()& ;a%ine)cu2 e P%0t%e Jean, Buetin de a!e/tion Histori4ue de A/ademie $oumaine, " -?t"

MG

>$78an )*e&/e ?))*e a .0n*t, '78 >(t K$n)tantin(.$+8a ment, 0) a c)()*(%>$* #$+8a4m$&$tt" ;anu0+ -e&ve+te a neme)+e+- 7e)*tu)$-at, 0) -i#i*ette a* e70)* v(+t)(7&'/at"Ba+&uin &ia&a+ma)an t0%t me7 G -$%a tava)*(n Pa+e)*tin(a, &e a--$% S*ii++a m(%e78 m()i- #0%#i /e78e)e v$+t"MGG

Á7ne) C%n= nem na78$n -e&ve+te #0%/ei %$-$n)(7(t, '78 a* Ie+ine-et )em" N0>(n80vve+ -$%(an Pa+e)*tin(a 0%-e*ett u)i7nan 7%<#/(na- m()$&)*1+?tte, Ama+%i- +$4va7 P$it$u4<+" J< -at$na v$+t 0) T$%$ni On#%$i >a+(+a ut(n =t neve*t0- -i #=ve*0%%0"A--$%t(/t vette #e+e)071+ Ie+ini Ba+&uin +(n8(t, E)c>iv(t, u78ana--$% Á7ne) )*e%et=4

/e v$+t" Ama+%i-na- 0+t e78 Lui&$ nev ?cc)e :%ancia$%)*(7an" Á7ne) i*tat()(%aAma+%i- te+et?mte S*ii++a #e/0t a* i#/C %en&-'v1+i -1+)e/0ne- 0) v$n*e%e/0ne- +e'%()(4va+, m'7 v071+ S*ii++a -0%ve -0%te, >'v/(- a #iata+eme%t Pa+e)*tin(a" ;ia+att Ba+&u4in K$n)tantin(.$+8an v$+t, Ama+%i- >a*a)ietett, ma7(va+ >$*ta a* ?cc)0t, 0) #e+-0)*'4tette a %( v(%< )*e%e.%e" S*ii++a 0.. $+8an c)in$)nata+(+ta, mint ami+8enne- e+e4)*0+t0-, 0) e/e+entette, >$**( me78 #e+e)071+" B(t8/a, a -i%(+8 >i(a ti+ta-$*$tt" ;in4&en-i +(t>atta, Lui&$ 78en7e, $)t$a #iC v$+t" A .a+e)*tinai (%<- =%/?n7ve 7$n&$+ta-a%%a, e78 na.$n a -i%(+8u- +e)* e78 /e+ent0-te+en, #%ancia neme) +e7-i)e #ia, a-ine-e78et+en neve)e #e+men=/e e78 ;e+u)ina nev v'*it1n&0% v$+t" Á7ne) 0) S*ii++aa&&i7 n8a77att(- a na78ete7, me778?t?%t -i%(+8t, am'7 e+e nem e78e*ett a >(*a)4)(7a" G >C)v0t/(n Lui&$ e+vette S*ii++(t, 0) me7-a.ta Ja##a 0) A)*-a+$n 7%<#)(47(t"MG!

A* Ie+in c)a+(& .$+iti-ai 0) )*em0+8e) $-$- miatt nem ?%1+t a >(*a))(7na-, 0)e78%e m0+81+t a )*a-a&0- -?*t1- 0) a 6$u%tena8 c)a+(& -?*?tt, a-i- 6>ti++$ni Ra/4na+& t(m$7at()(t 0+ve*t0-" G $-t<e%0en a -i%(+8, >$78 me7-')0%e+/e ?))*e0-'t04)1-et, #0+te)tv0%0t, I*ae++(t e+/e78e*te T$%$ni I3" On#%$i4va+" I*ae++a Ie+ini Ba+ianm$)t$>a+(n8a v$+t, On#%$i .e&i7 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& m$)t$>a#ia" On%#$i e*en-'v1+,mint a na78 #=ve*0% un$-(/a 0) ?%?-?)e 0) an8/a %0v0n a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete- ?%?4-?)e, a* e78i- +e7-'v(nat$)a >e+8i neme) v$+t, a-ive+ (%-i )*'ve)en -?t?tt v$+na>(*a))(7$t" ;ive+ I*ae++a c)a- n8$+c0ve) v$+t, a* i7a*i )*e%ta%t()t >(%$m 0vve+ e+>a4+a)*t$tt(-"M! A* e+/e78*0)=+ a*$nan )emmi /< nem #a-a&t" N0>(n8 na..a+ -0)=a* C/ .(t%i(%-a -ineve*0)e-$% a 6$u%tena84- me7mutatt(- >ata+mu-at" O-t<e% M4(nme7>a+t Ama+%i- .(t%i(%-a" M4(n a /e%u*)(+emi -(.ta+an, Á7ne) C%n= n8$m()(na-en7e&ve, Kai)*a%eia 0%)e-0t, He%ac+iu)t v(+a)*t$tta a >e+80e" He%ac+iu) e78 #0+i74me&&i7 '%()tu&at+an auve%7ne4i .a. v$+t, a-it Á7ne) e++en(++>atat+anu+ /<-0.ne- ta4+(+t, 0) a* = -e780ne- -?)*?n>ette 78$%) 0) #$+8amat$) e+=menete+0t" E--$%ian a* 0%4)e- -e&ve)e e78 n(+u)*i %=#?) #e+e)07e v$+t, Pa)c>ia &e Rive%i, a-it c)a->ama% a*e70)* -i%(+8)(7an ;a&ame &e Pat%ia%c>e))ene-, .(t%i(%-(n0 =na78)(7(na- neve*4te-" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) )ietve Je%u*)(+eme uta*$tt, >$78 me7a-a&(+8$**a a v(+a)*t()t,

688Ie+ini Ba+&uin )*e%e+mi t?%t0nete c)a- E%n$u+n(+ ta+(+>at< me7, G", 9M49!" ." E%n$u+ Ba+&uinte)tv0%0n0+, Ba+iann(+ )*$+7(+t, ) '78 /<+ i)me%te a c)a+(&i 178e-et"

689T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, I, M4M9" ."V E%n$u+, 9!4M" ."V Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e-, I, 55" .", a*t'%/a, >$78 S*ii++a a--$% m(% Lui&$ )*e%et=/e v$+t" Ami-$% a -i%(+8 e%%e %(/?tt, -i a-a%ta v07e*tetni Lui4&<t, &e a tem.+$m$)$- -0%0)0%e me7-e78e+me*ett ne-i, 0) en7e&0+8e*te a* e)-1v=t"

690T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 9, MG4M!" ."V E%n$u+, G4G" ." 3i+m$) )*e%int On#%$i 7a+i+eiai #?+&/eit a*

e+/e78*0)0%t c)e%0e (ta&ta a -i%(+8na-" Ba+&uin a* an8/(na- a&ta T$%$nt" In D*)ua/%, %i7>t -ia&",5" ." m$n&/a, a* Wa* em)00, anna- a &i)*n<na- a* an8/(0, a-i A--$n u%aX, Hunin .e&i7 a na78(t84 /(0, J$)ce+in0"

M!

&e >i(a" A v(+a)*t<- 3i+m$)t /e+?+t0- a m()$&i- >e+8en, &e a -i%(+8, an8/a -0%0)0%e,me7e%=)'tette He%ac+iu) -ineve*0)0t"M!

A >ata+$m imm(% )*i+(%&an a 6$u%tena84- 0) a u)i7nan$-, va+amint )*?vet)07e4)ei-, 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& 0) a* C/ .(t%i(%-a -e*0en v$+t" G (.%i+i)(an +ec)a.ta-T1%$)*i 3i+m$)%a, a-i, mint a -i%(+8 e78-$%i neve+=/e, ve)*e&e+me) v$+t a )*em1-en"He%ac+iu) m$n&vac)in(+t v(& a+a./(n -i-?*?)'tette 3i+m$)t" A* 0%)e- >i(a .%<(+ta%en&e >$*ni a &$+7$t" 3071+ G4en va78 G54an e+in&u+t R<m(a, >$78 1780t a.(.ai u&va% e+0 te%/e))*e" R<m(an ma%a&t, 0) $tt >a+t me7, a*t e)*0+t0-, a .(t%i(%-ame7'*$tt/a m0%7e*te me7"M! A -?vet-e*= (+&$*at T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& v$+t" Ra/mun&G4en e+in&u+t, >$78 )a/(t te%1+et0%=+ #e+e)07e i%t$-(%a, La+i+e(a men/en, &e a -i4%(+8 eme%ei me7ti+t$tt(- ne-i, >$78 a -i%(+8)(7 te%1+et0%e +0./en, me%t Á7ne) 0) te)t4v0%e, J$)ce+in me778=*t0- a -i%(+8t, Ra/mun& ?))*ee)-1v0)t )*=tt a -$%$na e++en" Ba+4&uin -i%(+8 c)a- a (%<- >eve) ti+ta-$*()(%a v(+t$*tatta me7 v0+em0n80t" 3$na-$&vae+ee78e*ett aa, ta+(+-$**0- Ra/mun&&a+, a-i v071+ me778=*te =t (%tat+an)(7(4%<+"M!5

A >a+&$-+<, +e.%() -i%(+8 -?%1+i )$- c)e+)*?v0) nem +ett v$+na $+8an ve)*0+8e), >a a-1+.$+iti-ai >e+8*et nem v(+)(7$)" G" )*e.teme% 40n a #%an-$- e+ve)*'tett0- +e74>ata+ma)a )*?vet)07e)1-et2 K$n)tantin(.$+8an me7>a+t a c)()*(%" ;anu0+ =)*in4t0n -e&ve+te a #%an-$-at, =)*int0n mun-(+-$&$tt a /avu-%a, -iv0ve, >a a #%an-$- 0%4&e-ei 1t-?*te- a i%$&a+$m 0%&e-eive+" A c)()*(% 178e) v$+t, tu&$tt >atni a* eme4%e-%e, &e nem v$+t na78 u%a+-$&<" A -e%e)*t0n8)07 #e+etti u%a+$m%a t?%e-e&ett, 0) e*$+8an -a+an&$-a )$&$%ta, ami+8ene-et a i*(nci i%$&a+$m m(% nem en7e&>etettme7, ma7(na-" A--$% -1+&te It(+i(a 0) ;a78a%$%)*(7%a a c)a.atait, ami-$% +e7in4-( )*1-)07 +ett v$+na %(/u- a* anat<+iai >at(%$n va78 a Ba+-(n$n" 78 (nt a .0n*4*e+, mint>a a -inc)t(%a -ime%'t>etet+en +ett v$+na" E+78?t?%t )e%e70t >a+(+$) c)a.()4-0nt 0%te a m1%i$-e.>a+$ni ve%e)07, a* a %en7ete7 -e%e)-e&e+mi -e&ve*m0n8 .e&i7,ame+8et .i++anatn8i &i.+$m(ciai e+=n8?-0%t a&$tt a* $+a)* v(%$)$-na-, e+)$%va)*t$ttaa+attva+a t?0nem te+t me7" ;anu0+ u&va%(na- c)i++$7()a e+-(.%(*tatta a vi+(7$t, ) e+>itette, a i%$4&a+$m >ata+ma)a, mint ami+8en a va+<)(7an v$+t" Ha ;anu0+ t$v( 0+, a #%an-$-ta+(n >a)*n(t ve>ett0- v$+na a%an8(na- 0) #+$tt(/(na-" S*em0+8e ta%t$tta e78en i%$4&a+m(t, >a+(+a ut(n n8i+v(nva+<v( v(+t a >an8at+()" K1*&?tt a v07 e++en, /<)+at$-a

691T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, " MG" .", %?vi&en '% %<+a, 7$n&$)an me++=*i )a/(t /e+?+0)e -0%&0)0t" E%n$u+,G4G" ." me7'%/a, Á7ne) a*0%t e%=+tette He%ac+iu) me7v(+a)*t()(t, me%t W.$u% )a iaut0 +damaX )*e%etia )*0.)0700%tV m(% -ai)*a%eiai .1).?-?t i) = c)in(+t e+=+e" H$**(#*i, 3i+m$) #i78e+me*tette a -an$4n$-$-at, ne v(+a))*(- me7" A* 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 949!" ." a*t '%/a, 3i+m$) me7/<)$+ta2 a He%ac+iu) (+4ta+ vi))*a)*e%*ett -e%e)*tet e78 He%ac+iu) #$7/a e+ve)*'teni"

692E%n$u+, G4GM" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 949!" ." a*t '%/a, 3i+m$)t e78 $+8an $%v$) m0%7e*te me7,a-it He%ac+iu) -1+&?tt R<m(a, 0) >$78 -0)= He%ac+iu) i) e++(t$7at$tt R<m(a" 3i+m$) e+uta*()(na-0) >a+(+(na- a* i&=.$nt/a i)me%et+en" T?%t0net'%()a G54an )*a-a& me7" He%ac+iu) G4en +(t$7a4t$tt R<m(a +()& e m II" -?tete, 9!9" ."" U78ana--$% III" O%(n .(.a GM" $-t<e% 40n -e+t $-+e4ve+e me7em+'ti 3i+m$)t, mint a /$>annita %en& 0) Bu+uni/()* .1).?-e -?*?tti .e% e78i- '%(/(t" R?>4%ic>t2 $egesta, Addimenta, " ." R?>%ic>t e=+ a%%a a -?vet-e*tet0)%e /ut, >$78 vi))*at0%t a S*ent#?+&%e

3es/hi/hte der ,reuzzugen, !" ." 9" /e78*et"" Na78$ a va+<)*'n)07e anna-, >$78 a .(.ai -ance++(4%ia e+t0ve)*tette a nevet" J<*)i() GM" $-t<e% 4t=+ v$+t T1%$)* 0%)e-e R?>%ic>t2 $egesta, 5" .""693T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, !, F!" ."

-a.a)*-$&$tt, ame+8e- m07 ti*enn078 0vi u%a+-$&()t '70%tene-i, 0) nem )*e%ve*teme7 a %07en))07et, ame+8%e a #i(na- )*1-)07e +ett v$+na"M!

II" A+ei$)*, a* C/ c)()*(% ti*ene78 e)*ten&=) v$+t" A* =)i )*$-()$- )*e%int a* an8ac)()*(%n0 +ett a %07en)" 6)a->$78 ;(%ia c)()*(%n0 anti<->iai +atin v$+t, a* e+)= +atin)*(%ma*()C u%a+-$&< a c)()*(%)(7 t?%t0net0en, 0) )*(%ma*()a miatt K$n)tantin(4.$+8 n0.e nem )*e%ette" A*t i) %07<ta )0%e+me*t0-, >$78 ;anu0+ ann8i%a -e&ve+te a+atin$-at" A* e+>C*<&< anti<->iai e78>(*i vi)*(+8$- c)a- n?ve+t0- a i*(ncia- -e)e4%)070t" S$>a)em me%1+t #e+e&0)e, mi+8en .u)*t't()t vitte- v07e a -e%e)*te)e- ac)()*(% te%1+etein, 0+t a ci.%u)i m0)*(%+(), 0) )$- v0%e) tett em+0-e, ame+8e-et ve+en4ceie-, .i)aia- 0) 7en$vaia- -?vette- e+" A n0. +e7in-( a* it(+iai -e%e)-e&=-et 784+?+te, a-i- $tt .(v()-$&ta- K$n)tantin(.$+8 utc(in, 0+ve*t0-, >$78 e++en=%*0)1- a+attta%t/(- a i%$&a+$m -e%e)-e&e+m0t, ame+8ne- $n8$+'t()a -?*en 78a-%an me7t(4ma&t(- a 0-0) .$+7(%$-at i)" A c)()*(%n0 tan(c)a&<-0nt 0), amint a--$%ian v0+t0-,)*e%et=-0nt i) #0%/e e78i- un$-a?cc)0t, K$mn0n$)* A+ei$)* .%$t$)*ea)*t$)*t, Je%u4*)(+emi K$mn0n0 ;(%ia -i%(+8n0 na78(t8/(t vette ma7a me++0" A #0%#i n0.)*e%t+env$+t, 0) nem i) v$+t $-$)" ;in&-etten a +atin e+em%e t(ma)*-$&ta-, -1+?n?)en a* it(+i4ai -e%e)-e&=-%e" A c)()*(%n0va+ )*emeni e++en(++()t m$)t$>a+e(n8a, B'$%an)*1+e4tett ;(%ia ) anna- #0%/e, ;$nt#e%%ati Raine% ve*ette" Nem )i-e%1+t a -e78enc me778i+4-$+()(%a )*=tt te%v1-, &e ami-$% a me%0n8+=- a Ha7ia S*$.>i(a mene-1+te-, A+ei4$)* i)m0t me7)0%tette a v(%$) +a-<it, mive+ me7.%<(+ta me7)*ent)07te+en'teni a)*ent0+8t" A c)()*(%n0 -0n8te+en v$+t me7$c)(tani a* ?))*ee)-1v=-ne-, &e i*$n84ta+an >e+8*et0en a )<7$%(na-, III" B0+a ma78a% -i%(+8na- -?n8?%7?tt, )ie))en )e7't)0470%e" :0%/e un$-ate)tv0%e, K$mn0n$)* An&%$ni-$)*, -e+eten #$+8tat$tt c)('t$78 a%(tai a nem*et ve*0%e-0nt t1ntett0- #e+,0) = i) -0)*en (++t a* C/ #e+a&at%a" G au7u)*tu)(an (tv$nu+t Anat<+i(n" K?nn8en+e78=*te a*$-at, a-i- nem c)at+a-$*ta- >$**(" K$n)tantin(.$+8an a c)()*(%n0 me+4+ett m(% c)a- a +atin$- (++ta-" Amint An&%$ni-$)* -?*e+7ett a B$)*.$%u)*>$*, a -$n)4tantin(.$+8i n0. e78)*e% c)a- +ec)a.$tt a v(%$)e+i +atin$-%a" A m0)*(%+()t a +atin$-7=7/e v(+t$tta -i, &e a )*?%n8 e)em0n8 m07 a +e7e+)*(nta i*(nci >a*a#ia- t?)0470t i) me7%en&'tette" 6)a- n0>(n8 it(+iai -e%e)-e&= ma%a&t 0+eten" - >a/<%a )*(++4ta-, 0) e+vit$%+(*ta- n8u7at #e+0, Ct-?*en a .a%tvi&0-et .u)*t'tva" An&%$ni-$)* e+=ttn8itva (++t a* Ct K$n)tantin(.$+8a"

E+)= +0.0)-0nt e+tette +( a+<+ vet0+8t(%)ait" A .%$t$)*ea)*t$)*t e?%t?n?*te, 0)-e78et+en1+ me7va-'ttatta" B'$%an)*1+etett ;(%ia 0) a #0%/e %e/t0+8e) m<&$n >a+tme7" A c)()*(%n0t me7#$/tatta, -i)#i(t .e&i7 a%%a -0n8)*e%'tette, >$78 '%/a a+( an8/a>a+(+$) 't0+et0t" An&%$ni-$)* a 78e%me- t(%)c)()*(%a +ett, &e -0t ><na..a+ -0)= II"A+ei$)* 78e%me- c)()*(%t me7?+t0-, 0) a M 0ve) An&%$ni-$)* #e+e)071+ vette A+ei4$)* ?*ve780t, a ti*en-0t e)*ten&=) :%ancia$%)*(7i Á7ne)t"

E*e-t=+ a 78i+-$))(7$-t<+ e+te-intve An&%$ni-$)* /<+ -e*&te u%a+-$&()(t" ;e7ti)*4t't$tta a -$%%u.t 0) #e+e)+e7e) eme%e-t=+ a* (++ami7a*7at()t, na78 )C+8t #e-tetett a*i7a*)(7)*$+7(+tat() ti)*ta)(7(%a, me7-?vete+te, >$78 a 7a*&a7$- #i*e))0- me7 a&<i4-at, 0) v0&e+me*te a -i*)(-m(n8$+() e++en a )*e70n8e-et" Év)*(*a&$- <ta )en-i )emi%(n8't$tta i+8en /<+ a ta%t$m(n8$-at" An&%$ni-$)* a*$nan #0+t, 0) $--a+" R$-$nai-?*1+ )$-an #0+t0-en8e- v$+ta- %(, 0) a* a%i)*t$-%(cia ne>e*m0n8e*te .$+iti-(/(t" :e4

694()& 6>a+an&$n2 i* m*, M94MG" ." T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 9, M!" ." e)*(m$+ a >a+(+(%<+"

n8e7et=n a+a-u+ta- a -1+178e- i)" Be+(tta, >$78 a* G" 0vi m0)*(%+() i7en %$))* e4n8$m()t -e+tett n8u7at$n, e*0%t )ietve e78e*m0n8t -?t?tt 3e+enc0ve+, ame+8en0vente #i*eten&= -(%ta+an't()t '70%t a* e+)*enve&ett ve)*te)07e-0%t, ) a%%a i) v$+t7$n&/a, >$78 a .(.a me70-'t0)0%e +atin )*e%ta%t()C tem.+$m$t eme+te))en a #=v(4%$)an" T(m$7atta a n8u7ati -e%e)-e&=-et, t0%/ene- vi))*a Bi*(nca" Bi*(nc #= e++en4)07e a*$nan a H$>en)tau#en c)()*(% 0) a )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 v$+t" G4en a+/<) >(*a)4)(7$t -?t?tt e78m())a+ :%i78e) c)()*(% #ia, Hen%i- 0) II" 3i+m$) te)tv0%e 0) ?%?-?)e,K$n)tancia" An&%$ni-$)* ti)*t(an v$+t a**a+, >$78 >ama%$)an me7t(ma&/(- a )*ic'4+iaia-, 0) i*t$)'tani a-a%ta -e+eti >at(%(t" (tta, -e+eten S*a+a&in .(+8(/a eme+-e&=4en van, '78 F te+/e) e++ent0ten ;anu0+ .$+iti-(/(va+ F, ve+e -?t?tt e78e*)07et" S*a4a& -e*et i*t$)'t$tt ne-i a #%an-$--a+ )*emen, >a )*?vet)07%e +0. ve+e a )*e+&*)u4-$- e++en" 78 tni-, -ite%ve+t0- a /?ven&= ><&'t()$- 0) e#$+8()i ?ve*ete- #e+$)*t(4)(t i)" De a* e78e*)07=+ nem +ett )emmi )em, me%t An&%$ni-$)*, a-i #0+tette -$n)4tantin(.$+8i .$*'ci</(t, e78%e va&a e+n8$m< int0*-e&0)e-et #$7anat$)'t$tt, m'7nem a #=v(%$)an m(% )en-i )em 0%e*te ma7(t i*t$n)(7an" Nem c)a- a* a%i)*t$-%(4ci(%a )C/t$tt +e, &e %en&=%ei +eta%t<*tatta- -e%e)-e&=-et 0) e78)*e% mun-()$-at i), >aa* ?))*ee)-1v0) +e7>a+v(n8a 78anC/a i) #?+me%1+t e++en1-, 0) me7va-'t$tt(-, va78v0%.a&%a -1+&t0- =-et" Ami-$% G9 au7u)*tu)(an E.ei%$)*an .a%t%a )*(++t e78)*ic'+iai )e%e7 0) T>e))*a+$ni-0 #e+0 in&u+t, An&%$ni-$)* .(ni-a e)ett" A +eta%t<*tat(4)i 0) -iv07*0)i >u++(m n8$m(n a +a-$))(7 m(% a +(*a&() -1)*?0%e 0%t" A *en&1+0)a--$% t?%t -i, ami-$% a c)()*(% i&=) 0) (%ta+mat+an un$-ate)tv0%e, An7e+$)* I*)(-,?%t?n0=+ me7)*?-ve a Ha7ia S*$.>ia $+t(%(n(+ -e%e)ett mene&0-et" An&%$ni-$)*tm07 )a/(t te)t=%ei i) e+>a78t(-" Hi(a .%<(+t Á*)i(a )*?-ni, e+#$7t(-, e78 %1>e)teve >(t(n v07i7>u%c$+t(- a v(%$)$n, ma/& a #e+=)*1+t t?me7 me7-'n$*ta 0) )*0t4)*a77atta" An7e+$)* I*)(-$t -i(+t$tt(- -i c)()*(%na-, a-i va+ame+8e)t %en&et te%em4tett, 0) me7a+(*< 0-0t -?t?tt a )*ic'+iai -i%(++8a+" 6)a->$78 I*)(- u%a+-$&()%a te+/e)ena+-a+mat+an v$+t" A* =)i c)()*(%)(7 >a%ma&%en& >ata+$mm( )1++8e&t, 0) m(% a+i7e#$+8()$+ta a vi+(7.$+iti-(t"M!9

Bi*(nc >an8at+()a #e+$%'t$tta -e+eten a >ata+mi e78en)C+8t" Ö%m0n8$%)*(7 0) An4ti<->ia u%a+-$&a+(+>'%0%e B$emun& e+*te 7?%?7 #e+e)070t, >$78 e+ve>e)4)en e78 S*ii++a nev, *1++?tt 0+et, anti<->iai n=t" Anna- i&e/0n Aime%8 .(t%i(%-anem ?%1+t a 7?%?7 >(*a))(7na-, &e a >(*a))(7t?%0) me7$t%(n-$*tatta" Ki-?*?)'tetteB$emun&$t, e78>(*i ti+a+mat m$n&$tt -i a v(%$)%a, 0) i)m0t vi))*av$nu+t Ku)*a/%a"A* anti<->iai neme))07 78+?+te S*ii++(t, 0) $--a+, u78ani) -0m v$+t, S*a+a&int<+ #i4*et0)t -a.$tt a #%an- )e%e7 e%e/0ve+ 0) m$*7()(va+ -a.c)$+at$) in#$%m(ci<-0%t" A ne4me)e- Aime%8 me++0 (++ta-" 6)a-nem -it?%t a .$+7(%>($%C, ami-$% Ba+&uin -i%(+8He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a ve*et0)e a+att e78>(*i -1+&?tt)07et mene)*tett Anti<->i(a a&$+7$- e+%en&e*0)0%e" Aime%8 .0n*0%t #e+$+&$*ta a v(%$)t, &e #ennta%t$tta a -i-?*?)'4t0)t" S*ii++(t e+i)me%t0- Anti<->ia >e%ce7n0/0ne-" S$- neme) e+07e&et+en v$+t e**e+ a%en&e*0))e+, 0) Ru.en u&va%(a mene-1+t" G v070n m07 $n8$+u+ta( v(+t a -0tu%a+-$&< vi)*$n8a, ami-$% K$mn0n$)* I*)(-, Ki+i-ia i*(nci -$%m(n8*</a, #e++(*a&4va An&%$ni-$)* e++en, B$emun&t<+ -0%t )e7't)07et Ru.en e++en, 0) een7e&te c)a.ata4it Ta%)*$)*a" B$emun& a*$nna+ me77$n&$+ta ma7(t, e+a&ta Ta%)*$)*t 0) a -$%m(n84

695An&%$ni-$)* u%a+-$&()(%<+ +()& Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 59M4M5" ." T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 45,!FGM" .", /<+ 0%te)1+t e)*(m$+<t -?*?+ An&%$ni-$)* >ata+$m%a -e%1+0)0%=+"

*<t Ru.enna-, ma/& a* e70)*et me7(nta" A tem.+$m$)$- -iv(+t$tt(- I*)(-$t, me%ta*t >itt0-, a ci.%u)ia- -e&ve+i-, 0) vi))*a-a./(- a v(+t)(7&'/at" I*)(- vi))*ament 6i.4%u)%a, a>$+ #177et+en c)()*(%-0nt 0+t, 0) e)*e (7(an )em v$+t me7#i*etni a* a&<))(47(t" Ru.en e*ut(n a**a+ i/e)*t7ette )*$m)*0&ait, >$78 e+#$7+a+ta a Ki+i-ia 0)*a-n8u47ati c)1c)-0en, am.%$nn(+ ta+(+>at< -i), >etumi&a #e/e&e+em)07et, ame+8 K$n)tan4tin(.$+8 v0&e+m0t 0+ve*te" Ru.en n?ve-v= >ata+ma me7i/e)*tette B$emun&$t, a-iG94en me7>'vta =t e78 me70-1+0)i 1nne.)07%e Anti<->i(a, 0) me70%-e*te-$%+eta%t<*tatta" Ru.en te)tv0%e, e< e#e/e*te a >etumi&(- me7><&'t()(t, 0) me7t(ma&4ta Anti<->i(t" Ru.ent )*aa&$n $c)(t$tt(- a**a+, >$78 (ta&/a B$emun&na- ;a4mi)*t%(t 0) A&an(t, &e amint vi))*at0%t Ki+i-i(a, c)a->ama% vi))*a)*e%e*te e*e-et av(%$)$-at, 0) a ta%t$m(n8 e78e&1+i u%a +ett" B$emun& t?)*?% me7t(ma&ta, &e )em4mit )em 0%t e+"M!M

S*a+a&inna- -a.<%a /?tte- e*e- a )i%a+ma) civa-$&()$- a /e+ent0-te+en, -i) -e%e)*4t0n8 u%a+-$&<- -?*?tt" Sem Bi*(nc, )em É)*a-4S*'%ia #%an-/ai nem tu&t(- #e+ta%t<*4tatni e+=%en8$mu+()(t, )em )e7't)07et n8C/tani a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7na-" A mu)*+i4m$- -?*?tt e78et+en -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8 (++am ?%ven&ett ti)*te+etne-, a t(v$+i L%C*ia,me+8 e* i&= t(/t a* i%(ni )*e+&*)u- u%a+-$&<- %$v()(%a te%/e)*-e&ett, 0) a )*e+&*)u-$-7$n&/ai -a.<%a /?tte- S*a+a&inna-"M! I+8en -?%1+m0n8e- -?*?tt v$+t a -i%(+8)(7 )*(4m(%a +0t-0%&0), >$78 #ennta%t)a a* G4i7 0%v0n8e) #e78ve%)*1netet" 6>ti++$ni Ra/4na+&, a-i imm(% a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+et u%a v$+t, nem v$+t >a/+an&< $+8an .$+iti-(t t(4m$7atni, ame+8 e++ent0te) v$+t 0%&e-eive+" A #e78ve%)*1net #e+t0te+ei )*e%int -e%e)*4t0n8 0) m$>ame&(n -e%e)-e&=- )*aa&$n /(%>atta- e78m() te%1+etein" Ra/na+&$t na478$n i*7att(- a -?*e+0en >($%'tat+anu+ v$nu+< 7a*&a7 mu)*+im -a%av(n$-" Gn8a%(n nem tu&$tt t$v( e++en(++ni a -')0%t0)ne-, c)a.atai e>at$+ta- A%(i(a, aDama)*-u)*<+ ;e--(a ve*et= Ct -?*e+0en #e-v= Taim(a" A* $(*i) -?*e+0en +e4c)a.$tt e78 ;e--a #e+0 >a+a&< 0-0) -a%av(n%a, 0) min&en0=+ -i#$)*t$tta" 78 t4ni-, a%%a i) 7$n&$+t, >$78 me7t(ma&/a ;e&in(t i), &e S*a+a&in, a-i E78i.t$man v$+t,a* un$-a?cc)e, :(%C-)(> ve*et0)e a+att 78$%)an c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt Dama)*-u)*<+ a

J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+et%e, '78 Ra/na+& )ietve >a*at0%t" S*a+a&in #e+.ana)*$+ta a -i%(+8na-a #e78ve%)*1net me7)0%t0)0t, 0) -(%.<t+()t -0%t" Ba+&uin e+i)me%te a -0%0) /$7$))(7(t,&e min&en )1%7et0)e e++en0%e Ra/na+& me7ta7a&ta a /<v(t0te+t" A* u&va%n(+ +ev= a4%(tai a .(%t/(t #$7t(-, m'7nem a 78en7e -i%(+8 >a78ta #e+e&0)e me%1+ni a* 178et"S*a+a&in a*$nan nem #e+e/tett" N0>(n8 ><na..a+ -0)= e*e%?t)*(* *a%(n&$-<+(++< c)$.$%t a %$))* i&= miatt -0n8te+en v$+t .a%ta)*(++ni a* e78i.t$mi Damietta me+4+ett" A *a%(n&$-$- nem tu&ta- a #e78ve%)*1net e+=*ete) me7)0%t0)0%=+" S*a+a&inmin&n8(/u-at +(nc%a ve%te, 0) me71*ente Ba+&uinna-, >$78 a--$% )*aa&u+na-, >aRa/na+& vi))*aa&/a a* e+%a$+t /ava-at" Ra/na+& i)m0t me7ta7a&ta a *)(-m(n8 vi))*a4)*$+7(+tat()(t, 0) a >($%C m$)t m(% e+-e%1+>etet+enn0 v(+t"M!G

696T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, M4, !4!" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$)2 Latin foytatás" G" ."V E%n$u+, !" ."V Ni4-0ta)* K>$niat0)*, 5M45" ."V Ne$.>1t$)*2 .e Caamitati"us Cypri, c+vii" ."V S*'%iai ;i>(+8, III, 5G!45!" ."V S*emat c$nn0ta+e, MG" ."V 3a>%am2 $mes ,rónika, 9G49" ." S*ii++a -0mtev0-en8)070%=++()& In a+4A)*'%, !45" ."V AC S(ma, 5" ."

697A 7%C* t?%t0ne+em%=+ III" L8?%78 a+att 9M4G a 3r)z ,rónikáan, 545" ." Ut(na +e(n8a, a

na78 Tam(% -i%(+8n= -e%1+t a t%<n%a" ()& A++en2 History of the 3eorgian &eope, 4" ."698T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, , G" .", &e nem '% a%%<+, >$78 S*a+a&in mi0%t ta%t<*tatta +e a *a%(n&$4-$-atV E%n$u+, 949M" ."V AC S(ma, 4G" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4M9" ."

5

Ra/na+& 0) a%(tai %(vett0- a -i%(+8t, >$78 a J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+et%e ?))*.$nt$)'t)ae%e/0t, 0) $tt ta%t<*ta))a #e+ a* E78i.t$m<+ 0%-e*= S*a+a&int" A* Ie+ine- 0) Ra/mun&>i(a ma78a%(*t(-, '78 v0&te+en ma%a& Pa+e)*tina, >a S*a+a&in e78 m()i- utat v(4+a)*t" G" m(/u) 40n S*a+a&in Ct%a -e+t E78i.t$m<+" ;i-?*en )*e%ta%t()$)an C4c)Ct vett mini)*te%eit=+, e78 >an7 a t?me7=+ e78 ve%))$%t i&0*ett, ame+8ne- a* v$+t a

/e+ent0)e, >$78 )$>a t?0 nem #$7/a vi)*$nt+(tni Kai%<t" A /<)+at i7a*na- i*$n8u+t"S*a+a&in a S'nai4)ivata7$n (t A-a(a ve*ette )e%e70t, ma/& min&en a-a&(+8 n0+-1+0)*a-%a ta%t$tt, -e+et%=+ me7-e%1+ve a #%an- )e%e7et 0) -?*en e+.u)*t'tva a te%m0)t"Ami-$% Dama)*-u)*a 0%t, me7tu&ta, >$78 :(%C-)(> m(% v07i7&C+ta La+i+e(t, -i4#$)*t$tta a T($%4>e78 #a+vait, 0) >C)*e*e% (++at%a 0) e*e% %a%a tett )*e%t" :(%C-)(>vi))*at0%te-$% me7t(ma&ta Hai)* D*)a+&a- )*i-+av(%(t a J$%&(n$n tC+, a Ja%mC- #$4+8< #?+?tt" A+a7utat v(7at$tt a )*i-+(n -e%e)*t1+, ami (+ta+ a v(% v0&te+enn0 v(+t" A -e4%e)*t0n8 )*'%e-=+ (++< >e+8=%)07ne- nem v$+t -e&ve me7>a+ni a #%an-$-0%t, 0) a*$n4na+ me7a&ta ma7(t" S*a+a&in >(%$m >0ti7 ma%a&t Dama)*-u)*an, a*ut(n :(%C-)(>0) na78 )e%e77e+ /C+iu) 40n e+in&u+t, 0) a La+i+eai4ten7e% &0+i c)1c)-0n0+ e>at$+t Pa4+e)*tin(a" A -i%(+8 m(% e+(tta e+=*= >a&ite%ve $)t$a)(7(t, vi))*a/?tt a J$%&(n$ntC+i te%1+et%=+, 0) a #$+8< n8u7ati .a%t/(n menete+t #e+#e+0" ;a7(va+ vitte a .(t%i(%-(t 0)a )*ent -e%e)*tet, >$78 (+&() -')0%/e #e78ve%eit" A -0t )e%e7 a /$>annit(- Be+v$i% nevv(%a me++ett 1t-?*?tt me7" A va& >a%can a #%an-$- (++t(- S*a+a&in t(ma&()ait, &e e+4+ent(ma&()ai--a+ nem tu&t(- me7t?%ni a mu)*+im$- v$na+(t" E)t0%e min&-0t )e%e778=*te)ne- n8i+v(n't$tta ma7(t"M!!

;ive+ S*a+a&in v$+t a me7)*(++<, )*(m(%a -u&a%c v$+t, &e e* a >e+8*et nem ta%t$tt)$-(i7" Au7u)*tu)an i)m0t (t-e+t a >at(%$n, 0) vi++(m78$%)an (tv$nu+t a e/%Cti >e478e-en" U78ana--$% #+$tt(/a, me+8et -?*en a Dama)*-u)*4Kai%< -?*?tt m-?&= 7a4+am.$)t(va+ ma7(>$* %en&e+t, me7/e+ent a ten7e%.a%t$n" Be/%Ct a*$nan na78)*e%4en v$+t e%=&'tve, 0) O&$ .1).?- (t$%, 1t=-0.e) v0&e+met )*e%ve*ett" Ba+&uin i) )iet4ve #e+>$*ta )e%e70t La+i+e(<+, 0) c)a- a&&i7 (++t me7, am'7 a* a--$ni 0) a t1%$)*i -i4-?t=en >$%7$n8*< >a/<-at ?))*e nem )*e&te" ;ive+ a #%an-$- $&a0%-e*0)e e+=tt nemtu&ta %$>amma+ evenni a v(%$)t, S*a+a&in vi))*av$nu+t" E+0%-e*ett a* i&=, >$78#$nt$)a 178e-ne- )*ente+/e ma7(t"

G" /Cniu) !40n me7>a+t a m$)*u+i S*a/# a&4D'n, 0) c)a- -i)-$%C 78e%me-e-et>a78$tt >(t%a" A m$)*u+i em'%e- me7>'vt(- a te)tv0%0t, I**a&4D'nt, #$7+a+/a e+ a*?%?-)07et" Ti*enn8$+c ><na..a+ -0)=, G" &eceme% 40n a* a+e..>i%te+en me7>a+t -<+i-(an, &e min&en-i m0%7e*0)%=+ e)*0+t" Ti*enn8$+c 0ve), vi4&(m, $-$) i#/C v$+t, a-i=+ na78 u%a+-$&< v(+>at$tt v$+na" Ha+(+$) (78(n a%%a -0%te a*em'%e-et, >$78 m$)*u+i un$-ate)tv0%0ne- a/(n+/(- #e+ a* ut<&+()t, 0) '78 e78e)'t)0- ac)a+(&i i%t$-$-at S*a+a&in e++en0en" I** a&4D'n a* 0v v070n 0%t A+e..<a, a>$+ +e+4-e)en 1&v?*?+t0-" A >am(i em'% -?vete (+ta+ #e+a/(n+$tta ne-i, >$78 >0%e)e +e)*"E--$% m07 nem te+t +e a -0t0ve) #e78ve%)*1net S*a+a&inna+, 0) I** a&4D'n vi))*auta)'4t$tta a* a/(n+at$t, nem ann8i%a ec)1+et=+, mint nemt?%=&?m)07=+" 3$+t 0.. e+07a77<&niva+</a, >i)*en G #e%u(%/(an te)tv0%e, a )*in&*)a%i Im(& a&4D'n -?vete+te?%?-%0)*0t, 0) int%i-(-at )*=tt Ku-u%'va+, a* a+e..<i )e%e7 .a%anc)n$-(va+" ;(/u)4an I** a&4D'n vi))*at0%t ;$)*u+a, 0) Im(& a&4D'n A+e..<0%t c)e%0e ne-i a&ta

699T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 4M, G4!9" ."V AC S(ma, G4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M94M9G" ." A* a

ve%), ame+8et S*a+a&inna- 0ne-e+te-, ami-$% e+uta*$tt Kai%<<+, a -?vet-e*= v$+t2 WÉ+ve*& a ne/&i m(%47a %0te- i++at(t" ;a 0/)*a-(t<+ nem +e)*ne- t?0 ma%7a%0t(-"X700T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 4G, !M4, ."V AC S(ma, 5" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M95" ."

S*in&*)(%t" Ku-u%' /uta+ma a >a%%(ni emi%(tu) +ett" Onnan me)te%-e&ett $%t$-i&a)*$m)*0&aiva+, Hi)*n Ka/#a 0) Bi%e&*)i- u%a+-$&<iva+ a* a+e..$* #$%4&u+ta- )e7't)070%t" A mu)*+im u%a+-$&<- -?*?tti #e78ve%)*1net )*e.teme%en /(%t+e" S*a+a&in m07 a*na. (t+0.te a >at(%t, 0) e78 A+e..< e++eni, )*'n+e+t t(ma&() ut(n(t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en 0) Bi%e&*)i- e++en v$nu+t" A D*)a*'%a v(%$)ai, E&e))*a, S*a%C&4*), Ni)*''n, min& me7a&t(- ma7u-at" ;$)*u+i7 ment 0) n$veme% 40n >$**(#$47$tt ;$)*u+ $)t%$m(>$*" I)m0t $+8an e%=& -e%1+t Ct/(a, ame+8 tC+ e%=) v$+t a>>$*,>$78 %$>amma+ eve78e" e+-i ve*et=/e, an4N()*'% -a+i#a, a-it me7%en&'tett a m$>a4me&(n$- te)tv0%>($%C/a, i78e-e*ett -?*?tt1- 0-0t )*e%e*ni" Pe%)*a%m0nia )*e+4&*)u- u%a+-$&</a 0) a ma%&ini #e/e&e+em -0)*en (++t a%%a, >$78 #e+ment= c)a.at$-at-1+&/?n" S*a+a&in vi))*av$nu+t S*in&*)(%i7, ame+8et -0t>eti $)t%$m ut(n %$>amma+vett e" E*Ctta+ )em tu&ta me7a-a&(+8$*ni, >$78 -at$n(i -i#$))*(- a v(%$)t, &e -$%4m(n8*</(t )*aa&$n en7e&te, 0) ti)*te) -')0%ette+ ;$)*u+a -1+&te" I** a&4D'n 0) )*?4vet)07e)ei -iv$nu+ta-, >$78 ;a%&in -?*e+0en ta+(+-$**ana- ve+e, ) e78 eme%1-e+=%ement, >$78 #e78ve%)*1netet -0%/en" S*a+a&in e+uta)'t<an a*t v(+a)*$+ta, ma/& ac)atame*=n ta+(+-$*na-, mi%e a )e%e7 #e+$)*+$tt, 0) min&en-i $tt>$n(a mene-1+t"S*a+a&in nem 1+&?*te =-et, >anem 0)*a-%a ment, >$78 me7><&'t)a Di/a%a-i%t, D*)a4*'%a +e7na78$ 0) +e77a*&a7a v(%(t, ame+8 a* i)*+(m +e7na78)*e% -?n8vt(%(4na- a&$tt >e+8ett" S*a+a&in a >i)*n -ai#ai >e%ce7ne- a&ta a v(%$)t" //()*e%ve*te aD*)a*'%(t, min&e78i- v(%$) >0%i%t$--0nt e784e78 $+8an em'% i%(n8't()a a+( -e%1+t,a-i-en m$)t m(% me7'*$tt, ma/& m(/u) 40n i)m0t A+e..< a+( 0%-e*ett"

Ami-$% S*a+a&in e+in&u+t Im(& a&4D'n 0) I** a&4D'n e++en, min&-0t >e%ce7 a #%an4-$->$* #$%&u+t )e7't)070%t" ;$)*u+<+ -?vet)07 ment a #%an-$->$*, 0vi t'*e*e% &i4n(%t, B(n/()* 0) Hai)* D*)a+&a- vi))*aa&()(t 0) a S*a+a&in #$7)(7(an +ev= ?))*e)-e%e)*t0n8 -i)*aa&'t()(t '70%te, >a a #%an-$- me7t(ma&/(- Dama)*-u)*t" Rem0n84te+i .i++anat v$+t, me%t n0>(n8 na..a+ a*ut(n, >$78 S*a+a&in me7)*(++ta a D*)a*'%a4t$t, un$-a?cc)e, :(%C-)(> &am)*-u)*i -$%m(n8*< >i%te+en me7>a+t" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 a.(t%i(%-a 0) a S*ent Ke%e)*t -')0%et0en (tv(7$tt a Hau%an$n, -i#$)*t$tta E*%(t 0) e+4

/ut$tt B$)*%(i7, mi-?*en T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& vi))*avette Hai)* D*)a+&a-$t" G"&eceme% e+e/0n Ra/mun& +$va) t(ma&()t in&'t$tt, ame+8 i)m0t e70)*en B$)*%(i7 e+40%t, ma/& n0>(n8 na..a+ -0)= a -i%(+8i )e%e7 e+in&u+t Dama)*-u)* e++en, ) a -1+v(4%$)an, Da%ei/(n(+ ve%t t($%t" Itt e78 >'%e) mec)et (++t, ame+8et Ba+&uin me7-'m0+tV a&ama)*-u)*i -e%e)*t0n8e- -?vet)07e u78ani) #i78e+me*tette, >a -(%t te)* enne, amu)*+im$- v(%$)e+i tem.+$mai-$n #$7/(- -it?+teni $))*C/u-at" A -i%(+8 me7 )em.%<(+ta me7t(ma&ni ma7(t a v(%$)t, ) c)a->ama% *)(-m(nn8a+ %a-$ttan vi))*av$4nu+t T1%$)*a, >$78 $tt t?+t)e a -a%(c)$n8t" Tava)*%a C/a >a&/(%at$t te%ve*ett, &e a*0v e+e/0n N(*(%eten )C+8$), +(*a) ete7)07 t?%t -i %a/ta" Hete-i7 #e-1&t 0+et4>a+(+ -?4*?tt, ete7)07e a* e70)* )e%e7et me70n't$tta" É)*a-a%a III" B$emun& te>etet+env$+t, nem tu&$tt +0.ni S*a+a&in e++en" K?vete-et -1+&?tt A+e..<a, S*a+a&in t($%(a0) n078e)*ten&=) #e78ve%)*1netet -?t?tt ve+e" 78 tu&ta -i/av'ttatni #=v(%$)a v0&e+mie%en&e*0)eit"5

701Ba>( a&4D'n, P" P" T" S", ?4GM" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 9!4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M9M4M9"

." 702T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, 4, 9, 4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, 9949!" ."703In a+4A)*'%, MM" ."

9

A+e..<an Im(& a&4D'n nem na78$n (++t e++en S*a+a&inna-" N0.)*e%t+en v$+t av(%$)an, ) ami-$% S*a+a&in >0%i%t$--0nt #e+a/(n+$tta ne-i %07i $tt>$n(t, S*in4&*)(%t, >$**( Ni)*''nt, S*a%C&*)$t 0) Ra--(t, $+&$7an e+ee78e*ett a c)e%0e" G5"

/Cniu) 40n S*a+a&in ev$nu+t A+e..<a" Öt na..a+ -0)= Im(& a&4D'n e+in&u+tS*in&*)(%a" Ti)*te) -')0%etet -a.$tt, &e a* ?))*e78+t t?me7 c)a- 7Cn8$+<&$tt %a/ta,ami0%t $+8an -?nn8en ma7(%a >a78/a a v(%$)t" JCniu) G4(n S*a+a&in >ivata+$)an i)ev$nu+t A+e..<a, 0) #e++$va7$+t a v(%a"

Au7u)*tu) 40n a )*u+t(n vi))*at0%t Dama)*-u)*a, ame+8et #=v(%$)(nate-in4tett"9 Bi%$&a+ma e--$% K1%enai-(t<+ a Ti7%i)i7 te%/e&t" K0t 0v)*(*a&a nem 0+t >$**(>a)$n+'t>at< >ata+ma) mu)*+im u%a+-$&<" A* ?v0 v$+t E78i.t$m min&en 7a*&a7)(7a"Dama)*-u)*t 0) A+e..<t -?*vet+en1+ i%(n8't$tta" E v(%$)$- -?%1+ 0) t=+1- 0)*a--e4+et%e, ;$)*u+ #a+aii7 $+8an -at$nai >0%i%t$-$- te%1+te- e+, ame+8e-ne- a i%t$-$)a4i%a )*(m't>at$tt" A a7&a&i -a+i#a i) t(m$7atta" A m$)*u+i I** a&4D'n e><&$+t ne-i"A* anat<+iai )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n -e%e)te a a%(t)(7(t, a -e+ete%e 0+= )*e+&*)u- u%a+4-$&<-na- .e&i7 nem v$+t e%e/1- e++en(++ni ne-i" A -e%e)*t0n8 Bi*(nci Bi%$&a+$m m(%nem /e+entett )*(m(%a -$m$+8 #en8e7et0)t" A mu)*+im$- )*(m(%a nem ma%a&t m()#e+a&at, mint>$78 e+ti.$%/(- a* i&e7en et$+a-$&<-at, >i)*en a*, >$78 a #%an-$- Pa4+e)*tin(t 0) a )*'%iai ten7e%.a%t$t a i%t$-u-an ta%t$tt(-, %07<ta a* i)*+(m )*078enev$+t"

704Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, GM4GG" ."V In a+4A)*'%, MM" ."V AC S(ma, 94G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n,

B+$c>et -ia&", M" ."V T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, , 54" .", a-i .$nt$)an me70%tette, me--$%a /e+en4t=)07e v$+t anna-, >$78 S*a+a&in e+#$7+a+ta" A+e..<t"705Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, G!" ."

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-$%m(n8$*ni a* $%)*(7$t" A +(* )C+8$)'t$tta +e.%(/(t" Ke*0t4+((t m(% nem tu&ta>a)*n(+ni, v07ta7/ai e+-e*&te- 1)*-?)?&ni" S*inte te+/e)en me7va-u+t" An8/a, n=v0%e,S*ii++a 0) He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a =%-?&te- #e+ette, 0) me778=*t0-, '**a a %07en))07etu)i7nani Lui&<%a, S*ii++a#0%/0%e" Lui&$ a -i%(+8)(7u%a +ett, Je%u*)(+em v(%$)a-iv0te+0ve+, ame+8et t'*e*e%i*(nci a%an8 /?ve&e+em4me+ e781tt a -i%(+8 ma7(4na- ta%t$tt #enn" A (%<-

c)a- v$na-$&va #$7a&t(-e+ a -i%(+8 &?nt0)0t"M

E &?nt0)e- me7>$*ata4+(n(+ 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&nem v$+t /e+en" Ami-$%G =)*0n me7>a++$tta,>$78 S*a+a&in 0)*a-%a ta%t,e+in&u+t, >$78 me7va+<)'t)a%07i, -e&ve) te%v0t" 6)a.a4taiva+ a 3?%?)4ten7e%n0+

a-a%ta #$)*t$7atni a ;e-4-(a in&u+< 7a*&a7, ten7e4%i -a%av(n$-at, 0) a* i) me7#$%&u+t a #e/0en, me7t(ma&/a a m$>ame&(n$- )*ent v(4%$)(t" Év v07e #e+0 Ai+(a v$nu+t, a* A-aai4??+ e/(%at(>$*, ) vitt ma7(va+ 7(+8(4-at, ame+8e-et a ;$( e%&eine- #(/(<+ c)in(+tat$tt, 0) a 3?%?)4ten7e%en .%<(+t -i"A* <ta a mu)*+im$- #enn>at<)(7a a+( ta%t$*< Ai+a e+e)ett, &e a -?*e+i )*i7eten(++< v(%, ame+8et a #%an- t?%t0net'%<- +e &e L%a8e4na- neve*ne-, -ita%t$tt" Ra/na+&-0t >a/<va+ $tt ma%a&t, 0) +$-(& a+att ta%t$tta e*t a* e%=&?t, m'7 #+$tt(/a t?i e78)047e v'7an t$va>a/<*$tt, >e+8e+i -a+<*$- .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+att" e>a/<*ta- a 3?%?)4ten7e% a#%i-ai .a%t/ai ment0n, ) menet -?*en a -i) .a%ti v(%$)$-at #$)*t$7att(-" ;e74

706T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QII, 9, MF" ."

Malilea

t(ma&t(- Ai&( v(%$)(t, a ;e--(va+ )*em-?*t #e-v=, na78, nCiai -i-?t=t" La*&a47$n me7%a-$tt -e%e)-e&=>a/<-at *)(-m(n8$+ta-, ame+8e- Á&en=+ 0) In&i(<+ /?t4te-" E78 .a%t%a)*(++t e78)07 -i#$)*t$tt e78 >ata+ma), v0&te+en -a%av(nt, ame+8 a )iva4ta7<+ a N'+u) v?+780n (t uta*$tt a ten7e% #e+0" A -a+<*$- Ai&(<+ (t-e+te- a* a%(i4ai .a%t$-%a" :e+07ett0- a >a/<-at ;e&ina -i-?t=ien, a+4Hau%(an 0) Jam<an, 0) e+4

/ut$tta- a%4R(7ii7, ame+8 m(% ;e--a e78i- -i-?t=/e v$+t" E+)1++8e)*tette- a -?*e+ene78, D*)i&&(a ta%t<, *a%(n&$-$--a+ *)C#$+t >a/<t" A* e70)* mu)*+im vi+(7 e+)*?%4n8e&t" A* a+e..$78 $+8an )*?vet)07e)ei- vanna-, a-i- a >it e++en v0t-e*ne-"E78i.t$m -$%m(n8*</a, S*a+a&in te)tv0%e, ;a+i- a+4Á&i+ c)e+e-e&ett" HC)*(m a&4D'nC+C e78i.t$mi ten7e%na78 i%(n8't()a a+att a* 0)*a-4a#%i-ai ;a7%ia va+< +e70n84)077e+ #+$tt(t in&'t$tt a #%an-$- 1+&?*0)0%e" C+C e+=)*?% #e+)*aa&'t$tta a* $)t%$ma+<+ a L%a8e )*i7eti v(%at, vi))*a#$7+a+ta Ai+(t, a>$nnan Ra/na+& m(% vi))*av$nu+t"E*ut(n a+4Hau%a -?*e+0en me71t-?*?tt a -a+<*#+$tt(va+, me7)emmi)'tette, 0) c)a-4nem min&en-it %a)(7%a vetett" N0>(n8 #$7+8$t ;e--(a -1+&?tt, >$78 a -?vet-e*=*a%(n&$-+at i&e/0n 1nne.0+8e)en -iv07e**0- =-et ;in(an, a* Á+&$*at te%0n" A t?4ie-et Kai%<a vitte 0) +e#e/e*tette" S*a+a&in 1nne.0+8e)en me7e)-1&?tt, )$>a)em $4c)(t/a me7 Ra/na+&na- e*t a 78a+(*at$t"

G5" )*e.teme% 40n S*a+a&in na78 )e%e77e+ Ct%a -e+t Dama)*-u)*<+, >$78me7)*(++/a Pa+e)*tin(t" !40n -e+t (t a J$%&(n$n a La+i+eai4ten7e% &0+i c)1c)-0n0+, 0)Bei)*(na 0%t, ame+8ne- +a-'%0%e u)i7nani Lui&$ ?))*e>'vta a -i%(+8)(7 e70)* )e%e70t, ame+8et a* eme%ei--e+$&a+(t$7at< -0t 7a*&a7 -e%e)*te) i) e%=)'tett, III" L$tt#%ie& %aanti 7%<# 0) a* a[uit(4niai ;au+0$ni Ru&$+#" Lu8 me++ett (++t T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&, a /$>annit(- na78me)te%e,6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&, a* Ie+in #iv0%e-, S*i&<ni Ra/na+& 0) Kai)*a%eiai 3a+te%" A* i#/C T$4%$ni I3" On#%$i m$)t$>aa./a c)a.ataiva+ in&u+t e+ a J$%&(n$n tC+%<+, &e Li+$a >e7804n0+ a mu)*+im$- t=%e c)a+t(-, 0) eme%ei *?m0t me7?+t0-" S*a+a&in a--$% c)a.at$4-at -1+&?tt, >$78 #$7+a+/(- e+, 0) %$m$+/(- +e a -?%n80- -i) e%=&/eit, m'7 m() c)a.a4tai -i#$)*t$tt(- a T($%4>e78 7?%?7 -$+$)t$%(t, &e nem tu&ta- et?%ni a &$m tete/0n(++< +atin -$+$)t$% e%=) #a+ai -?*0" S*a+a&in a #=)e%e77e+ a* =)i D*)e*%ee+ v(%$) >e+80n,Tuani/a #$%%()a me++ett t($%$*$tt +e"

A #%an-$- S*e.><%i(n(+ 781+e-e*te-, 0) &eceme% e+e/0n v$nu+ta- +e a D*)e*%ee+i4)'-)(7%a" A* Ama+%i- ma%)a++/(nave*et0)e a+att (++< #=)e%e7et a*$nna+ me7t(ma&t(-a m$>ame&(n$-, &e a* Ie+ine- i&=en $&a0%te- c)a.atai--a+, 0) #e+mentett0- =-et"A -e%e)*t0n8e- a L<+i(t4#$%%()$-n(+, S*a+a&inna+ )*em-?*t ve%te- t($%t" S*a+a&inC78 e+n8C/t$tta -0t )*(%n8a v$na+(t, >$78 )*inte e-e%'tette =-et" Öt na.$n (t a -0t #0+nem v(+t$*tatta me7 (++()ait" A -e%e)*t0n8e- ne>e*en /ut$tta- ut(n.<t+()>$*" E784-0t na. e+te+t0ve+ a* $+a)* *)$+&$)$- m(% 0+e+em>i(n8%a .ana)*-$&ta-, 0) a )e%e7etc)a- a* mentette me7 a* 0>e*0)t=+, >$78 #e+#e&e*t0- a >a+a-at a L<+i(t4tava-an" A+e7t? -at$na, -?*t1- a :%ancia$%)*(7<+ 0%-e*ett +$va7$- 0) a /av't>atat+an Ra/4na+&, a*$nna+ a m$>ame&(n$-%a a-a%ta- t(ma&ni" Lui&$ >a$*$tt 0) t0t$v(*$tt, Ra/4mun& 0) a* Ie+ine- a*$nan )*i+(%&an -ita%t$tta- ame++ett, >$78 v07*ete) v$+na in47e%e+ni e78 i+8en na78 tC+e%=en +ev= e++en#e+et" S*e%int1- a )e%e7ne- v0&e-e*0)%e

707

AC S(ma, 5459" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M9G" ."V ;a-%'*', B+$c>et -ia&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G" -?t"99499" ." E%n$u+ M!4" ." a* e78et+en #%an- -%<ni-a, ame+8 me7em+'ti a et?%0)t, 0) a*t tu&$m(4n8$) e.e&'ci<na- t1nteti #e+" In D*)ua/% +(tta Kai%<an a #%an- %a$-at i7>t -ia&", !" .""

G

-e++ e%en&e*-e&nie" I7a*u- v$+t" S*a+a&in t?)*?% i) me7.%<(+-$*$tt a**a+, >$78-ic)a+$7a))a =-et (++()ai-<+" Ami-$% .%<(+-$*()ai nem /(%ta- )i-e%%e+, $-t<e% G4(nt($%t $nt$tt, 0) vi))*av$nu+t a J$%&(n$n tC+%a"G

Lui&$ vi)e+-e&0)e a -at$n(-at 0) a (%<-at e78a%(nt me7$t%(n-$*tatta" A -at$4n(- 78(v(nata%t$tt(-, a (%<- 78en70ne-" Lui&$ vi))*at0%t Je%u*)(+eme, 0) ?))*e4ve)*ett a -i%(++8a+" Ba+&uin C78 v0+te, T1%$)* +eve7=/e /$ v$+na )*(m(%a, mint a)*0+#Ctta /e%u*)(+emi #enn)'-" K0%te )<7$%(t, c)e%0+/0- e+ v(%$)ai-at" Lui&$ i7en &u%4v(n e+uta)'t$tta -0%0)0t, mi%e Ba+&uin a >a%a7 &i-t(+ta e%0++8e+ ?))*e>'vta +e7#=a+attva+<it, ) tan(c)u-%a me7#$)*t$tta Lui&<t a %07en))07t=+" G5" m(%ciu) 4(n a -i4%(+8 un$-a?cc)0t, a S*ii++a e+)= >(*a))(7(<+ )*1+etett, e--$% >ate)*ten&=) Ba+&uint

/e+?+te me7 ?%?-?)0ne-, 0) me7.%<(+ta %(venni te)tv0%0t, n8i+v(n't)a 0%v0n8te+enne-m()$&i- >(*a))(7(t" K?*en ma7a -e*&ett -$%m(n8$*ni, >a(% )e7't)07 n0+-1+ m$*4&u+ni )em tu&$tt, 0) m(% a nev0t )em tu&ta +e'%ni" Lui&$ v(+a)*-0..en vi))*av$nu+tA)*-a+$n 0) Ja##a 7%<#)(7(a, 0) nem te-intette t?0 a -$%$na a+attva+</(na- ma7(t"Ba+&uin -i%(+8 e--$% e+#$7+a+ta Ja##(t, 0) a -$%$na -?*vet+en #enn>at<)(7a a+( >e+8e*4te, &e A)*-a+$nn(+ Lui&$ )*eme)*(++t u%a+-$&</(va+" Hi(a eme+t )*<t a %ee++i) v04&e+m0en He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a, a /$>annit(- 0) a tem.+$m$)$- na78me)te%e" A -i%(+8min&ann8iu-%a me7>a%a7u&$tt, 0) )*(m*te =-et u&va%(<+" A*t(n vi))*a>'vta =-et,0) me7.a%anc)$+ta, men/ene- N8u7at%a, >i%&e))ene- C/a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t, &e><na.$-a te+t, m'7 a* 0%intette- e+ee78e*te- 0) Ct%a-e+te-"!

A (%<- tan(c)a, ame+8ne- Ctmutat()a a+a./(n a -i%(+8 me7#$)*t$tta %07en)i %an74 /(t<+ Lui&<t, Anti<->iai B$emun&<+, T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&<+, Kai)*a%eia u%(<+ 0) a*Ie+in #iv0%e-=+ (++t" J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete- i%t$-$)a nem v$+t /e+en" E+/?tt a* i&e/e,>$78 a ti*ene78 e)*ten&=) I*ae++a >e%ce7n= 0) a ti*en>0t 0ve) T$%$ni On#%$i >(*a)4)(7$t -?))?n" Ra/na+& C78 >at(%$*$tt, a* e)-1v=t a +e>et= +e7na78$ .$m.(va+ a* =-e%a-i v(%(an %en&e**0- me7" E* a v(% a v=+e70n8 ?%?-)07e v$+t" N$veme% #$+8a4m(n a ven&07e- e78m() ut(n 0%-e*te- a v(%a" S$-an -?*1+1-, mint .0+&(u+ amen8a))*$n8 an8/a, K$mn0n0 ;(%ia, -i%(+8n0, Ra/na+& )*em0+8e) e++en)07e v$+t,m07i) e+/?tte-, >$78 m07 e78)*e% ut$+/(%a, me7.%<(+/(- e+)im'tani a vi)*(+8-$&<c)$.$%t$- e++ent0teit" A ven&07e--e+ e781tt a* e70)* -e+et%=+ 0%-e*te- t(nc$)$-,*)$n7+=%?-, 0ne-e)e-, *en0)*e-, )*<%a-$*tat< mv0)*e-" A* 1nne.)07e-et #0+e)*a4-'t$tta a %ettenete) >'%, >$78 S*a+a&in -?*e+e7 )e%e70ve+"

S*a+a&in ec)v(78< te%vei -?*?tt e+=-e+= >e+8en )*e%e.e+t Ke%a- v(%(na- 0) i)ten4te+en 7a*&(/(na- a me7)emmi)'t0)e" Am'7 a v(% Ra/na+&0 v$+t, #e+ta%t<*tat>atta a S*'4%ia 0) E78i.t$m -?*?tti #$%7a+mat, 0) a ta.a)*ta+at a*t i*$n8't$tta, ninc) a* a* e78e*4m0n8, ame+8 me7 tu&n( =t #0-e*ni" N$veme% 4(n S*a+a&in e%=)'t0)t -a.$tt E78i.4t$m<+, 0) +et($%$*$tt a v(% #a+ai a+att" A -?%n80-en 0+= -e%e)*t0n8 )*'% #?+&mve)e-0) .()*t$%$- a v(%$) i*t$n)(7(a vitt0- n8(/ai-at, 0) )$-an a v(% u&va%aian -e%e)4te- mene&0-et" S*a+a&in a*$nna+ me7t(ma&ta a* a+)<v(%$)t, 0) e i) /ut$tt $&a" Ra/4na+& c)a- C78 tu&$tt vi))*amene-1+ni a v(%a, >$78 e78 &e%0- +$va7/a >=)ie)en #e+(+4&$*ta 0%te ?nma7(t, e78e&1+ (++ta a v(%$) 0) a #e++e7v(% -?*?tti #e+v$n<>'&$n a t(ma4&()t, m'7 a v0&=-ne- )i-e%1+t m?7?tte +e%$m$+niu- a >i&at" A v(%an F (t$%)(7u4-at #it$7tatva F, a* $)t%$m+$tta- t$v( #$+8tatt(- a* e)-1v=i 1nne.)07e-et" ;'7 a #a4

708

T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, M4, G4" ."V E%n$u+, !M4" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !4!" ."VAC S(ma, 54M" ."709T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, !, 4G" ." 3i+m$) )*e%int 3" Ba+&uint e--$% -$%$n(*t(- me7"

!

+a-at S*a+a&in -?ve--e+ $m(*ta, a #a+a-$n e+1+ *en7ett a* 0ne-, 0) #$+8t a t(nc"Ste#(nia C%n=, a v=+e70n8 an8/a )*em0+8e)en (++'t$tt ?))*e t(+a-at a* e)-1v=i 0t-e-4=+, 0) -i-1+&te S*a+a&inna-" E%%e S*a+a&in me7tu&a-$+ta, me+8i- t$%$n8an )*(++(4)$+t(- e+ a* i#/C .(%t, 0) .a%anc)$t a&$tt, >$78 a*t ne t(ma&/(- $)t%$m70.ei" ;()-14+?nen nem c)?--entette a* $)t%$m e%e/0t" Ki+enc na78 >a/'t<70.e )*1net n0+-1+ m4-?&?tt, 0) eme%ei m(% c)a-nem #e+t?+t?tt0- a v(%(%-$t"

:ut(%$- mente- Je%u*)(+eme, >$78 )e7't)07et -0%/ene- a -i%(+8t<+" Ba+&uin ?))*e4>'vta a )e%e70t, Ra/mun& 7%<# .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+( >e+8e*te, &e %a7a)*-$&$tt a>>$*,>$78 >$%&(78$n = i) a )e%e77e+ ta%t" Je%i-< me++ett v$nu+ta- e+, 0) a Ne<4>e78n0+ t0%4te- %( a* Ct%a" K?*e+e&t0%e S*a+a&in, a-ine- $)t%$m70.ei a+i7 $-$*ta- -(%t a #a+a-an,#e+a&ta a* $)t%$m$t, 0) &eceme% 40n vi))*ain&u+t Dama)*-u)* #e+0" A -i%(+8t &ia4&a+meneten vitt0- e a -e%a-i v(%a, 0) imm(% nem v$+t a-a&(+8a anna- )em, >$78a* e)-1v=%e ?))*e)e%e7+ett ven&07e- >a*at0%/ene-"

A -?*?)en me70+t 0+m0n8e- >at()(%a )em $+&<&ta- a* e++ent0te-, ) e*e-t=+ #=-0nta* i#/C a))*$n8 )*enve&ett" An8<)a, -0t)07te+en1+ Ra/na+& -0%0)0%e, me7ti+t$tta, >$78ta+(+-$**0- a* an8/(va+, a-i 7?%?7 v0%0ne- $+8 -e&ve) .(%tvi)*(+8$-a $n8$+<&va+e(n8(t )*inte (%u+<nate-intette" 6)a- a #0%/e v$+t -e&ve) >$**(" T$%$ni On#%$i %it-a)*0. eme%, tanu+t i#/C v$+t, )*$-()ai in-( +(n8>$* i++ette-, )emmint e78 #0%#i>$*"L8e%me- #e+e)070ve+ a*$nan -e&ve) 0) #i78e+me) v$+t" É) I*ae++a )*e%ette =t"

A -?vet-e*= 0v =)*0n S*a+a&in i)m0t Ke%a- e++en v$nu+t, )e%e70>e* $%t$-i&a a+att4va+ata+ma) v(% a*$nan i)m0t me7>a+a&ta e%e/0t" Nem)i-e%1+t -ic)a+$7atnia a v(%<+ a v0&=-et, >$78 a v(%$) a+atti +an-(-$n v'v/ana- me7,0) ami-$% Je%u*)(+em=+ -?*e+e&ett e78 )e%e7, S*a+a&in vi))*av$nu+t )a/(t te%1+et0%e,c)a- e78 e78)07et >a78va >(t%a, ame+8 v07i7#$)*t$7atta La+i+e(t, e70)*en a &0+en#e-v= N(+u)*i7" S*a+a&in >a*at0%t Dama)*-u)*a" A i%$&a+$m C//()*e%ve*0)e t$4v(%a i) )$- teen&=t a&$tt ne-i" A -e%e)*t0n8e- me7)emmi)'t0)e m07 v(%at$tt ma47(%a"

Je%u*)(+emen a +e.%() -i%(+8 ta%t$tta 1)*-?)?&= -e*0en a -$%m(n8*() 78e.+=/0t"Lui&$ m07 min&i7 A)*-a+$n u%a v$+t, 0) nem en7e&te e a -i%(+8 ti)*tvi)e+=it a v(4%$)a" Ba%(tai, a .(t%i(%-a 0) a na78me)te%e- Eu%<.(an /(%ta-, &e >i(a .%<(+t(-me7>atni :%i78e) c)()*(%t, a/$) 0) Hen%i- -i%(+8t a -e%e)*t0n8 Ke+et%e v(%< .u)*tu4+() %0m0ve+" A n8u7ati u%a+-$&<- ti)*te+ette+ #$7a&t(- a -?vete-et, 0) me7vitatt(- ve4+1- e78 na78 -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at te%veit" Ám min&e78i-1- ta+(+t -iCv<t, ame+8 miatt

710T1%$)*i 3i+m$), QQII, G, 5, 4", !45" ."V E%n$u+, 4 M" ."V e78e&1+ = )*(m$+ ea* e)-1v=i 1nne.)07%=+, ame+8en, mint Ba+ian #e78ve%n?-e, ta+(n /e+en i) v$+t" 78 >itte, >$78 a 78e%4me- S*a+a&in Ke%a-an v$+t tC)*, 0) >$78 Ste#(nia C%n= e78-$% a* ?+0en %in7atta" ;() #$%%() nem)*<+ S*a+a&in 78e%me--$%i #$7)(7(%<+" ;ive+ S*a+a&in 54en )*1+etett, 0) Ste#(nia va+<)*'n+e7 nem9 e+=tt F e+=)*?% M4M54an ment #0%/>e*, 0) Pa+e)*tin(an na78$n #iata+$n mente- #0%/>e* a +(4n8$- F a t?%t0net va+<)*'nt+en" AC S(ma, G" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !4!" ."V ;a-%'*', B+$c>et-ia&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, !"-?t" 54" ."

711()& e m II" -?t" !M" ." A >(*a))(7 -0)=i t?%t0nete a >a%ma&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at t?%t0net04>e* ta%t$*i-" A* 1tinerarium $egis $i/ardi " ." )*e%*=/e '78 '%/a +e On#%$i4t2 W3i% #eminae [uam vi%7$.%$.%i$%, 7e)t u m$++i), )e%m$ne #%uctu)"X Ba>( a&4D'n &* &* +* !*, GG" ." e+e)*0+i, mi+8en )*0. v$+t,0) me7'%/a, /<+ tu&$tt a%au+" A* 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 9" ." tu&at/a, I*ae++(na- me7ti+t$tt(-, >$78 ta+(+4

-$**0- a* an8/(va+"712Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !94!G" ."V AC S(ma, !49M" ."V I3" Ba+&uin +eve+e He%ac+iu)>$*, Dicet<iRu&$+#n(+, II, 4G" ."

G

= ma7a nem ve>et %0)*t een a >a&/(%atan" A* e70)* -?vet/(%() c)u.(n ann8i e%e&4m0nn8e+ /(%t, >$78 n0>(n8 +$va7 #e+vette a -e%e)*tet"5

G =)*0n Lui&$ m07 e78)*e% #e+&1>'tette )<7$%(t" ;i<ta a -e%e)*t0n8e- e+#$7+a+4t(- A)*-a+$nt, a -?%n80- e&uin/ai F a -i%(+8na- #i*etett c)e-0+8 a&< e++en0en F, t$4v(%a i) )*aa&$n m$*$7>atta-, 0) +e7e+tet>ett0- n8(/ai-at" Lui&<t *ava%ta, >$78 a*a&< a -i%(+8t i++ette ) nem =t, e*0%t e78 na. +ec)a.$tt a e&uin$-%a, me7?+te a .()*t$4%$-at, 0) e+vette (++atai-at"

Ba+&uint ete7)07e e--$% m(% (78>$* -?t?tte, 0) t?0 nem i) -e+t #e+" J<+ +(tta,>$78 an8/(na- 0) an8/a a%(taina- e#$+8()a mi+8en v07*ete), 0) un$-ate)tv0%00%t,T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&0%t -1+&?tt, >$78 = ve78e (t a -$%m(n8*()t" K?*en #e+-0)*1+t a>a+(+%a" G9 e+e/0n a (%<- 781+e-e*ete e+=tt -i>i%&ette v07a-a%at(t" Ki) un$-a?cc)04%e >a78ta a t%<nt" A (%<- -i#e/e*ett -'v(n)(7(%a nem Lui&<t /e+?+te -i %07en)ne-, >a4nem T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&$t, a-ine- )*$+7(+atai0%t Be/%Ct$t )*(nta" Ra/mun& a*$nannem v(++a+ta a -i) -i%(+8 #e+etti )*em0+8e) 78(m-$&()t" 78 v0+te, a 78e%me- i7en78en7e, 0) att<+ ta%t$tt, >a e+>a+(+$*na, e)et+e7 =t v(&$+n(-, >$78 )iettette a >a+(+(t"Te-intette+ a 78e%me- e70)*)07i (++a.$t(%a, a (%<- me7e)-1&te-2 >a a -i) Ba+&uint'*0ve) -$%a e+=tt me7>a+na, Ra/mun& me7ta%t>at/a a %07en))07et, m'7 a N8u7at n078ve*et= u%a+-$&</a, a .(.a, a n8u7ati c)()*(%, a #%ancia 0) a* an7$+ -i%(+8 e+ nem &?n4ti- a* ?%?-+0) )$%%en&/0t S*ii++a 0) I*ae++a >e%ce7n= -?*?tt" K?*en, minte78 ut$+)<-')0%+et-0nt a .(%t$- me70-'t0)0%e, a 78e%me- )*em0+8e -?%1+i 78(m a na784na784(t8/a, 6$u%tena84i J$)ce+in +ett, a-i ett=+ -e*&ve i7a* a%(t)(7$t mutat$tt Ra/mun&i%(nt"9

A* e78e78+t (%<- me7e)-1&te-, >$78 ti)*te+eten ta%t/(- a -i%(+8 -'v(n)(7ait"Ott v$+t -?*?tt1- He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a, a-i e) ;$u+in)4i R$7e%4va+, a /$>annit(- na78me)te%0ve+ 0..en vi))*at0%t n8u7at4eu%<.ai Ct/(%<+" T$%$)ai A%nau& tem.+$m$)na78me)te% me7>a+t a* uta*() a+att" A %en& vi>a%$) e+=*m0n8e- ut(n Ra/mun& %07ie++en)070t, Ri&#$%t4i L0%a%&4t v(+a)*t$tta me7 ut<&(u+" L0%a%& i) /<v(>a78ta a -i%(+8v07a-a%at(t" A 78e%me-et a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(a vitt0-, a>$+ Ie+ini Ba+ian ta%t$tta a-a%/(an, m'7 a .(t%i(%-a -i%(++8( -$%$n(*ta"M

713A -1+&et0)%=+ +()& Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e-, I, 55G" ."V Diceta++7atta tan(c)$)ait, a-i- a*t m$n&t(- ne-i, ne men/en -e%e)*te) >a&/(%ata"

7140stoire d'0ra/es, II, 5" ."7150stoire d'0ra/es, II, " ."V E%n$u+, 94!" ." a +e7te+/e)e e+e)*0+0)" S*a+a&in m()$&i- Ke%a-

e++eni $)t%$ma G" )*e.teme% ut(n%a te)*i, 0) a*t m$n&/a, I3" Ba+&uin nem )$--a+ a*ut(n me7>a+t"De T1%$)*i 3i+m$) +()& e -?tet 9!5" ." M" )*" /e78*et" 3" Ba+&uin -$%$n(*()(t G5" n$veme% 4%ate)*i" ;ive+ 3i+m$) va+<)*'n+e7 G v07e e+=tt me7>a+t, 0) e* ut$+)< +a.$-at R<m(an '%ta, +e>et,>$78 m(% G5 <ta, ami-$% Lui&$ -e78ve)*tett +ett a -i%(+8n(+, tu&$tt Ba+&uin )*(n&0-(%<+, >$78 me74-$%$n(*tat/a un$-a?cc)0t, &e aan t0ve&>etett, >$78 a*t >itte, a -$%$n(*()%a )$%t i) -e%'tette-" S*ii++a0) I*ae++a t?%v0n8e) /$7ai 7$n&$t /e+entette-" I" Ama+%i- " 0vi %en&e+ete +e>et=v0 tette, >$78 +(n84te)tv0%e- i) $)*t$**ana- a i%t$-$-$n, a>$78an a #eu&(+i) N8u7at4Eu%<.(an )*$-() v$+t" L%anc4+au&e2 i* m*, 5" ." a*t ta%t/a, e* a -$%$na ut<&+()(%a i) v$nat-$*$tt" ;(%ia -i%(+8n0 -?%1+e+1+ a--$%i4an )*1+>ette ne78e&i- +(n8(t" ;()%0)*t a* e+)= >(*a))(7<+ )*(%ma*< 78e%me-e-, #iC- 0) +(n8$- e784a%(nt, e+=n8t 0+ve*te- a m()$&i-<+ )*(%ma*<--a+ )*emen" ()& a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, 5M" .":e+me%1+ a -0%&0), >$78 a* Á7ne))e+ -?t?tt 0) me7)emmi)'tett >(*a))(7<+ )*(%ma*< 78e%me-e- me74e+=*>eti-4e a ;(%i(va+ -?t?tt c)()*(%i >(*a))(7<+ )*(%ma*<--a+_ A* GM" 0vi e)em0n8e-=+ vi+(7$4

)an -i&e%1+, a -?*v0+em0n8 S*ii++a i70n80t t(m$7atta +()& e m II" -?t" !5" ." A* 178 a*$nan e+07$n8$+u+t v$+t a>>$*, >$78 e+m0+-e&ni -e++ett %<+a"7160stoire d'0ra/es, II, 4!" ."V E%n$u+, ", G" ."

G

N0>(n8 >0tte+ -0)=, G9 m(%ciu)(an a >a+(+ v07et vetett I3" Ba+&uin >$))*C,78?t%e+me) ete7)070ne-" Hu)*$nn078 0ve) v$+t c)u.(n" v$+t a +e7$+&$7ta+anaa /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8$- )$%(an" K0t)07te+en1+ /< -0.e))07 eme% v$+t, 0) %en&-'v1+(t$%" Bete7(78(<+ a*$nan nem tu&ta e++en=%i*ni a -?%1+?tte *a/+< c)e+)*?v0)e-et,0) tC+ 78a-%an en7e&ett 7$n$)* an8/a 0) $)t$a n=v0%e e%=)*a-$) e#$+8()(na-" A >a4+(+ me7-'m0+te =t att<+, >$78 v07i7)*enve&/e a -i%(+8)(7 v07)= me7a+(*tat()(t"

Ami-$% a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(an e+temett0- a -i%(+8 )*(na+ma), #?+&i ma%a&v(n8a4it, Ra/mun& %07en) ?))*e>'vta a (%<-at, 0) me7-0%&e*te t=+1-, mi+8en .$+iti-(t #$+84ta))$n" Nem /?tte- me7 a t0+i e)=-, 0>'n)07 #en8e7etett" N8u7at%<+ c)a+ a 78e%me- -i4%(+8 na78a./a, a* ?%e7 ;$n#e%%ati 3i+m$) =%7%<# 0%-e*ett me7, 0) miut(n e+07e&ettenn8u7t(*ta, >$78 a 78e%me--e+ min&en %en&en van, c)en&en +ete+e.e&ett e78 7a+i4+eai i%t$-$n" A -i%(+8 na78(t8/a, 3i+m$) K$n%(& nev #ia, )*int0n e+in&u+t Je%u*)(4+eme, &e me7(++t K$n)tantin(.$+8an, a>$+ Raine% nev te)tv0%e n0>(n8 0vve+ -$4%(an me7>a+t" :e+a/(n+$tta )e7't)070t An7e+$)* I*)(- c)()*(%na-, a-i $))*Ct (++tRaine%0%t, ma/& e+vette #e+e)071+ a c)()*(% n=v0%0t" ;e7 i) #e+e&-e*ett un$-a?cc)0%=+0) Pa+e)*tin(%<+" A Je%u*)(+emen ?))*e78+t (%<- )*(m(%a vi+(7$) v$+t, am'7 nemin&u+ na78)*a()C, C/ -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at, a* 0>e*= $%)*(7 nem $c)(t-$*>at >($%C4a" J<v(>a78t(- Ra/mun&na- a*t a /ava)+at(t, >$78 -0%/en n0780ve) #e78ve%)*1netetS*a+a&int<+"

S*a+a&in i) >a/+$tt a* e78e*)07%e" E+ -e++ett %en&e*nie e78 n0*ete+t0%0)t e78i.t$mi%$-$nai -?*?tt, 0) a*t i) tu&ta, ;$)*u+an I** a&4D'n i)m0t n8u7ta+an-$&$tt" A+('%4t(- >(t a #e78ve%)*1netet" //(0+e&t a -e%e)-e&e+em a #%an- (++am$- 0) )*$m)*0&ai--?*?tt, 0) a -e+et%=+ 0%-e*= 7a$na me7mentette a -e%e)*t0n8e-et a* 0>>a+(+t<+"G

G9 (.%i+i)(an S*a+a&in 0)*a-%a ment, 0) 940n Bi%e&*)i-n0+ (t-e+t a* Eu#%(te)*en"Ott c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( a >a%%(ni Kutu%i, I** a&4D'n a+attva+<ina- a -1+&?ttei, aD*)a*'%a 0) I%i+ i%t$-$)ai" I** a&4D'n -?vete-et -1+&?tt K$n8a 0) Pe%)*a%m0nia)*e+&*)u- u%a+-$&$*" A* ut(n8 c)a.at$t, a* e+=i #e4n8e7et= 1*enetet /uttat$tt e+ S*a+a&in>$*, &e 0%&emen )emmit )em tett" JCniu)anS*a+a&in ;$)*u+ a+att (++t, e+uta)'t$tta I** a&4D'n 0-ea/(n+atait m07 a--$% i), ami-$%a >e%ce7 0+te) an8/a /?tt a -0%e+met (ta&ni" ;$)*u+ a*$nan m07 e%=) v$+t" S*a+a&in-at$n(i -e*&te- me7ete7e&ni a n8(%i me+e7en" Ami-$% au7u)*tu)an Pe%)*a%m04nia )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n/a, S*u-m(n >i%te+en me7>a+t, S*a+a&in 0)*a-%a in&u+t, >$78 e+4#$7+a+/a a )*u+t(n >0%e) v(%$)ait, Di/a%a-i%t 0) ;a//(#(%(-'nt, 0) >$78 eme%ei #e+41&1+/ene- a #e+#?+& #%i))e +eve7=/0n" De $tt = i) me7ete7e&ett, 0) #0+>$+tan +$va7$+te+ a%(t/a, Kutu%i >a%%(ni v(%(i7" :iv0%e, a* a+e..$**( a -e+et +e7/$ $%v$)ait, &e a &$-t$%$- te>etet+ene- v$+ta-" S*a+a&in aan a>iten, >$78 -?*e+ a v07, 0) tu&v(n, %$-$nai min&en(%$n me7 a-a%/(- ma/& -a.a%in4tani a* ?%?-)070t, me7e)-ette em'%/eit, >)07e)e- +e)*ne- #iai>$*" E*ut(n v(%at+anu+

/avu+ni -e*&ett a* (++a.$ta" GM /anu(%/(an m(% tC+ v$+t a* 0+etve)*0+8en" :e%u(%v070n #$7a&ta I** a&4D'n -?veteit, 0) e+ee78e*ett a 0-e-?t0)e" ;(%ciu) 54(n a -?4vete- a+('%ta- e78 e78e*m0n8t, ame+8ne- a+a./(n I** a&4D'n S*a+a&in va*a++u)a +ett,0) S*a+a&in me7e%=)'tette =t min&en i%t$-(an, &e a ;$)*u+t<+ &0+%e #e-v=, Ti7%i)entC+i te%1+ete-, e+e0%tve A%i+t 0) Sa%*u%t, $+8an em'%e- #enn>at<)(7a a+( -e%1+te-,

717

E%n$u+, G4!!" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, !" ."V Im(& a&4D'n AC S(ma, 9G" ." ti)*te+ette+ a&<*i-I3" Ba+&uin em+0-0ne-"718E%n$u+, 4G" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 45" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 49" ."

G

a-i- -?*vet+en1+ S*a+a&in va*a++u)ai v$+ta-" A* = /e+en+0t1- v$+t I** a&4D'n >)0704ne- a i*t$)'t0-a"! E--$% S*a+a&in Hum)*an ta%t<*-$&$tt, a>$+ Na)*% a&4D'n, S'%4-C> #ia, e78en S*a+a&in ve/e v$+t a* em'%" S*a+a&in ete7)07e a+att Na)*% a&4D'n ?)*4)*ee)-1v0)t )*=tt a )*'%iai t%<n me7)*e%*0)0%e" Sen-i )em +e.=&?tt me7 te>(t, ami-$%m(%ciu) 940n, a* Á+&$*at$- nne.e ut(n Na)*% a&4D'nt >$+tan ta+(+t(- a* (78(an"A >a+$tt 78e%me-e, II" S'%-C>, e78 ti*en-0t e)*ten&=) #iC ?%?-?+te Hum)*$t" S*a+a&in)$- .0n*0t e+vette, &e a 78e%me- 178e)en a K$%(n<+ i&0*ett e78 %0)*t, ame+8 na78-'n$-at >e+8e*ett -i+(t()a a* (%v(- #$)*t$7at<ina-" S*a+a&in vi))*aa&ta ne-i a .0n*t"Á.%i+i)an S*a+a&in vi))*at0%t Dama)*-u)*a" Bi%$&a+ma imm(% me7)*i+(%&u+t, 0)Pe%*)i(i7 te%/e&t"

A -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) mu)*+im$- -?*?tti #e78ve%)*1net n0mi #e++en&1+0)t >$*$tt Pa4+e)*tin(na-" :e+0+e&t a -e%e)-e&e+em a e+)= te%1+ete-, va+amint A--$n 0) T1%$)* -i4-?t=i -?*?tt, ami=+ a -e%e)-e&=-, mu)*+im$- 0) -e%e)*t0n8e- e78a%(nt >a)*n$t >C*4ta-" Ha a&&i7 #enn +e>etett v$+na ta%tani a 0-0t, am'7 e78 na78$ -e%e)*te) )e%e7nem 0%-e*i- n8u7at%<+, ta+(n m07 +ett v$+na /?v=/e a -i%(+8)(7na-" De a v07*et i)m0t-e78et+en v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8e->e*" GM au7u)*tu) v070n A--$nan me7>a+t 3" Ba+4&uin -i%(+8, a-i m07 -i+ence)*ten&=) )em v$+t"

Ra/mun& %07en) 0) J$)ce+in )0n0c>a+ $tt (++ta- >a+$tta) (78(n(+" J$)ce+in min&v047i7 na78$n 178e+t, >$78 /<+ e781ttm-?&/?n Ra/mun&&a+" ;$)t me778=*te, men/enTi0%i()a, 0) $tt >'v/a e78e a (%<-at, i*t$n)(7an a .(t%i(%-a #$n&$%-$&()ait<+,>$78 me7 tu&/(- va+<)'tani I3" Ba+&uin v07a-a%at(t" J$)ce+in v(++a+ta, >$78 Je%u*)(4+eme vi)*i e+temetni a -i) >a+$ttat" Ra/mun& e+e)0t(+t a c)a.&(a, 0) /<>i)*emene+uta*$tt" Amint Ct%a -e+t, J$)ce+in me7'*>at< eme%eit e+-1+&te, #$7+a+/(- e+ T1%$)*t0) Be/%Ct$t, m'7 = A--$nan ma%a&t, 0) S*ii++(t -i%(+8n=v0 -i(+t$tta -i" A -i%(+8 >$+t4te)t0t a tem.+$m$)$-%a '*ta, >$78 teme))0- e+ Je%u*)(+emen" K1+&?ttei A)*-a+$n4<+ A--$na >'vt(- S*ii++(t 0) Lui&<t, >$78 ve78ene- %0)*t a temet0)en, 0) 6>ti++$4ni Ra/na+& i) $&a)ietett Ke%a-<+"

Ra/mun& %(/?tt, >$78 ec)a.t(-" N(+u)*a +$va7$+t, Ie+ini Ba+ian v(%(a, ) minta -i%(+8)(7 t?%v0n8e) -$%m(n8*</a, ?))*e>'vta a (%<- +e7#e+)= '%<)(7(t" H'veimin& c)at+a-$*ta- >$**(2 Ba+ian #e+e)070ve+, ;(%ia -i%(+8n0va+V $tt v$+t a -i%(+8n0 +(4n8a, I*ae++a i), T$%$ni On#%$i4va+V $tt v$+t Ram+ai Ba+&uin, Kai)*a%eiai 3a+te%, S*i&<4ni Ra/na+& ) a -$%$na min&en /e+ent=) >0%e)e, 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& -iv0te+0ve+" Ott0%te =-et S*ii++a 1*enete, a-i a -$%$n(*()%a >'vta =-et" A (%<- -0t ci)*te%ci a%(t$t-1+&te- Je%u*)(+eme, >$78 em+0-e*te))0- a* ?))*ee)-1v=-et a I3" Ba+&uinna- tette)-1/1-%e, 0) me7ti+t$tt(-, >$78 (%mit i) te78ene-, am'7 a +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 me7nem >$**a &?nt0)0t"

S*ii++a -e*0en v$+t Je%u*)(+em 0) a ten7e%i -i-?t=-" J$)ce+in )0n0c>a+ 0) Ama+%icc$nn0ta+e, Lui&$ #iv0%e me++ette (++ta- c)a.atai--a+, 0) Ra/na+& i) e+>$*ta eme%eit a

J$%&(n$n tC+%<+" He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a, S*ii++a an8/(na- e78-$%i )*e%et=/e i*t$)'t$ttaS*ii++(t a* e78>(*i )*e%ve*et t(m$7at()(%<+" Ri&#$%t4i L0%a%&, a tem.+$m$) na784me)te% (%mi%e -0)* v$+t %07i e++en)07e, Ra/mun& e++en" Je%u*)(+emen c)a- a /$>an4nit(- na78me)te%e ma%a&t > e)-1/0>e*" A n0. -?%0en S*ii++a n0.)*e% v$+t"

719Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !G45" .4 Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", 54M" ."V AC S(ma, GG" ."VBusztán, 9G" ."

720

AC+ :i&(, 99" ." ()& ane P$$+e2 !aadin, !4!9" ." II" S'%-C> a K$%(n, iv, !" ve%)0t i&0*te,Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 54" ."721E%n$u+, !" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 9" ."

G5

-0.vi)e+te a* ?%?-?)?&0) /$7(t, 0) (% a /e%u*)(+emi -i%(+8t va+</(an v(+a)*t$tt(-, a*?%?-?) /$7ait nem +e>etett #i78e+men -'v1+ >a78ni" An8/a v(+()a-$% S*ii++a )*(%ma4*()(t t?%v0n8e)nemin=)'tett0-" E+= a #iv0%e v$+t -i%(+8, ut(na a #ia i)" S*ii++a e+4+en c)a- a* )*<+t, >$78 a #0%/0t nem )*e%ette, )=t me7vetette a n0."

A .(t%i(%-a 0) a tem.+$m$)$- e*(%t(- a v(%$)-a.u-at, =%?-et (++'t$tta-, >$78 -i4v0&/0- a n(+u)*i (%<- e)et+e7e) t(ma&()(t" E*ut(n >$**(-e*&te- a -$%$n(*() me74)*e%ve*0)0>e*" A -$%$n(*()i 0-)*e%e-et e78 +(&(an ta%t$tt(-, ame+8ne- >(%$m -u+4c)(t a .(t%i(%-a 0) a -0t +$va7%en& na78me)te%e =%i*te, min&e78i-1- e78et4e78et"

R$7e% /$>annita na78me)te% me7ta7a&ta a-u+c) (ta&()(t a**a+, >$78 a* e++en-e*i- e)-1/04ve+, v071+ a*$nan me7vet=en -i>a/'t$tta a -u+4c)$t a* a+a-$n" Sem =, )em +$va7/ai nem v$+4ta- >a/+an&<- %0)*t venni a )*e%ta%t()$n,ame+8%e a*$nna+ )$%t -e%'tette-, mi>e+8t min4&en -0)*en (++t" Lui&$ n0.)*e%t+en)07e miatta .(t%i(%-a c)a- S*ii++(t -$%$n(*ta me7" S*ii+4+a -$%$n(/a me++0 a*$nan $&a-0)*'tette- e78m()i-at i)" He%ac+iu) e+=)*?% me7-$%$n(*taS*ii++(t, ma/& #e+)*<+'t$tta, >$78 a m()i- &ia4&0mma+ = -$%$n(**a me7 a*t a* eme%t, a-itm0+t<nata%t a -i%(+8)(7 -$%m(n8*()(%a" E-4-$% S*ii++a ma7(>$* >'vta a #0%/0t, a-i e+0et0%&e+t, 0) S*ii++a a #e/0%e tette a -$%$n(t" A*e78e78+te- >)07et #$7a&ta- a* C/ -i%(+8na-0) -i%(+8n=ne-" Ami-$% -i#e+e ta%t$tta- a tem.4+$m<+, Ri&#$%t4i L0%a%& #e+-i(+t$tt, >$78 e* a-$%$na a #i*et)07 a $t%uni >(*a))(70%t"

A n(+u)*i +e7#e+)= '%<)(7 nem )$-at te4>etett a -$%$n(*() e++en" Ie+ini Ba+&uin #e+(++t,a te)t1+et e+=tt -i/e+entette, i+8en -i%(+8 u%a+ma

a+att nem <>a/t t$v( een a* $%)*(7an 0+ni, 0) a*t tan(c)$+ta a (%<-na-, -?ve)4)0- .0+&(/(t" Ra/mun& a*$nan a*t v(+a)*$+ta, >$78 m07 ninc) min&en e+ve)*ve" 3e4+1- van F m$n&ta F, I*ae++a >e%ce7n= 0) a #0%/e, T$%$ni On#%$i" K$%$n(**(- me7 0)vi780- =-et Je%u*)(+eme" A m()i- .(%t nem (++>at e++en a (%<- e78e)'tett e%e/0ne-,>i)*en 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& v$+t a* e78et+en na78C%, a-i a m()i- $+&a+$n (++t, %(a&()u+ve+1- %$-$n)*enve*i- a /$>annita %en& i)" Ra/mun& a*t i) >$**(tette, >$78 am'7 = a%07en), 7a%ant(+/a, >$78 S*a+a&in ti)*te+eten ta%t/a a #e78ve%)*1netet" A (%<- e78et40%tette- ve+e, me7e)-1&te-, >$78 t(m$7at/(-, m07 a--$% i), >a e* .$+7(%>($%Ct /e4+entene" Ki>a78t(- a*$nan a )*(m't()<+ a* e78i- #=)*e%e.+=t" On#%$i %ette7ett a %(v(%< /?ven&=t=+2 nem a-a%t -i%(+8 +enni" ;e7)*?-?tt N(+u)*<+, 0) Je%u*)(+eme +$4va7$+t" K0%te, >$78 ta+(+-$*>a))$n S*ii++(va+" A -i%(+8n= e+=)*?% e+ a-a%ta *ava%ni,&e a*t(n me7en8>1+t a ma#+(n #e/0t va-a%7at< )<7$%a +(tt(n, 0) >a78ta, >$78 e+=a&/am$n&aniva+</(t" Ke78e)en v07i7>a++7atta On#%$i4t, a-i e*ut(n >)07et e)-1&?tt Lui4&<na-"

722E%n$u+, !45M" .", a +e7te+/e)e, +e7)*em+0+ete)e +e'%()V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 945" ."V Dicet<iRu&$+#, II, " ."V 1ec-i A%n$+&, M4" ." A -0t e+)= 0) +e7me7'*>at< #$%%() )*e.teme%%e te4

G

4zaladin

On#%$i (%u+()a me7>iC)'t$tta a (%<- te%v0t" Ra/mun& #e+$+&$tta =-et e)-1/1- a+<+,0) e78m() ut(n Je%u*)(+eme mente-, >$78 ><&$+/ana- Lui&$ -i%(+8na-" A +e7na478$ ti)*te+ette+ ?ve*ett C%, Ie+ini Ba+ian i) e+(tta, ninc) m() me7$+&()" :iv0%e, Ba+4&uin a*$nan me7i)m0te+te e+>at(%$*()(t2 in-( e+>a78/a a* $%)*(7$t, &e nem #$47a&/a e+ Lui&<t -i%(+8(u+" T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& vi))*av$nu+t #e+e)07e 7a+i+eai i%t$-ai4%a, 0) me7#$7a&ta, nem ><&$+ a -i%(+8na-" I*ae++(t m07 e+ tu&ta #$7a&ni -i%(+8n=4ne-, &e Hum#%ie& 78(va)(7a a%%<+ 78=*te me7, >$78 m(% e78e&1+ c)a- = ma7a v$+na0%&eme) a t%<n%a"5

Nem )$--a+ -0)= A--$nan )$% -e%1+t Lui&$ 0) a (%<- e+)= 78+0)0%e" Ra/4mun& e*en nem /e+ent me7, 0) Lui&$ e/e+entette, e+ve)*i t=+e Be/%Ct$t, ame+8et, mint%07en) -a.$tt" A%%a i) #e+)*<+'t$tta, )*(m$+/$n e+ a %07en))07e a+att -e*e+t -?*.0n*e-4-e+" Ie+ini Ba+&uint, a-i e+ment a 78+0)%e, a -i%(+8 me++ett (++< 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& #e+4)*<+'t$tta, e)-1&/0- >)07et a* u%a+-$&<na-" Ba+&uin c)u.(n 1&v?*?+te a -i%(+8t, 0)ann8it m$n&$tt, >$78 %am+ai i%t$-(t Tam() #i(%a >a78ta, a-i ma/& +e #$7/a tenni a>0%i e)-1t, ami-$% e+0%i a me7#e+e+= -$%t, &e = ma7a )$>a)em" N0>(n8 na..a+ -04)= e+>a78ta a -i%(+8)(7$t, 0) Anti<->iai B$emun&n(+ (++t )*$+7(+ata, a-i ?%?mme+#$7a&ta, 0) na78$ i%t$-$t a&$tt ne-i, mint ami+8et e+>a78$tt" Ott t?, -i)e C%c)at+a-$*$tt >$**(, me%t B$emun& )$>a)em %e/tette v0-a a+( Ra/mun& 0) .(%t>'veii%(nt 0%*ett %$-$n)*env0t"

;i-?*en a -i%(+8)(7$t i+8en .(%t>a%c$- $)*t$tt(- me7, na78$n >a)*n$) v$+t a)*a%ac0n$--a+ -?t?tt #e78ve%)*1net" Lui&$ me7 i) a-a%ta ta%tani, &e nem vette )*(m'4t()a a a%(t/(t, 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&$t" A #e78ve%)*1neten '*va a Dama)*-u)* 0)E78i.t$m -?*?tt -?*+e-e&= na78 -a%av(n$- a-a&(+8 n0+-1+ (t-e+te- a #%an-$- te%14+etein i)" GM v070n <%i()i -a%av(n ta%t$tt Kai%<<+ 0)*a- #e+0 n0>(n8 e78i.t$mi c)a4.at -')0%et0en, ame+8e- #e+a&ata a* v$+t, >$78 a e&uin$-t<+ v0&e+me**0- a -a%a4v(nt" Amint a -a%av(n ;$( #?+&/0%e 0%t, Ra/na+& me7t(ma&ta, a -at$n(-at me7?+te,a -e%e)-e&=-et .e&i7 c)a+(&ta7/ai--a+ 0) /avai--a+ e781tt Ke%a- v(%(a >u%c$+ta" A*)(-m(n8 min&en a&&i7i *)(-m(n8(t #e+1+mC+ta" A 7a*tett >'%e e+/ut$tt S*a+a&in>$*"A #e78ve%)*1netet ti)*te+eten ta%tva e+=)*?% Ra/na+&>$* -1+&?tt, 0) -0%te, en7e&/e)*aa&$n a #$7+8$-at, 0) -(%.<t$+/a =-et ve)*te)07ei-0%t" Ra/na+& nem v$+t >a/+an&<#$7a&ni a -?vete-et, a-i- e*e- ut(n Je%u*)(+eme mente-, 0) .ana)*t tette- a -i%(+84n(+" Lui&$ me70%t0))e+ >a++7atta =-et, 0) me7.a%anc)$+ta, Ra/na+& te78e /<v( a v0t-0t"De Ra/na+& /<+ tu&ta, >$78 Lui&$ a* = t(m$7at()(na- -?)*?n>eti a t%<n/(t, ) %( )em

)*i a -$%$n(*()t, Ru&$+# au7u)*tu)%a 0) A%n$+& /C+iu) 4(%a" Lui&$ e+)= $-+eve+e &(tuma $-t<e%iR?>%ic>t2 $egesta, G9" .""

7233i+(7$)an +(t)*i-, Ra/mun& ?nma7(t i) /e+?+tne- ta%t$tta a t%<n%a" In D*)ua/% m(% G54anIn D*)ua/%, 5" ." em+e7eti ec)v(78(t" AC S(ma 949G" ." i&0*i Im(& a&4D'nt, ame+8 )*e%intmu)*+imm( v(+ni i) >a/+an&< +enne, c)a->$78 me7va+<)'t>a))a te%veit, 0) In a+4A)*'% M" ." a*t '%/a,een )*(m't$tt S*a+a&in t(m$7at()(%a" A -0)=i Historia $egni Hierosoymitani 949" ." )*e%inta*$n a* a+a.$n -?vete+te ma7(na- a t%<nt, >$78 a* an8/a a-it itt D$+ci)na- >'vna- a* a./a -$%$n(*(4)a ut(n )*1+etett, m'7 ;e+i)en&a e+=tte" ;ive+ II" Ba+&uin +e(n8ai -?*1+ c)a- a +e7-i)e, a* a.(tn=v0+ett J$veta v$+t W'$%an)*1+etettX, Ra/mun& '78 nem 0%ve+>etett" Ta+(n a--$% uta+t >a)$n+< 0%ve-%e,ami-$% N(+u)*an a%%a .%<(+ta %(venni a (%<-at, >$78 S*ii++a >e+8ett I*ae++(t v(+a))*(-, 0) a -%<4

ni-() ?))*e-eve%te a* e)em0n8e-et"724E%n$u+, 545!" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 55" ."V Les 3estes es Chiprois M9!" . a*t (++'t/a, Lui&$ me741t?tte v$+na Ba+&uint, >a nem +ett v$+na $+8an e+=-e+= )*1+et0)"

G9

>e&e%'tett a -i%(+8 .a%anc)(%a, Lui&$ .e&i7 nem tu&ta va78 nem i) a-a%ta -i-0n8)*e4%'teni a* en7e&e+me))07et"9

A #e78ve%)*1net i+8en )*078en+ete) me7)0%t0)e e+-e%1+>etet+enn0 tette a >($%Ct, ame7$)*t$tt $%)*(7 .e&i7 a+-a+mat+an v$+t a >a&a-$*()%a" Anti<->iai B$emun& )1%47=)en me7C/'t$tta )a/(t #e78ve%)*1neti e78e*m0n80t S*a+a&inna+"M T%i.$+i)*i Ra/4mun& a )a/(t 7%<#)(7a nev0en -?t?tt #e78ve%)*1netet, ma/& -ite%/e)*tette #e+e)07e7a+i+eiai >e%ce7)070%e i), $+8an #$%m(an, >$78 a #e78ve%)*1net a--$% i) 0+eten ma4%a&, >a u%a, a -i%(+8 >($%Ca -eve%e&ne a mu)*+im$--a+" I78e-e*ett i*t$)'tani S*a4+a&in %$-$n)*env0t i), 0) me7'70%tette ve+e, t(m$7atni #$7/a a -i%(+8)(7 me7)*e%*0)04en" e>et, >$78 Ra/mun& .$+iti-(/a ?+c) v$+t, &e -0t)07te+en1+ (%u+<" Lui&$ a tem.4+$m$) na78me)te%, L0%a%& (t$%'t()(%a e78e>'vta va*a++u)ait, 0) 0)*a-%a, N(*(%etement, >$78 a mu)*+im t(ma&() me7in&u+()a e+=tt en7e&e+me))07%e )*$%'t)a La+i+e(t"6)a- Ie+ini Ba+ian #e++0.0)e a-a&(+8$*ta me7 a .$+7(%>($%Ct" Ami-$% Ba+ian a t(4$%a 0%t, n8e%)en me7-0%&e*te a -i%(+8t, mit )*(n&0-$*i- tenni" Ami-$% Lui&$ a*tv(+a)*$+ta, me7$)t%$m$+/a Ti0%i()t, Ba+ian -i#e/tette, >$78 e* =%1+t te%v, >i)*en Ra/4mun&, a-i )*a%ac0n )e7't)07%e i) )*(m't>at, e%=)e a -i%(+8n(+" A*t tan(c)$+ta, in4-( -1+&/ene- e+ Ra/mun&>$*, 0) t(%78a+/ana-" Ba+ian e78e)'t= -')0%+ete a*$nan)emmi+8en >at())a+ )em v$+t Ra/mun& 7%<#%a, = c)a- Be/%Ct0%t c)e%0e +ett v$+na >a/4+an&< e+#$7a&ni a -i%(+8t" Lui&$ .e&i7 )$-a++ta e*t a* (%at" Ám ami-$% >'%e /?tt,>$78 S*a+a&in >($%C%a -0)*1+, Ba+ian i)m0t a%%a -0%te a -i%(+8t, 0-1+/?n -i Ra/4mun&&a+" WA %am+ai Ba+&uinna+ F em+'tette me7 1)*-0n a #iv0%0t F +e7/$ +$va7$4&at ve)*'tette& e+" Ha e+ve)*'te& Ra/mun& 7%<# )e7't)070t 0) tan(c)ait i), e+ve)*ett em4e% va78"X Lui&$, a-i %en&)*e%int e78et0%tett a**a+, a-i >at(%$*$ttan )*<+t >$**(,me7en7e&te, >$78 Ba+ian a T1%$)*i 0%)e--e+, O*e())a+ e781tt i)m0t -?vet)07e men4

/en Ti0%i()a, ) ve+1- ta%t$tt a /$>annita 0) a tem.+$m$) na78me)te% i)" 0t-0%&0)v$+t, >$78 a tem.+$m$) na78me)te%, Ra/mun& +e7e+-e)e%e&ette e++en)07e, %0)*e)e+e78en ma/& a 0-0) %en&e*0)ne-"G

A -1+&?tt)07, me+8et t'* /$>annita -')0%t, G" (.%i+i) !40n -e+t Ct%a Je%u*)(+em4=+" A* 0/)*a-(t N(+u)*an, Ba+ian v(%(an t?+t?tt0-" Ba+iant $tt>$ni &$+7ai vi))*a4ta%t$tt(-, 0) me7-0%te a na78me)te%t 0) a* 0%)e-et, +$va7$+/ana- e+=%e" 78 )*(m't$tt,>$78 m()na. a :`ve v(%(an c)at+a-$*i- >$**(/u- a* e)&%a+$ni )'-$n" 54(n -0)=e)te Ba+ian e+in&u+t N(+u)*<+ n0>(n8 -')0%=ve+ 0) e70)* 0//e+ +$va7$+ni a-a%t" E--$%>i%te+en e)*0e /ut$tt, a*na. S*ent :1+?. 0) S*ent Ja-a 1nne.0ne- a* e+=e)t0/e van"et0%t >(t a* Ct%<+, S*ea)*tei(a, a* =)i S*ama%i(a ment, 0) e-$.tat$tt a .1).?-4>?*" A .1).?- #e+0%e&t, een7e&te, (te)*0+7ett0- a* e70)* 0/)*a-(t, ) a>$78 >a/na4+$&$tt, me7ta%t>att(- a mi)0t" A--$% Ba+ian e+-?)*?nt >(*i7a*&(/(t<+ 0) Ct/(%a in&u+t"

Á.%i+i) 54(n, mia+att Ba+ian a* int0*=ive+ a &$+7ait )*e&te %en&e, a na78me)te%e-.e&i7 a :`ve #e+0 +$va7$+ta- a &$m$-$n (t Ra/mun&>$*, a (n/()*i mu)*+im$-t<+-?vete- 0%-e*te- Ti0%i()a" A+4A#&a+, S*a+a&in -i)ei- #ia, a (n/()*i >e+8=%)07 .a4%anc)n$-a, a./a .a%anc)(%a #e+&e%'t=-et -1+&?tt Pa+e)*tin(a, 0) )*a(+8)*e%en en7e4

7250stoire d'0ra/es, II, 5" ." A*t '%/a, S*a+a&in n=v0%0t e+#$7t(- a -a%av(nna+" A >?+78 a*$nan e78-0)=i -a%av(nna+ vi))*at0%t ;e--(<+ +()& e m II" -?tet !G" ."V AC S(ma, 9!4M" ."

726Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, !" ."727E%n$u+, 4" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 5459" ." E%n$u+ a*t (++'t/a, Ra/mun& e%=)'t0)t -a.$tt S*a+a4

&int<+"728E%n$u+, 45" ." S*i&<ni Ra/na+&na- c)at+a-$*ni -e++ett v$+na a -1+&?tt)07>e*, &e = e78e&1+-e+t Ct%a"

GM

&0+8t -0%t, eme%ei (t>a+a&>a))ana- a 7%<# 7a+i+eai i%t$-ain" Ra/mun&$t -?t?tte aS*a+a&inna+ -?*?tt ma7(n)*e%*=&0), '78 nem uta)'t>atta vi))*a a *ava%a e/t= -0%0)t"6)a- ann8it -?t?tt -i, >$78 a mu)*+im$- m()na. >a/na+an -e+/ene- (t a >at(%$n, )?4t0te&0) e+=tt t0%/ene- vi))*a, 0) ne te78ene- -(%t a te%1+et e78et+en v(%$)(an va78#a+v(an )em" E*ut(n i%t$-(n -1+&?nc?-et -1+&?tt )*0t, #i78e+me*tette eme%eit,>$78 e70)* na. ma%a&/ana- (++atai--a+ e781tt a #a+a-$n e+1+, ) ne #0+/ene-" E--$%tu&ta me7, >$78 -?vet)07 -?*e+e&i- Je%u*)(+em=+" /a -1+&?nc -e+t Ct%a, >$78 #i478e+me*te))e a -1+&?tt)07et i)" ;(/u) e+)e/0n -$%a %e77e+ Ra/mun& a v(%(<+ )*em+0+4te, >$78 Ku-u%' em'% >0te*e% mame+u-/(va+ v'7an t$va+$va7$+t"

A*na. &0+e+=tt Ba+ian 0) t(%)ai a :`ve4e 0%-e*te-" ;e))*i%=+ +(tt(- a #a+a- a+att atem.+$m$)$- )(t%ait, -?*e+e 0%ve a*$nan a )(t%a-at 1%e)en ta+(+t(-, 0) a v(%an i)c)en& >$n$+t" Ba+ian +$v()*a, E%n$u+ ement a v(%a, ) te%em%=+ te%em%e /(%t" Sen-it)em ta+(+t, c)a- a* e78i- eme+eti #$+8$)<n #e-1&t -0t >a+(+$) ete7 -at$na, a-i- m(%e)*0+ni )em tu&ta-" Ba+ian me7+e.=&?tt 0) a77<&$tt" 3(%t e784-0t <%(t, nem tu&ta,mit0v= +e78en" K0)= e+in&u+t a N(*(%ete ve*et= Ct$n" E78)*e% c)a- e78 #e+>ev1+t,v0%*= tem.+$m$) v(7tat$tt >$**(, 0) na78 )*e%enc)0t+en)07%=+ )*(m$+t e"

U78anaan a* <%(an Ra/mun& ti0%i()i v(%(<+ me7)*em+0+te a vi))*at0%= ma4me+u-$-at" Beta%t$tt(- '70%et1-et" ;07 /<va+ a* 0/ +e)*(++ta e+=tt vi))*at0%te-, 0) a ta%4t$m(n8an e78et+en 0.1+eten )em tette- -(%t" A* e+==%) eme%eine- +(n&*)(i%aa*$nan tem.+$m$) +$va7$- #e/e v$+t t*ve"

Ra/mun& >'%viv=i 54(n e)te 0%t0- e+ a :`ve4en a na78me)te%e-et" A /$>annitaR$7e% ti+ta-$*()a e++en0%e a tem.+$m$) na78me)te%, L0%a%& a*$nna+ ma7(>$* %en4&e+te a -?%n80-=+ a tem.+$m$) +$va7$-at" ;ai++8i Ja-a tem.+$m$) ma%)a++ -i+enc4ven +$va77a+ a* ?tven m0%#?+&n8i%e +ev= Ka-un #a+uan ta%t<*-$&$tt" A +$va7$- e+4

/?tte-, 0) 0/)*a-(%a a v(% a+att ve%te- )(t%at" ;()na. %e77e+ a c)a.at N(*(%ete ment,a>$+ ne78ven vi+(7i +$va7 c)at+a-$*$tt >$**(/u-" T1%$)* .1).?-e $tt ma%a&t, &eL0%a%& c)a- ann8i i&=%e (++t me7, >$78 $&a-ia(+/a a +a-$)$-na-2 c)a->ama% c)at(%a-e%1+ )$%, 0) /?>etne- ma/& a *)(-m(n8t ?))*e)*e&ni" A +$va7$- (t-e+te- a N(*(%etm?7?tti &$m$-$n 0) +ent a v?+78en, a K%e))*$n4#$%%()n(+ $tt ta+(+t(- a +$vai-at ita4t< mu)*+im$-at" R$7e% 0) ;ai++8i Ja-a, +(tv(n a* e++en#0+ +0t)*(m(t, vi))*av$nu+()t

/ava)$+t" Le%a%& =%/?n7?tt" LCn8$)an e+#$%&u+t na78me)te%t(%)(t<+ 0) -i7Cn8$+tama%)a++/(t i)" WTC+)(7$)an )*e%ete& a )*=-e #e/e&et, 0) nem )*e%etn0& e+ve)*'teniX Fm$n&ta" Ja-a 1)*-0n v(+a)*$+ta2 WÉn &e%0- eme%-0nt c)at(an #$7$- e+e)ni, te#$7)* (%u+<-0nt e+mene-1+ni"X A t(%)a)(7$t #e+in7e%e+t0- L0%a%& )0%t0)ei, 0) a c)a.ata mame+u-$-%a %$nt$tt" Ami e*ut(n -?vet-e*ett, a* nem c)ata v$+t, in-( m0)*(%4+()" Ja-a )*=-e #e/e a* ut$+)<- -?*?tt >u++$tt +e, ) ve+e >a+t a /$>annita na78me)te% i)"H(%$m -iv0te++e+ a* ?))*e) tem.+$m$)t me7?+t0-, ) a >(%$m e78i-e L0%a%& v$+t" Se4e)1+ten v(7tatta- vi))*a N(*(%ete" E78i-1- a*ut(n e+in&u+t, >$78 me7-e%e))e Ba+i4ant" A vi+(7i +$va7$-at e+#$7t(-" N0>(n8 -a.*)i n(*(%eti, L0%a%& '70%et0en '*va,*)(-m(n8%a 0>e)en -iment a c)atame*=%e" A mu)*+im$- e-e%'tett0- 0) e+#$7t(-=-et"

Ba+ian e+=)*?% i) 1*enetet -1+&?tt a #e+e)070ne-, ) -0%te, >'v/a ?))*e a* ?))*e) e+0%4>et= +$va7$t, ma/& c)at+a-$*$tt N(*(%eten L0%a%&4>$*, ) me7.%<(+ta %(venni, >$78e781tt men/ene- Ti0%i()a" L0%a%& )C+8$) )ee)1+0)0%e >ivat-$*$tt, '78 Ba+ian a* 0%4)e--e+ -e+t Ct%a" Ra/mun&$t me7&?entette a t%a70&ia, 0%e*te, a* = .$+iti-(/a v$+t a#e+e+=) a t?%t0nte-0%t" B$+&$7an e+#$7a&ta Ba+ian -?*vet't= )*e%e.0t, )emmi)ne- n8i+4

G

v(n't$tta a S*a+a&inna+ -?t?tt e78e*)07et, &0+%e +$va7$+t Je%u*)(+eme, 0) >)07et e)4-1&?tt a -i%(+8na-" Lui&<na- )$- >i(/a v$+t, &e $))*C(++< nem v$+t" S*'v0+8e)en1&v?*?+te Ra/mun&$t, 0) e+n0*0)t -0%t t=+e a -$%$n(*() m<&/a miatt i)" 78 +(t)*$tt,v07%e >e+8%e(++t a -i%(+8)(7 e78)07e"!

e7#= i&e/e v$+t" ;in&en-i tu&ta m(%, >$78 S*a+a&in na78 )e%e7et t$$%*$tt aHau%(nan" ;(/u)an, mi-?*en a )e%e7 781+e-e*ett a i%$&a+$m min&en %0)*0=+,S*a+a&in e+uta*$tt ;e--a #e+0, >$78 e78 *a%(n&$- -a%av(n e+0e men/en, ame++8e+ an=v0%e 0) un$-a?cc)e uta*$tt, >a*at0%=en a )*ent v(%$)<+" Bi*t$)%a a-a%ta venni,>$78 Ra/na+& nem .%<(+-$*i- %a+<t(ma&())a+" E78%e 78+te- a c)a.at$- A+e.4.<<+, ;$)*u+<+, ;a%&in=+ ) v071+ $+8an na78 +ett a )e%e7, ame+8et S*a+a&in m07)$)em i%(n8't$tt" A J$%&(n$n tC+ Lui&$ -i%(+8 ma7(>$* >'vatta #= >0%e)eit 0)a*$- >0%e)eit i), 0) min&en eme%1--e+ A--$na %en&e+te =-et" A -0t +$va7%en&)*'ve)en me7$))*u+ta v$+na a -%e))*$ni m0)*(%+()t, '78 min&en +$va7/u-at m$*7<4)'t$tt(-, 0) c)a- -i) >e+8=%)07e-et >a78ta- a 7$n&/ai-%a '*$tt v(%a-an" A tem.+$4m$)$- t$v(i )e7't)07et i) n8C/t$tta-, a -i%(+8na- a&va anna- a .0n*a&$m(n8na- a%(/u- e)= %0)*0t, ame+8et II" Hen%i- an7$+ -i%(+8 -1+&?tt a -0t +$va7%en&ne-, ve*e-4+0)-0..en Bec-et Tam() me7?+et0)00%t" A %en&e-ne- a .0n*t =%i*ni1- -e++ett v$+naama -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at )*(m(%a, ame+8et Hen%i- e)-1ve+ v(++a+t, a .i++anatn8i )*1-4)07 a*$nan )1%7et= v$+t" A*$- a -at$n(-, a-i-et e=+ a .0n*=+ (++'t$tta-, +$$7<4

/u-$n Hen%i- -i%(+8 c'me%0ve+ )*(++ta- >a%ca" Ra/mun& 0) Ba+ian -0%0)0t=+ in&'ttatvaAnti<->iai B$emun& Ie+ini Ba+&uin ve*et0)e a+att e78 c)a.at$t '70%t 0) #i(t, Ra/mun4&$t e+-1+&te, >$78 c)at+a-$**0- -e%e)*ta./(>$*, T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&>$*" JCniu) v0704%e e*e%-0t)*(*, te+/e)en #e+#e78ve%*ett +$va7, na78)*(mC >e+8e+i -?nn8+$va))(7,#0+v0% tu%-$.$+$- 0) c)a-nem t'*e*e% 78a+$7$) 78+t ?))*e a* A--$n a+atti t($%an";e7-0%t0- He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-(t, >$**a ma7(va+ a S*ent Ke%e)*tet" A .(t%i(%-a a*t1*ente, ninc) /<+, ) a* e%e-+80t a S*ent)'% .%i$%/(%a '*ta, >$78 a&/a (t a* a--$ni .1)4.?-ne-" E++en)07ei )*e%int )*'ve)een ma%a&t )*e%etett Pa)c>i(/a me++ett"

JCniu) M4(n, .0nte-en a Hau%(nan #e-v= A)te%(n(+ S*a+a&in me7)*em+0+te c)a4.atait" v$+t a &e%0->a& .a%anc)n$-a, un$-a?cc)e, Ta-' a&4D'n i%(n8't$tta a /$4)*(%n8at 0) Ku-u%' a a+)*(%n8at" A )e%e7 c)ata%en&en menete+t Hi)*#'ni7 ) $nnana La+i+eai4ten7e% &0+i c)1c)-0i7" Ott ?t na.i7 v(%a-$*$tt, ) e*a+att a #e+&e%'t=- >'%e-et78/t?tte- a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7%=+" JC+iu) e+)e/0n a )e%e7 S*enna%(n(+ (t-e+t a J$%&(4n$n, ma/& m()$&i-(n a )e%e7 e78i- #e+e t($%t ve%t Ka#% S*etn0+, a t<t<+ ?t m0%#?+&%ea &$m$- -?*?tt, a m()i- #e+e .e&i7 me7t(ma&ta Ti0%i()t" E78<%() >a%c ut(n me74)*e%e*t0- a v(%$)t" Ra/mun& 0) m$)t$>a#iai a -i%(+8 )e%e70en v$+ta-, &e E)c>iva7%<#n0, a-i me71*ente a #0%/0ne-, >$78 mi t?%t0nt, -i) >e+8=%)070ve+ -ita%t$tt a v(%4an"

Ami-$% >'%e ment, >$78 S*a+a&in (t-e+t a J$%&(n$n, Lui&$ -i%(+8 A--$nan ta4n(c)-$*$tt (%<iva+" E+)=-0nt Ra/mun& 7%<# e)*0+t" R(mutat$tt, a )*?%n8 >=)07ena t(ma&< )e%e7 e+=n8te+en >e+8*ete -e%1+" A*t /ava)$+ta, a #%an-$- v0&e+mi )t%at07i4

729A t?%t0netet %0)*+ete)en e+=a&/a E%n$u+, a-i Ba+ianna+ v$+t, mint a #e78ve%n?-e 549" ."" 0sto2ire d'0ra/es, II, 545" ."V Im(& a&4D'n, AC S(m(n(+, M" ."V In a+4A)*'% MG" ." a*t '%/a, a+4A+&a+Ku-u%it tette me7 a )e%e7 ve*0%0ne- 0) #=%e te)*i a +$va) -at$n(- )*(m(t" A .e 0:pugnatione4" ." >a)$n+< )*(m$t a& me7, &e %?vi& e+e)*0+0)e ta7a&/a, >$78 Ra/mun& me7-?vete+te v$+na,

>$78 ne te78ene- -(%t )en-i tu+a/&$n(an, 0) i78e-)*i- ti)*t(%a m$)ni a tem.+$m$)$-at" a :`ve amai e+4:u+e> nev a%a #a+u min&-0t )*< WaX4$t /e+ent" A #a+u #0+Ct$n van D*)enin 0) N(*(%et -?4*?tt"

GG

(t -?ve))ene-" Ha a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7et nem 78=*i +e 78$%)an, S*a+a&in nem tu&/a )$4-(i7 e781tt ta%tani >ata+ma) )e%e70t a )*(%a*)(7t<+ )*enve&= $%)*(7an" E78 i&= ut(nvi))*a -e++ v$nu+nia" K?*en .e&i7 me70%-e*>et a )e7't)07 Anti<->i(<+" A +$va7$-t?)07e >a/+$tt a%%a, >$78 me7#$7a&/a Ra/mun& tan(c)(t, (m 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+& 0)L0%a%& na78me)te% a**a+ v(&$+ta, 78(va 0) e+a&ta ma7(t a )*a%ac0n$-na-" A -i%(+8min&i7 a* ut$+/(%a )*<+<na- a&$tt i7a*at, '78 >(t e+%en&e+te, in&u+/$n e+ a )e%e7 Ti04%i() #e+0"

JC+iu) 4(n &0+ut(n a -e%e)*t0n8e- +et($%$*ta- S*e.><%i(n(+" Na78$n /< t($%>e+8v$+t, =ven v$+t v'* 0) a +$va-na- a+-a+ma) +e7e+=" Ha itt ma%a&ta- v$+na, mint a>$478an n078 0vve+ -$%(an a L<+i(t4#$%%()$-n(+ ma%a&ta-, S*a+a&in )$>a)em -$c-(*4tatta v$+na me7 a t(ma&()t" A -e%e)*t0n8 >a& c)a-nem a--$%a v$+t, mint a* ?v0 0)-e&ve*= v$+t a* e+>e+8e*-e&0)1-" 6)a->$78 a*$n a* e)t0n me70%-e*ett a t%i.$+i)*i7%<#n0 -1+&?tte" Lui&$ tan(c)$t ta%t$tt )(t%(an" A +$va7$- 0%*e+meit na78an e#$4+8()$+ta a 7$n&$+at, >$78 a >=)ie) 7%<#n0 -ita%t a t< me++etti v(%(an" :iai -?nn8e))*emme+ -0%t0-, >$78 e+in&u+>a))ana- an8/u- me7ment0)0%e" E--$% #e+(++t Ra/mun&"A--$ni e)*0&0t m07 na78$ (t0+0))e+ me7i)m0te+te" R(mutat$tt a%%a, =%1+t)07 e+4>a78ni -e&ve*=, e%=) (++()u-at, 0) a /C+iu)i >=)07en (tma)'%$*ni a -$.(% &$mvi&04-en" Ti0%i(), m$n&ta, a* = v(%$)a, a v(% v0&=/e a* = #e+e)07e" De in-( ve))*en Ti40%i() min&ene)t1+, mint a* e70)* -i%(+8)(7" S*avai me778=*t0- a /e+en+ev=-et" É/#0+4-$% #e+$)*+$tt a tan(c) a**a+, >$78 S*e.><%i(an ma%a&na-"

Ami-$% a (%<- )(t%ai-a v$nu+ta-, L0%a%&, a tem.+$m$) na78me)te% vi))*a$)$nta -i%(+8i )(t$%a" WU%am F m$n&ta F me7'*$+ e78 (%u+<an_X S*078en+ete) &$+$7ve)*ni >a78ni e78 v(%$)t, ame+8 c)a- >at m0%#?+&%e van a t($%t<+" A tem.+$m$)$- Fm$n&ta F >ama%a +0.ne- -i a %en&/1-=+, mint)em +em$n&/ana- a%%<+ a +e>et=)074%=+, >$78 $))*Ct (++/ana- a >itet+ene-en" Lui&<t e78 <%(va+ -$%(an Ra/mun& me7478=*te a* i7a*(%<+, &e m(%i) >a$*$tt, 0) >a78ta, m$)t L0%a%& 78=**e me7 =t a ma7ai7a*(%<+" S*0t-1+&te a t($%an >'%n?-eit, ) e/e+entette, >$78 >a/na+an Ti0%i() e++enin&u+na-"

S*e#<%i(<+ Ti0%i()a a +e7/$ Ct 0)*a--e+et%e, a 7a+i+eai &$m$-$n (t ve*etett, )a v(%$)t<+ e78 m0%#?+&%e 0)*a-%a 0%t +e a t<>$*" A m()i- Ct a )*enna%ai >'&>$* vitt,$tt e+(7a*$tt, ) a* e78i- (7 0)*a- #e+0 ment a t<.a%t$n" S*a+a&in Ka#% S*et4e+i t($%aa S*enna%(a ve*et= Ct tC+$+&a+(n #e-1&t, a*t a* utat -?vette = i), ami-$% a #$+8<t<+a t($%>e+8i7 ment" e>et, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 t($%<+ (%u+<- tu&att(- ve+e, >$78Lui&$ $tt>a78/a a )*e.><%iai t($%t, 0) a* 0)*a-i utat v(+a)*t/a" E--$% S*a+a&in a )e%e470t ?t m0%#?+&&e+ $&( vitte a &$m$-$n Hatt'ni7, $&a, a>$+ a* Ct a t< #e+0 -e*& +e/4teni" 3$+t $tt e78 #a+u, /< +e7e+=--e+ 0) =)07e) v'*-0)*+ette+" A Ti0%i()a -1+&?tt c)a4.atai i) c)at+a-$*ta- >$**(, c)a- ann8i -at$n(/a ma%a&t $tt, amenn8ien #enn tu&t(-ta%tani a +$-(&$t"

JC+iu) 54(n, .0nte- %e77e+ na78 v$+t a #$%%<)(7, #$/t$7at< v$+t a +eve7=" A -e%e)*4t0n8 )e%e7 e+>a78ta S*e.><%ia *?+& -e%t/eit, 0) e+in&u+t a -$.(% &$m$-$n (t, a>$+e78et+en #a )em n=tt" T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&, a te%1+et i%t$-$)a #eu&(+i) )*$-() )*e%intme7-a.ta a /$7$t, >$78 a* e+==%)?t ve*e))e" A -i%(+8 a &e%0->a& .a%anc)n$-a v$+t,Ra/na+&, a +$va7%en&e--e+ 0) Ie+ini Ba+ian a >(tv0&et ve*ette" A* Ct$n v07i7 nemv$+t v'*" 6)a->ama% )*$m/C)(7 -'n$*ta a* eme%e-et 0) a +$va-at e78a%(nt" A 78?t4%e+me- miatt a )e%e7 +a))aan v$nu+t" ;u)*+im c)a.at$- )*1nte+en t(ma&t(- a* e+=4=%)?t 0) a >(tv0&et, -?*0/1- n8i+a*ta- 0) e++$va7$+ta-, mie+=tt (%mi+8en e++ent(ma4

G!

&() -i$nta-$*>at$tt v$+na" D0+ut(n a #%an-$- e+0%t0- a Hatt'ni4#enn)'-$t" E+=tt1-)*i-+() &$m eme+-e&ett, ame+8=+ -0t c)Cc) n8C+t -i minte78 )*(* +( ma7a)%a, m?47?tte me%e&e- +e/t= e%e)*-e&ett a+( a #a+u 0) a t< #e+0" E*t a >e+8et >'vt(- Hatt'n )*a%4vaina-" A tem.+$m$)$- a*t 1*ent0- a -i%(+8na-, nem -0.e)e- t$v( menete+ni" N04>(n8 (%< vi)*$nt a*0%t -?n8?%7?tt, v(7/$n utat ma7(na- a )e%e7 a t<i7" Lui&<t me74>at$tta a )e%e7 e+c)i7(*$tt (++a.$ta, 0) C78 &?nt?tt, $tt 0/)*a-(*na-" A >'% >a++at(nRa/mun& $tt>a78ta a* e+==%)?t, vi))*a+$va7$+t, 0) a*t -i(+t$*ta2 W%i)ten, v07e a >(4$%Cna-, min& >a+$tta- va78un-, v07e a -i%(+8)(7na-"X Tan(c)(%a Lui&$ uie>a+att ve%t t($%t, a S*a%va- +e/t=/0n0+, a>$+ e78 -Ct v$+t, 0) a )e%e7 a -i%(+8 -?%1+ t($4%$*$tt +e" Ám a >e+8et %$))*u+ v(+a)*t$tt(- me7, a -Ct u78ani) -i v$+t )*(%a&va"

A *?+&e++= v?+78en a+ant t($%$*< S*a+a&in a+i7 tu&ta +e.+e*ni ?%?m0t" 307%e4va4+a>(%a e+0%-e*ett a* (>'t$tt a+-a+$m"

A -e%e)*t0n8e- n8$m$%C)(7$)an t?+t?tt0- a* 0/)*a-(t, >a++7att(- a mu)*+im t($%4<+ #e+>an7*< im(-at 0) &a+$-at" N0>(n8 -at$na e+>a78ta a t($%t, >$78 vi*et -e%e)4)en, &e ve)*t1-%e a* e++en)07 -a%/aia )*a+a&ta-" A >a%cte%e- 78?t%e+meit c)a- n?ve+4te, >$78 a mu)*+im$- #e+78C/t$tt(- a &$m$-$n a $*<t$t, 0) a #$%%< #1)t e+$%'t$tta at($%u-at" S*a+a&in a )?t0t)07 +e.+e a+att e+in&'t$tta eme%eit" Ami-$% /C+iu) 40n,)*$mat$n me7vi%%a&t, a -i%(+8i )e%e7et m(% e-e%'tett0-" A>$78 a -%<ni-() m$n&/a,a 78%=+ m07 e78 mac)-a )em tu&$tt v$+na -i)*?-ni"

Na.-e+te ut(n nem )$--a+ me7in&u+t a mu)*+im t(ma&()" A -e%e)*t0n8 78a+$7$4)$- c)a- e78 va+ami%e tu&ta- 7$n&$+ni, a v'*%e" Na78 t?me7e-en .%<(+ta- +e/utni a+e/t=n, a t(v$+an c)i++$7< v'*t1-?%>?*" :e+)*$%'t$tt(- =-et e78 &$m%a, ) a +(n7$- 0)a* e++en)07 -?%1+#$7ta =-et" S$-a-at me7?+te-, )$-a-at e+#$7ta-" A c)atat0%en >eve%=)ee)1+t, )*$m/C)(7t<+ #e+&a7a&t a/-C -at$n(- +(tv(n8a $+8an %ettenete) v$+t, >$78Ra/mun& ?t +$va7/a -?n8?%?7ve -0%te a mu)*+im ve*0%e-et2 ?+/0- me7 min&et, >a&&+e78en v07e )*enve&0)ei-ne-" A +$va)$- -0t)07ee)0)1-en min&en (t$%)(7u-at?))*e)*e&ve, &e%e-a)an >a%c$+ta-" A mu)*+im +$va))(7 t(ma&()ait )$%%a vi))*ave%4t0-, na78 ve)*te)07e-et $-$*va a* e++en)07ne-, &e -?*en a* = )*(mu- i) #$78$tt" A)*$m/C)(7t<+ +e78en71+te-, e%e/1- e+>a78ta =-et" A -i%(+8 -0%0)0%e, mie+=tt tC+ -0)=+ett v$+na, Ra/mun& %$>am%a ve*ette +$va7/ait, aan a %em0n8en, >$78 -i tu&na-t?%ni a 78%=+" Ra/mun& ?))*e) eme%0ve+ %(t(ma&t a Ta-' a&4D'n ve*ette )e%e74te)t%e" Ta-' me7n8it$tta e+=tt1- a t(ma&<- v$na+(t 0) m?7?tt1- ?))*e*(%ta, C78,>$78 nem tu&tavi))*a/utni a a/t(%)ai->$*, '78 n8$m$%u+tu+ e++$va7$+ta- a c)ata4me*=%=+ T%i.$+i)* #e+0" 3a+amive+ -0)= Ie+ini Ba+ian 0) S*i&<ni Ra/na+& i) -it?%t2=- v$+ta- a* ut$+)<-, a-i-ne- m07 )i-e%1+t e+mene-1+ni"

A -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- )emmi %em0n81- )em ma%a&t, &e m07 >a%c$+ta-, #e+>C*<&ta-e70)*en a S*a%va-i7" A c)Cc)$n (++t a -i%(+8 v?%?) )(t%a, a-?%0 78+te- a +$va7$-" A+4A+&a+, S*a+a&in &ia, at8/a $+&a+(n 0+ete e+)= c)at(/(an vett %0)*t" S$- 0vve+ -0)= i)ti)*te+ette+ em+0-e*ett me7 a #%an-$- (t$%)(7(%<+" WAmi-$% a #%an- -i%(+8 vi))*av$4nu+t a &$mtet=%e F m$n&ta F, +$va7/ai >=)ie) %$>am$t in&'t$tta-, 0) vi))*ave%t0- amu)*+im$-at, a-i- >(t%(+ta-, e70)*en a.(mi7" (ttam a.(m %0m1+et0t" E+v(+t$*$tt a)*'ne, v07i7)im't$tta a )*a-(++(t, ma/& e+=%e)ietett 0) a*t -i(+t$tta2 j))ete- vi))*a a*(t-$*$tta-na-k 78 a* eme%ein- me7t(ma&t(- a* e++en)07et, ) a*$- #e+>C*<&ta- a&$m%a" Ami-$% +(ttam, >$78 a #%an-$- mene-1+ne-, $+&$7an -i(+t$ttam #e+" WE+4-e%7ett1- =-etk A--$% i)m0t t(ma&ta-, 0) i)m0t vi))*avetett0- eme%ein-et e70)*ena&&i7, a>$+ a.(m (++t" i)m0t e+=%e -1+&te a* ?v0it, a-i- i)m0t #e+-e%7ett0- a &$m%a

!

a #%an-$-at" Én i)m0t a*t -i(+t$ttam2 jE+-e%7ett1- =-et"k A.(m e--$% >$**(m #$%&u+t) a*t m$n&ta j6)i++a.$&/" Am'7 a* a )(t$% $tt (++ #enn, nem 78=*t1- +e =-et"k Aan a.i++anatan a )(t$% ?))*e&=+t" A--$% a.(m +e)*(++t a +<%<+, #?+&%e $%u+t 0) ?%?m-?n84n8e--e+ a )*em0en >(+(t a&$tt a* I)tenne-"X

E+e)ett a* a--$ni .1).?-" A S*ent Ke%e)*t, ame+8et ma7(va+ vitt a c)at(a, a >itet4+ene- -e*0%e -e%1+t" 6)a- n0>(n8 +< ma%a&t 0+eten" Ami-$% a 78=*te)e- #e+0%te- a&$mtet=%e, a +$va7$-, -?*t1- a -i%(+8 i), $tt >eve%te- a #?+&?n, m(% nem v$+t e%e/1->a%c$+ni, ) -a%&/u-at i) a+i7 tu&t(- (tn8C/tani, >$78 me7a&/(- ma7u-at" A #= eme%e4-et e+ve*ett0- aa a )(t$%a, ame4+8et a c)atame*=n eme+te- a )*u+t(n4na-"5

S*a+a&in $tt #$7a&ta Lui&$ -i%(+8t,a #iv0%0t, Ama+%i- )e%e7.a%anc)n$4-$t, 6>ti++$ni Ra/na+&$t 0) m$)t$>a4#i(t, T$%$ni On#%$i4t, a tem.+$m$)$-na78me)te%0t, a* i&=) ;$nt#e%%ati =%47%<#$t, D*)aai+ 0) B$t%un u%ait )t? -i)e (%<t" Ke78e)en 1&v?4*?+te =-et" A -i%(+8t ma7a me++0 1+4tette ) +(tva )*$m/C)(7(t, a He%m$n>av(va+ >t?tt %<*)avi*e) -e+8>etn8C/t$tt ne-i" Lui&$ iv$tt e+=+e,ma/& t$v(a&ta a -e+8>et Ra/na+&4na-, a-i me++ette v$+t" A* a%a ven4&07+(t() t?%v0n8ei )*e%int, a-i e78 #$7$+8na- enni va78 inni a&, a*t /e+*i, >$78 a #$47$+8 0+ete i*t$n)(7an van" E*0%t S*a+a&in 78$%)an a t$+m(c)>$* #$%&u+t2 W;$n&&me7 a -i%(+8na-, >$78 = a&$tt inni anna- a* eme%ne-, nem 0nX" ;a/& Ra/na+&>$*#$%&u+t, a-ine- )$>a)em tu&ta me7$c)(tani i)tente+en, %a+< tetteit, 0) em+0-e*tettenei%e, (%u+()(%a, i)ten-(%$m+()(%a 0) -a.*)i)(7(%a" Ami-$% Ra/na+& &u%v(n v(+a4)*$+t, S*a+a&in -a%&$t %a7a&$tt 0) +ev(7ta a #e/0t" Lui&$ %e)*-etett, a*t >itte, %a/ta a)$%" S*a+a&in me7n8u7tatta2 WKi%(+8 nem ?+ me7 -i%(+8t F m$n&ta F &e e* a* eme%tC+)(7$)an a%c(t+an 0) >it)*e7= v$+t"X S*a+a&in me7.a%anc)$+ta, >$78 a vi+(7i u%a-4na- ne e))0- (nt<&()u-, 0) %a)(7u- a+att i) u&va%ia)an 0) ti)*te+ette+ (n/ana- ve4+1-" De a +$va7%en&e- -at$n(it a tem.+$m$) na78me)te% -iv0te+0ve+ nem a-a%tame7-'m0+ni" Se%e70>e* ta%t$*$tt e78 #anati-u) m$>ame&(n )*u#i-<+ (++< c)a.at" --a.t(- a #e+a&at$t, >$78 ?+/0- me7 a tem.+$m$) 0) /$>annita #$7+8$-at" A )*u#i- +e+4-e)en v07e*t0- #e+a&atu-at" Ami-$% S*a+a&in min&enne+ e+-0)*1+t, Ct%a -e+t a )e%e747e+ Hatt'n<+, ) a c)atame*=n $ttma%a&ta- a >$+tte)te-, a )a-(+$- 0) >i0n(- ma%ta+04-(u+"

A %a$-at Dama)*-u)*a -1+&te, a>$+ a (%<-at -0n8e+me)en ta%t$tt(-, a )*e704n8ee-et e+a&t(- a %a)*$+7a.iac$n" O+8 na78 v$+t a -'n(+at, >$78 e78 %a)*$+7a (%a>(%$m &in(%%a e)ett, ) e78 te+/e), e70)*)07e) c)a+(&$t, #0%/et, #e+e)07et, >(%$m #iC4 0)

730A >att'ni c)at(va+ -a.c)$+at$) $n8$+u+t 0) e++entm$n&()$) +e'%()$--a+ -a.c)$+atan +()& e m II"-?tet0ne- " #177e+0-0t"

!

Krak des ;he-aliers rek#nstruált képe

-0t +(n878e%me--e+ m(% n8$+cvan &in(%0%t me7 +e>etett -a.ni" E78 mu)*+im m07 a*ti) /< 1*+etne- ta+(+ta, >$78 e+c)e%0+te a #$7+8(t e78 .(% )*an&(+0%t"5

Nem e* v$+t a* e+)= na78 c)a.(), ame+8et a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8e- e+)*enve&te-" AmC+tan i) e)te- #$7)(7a -e%e)*t0n8 u%a+-$&<- 0) na78u%a-, (m #$7+8u+ e/t=i- -i)>e+8i u%a)(7$- v$+ta-, a-i-et a* an8a7i >a)*$n v(78a >a/t$tt" Hatt'n )*a%vain(+ a* e+4+en)07 a -i%(+8)(7 (+ta+ va+a>a i) -i(++'t$tt +e7na78$ )e%e7et )emmi)'tette me7" AS*ent Ke%e)*t e+ve)*ett, a 78=*te) .e&i7 a* e70)* mu)*+im vi+(7 u%a v$+t"

S*a+a&inna- a* e++en)07 me7)emmi)'t0)e ut(n m(% c)a- a S*ent#?+& v(%ait -e++ette+#$7+a+nia" JC+iu) 940n, ami-$% +(tta, >$78 )e>$nnan )em -a. )e7't)07et, T%i.$+i)*7%<#n0/a (ta&ta a* $)t%$m+<-na- Ti0%i()t" A )*u+t(n a* a))*$n8t a* =t me7i++et= ti)*4te+ette+ -e*e+te, 0) me7en7e&te, >$78 e70)* >(*a n0.0ve+ T%i.$+i)*a men/en"5 S*a+a4&in e--$% )e%e7e *?m0ve+ A--$n a+( v$nu+t" A v(%$).a%anc)n$- 6$u%tena84i J$)ce4+in, a* $%)*(7'%< c)a- a )a/(t i*t$n)(7(va+ t?%=&?tt" Ami-$% /C+iu) G4(n S*a+a&inA--$n #a+ai a+( 0%-e*ett, J$)ce+in -?vetet -1+&?tt >$**(, e78 B%ice P0te% nev v(%$)i.$+7(%t, 0) a +a-$)$- 0+et00%t 0) /avai0%t c)e%0e #e+a/(n+$tta a v(%$)t" A +a-$)$- -?*1+)$-an )*078en+ete)ne- ta%t$tt(- e*t a* en7e&e+me) me7a&()t" Ki)e +(*a&() t?%t -i,t? >(* +e07ett, &e a %en& >e+8%e(++t, m07 mie+=tt 40n S*a+a&in >ivata+$)an i) (tvet4te v$+na a v(%$)t" S*a+a&in aan %em0n8-e&ett, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 -e%e)-e&=- t?4)070t %('%>at/a a ma%a&()%a, =- a*$nan ta%t$tta- a /?v=t=+, 0) min&en in7<)(7u--a+e781tt e+t(v$*ta-" A ><&'t<-, 0+1-?n a+4A#&a++a+, S*a+a&in i#/C #i(va+ F = -a.ta me7A--$nt F, e+$)*t$tt(- a -at$n(- -?*?tt a* e+>a78$tt %a-t(%a- -inc)eit, )e+8me-et, #04me-et, 0-)*e%e-et, #e78ve%e-et" A na78 cu-$%manu#a-tC%(t, S*a+a&in $))*C)(7(%a,Ta-' a&4D'n #$)*t$tta -i"55 ;'7 S*a+a&in A--$nan ma%a&t, )e%e7e e78)07eine- me74a&t(- ma7u-at La+i+ea 0) S*ama%ia v(%$)ai 0) e%=&'tm0n8ei" N(+u)*an Ba+ian >e+84=%)07e n0>(n8 na.i7 e++en(++t, 0) ti)*te) me7a&()i #e+t0te+e-et -a.$tt" T$%$n v(%a m07-0t >0ti7 -ita%t$tt, ) c)a- a--$% -a.itu+(+t" ;()>$+ a+i7 v$+t e++en(++()"5 E*a+att a+4Á4&i+, S*a+a&in te)tv0%e #e+uta*$tt E78i.t$m<+, 0) $)t%$m a+( vette Ja##(t" A v(%$) e++en4(++t, e*0%t %$>amma+ vette e, 0) min&en +a-$)(t, n=-et, #0%#ia-at 0) 78e%me-e-et %a4)(7%a vetette, na78 %0)*1- a* a+e..(%eme-e -e%1+t"59

La+i+eia me7><&'t()a ut(n S*a+a&in e+in&u+t 0)*a-%a a #?n'ciai .a%t$n" A >att'nitC+0+=- t?)07e Ba+ianna+ T1%$)*a mene-1+t" T1%$)*na- e%=) >e+8=%)07e v$+t, 0) a)*(%a*#?+& #e+=+ >ata+ma) #a+a- v0&t0-" Ami-$% S*a+a&in e+)= t(ma&()%a nem tu&taevenni a v(%$)t, t$v(in&u+t" JC+iu) !40n S*i&<n e78et+en -a%&c)a.() n0+-1+ me74a&ta ma7(t" A v(%$) u%a, Ra/na+& e+mene-1+t a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/0en +ev= eve>etet4+en v(%(a, Beau#$%t4a" Be/%Ct me7.%<(+t v0&e-e*ni, &e au7u)*tu) M4(n +etette a#e78ve%t" D*)aai+ n0>(n8 na. mC+va a&ta me7 ma7(t, Em%iac$ Hu7<, a v(%$) i%4t$-$)a .a%anc)(%a, a-it S*a+a&in e**e+ a #e+t0te++e+ $c)(t$tt )*aa&$n" Au7u)*tu) v04

731Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 49" .", Kam(+ a&4D'n B+$c>et -ia&", G4G" ." n0mi+e7 e+t0%= v(+4t$*at$t a&, &e a +0n8e7 a*$n$), E%n$u+ 4" ." na78/(<+ u78ana*t a&/a e+="

732E%n$u+, " ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, M!" ."V AC S(ma, MM4M" ."733E%n$u+2 i* h*V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II 4" ."V AC S(ma, !94!" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M" ."V

In a+4A)*'%, MGG4M!" ."7340stoire d'0ra/es, II, MG" ."V .e 0:pugnatione, 545" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n2 i* h* c)a- T$%$nt em+'ti me7V

AC Sima, 545M" ."V In a+4A)*'%2 i* h*735In a+4A)*'%, M!4M!" ." ma7a vett e78 %a)*$+7an=t a* a+e..at -i)78e%me-0t M!" ."V .e 0:pugnatione, !" ."

!

70%e m(% c)a- T%i.$+i)* v$+t a -e%e)*t0n8e-0, att<+ &0+%e T1%$)*, A)*-a+$n ) a S*ent3(%$), Je%u*)(+em"5M

S*e.teme%en S*a+a&in me7/e+ent A)*-a+$nn(+, ma7(va+ vitte -0t +e7/e+ent=)e#$7+8(t, Lui&$ -i%(+8t 0) a tem.+$m$) na78me)te%t, L0%a%&4t" Lui&<na- a*t m$n&ta,)*aa&)(7(t A)*-a+$n #e+a&()(va+ me7v()(%$+>at/a" Amint a -i%(+8 a #a+a- a+( 0%t, #e+4)*<+'t$tta a .$+7(%$-at, >a78/(- aa a >a%c$t" L0%a%& c)at+a-$*$tt Lui&$ -0%0)0>e*,&e min&-etten c)a- )0%t0)e-et -a.ta- v(+a)*u+" A)*-a+$nt &e%e-a)an v0&t0-" A* $)t4%$m a+att S*a+a&in -0t em'%/e ve)*tette 0+et0t" De )*e.teme% 40n a >e+8=%)07 -0n8te4+en v$+t me7a&ni ma7(t" A .$+7(%$- in7<)(7ai--a+ e+>a78>att(- a v(%$)t" S*a+a&in-at$n(i E78i.t$ma -')0%t0- =-et, 0) -0n8e+me)en e%en&e*-e&>ette- A+ean&%i(4an a&&i7, m'7 >a*a nem t0%ne- -e%e)*t0n8 #?+&%e"5 A 7(*ai >e+8=%)07 tem.+$m$4)$-<+ (++t, a-i- a %en& )*a(+8ai )*e%int va-$n en7e&e+me)-e&te- a na78me)te%ne-,'78 ami-$% L0%a%& me7a&()t .a%anc)$+t, a*$nna+ +etett0- a #e78ve%t" A na78me)te%t av(%0%t c)e%0e )*aa&$n en7e&t0-"5G Lui&$ -i%(+8 m07 n0>(n8 ><na.i7 %a ma%a&t,e+= N(+u)*an, ma/& ata-i(an ta%t$tt(- #$7va" S*ii++a -i%(+8n0na- me7en7e&4t0-, >$78 e+/?//?n Je%u*)(+em=+, 0) c)at+a-$**$n >$**(" Amint a*t S*a+a&in -0t)07-'4v1+ e+=%e +(tta, a -?vet-e*= 0v tava)*(n a -i%(+8i .(% )*aa&$n $c)(t()a c)a- n?ve+tea -e%e)*t0n8e- *ava%(t"5!

A*na., ami-$% S*a+a&in c)a.atai ev$nu+ta- A)*-a+$na, na.#$78at-$*() v$+t" A)?t0t)07en S*a+a&in /e%u*)(+emi .$+7(%$- -1+&?tt)070t #$7a&taV a*0%t %en&e+te =-etma7(>$*, >$78 me7vita))a a S*ent 3(%$) me7a&()(na- #e+t0te+eit" ;e7e)*0+0)%ea*$nan nem -e%1+t )$%" A -1+&?tte- me7ta7a&t(- anna- a v(%$)na- a #e+a&()(t, a>$+I)ten1- me7>a+t 0%t1-" B1)*-0n t0%tevi))*a Je%u*)(+eme, 0) S*a+a&in me7e)-1&?tt,-a%&&a+ #$7/a evenni a v(%$)t" Je%u*)(+eme v(%at+an )e7't)07 0%-e*ett" Ie+ini Ba+i4an, a-i #%an- mene-1+te--e+ T1%$)*an v$+t, men+eve+et -0%t S*a+a&int<+, >$78 Je%u4*)(+eme uta*>a))$n" N(+u)*<+ $&a v$nu+t vi))*a a #e+e)07e, ;(%ia -i%(+8n0 a78e%me-e--e+, 0) )*e%ette v$+na T1%$)*a vinni =-et" S*a+a&int<+ a**a+ a #et0te++e+ -a4.$tt en7e&0+8t, >$78 c)a- e78 0/)*a-(t t?+t a v(%$)an, 0) nem vi)e+ #e78ve%t" Ami-$%Ba+ian $&a0%-e*ett, +(tta, He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a 0) a +$va7%en&e- ti)*t)07vi)e+=i me74.%<(+/(- v0&e+em%e #e+-0)*'teni a v(%$)t, &e nem v$+t e78et+en ve*et= )em, a-ien an0. me7'*$tt v$+na" ;in&en-i a%%a -0%te Ba+iant, ma%a&/$n ve+1-, nem a-a%t(- e+en47e&ni" Ba+ian na78 *ava%an v$+t" %t S*a+a&inna- 0) me7ma78a%(*ta, mi0%t )*e7teme7 e)-1/0t" S*a+a&in min&i7 u&va%ia) v$+t a*$--a+ a* e++en#e+eive+ )*emen, a-i-et

736Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, M4" ."V AC S(ma, 5M45" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M!4M!5" ."V .e 0:pugna2tione, 5M" ."

737E%n$u+, G" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, G4!" ."V .e 0:pugnatione, 5M45G" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*," ."V In a+4A)*'%, M!M4M!" ."

738AC S(ma, 5455" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n2 i* h*V In a+4A)*'%, M!" ."739E%n$u+ 9", G9" ." )*e%int S*ii++a a* $)t%$m e+=e)t0/0i7 Je%u*)(+emen v$+t, a*ut(n en7e&t0-,

>$78 N(+u)*a men/en G9" ." In a+4A)*'%, 5" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es" II, !" ." 0) a* 1tinerarium $egis$i/ardi, 45" ." a*t (++'t/a, S*ii++a a* $)t%$m a+att i) Je%u*)(+emen v$+t, 0) c)a- e78 %?vi& me7e)*04+0)%e ment N(+u)*a" Ba>( a&4D'n &* &* +* !*, 5" ." )*e%int S*a+a&in T$%t$)*(a vitte Lui&<t, a-ita--$% en7e&te- )*aa&$n, ami-$% S*a+a&in K%a- &e) 6>eva+ie%)4t $)t%$m$+ta" E* GG /C+iu)(an v$+t,n0>(n8 na..a+ a*e+=tt, >$78 S*a+a&in evette v$+na T$%t$)*(t" Ba>( a&4D'n ta+(n ?))*e-eve%i T$%t$4)*(t Anta%tu) T%i.$+i))*a+, &e a )*aa&$n $c)(t() i&=.$nt/a i*$n8$)an GG" /C+iu)" E%n$u+ G9" ."

min&a*$n(+ta+ a*t '%/a, Lui&<t GG m(%ciu)(an en7e&t0- )*aa&$n, &e 9" .", &e a*t '%/a, S*a+a&ina--$% $)t%$m$+ta T%i.$+i)*t, 0) e* GG /C+iu)(an v$+t" A* Itine%a%ium )*e%int Lui&<t T$%t$)*(an en47e&t0- )*aa&$n, 0) S*ii++a -0)= $tt c)at+a-$*$tt >$**( 9" .""

!5

ti)*te+t" Nemc)a- me7$c)(t$tt Ba+ianna-, &e = ma7a i*t$)'t$tta a -')0%etet, ame+8;(%ia -i%(+8n0t, 78e%me-eit 0) >(*a n0.0t /avai--a+ e781tt T1%$)*a vitte" 3e+1-ta%t$tt Ba+ian i#/C un$-a?cc)e, Ie+ini Tam(), 0) D*)aai+i Hu7< #ia i)" S*a+a&in )'%t,ami-$% +(tta e*e-et a 78e%me-e-et, a* e+tnt na78)(7 ?%?-?)eit, a-i- t($%(n (t v$4nu+ta- a )*(m*et0)e"

Je%u*)(+emen Ba+ian me7tett min&en t=+e te+>et=t" I7en me7n=tt a +a-$))(7 +0t)*(4ma, $&amene-1+te- a -?%n8e*= vi&0- +a-<i, &e c)a- -ev0) eme%t +e>etett #e78ve%%e#$7ni" E78 #0%#i%a ?tven n= 0) 78e%me- /ut$tt" 6)a- -0t +$va7 v$+t a v(%$)an, e*0%tBa+ian +$va77( 1t?tt min&en neme)i c)a+(&<+ )*(%ma*<, ti*en>at$&i- 0v0t et?+t?tt#iCt 0) >a%minc na78.$+7(%t" É+e+em)*e%*= c)a.at$-at -1+&?tt -i a v(%$)<+, >$7878/t)0- ?))*e, amit c)a- tu&na-, mie+=tt a mu)*+im$- -?%1+ve)*i- a v(%$)t" ;a7(4>$* vette a -i%(+8i -inc)(%at 0) a*t a .0n*t, amit II" Hen%i- -1+&?tt a /$>annit(-na-"e)*e&ette a S*ent)'% tem.+$m e*1)t tete/0t i)" :e78ve%t -a.$tt min&en #0%#i, a-i e+'%4ta"

S*e.teme% 4(n S*a+a&in t($%t ve%t a v(%$) a+att, ) a* 0)*a-i 0) a* 0)*a-n8u7ati#a+a-at t(ma&ta" A na. a -at$n(- )*em0e )1t?tt, 0) a #a+a- e%=)e- v$+ta-" Öt na..a+-0)= (t>e+8e*te t($%(t" A v0&=- %?vi& i&=%e a*t >itt0-, #e+>a78 a* $)t%$mma+, &e)*e.teme% M4(n %e77e+%e a mu)*+im )e%e7 +ete+e.e&ett a* O+a/#(- >e780n, 0) S*a+a4&in ut()*ai a +$va)$- v0&e+me a+att, a* O)*+$. -a.u me++ett e+-e*&t0- a+(a-n(*ni a#a+a-at, nem me))*e att<+ a >e+8t=+, a>$+ GG 0vve+ -$%(an $ta%in7iai L$tt#%ie&ne-)i-e%1+t e/utnia a v(%$)a" !40n m(% na78 %0) t(t$n7$tt a #a+$n" A v0&=- +e7/$ -04.e))07ei- )*e%int e++(tt(- eme%%e+ e*t a #a+)*a-a)*t, 0) >=)ie)en >a%c$+ta-, &e tC+ -e4ve)en v$+ta- a* e++en)07>e* -0.e)t" A #%an- -at$n(- e78et+en e+)?.%= e%e/ %$>am4ma+ a-a%ta- -it?%ni, 0) >a -e++, me7>a+ni" He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-a a*$nan nem )*'ve)en+ett v$+na m(%t'%" A*t m$n&ta, >a '78 te)*ne-, a--$% a n=- 0) a 78e%me-e- e+-e%1+>e4tet+en1+ %a)(7%a /utna-, ) i+8en i)tente+en te%v>e* nem a&>at/a (+&()(t" Ba+ian i) a.(t%i(%-(na- a&$tt i7a*at, =%1+t)07ne- ta%t$tta t$v(i 0+ete- #e+(+&$*()(t" S*e.tem4e% 54(n = ma7a ment S*a+a&in t($%(a, >$78 t(%78a+/$n a me7a&() #e+t0te+ei%=+"

S*a+a&in a*t te>etett a v(%$))a+, amit a-a%t" R$>amma+ i) eve>ette v$+na, 0) ent av(%$)an )$- a%(t/a v$+t" A* $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8e- min&i7 i) ne>e*en vi)e+t0- a +atine78>(* 7=7/0t, ) a* e78)*e% v(%$)i eme%e- t?)07e $%t$&$ v$+t" A )*a-a&() m074)em v$+t e780%te+m" A -i%(+8i c)a+(& 0) a vi+(7i neme))07 a* anti<->iaia- -iv0te+0ve+a%(t)(77a+ 0) ti)*te+ette+ vi)e+tetett a* $%t$&$ -+0%u) i%(nt" A #=.a.)(7 a*$nan)*inte -iv0te+ n0+-1+ +atin v$+t" A >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- >it1- +e7)*ente >e+8ein$+8an n8e+ven >a++7att(- a )*e%ta%t()$-at, ame+8et nem 0%tette-" 3(78a-$*va 7$n&$+4ta- a*$-%a a* i&=-%e, ami-$% a* i7a*)(7$) m$>ame&(n u%a+-$&<- a+att tet)*0)1- )*e4%int 78a-$%$+>att(- va++()u-at" S*a+a&in i*a+ma) tan(c)a&</a a -e%e)*t0n8 u%a+-$4&<--a+ #$+8tat$tt tan(c)-$*()ai a+-a+m(va+ e78 Batiti J<*)e# nev /e%u*)(+emi $%t$&$tu&<) v$+t" E* a* eme% m$)t #e+vette a -a.c)$+at$t a v(%$) $%t$&$ -?*?))07eive+, )a* $%t$&$$- me7'70%t0-, >$78 me7n8it/(- S*a+a&in e+=tt a -a.u-at"

Nem v$+t )*1-)07 a -?*%em-?&0)1-%e" Ami-$% Ba+ian S*a+a&in )(t%(>$* 0%t, S*a4+a&in -i/e+entette, #$7a&a+ma )*e%int c)a- -a%&&a+ ve>eti e a v(%$)t, 0) c)a- a #e+t0te+n0+-1+i me7a&() $+&>at/a #e+ e)-1/e a+<+" Em+0-e*tette Ba+iant a%%a a m0)*(%+()%a,ame+8et a -e%e)*t0n8e- vitte- v07e !!4en" Ne-i ta+(n m()-0.. -e++ene e+/(%nia_;i-?*en e)*0+t, #$+8ta- a >a%c$-, ) S*a+a&in me7mutatta Ba+ianna-, >$78 a *()*+a4

740E%n$u+, 49", G94G" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, G4G" ."V .e 0:pugnatione, 5G" ."

!

/a m(% a v(%$)#a+$n +en7" A -?vet-e*= .e%cen a*$nan eme%eit vi))*ave%t0- a v04&=-, 0) Ba+ian #i78e+me*tette a )*u+t(nt2 >a nem i*t$)'t ti)*te) #e+t0te+e-et, a v0&=--0t)07ee)0)1-en >a+(+u- e+=tt min&ent e+.u)*t'tana- a v(%$)an, e+e0%tve aTem.+$m4-?%*etne- a m$>ame&(n$- (+ta+ i) )*ent-0nt ti)*te+t 0.1+eteit, 0) me7?+i-mu)*+im %a/ai-at" S*a+a&in (+ta+(an neme)+e+- v$+t, >a >a/+an&<- v$+ta- #enn>at<4)(7(t e+i)me%ni, ) a*t )*e%ette v$+na, >a Je%u*)(+em a +e>et= +e7-eve)e -(%t )*enve4&i e+" Be+ee78e*ett >(t a #e+t0te+e- -i&$+7$*()(a, ) #e+a/(n+$tta, min&en -e%e)*t0n8me7v(+t>at/a ma7(t" T'* &in(% v$+t a #0%#ia- v(+t)(7&'/a, ?t a* a))*$n8$-0 0) e78 a78e%me-e-0" Ba+ian e--$% me7em+'tette, >C)*e*e% )*e70n8 i) 0+ a v(%$)an, a-i-ne-ninc) e+e7en&= .0n*1-" ;i +enne a* a* ?))*e7, ame+80%t a -e%e)*t0n8 >at<)(7$- =-eti) -iv(+t>atn(-_ S*a+a&in -0)* +ett v$+na a%%a, >$78 e0%/e )*(*e*e% &in(%%a+ a >C)*4e*e% eme%0%t, Ba+ian vi)*$nt tu&ta, ann8i .0n*t nem tu& ?))*e)*e&ni" ;e7(++a.$&4ta-, >$78 >a%mince*e% &in(%0%t >0te*e% eme%t )*aa&$n $c)(tana-" Ba+ian .a%an4c)(%a a >e+8=%)07 +etette a #e78ve%t, 0) $-t<e% 4(n, .0nte-en S*a+a&in ev$nu+t Je%u4*)(+eme" Ra&*)a " na./a v$+t, anna- a na.na- a* 0v#$%&u+</a, ame+8en a .%<#0ta(+m(an Je%u*)(+eme +(t$7at$tt, 0) $nnan a menn8e eme+-e&ett"

A 78=*te)e- eme%)07e)en 0) i7a*)(7$)an vi)e+-e&te-" Ott, a>$+ GG 0vve+ -$%(4an a #%an-$- (+&$*atai- v0%0en ta.$)ta-, m$)t e78et+en 0.1+etet )em #$)*t$tta- -i,)en-ine- nem e)ett (nt<&()a" S*a+a&in .a%anc)(%a =%/(%at$- e++en=%i*t0- a* utc(-at0) a v(%$)-a.u-at, 0) me7a-a&(+8$*t(-, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- (nt<&()u- e))0-"E*a+att a -e%e)*t0n8e- i.a%-$&ta- e+=te%emteni v(+t)(7&'/u-at, ) Ba+ian -i1%'tette a-inc)t(%at, >$78 ?))*e)*e&/e a me7'70%t 5 e*e% &in(%t" A /$>annit(- 0) a tem.+$m$4)$- c)a- ne>e*en v(+ta- me7 a .0n*1-t=+" A .(t%i(%-a 0) -(.ta+an/a c)a- ma7u-%<+7$n&$)-$&ta-" A mu)*+im$- $t%(n8$)nata+(+t(-, >$78 He%ac+iu), miut(n -i#i*ettema7(0%t a &in(%t, C78 >a78ta e+ a v(%$)t, >$78 %$)-a&$*$tt a ma7(va+ vitt a%an8)C+8a a+att, ) )*=n8e7e--e+ 0) e&0n8e--e+ me7%a-$tt )*e-e%e- -?vett0-" H(+a a II"Hen%i-4#0+e a&$m(n8 ma%a&0-(na-, >0te*e% )*e70n8t )i-e%1+t me7v(+tani, &e m07)$- e*%en me7)*aa&u+>atta- v$+na, >a a* e78>(* 0) a +$va7%en&e- =-e*e- +et4te- v$+na" 6)a->ama% -0t $)*+$.an in&u+ta- -i#e+0 a v(%$)-a.u-$n a -e%e)*t0n8e-"A* e78i-en a*$-, a-i- va78 ma7u- me7#i*ett0- a v(+t)(7&'/at, va78 Ba+ian e%=#e)*'4t0)ei (%(n ma%a&ta- )*aa&$-" A m()i->$* a*$- ta%t$*ta-, a-i-ne- nem v$+t .0n*1-a v(+t)(7&'/%a, =- a %a)(7a in&u+ta-" O+8an me7in&'t< v$+t a +(tv(n8, >$78 a+4Á&i+a*t -0%te #iv0%0t=+, )*$+7(+atai /uta+ma-0..en $c)())$n )*aa&$n m07 e*e% eme%t"S*a+a&in ee e+ee78e*ett, 0) e*e% #$7+8$t a*$nna+ )*aa&$n i) en7e&te-" He%ac+iu).(t%i(%-a, a-i )*'ve)en 78a-$%$+ta a -?n8?%1+etet, >a a* nem -e%1+t )$-a, )*int0n>a/+an&<n(+ mutat-$*$tt n0>(n8 %a -iv(+t()(%a" H0t)*(*%a -a.$tt en7e&0+8t 0) Ba+i4an C/a ?t )*(*%a" E*ut(n S*a+a&in e/e+entette, >$78 )*aa&$n en7e& min&en i&=)#0%#it 0) n=t" Ami-$% .e&i7 ma7u-at m(% me7v(+t$tt #%an- >?+78e- -e%e)t0- #e+ )'%va,) a*t -0%t0-, mit0v=- +e78ene-, >i)*en #0%/1- va78 a./u- %a)(7an van, me7'70%te,>$78 min&en %a #0%/et )*aa&$n en7e&, a* ?*ve78e-ne- 0) a* (%v(-na- .e&i7 a )a/(t-inc)t(%(<+ /uttat$tt a/(n&0-$t, -ine-4-ine- >e+8*et0>e* m0%ten" Ke78e+me 0) /<)*'4v)07e -i(+t< e++ent0ten (++t a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at ><&'t< vit0*eine- tetteive+"

Em'%/ei 0) -at$n(i nem v$+ta- min& i+8en na78+e+-e-" Be)*0+t0-, >$78 a mu)*+i4m$- (+%u>(an -ic)em.0)*te- a v(%$)<+ -e%e)*t0n8e-et, ma/& me7*)a%$+t(- 0) -i4#$)*t$tt(- =-et" ;() mu)*+im u%a- a*t (++'t$tt(-, #e+i)me%te- )*?-?tt %a)*$+7(-at, (+4

!9

&$*atai-at c)a- i7en ma7a) v(+t)(7&'/0%t >a78t(- #utni" S*a+a&in -em0n8en me71n4tette a* 178e)-e&=-et, >a tu&$m()(%a /ut$tt i+8e)mi"

A mene-1+=- >$))*C )$%an ta%t$tta- a ten7e%.a%t #e+0, a mu)*+im$- nem >($%47att(- =-et" H(%$m c)$.$%tan uta*ta-, a* e+)=t a tem.+$m$)$- ve*ett0-, a m()$&i4-at a /$>annit(-, a >a%ma&i-at Ba+ian 0) a .(t%i(%-a" T1%$)* m(% ann8i%a te+e v$+t me4ne-1+=--e+, >$78 $tt c)a- a >a%c$)$- ta+(+ta- mene&0-%e" B$t%un -?*e+0en e78 >e+84e+i C%, Ni.>ini Ra/mun& a+a.$)an -i#$)*t$tta =-et" A mene-1+=- T%i.$+i)* #e+0 v$4nu+ta- t$v(" T%i.$+i)*t i) e++e.t0- m(% a mene-1+te-, e*0%t a >e+8i >at<)(7$- a* 0+e4+em>i(n8%a >ivat-$*va e*(%t(- a -a.u-at, 0) )en-it )em v$+ta- >a/+an&<- een7e&4ni" A&&i7 nem ta+(+ta- .i>en=%e, am'7 e+ nem 0%t0- Anti<->i(t, ) m07 $tt )em )*'ve4)en e%e)*tett0- e =-et a v(%$)a" A-i- A)*-a+$n<+ -e+te- Ct%a, na78$ )*e%enc)04ve+ /(%ta-" Ami-$% a* $+a)* -e%e)-e&=>a/<- -a.it(n8ai c)a- na78$n ma7a) &'/ e++en04en a-a%t(- =-et -e%e)*t0n8 -i-?t=-e )*(++'tani, a* e78i.t$mi -$%m(n8 me7ta7a&taa >a/<-t<+ a* in&u+()i en7e&0+8t, am'7 in78en e+ nem v(++a+t(- a mene-1+=- )*(++'t(4)(t"

A* $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) a /a-$it(- Je%u*)(+emen ma%a&ta-" Ne-i- a v(+t)(74&'/$n -'v1+ m07 #e/a&<t i) -e++ett #i*etni1-, &e )$- )*e70n8 mente))07et -a.$tt" A7a*&a7$- #e+v()(%$+t(- a #%an-$- e+uta*()a-$% #e+)*aa&u+< in7at+an$-at" A ma%a&04-$t a mu)*+im$- vett0- me7, i++etve a *)i&<-, a-i-et S*a+a&in a%%a (t$%'t$tt, >$78 te4+e.e&/ene- me7 a v(%$)an" Ami-$% S*a+a&in 78=*e+m0ne- a >'%e e+/ut$tt K$n)tanti4n(.$+8a, An7e+$)* I*)(- c)()*(% -?vet)07et -1+&?tt S*a+a&in>$*, 7%atu+(+t ne-i, )-0%te, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8e- )*ent >e+8eit a&/a vi))*a a* $%t$&$ e78>(*na-" N0mi -04)e&e+em ut(n a )*u+t(n te+/e)'tette -0%0)0t" S*a+a&int a a%(tai a%%a a-a%t(- %(venni,%$m$+ta))a +e a S*ent)'% tem.+$m(t" S*a+a&in me7ma78a%(*ta ne-i-, a -e%e)*t0n8e-nem a* 0.1+etet, >anem a >e+8et ti)*te+i-, ) a tem.+$m +e%$m$+()a ut(n i) $&a #$74na- *a%(n&$-$+ni" Nem i) (++t )*(n&0-(an, >$78 e+(t$%ta+an't)a a *a%(n&$-$-at" AS*ent)'% tem.+$ma c)a- >(%$m na.i7 ma%a&t *(%va" Att<+ -e*&ve i)m0t +(t$7at>att(-a #%an- *a%(n&$-$-, &e a e+0.0)0%t #i*etni1- -e++ett"5

A -e%e)*t0n8 mene-1+=- m07 e+ )em >a78t(- a v(%$)t, ami-$% a S*i-+amec)et%=++e-e%1+t a -e%e)*t" A mu)*+im$- e+t1ntett0- a -e%e)*t0n8 >it0+et min&en -1+)= /e+0t, 0)a* a+4A-)*( mec)etet i) me7ti)*t't$tt(- a tem.+$m$)$- n8$mait<+" R<*)av'**e+ >in4tett0- e min& a -0t 0.1+etet, 0) i)m0t #e+)*ente+t0- a* i)*+(m )*$+7(+at(%a" O-t<e% !40n, .0nte-en S*a+a&in me7/e+ent a n0.e) 781+e-e*eten, >$78 a mec)eten >(+(t a&4

/$n I)tenne-"

741E%n$u+, 49", 45" ." a +e7te+/e)e, +e7>ite+e)e e+e)*0+0)" E%n$u+ Ba+ianna+ v$+t Je%u4*)(+emenV 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, G4!!" ."V De 0:pugnatione; 49" .", e78 )*emtanC e)*(m$+</a, a-ia* $)t%$m a+att me7)ee)1+t, 0) a-i nem >e+8e)e+te a me7a&()t, AC S(ma, 545" ." Ba>( a&4D'n, &*&* +* !*, G4" ." In a+4A)*'%, M!!45" ." Batiti J<*)e# t?%t0nete, in A* a+ean&%iai .(t%i(%-(- t?%t0ne4te " .", e* e++en)07e) -$.t #$%%()" A )*e%*= )*e%int a* $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8e- nem ?%1+te- a me74a&()na-, me%t )*e%ett0- v$+na me7?+ni a #%an-$-at"

742E%n$u+, 545" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 45" ."743A >e+8e+i -e%e)*t0n8e- )$%)(%<+ +()& Ba% He%aeu), Bu&7e #$%&", 5M45" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &*

+* !*, !G4 " ." e)*(m$+ a -?vetc)e%0%=+ S*a+a&in 0) a c)()*(% -?*?tt" ;a-%'*', B+$c>et -ia&", $e%uede '5rient Latin, !" -?t" 55" .", a*t '%/a, i&ei7+ene)en e*(%t(- a S*ent)'%t" A *)i&<-%<+ +()& Sc>a2 A+4Ha%i*i, in Ar/hi%es de '5rient Latin, I, 5M" ."

744

Ba>( a&4D'n &* &* +* !*, " ."V In a+4A)*'%, 49" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, " ."V E%n$u+, 5459" ."V De 0:pugnatione; 949" ."V In Ha++i-(n, II, M54M" ." e)*(m$+ a%%<+ a +e+-e)'t= .%0&i-(ci<4%<+, ame+8et A+e..< #= -(&i/a ta%t$tt a* a+4A-)*( mec)eten a* e+)= )*e%ta%t()$n"

!M

Je%u*)(+em vi))*a#$7+a+()(va+ S*a+a&in me7tette, amive+ va++()(nata%t$*$tt" 3$+ta*$nan m07 n0>(n8 me7><&'tan&< #%an- v(%" A J$%&(n$n tC+i te%1+ete- C%n=/e, Ste4#(nia a*$- -?*?tt v$+t, a-i- me7v(+t$tt(- ma7u-at Je%u*)(+emen, 0) -0%te S*a+a&int,$c)())a )*aa&$n a #i(t, T$%$ni On#%$i4t" A )*u+t(n c)e%0e a* a))*$n8 -0t na78 v(4%(t -0%te" On#%$i4t ?%t?n0=+ e+-1+&t0- a* an8/(>$*, &e )em Ke%a-, )em ;$nt%ea+>e+8=%)07e nem en7e&e+me)-e&ett C%n=/0ne-, 0) nem a-a%ta #e+a&ni a v(%a-at" ;ive+nem )i-e%1+t eta%tania a* e78e*)07et, Ste#(nia vi))*a-1+&te a #i(t a #$7)(7a" Bec)14+ete))07e e+n8e%te S*a+a&in tet)*0)0t, a-i .(% ><na. mC+va )*aa&$n $c)(t$tta On#4%$i4t" K?*en a* e78i.t$mi )e%e7 a+4Á&i+ ve*et0)e a+att $)t%$m a+( vette Ke%a-$t" A*$)t%$m t?, mint e78 0vi7 ta%t$tt" A v0&=- ><na.$-$n (t 0>e*te-" A n=-et 0) a 78e%4me-e-et e+-e%7ett0-, >$78 7$n&$)-$&/ana- ma7u-%<+, &e v$+t -?*t1- $+8an i), a-it)a/(t %$-$n)(7a a&$tt e+ a e&uin$-na- 0+e+em0%t" A v(% c)a- GG v070n a&ta me7ma7(t, ami-$% a v0&=- m(% me7ett0- a* ut$+)< +$vat i)" ;$nt%ea+, a>$+ a* $)t%$mnem v$+t $+8an -em0n8, m07 n0>(n8 ><na.i7 -ita%t$tt"9

A tem.+$m$)$- 0)*a-a%a #e-v= v(%a, S*a#e& GG" &eceme% M4(n a&ta me7 ma47(t, miut(n e78 ><na.$n (t -em0n8en $m(*t(- a #a+ait, a J$%&(n v?+780en a /$4>annit(- Be+v$i% nev v(%a .e&i7 e78 ><na..a+ -0)=" A mu)*+im$- e--$%%a m(%e+#$7+a+t(- a Huninan +ev= 6>teau Neu#4?t" Beau#$%t4t a* $&amene-1+t S*i&<niRa/na+& &i.+$mati-u) +0.0)e mentette me7" Tanu+t eme% v$+t, 0) )*enve&0+8e)en 0%4&e-+=&?tt a* a%a i%$&a+$m i%(nt" E+ment S*a+a&in )(t%(a, -i/e+entette, >$78 -0)*en(++ a v(% #e+a&()(%a ) e+m$n&ta, vi))*a a-a% v$nu+ni Dama)*-u)*a, >a -a. >(%$m><na.n8i >a+a&0-$t 178ei e+int0*0)0%e" ;07 a%%a i) c0+*$tt, e)et+e7 #e+ve)*i a* i)*+(4m$t" O+8an me778=*=en e)*0+t, >$78 S*a+a&in >itt ne-i, ) c)a- -0)= /?tt %(, a #e784ve%)*1netet Ra/na+& a v(% v0&e+m0ne- me7e%=)'t0)0%e >a)*n(+ta" K?*en S*a+a&inev$nu+t T%i.$+i)* 0) Anti<->ia te%1+et0%e"M

G v070n me7>a+t T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun&" Nem )$--a+ a*ut(n, >$78 e+mene-1+tHatt'n<+, me++>(%t8a78u++a&()t -a.$tt, >a(% a* eme%e- a ete7)070t a (natna- 0)a )*078enne- tu&t(- e" S$- -$%t(%)a (%u+<nata%t$tta, a-ine- ?n*0)e >$**(/(%u+t a-i%(+8)(7 ?))*e$m+()(>$*" T1%$)*i 3i+m$) 0) Ie+ini Ba+ian a*$nan a a%(tai 0) v04&e+me*=i v$+ta-" Ra/mun& t%a70&i(/a a #%an- 78a%mat$)'t<- e70)* m()$&i- 0) >a%ma4&i- nem*e&0-0ne- a t%a70&i(/a v$+tV e*e- a* eme%e- v0%m0%)0-+et1-n0+ 0) .$+iti-aie(++'t$tt)(7u-n(+ #$7va -0)*en (++ta- a%%a, >$78 ei++e)*-e&/ene- a -e+eti vi+(7a, &eC/$nnan /?tt n8u7ati t(%)ai- #anati*mu)a miatt (++()t -e++ett #$7+a+niu-, 0) v071+ nemte>ette- m()t, mint >$78 -e%e)*t0n8 t(%)aime++0 (++ta-" Ra/mun& 78e%me-te+en v$+t,7%<#)(7(t -e%e)*t#i(%a, Ra/mun&%a >a78ta, a-i +e7-?*e+ei #0%#i%$-$na, Anti<->iaiB$emun& >e%ce7 #ia v$+t, &e a*t i) e+e#$7+a+ta a v07%en&e+ete, >a a T$u+$u)e4i 7%<#i>(* e78i- ta7/a -e+et%e /?nne, =t i++eti me7 a 7%<#)(7" B$emun& a #ia nev0en e+#$7a&4ta a* ?%?-)07et, ma/& a* i&=)ei- >e+80e a -i)ei-et, B$emun&$t (++'t$tta, me%t at4t<+ #0+t, Anti<->ia 0) T%i.$+i)* e781tte)en na78$ ann(+, mint)em e78 eme% me74v0&>etn0"

745E%n$u+, G" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, " ."V AC S(ma, 5G" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 5!", 5" ."746Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 45", 5G4", 45" ." Ta+(+-$*$tt Ra/na+&&a+, 0) e+v?+=ne- ta4

+(+taV AC S(ma, 5!94" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et, -ia&"" !" ."747A* 0stoire d'0ra/es &(tum n0+-1+ em+'ti Ra/mun& >a+(+(t " ., Im(& a&4D'n .e&i7 AC S(m(4

n(+, G" ." a* ut<&+() e+%en&e*0)0%=+ )*<+, >a)$n+<-0..en Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, " ." A* a%a)*e%*=- )*e%int Ra/mun& me++>(%t8a78u++a&()an >a+t me7" Hatt'ni vi)e+-e&0)0t=+ +()& e m II" -?t" "#177e+0-" Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e- a*t m$n&/a, >$+tan ta+(+t(- a* (78(an II, " .""

!

A va+<)(7an m(% nem )$- ma%a&t me7 a* ?%?-)07=+" GG" /C+iu) 4/0n S*a+a&inv07i7)?.?%t a Bu-aia v?+780n a S*in&*)(%<+ 0%-e*ett C/ -at$n(iva+" E+>a+a&t a /$>an4nit(- v(%a, K%a- me++ett, ame+8et tC+ e%=)ne- 't0+t a>>$*, >$78 me7t(ma&/a" T%i.$+i)*#e+0 in&u+t, &e $&a0%-e*ett a )*ic'+iai -i%(+8 #+$tt(/a, ) e* vi))*ata%t$tta" É)*a-na- #$%4&u+t te>(t" T$%t$)*(an me7%$>am$*ta a v(%$)t, &e a tem.+$m$)$- v(%a -ita%t$tt" T$4v( n8$mu+t ;a%-ai7, a>$+ a /$>annit(- me7.%<(+t(- #e+ta%t<*tatni" D*)aa+a /C4+iu) 940n, .0nte-en a&ta me7 ma7(t, ata-ia 40n, )*int0n .0nte-en" ata-ia na478$n )*0. v(%$) v$+t, tem.+$mai, .a+$t(i m07 a i*(nci i&=-en 0.1+te-" A -%<ni-()Im(& a&4D'n, a-i a )e%e77e+ ta%t$tt, )'%t, ami-$% a -i#$)*t$tt, +e%$m$+t v(%$)t me7+(t4ta" S*a+a&in ata-i(<+ a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/e #e+0, S*a>/Cnna- ta%t$tt" A /$>annit(- v(4%(t min&en-i eve>etet+ene- ta%t$tta, &e a mu)*+im$- n0>(n8 na.i, -em0n8 $)t%$mut(n /C+iu) !40n, .0nte-en %$>amma+ evett0-" Au7u)*tu) 40n, .0nte-en Ba-a)*4S$-% >e+8=%)07e, n$>a v(%u-at e78 #0+e+mete) )*a-a&0- i) v0&te, me7a&ta ma7(t,me%t nem -a.$tt )e7't)07et Anti<->i(<+" P0nte-en, au7u)*tu) !40n e+e)ett S*a%min4

/a v(%$)a" N0>(n8 na. mC+va, 54(n me7a&ta ma7(t Bu%*e/, a* O%$nt0)*4v?+78 +e7&04+i v(%a" A v(% -a.it(n8a S*a+a&in tit-$) 178n?-0ne-, a* anti<->iai >e%ce7n0ne- ate)tv0%0t vette e+" A -a.it(n8 0) a #e+e)07e )*aa&$n e+v$nu+>atta-" S*e.teme% M4(na* Aman$)*4>e78)07en +ev= tem.+$m$) e%=&, Da%)*a- a&ta me7 ma7(t 0) M4(nBa7%a)* v(%a, ame+8 a* Anti<->i(<+ Ki+i-i(a ve*et= utat e++en=%i*te"G E--$%%a m(%e+#(%a&t S*a+a&in )e%e7e, 0) >a*a-'v(n-$*ta- a )*in&*)a%i c)a.at$- i)" Ami-$% B$4emun& >e%ce7 min&en mu)*+im ><&'t()t e+i)me%ve #e78ve%)*1net0%t -?n8?%7?tt,S*a+a&in e+ee78e*ett" Tu&ta, (%mi-$% e#e/e*>eti a ><&'t()t, >a -e&ve ta%t/a" B$4emun& 0) ut<&ai )*(m(%a c)a- a -0t #=v(%$), Anti<->ia 0) T%i.$+i)*, va+amint S*entSime$n -i-?t=/e ma%a&t me7, a /$>annit(-0 v$+t m07 ;a%-a 0) K%a- v(%a, 0) atem.+$m$)$-0 T$%t$)*a"!

Ám &0+e%e v$+t m07 e78 v(%$), ame+8et S*a+a&in nem ><&'t$tt me7, ) e**e+ i7enna78 >i(t -?vetett e+" Pa+e)*tina mene-1+t (%$m$-$) #?+&n8e+v -a.4c)$+t a )*(%a*#?+&>?*, ) a #?+&n8e+vet na78 #a+ v0&te" Ha S*a+a&in a--$% me7t(ma&tav$+na T1%$)*t, ami-$% A--$nt evette, m07 e* a #a+ )em ta%t<*tat>atta v$+na #e+" S*a4+a&in a*$nan tC+ )$-(i7 -0)+e-e&ett" S*i&<ni Ra/na+&, a-i a--$% a v(%$) .a%anc)n$-av$+t, e+-e*&te a t(%78a+()$-at a me7a&()%<+, 0) S*a+a&in m(% e+ i) -1+&?tt -0t *()*+<t,ame+8e-et a #e++e7v(%%a -e++ett v$+na -it*ni" E--$% a*$nan, G" /C+iu) 40n, t'*na..a+ a >att'ni ve%e)07 ut(n, e78 >a/< #ut$tt e a T1%$)*i -i-?t=e" A #e&0+*etenK$n%(& uta*$tt, a-i a* ?%e7 m$n#e%%ati =%7%<# #ia 0) S*ii++a -i%(+8n= e+)= #0%/0ne- ate)tv0%e v$+t" K$n%(& K$n)tantin(.$+8an 0+t, &e e78 78i+-$))(7i 178e -eve%e&ett,e*0%t e78 c)a.at #%an- +$va77a+ tit$-an >a/<%a )*(++t, >$78 e+*a%(n&$-$+/$n a S*ent4#?+&%e" Nem tu&$tt m07 )emmit a Pa+e)*tin(t )C/t< )*e%enc)0t+en)07%=+, 0) A--$nata%t$tt" A -i-?t= -?*e+0en a -a.it(n8 me7+e.=&ve ta.a)*ta+ta, >$78 nem )*<+a+t me7a >a%an7, ame+8 min&en e78e) vit$%+a #e+u--an()(t )*$-ta /e+e*ni" É%e*te, va+amininc) %en&en, 0) nem i) >$%7$n8*$tt +e" Nem)$-(%a $&avit$%+(*$tt >$**(/u- e78 =%4>a/<, a #e&0+*et0n mu)*+im -i-?t=i ti)*tte+" K$n%(& -e%e)-e&=ne- a&ta -i ma7(t, me74-0%&e*te, mi t?%t0nt" A >'% ann8i%a +e)C/t$tta, >$78 a mu)*+im 78anCt #$7$tt" ;ie+=tt

748E%n$u+, 9495" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, " .", AC S(ma, 59M45M" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*,

945G" ."V Kam(+ a&4D'n, B+$c>et -ia&", G4!" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M4!" ."V AC S(ma, 5M45M" ."i&0*i Im(& a&4D'n +e'%()(t ata-i(%<+ 0) a v(%$) -i#$)*t()(t"749In a+4A)*'%, 5455" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 5" ." A #e78ve%)*1netet >0t ><na.%a -?t?tt0-"

!G

a*$nan #e++(%m(*>atta v$+na a -i-?t=t, K$n%(& e+vit$%+(*$tt T1%$)* #e+0" T1%$)*an)*aa&'t<-0nt 1nne.e+t0-, 0) %('*t(- a v(%$) v0&e+m0t" E+vetett0- S*a+a&in 0-e4a/(n+atait, *()*+<it a v(%(%$-a >a/'t$tt(-" K$n%(& ene%7i-u), -'m0+et+en 0) (t$% em4e% v$+t" (tta, a v(%$) v0&>et=, m'7 n8u7at%<+ )e7't)07 nem 0%-e*i-, ) '*$tt aan,>a me7>a++/(- Je%u*)(+em e+e)t0ne- >'%0t, i*t$)an -1+&ene- )e7't)07et" Ami-$% n04>(n8 na..a+ -0)= S*a+a&in a v(%$) a+( 0%t, a >eve) v0&e+em me7>a+a&ta a* e%e/0t"E+>$*atta Dama)*-u)*<+ a* ?%e7 =%7%<#$t, mut$7atta =t a #a+a-$n (++<-na-, ) a**a+#en8e7et=*?tt, me7?+i, >a a v(%$) nem a&/a me7 ma7(t, &e K$n%(& #iCi 0%*e+mei nemv$+ta- $+8an e%=)e-, >$78 e+t0%'t>ett0- v$+na =t a -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7 -?te+e))070t=+"Nem >at<&$tt me7, 0) S*a+a&in, a %( /e++em*= )*$-()$) na78+e+-)077e+, me7-'m0+tea* ?%e7eme% 0+et0t" :e+>a78$tt a* $)t%$mma+, 0) A)*-a+$n e++en v$nu+t" Ami-$% Gn$veme%0en C/%a me7/e+ent T1%$)* a+att, a v(% m07 e%=)e v$+t, 0) -a.$tt e78 -i)-at$nai 0) ten7e%i e%=)'t0)t i)" A -e)-en8 #?+&n8e+ven )em eme%eit, )em $)t%$m70.e4it nem tu&ta e+=n8?)en -i>a)*n(+ni" A--$n<+ t'* mu)*+im >a/<t >$*at$tt, &e e*e-=+?t?t &eceme% !40n e+#$7ta- a -e%e)*t0n8e-, 0) e78i&e/+e7 vi))*ave%t0- a #a+a- e++enin&'t$tt t(ma&()t i)" S*a+a&in a >a&itan(c)an >a++7at$tt em'%/ei%e, a-i- )*e%int a c)a4.at$-na- .i>en=%e v$+t )*1-)071-" A t0+ n8i%-$) 0) >i&e7 v$+t, 0) ete7)07 te%/e&t at($%an" GG C/0v na./(n S*a+a&in )e%e7e #e+0t e+$c)(t$tta, 0) e+in&u+t, >$78 e+#$74+a+/a a )*(%a*#?+& e+)e/0en +0v= v(%a-at" K$n%(& ene%7i-u) #e++0.0)e, ?ni*a+mame7mentette a v(%$)t, ) a v(%$))a+ t$v( 0+t a -e%e)*t0n8 -i%(+8)(7"9

S*a+a&in -0)= -e)e%en me7(nta, >$78 nem #$7+a+ta e+ T1%$)*t, &e '78 i) <%i()i)i-e%e-et 0%t e+" e>et, >$78 e* a )i-e% a* i)*+(m e+-e%1+>etet+en %ea-ci</a v$+t a #%an4-$- et$+a-$&()(%a, +e>et, >$78 S*a+a&in na78 e+=&eine- >$))*C t(v%a te%ve*= .$+iti4-(/a e%e&m0n8e*te, va78 a #%an-$- vi)*(+8ai, &e a* i) +e>et, >$78 S*a+a&in )*em0+804ne- -?)*?n>et=, min&ene)et%e me7mutatta a Ke+et e%e/0t 0) )*e++em0t" A Hatt'ni S*a%4va-n(+ 0) Je%u*)(+em -a.uin(+ S*a+a&in me7$))*u+ta a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at me74a+(*tat()(t, 0) me7mutatta, e78 ti)*te))07e) eme% >$78an 1nne.+i me7 a 78=*e+m0t"

750

E%n$u+, !4G5", 4, ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, 4G", 4" ."V 1tinerarium $egis $i/ardi, G4!" ."V Ba>( a&4D'n, P" P" T" S", 4" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M!4M!M", 4" ."

!!

1. %P((e+,k

A +t2! ke+et tö)t,!et,!ek %4bb %))6-2c 1100–1187

1. Gö)ö( %))6-kA 7?%?7 t?%t0net'%<- c)a- a--$% #$7+a+-$*na- a -e+eti +atin$--a+, >a -?*vet+en -a.c)$+ata -e%1+4

ne- Bi*(ncca+" G4i7 Anna K$mn0n0 Ae:iásza a +e7/e+ent=)e 7?%?7 #$%%(), >a(% a* = e+e)*0+0)04en me7+e>et=)en -u)*a a #%an- 178e- i&=%en&i )$%%en&/e"9 K$mn0n$)* J(n$) 0) ;anu0+ u%a+-$&()(4va+ -a.c)$+atan a -0t a+a.vet= #$%%() I$ann0)* Kinnam$)* 0) Ni-0ta)* A-$mminat$)* va78 K>$nia4t0)* t?%t0net'%()a" I$ann0)* Kinnam$)* ;anu0+ tit-(%a v$+t, 0) mv0t -?*vet+en1+ ;anu0+ >a+(+a ut(n'%ta" J(n$) u%a+m(na- a +e'%()a -i))0 #e+1+ete), &e 7$n&$)an 0) >ite+e)en )*(m$+ e ;anu0+ u%a+-$&()(4%<+" N0mi >a*a#ia) e+#$7u+t)(7t<+ e+te-intve $+8an /<*an t?%t0net'%<, a-ine- >inni +e>et"9 Ni-0ta)* a

QIII" )*(*a& e+e/0n '%t, 0) mve J(n$) u%a+-$&()(t<+ a K$n)tantin(.$+8 +atin$- (+ta+i ev0te+0i7 te%/e&=i&=)*a-$t ?+e+i #e+" T?%t0net'%()a te+/e)en #177et+en Kinnam$)*0t<+" ;anu0+ u%a+-$&()a m()$&i- #e+0t=+$+8an e)em0n8e-%=+ )*<+, ame+8e-et )*em0+8e)en i)me%t" E%=)en )*<n$-ia) )t'+u)(t<+ 0) m$%a+i*(+< >a/4+am(t<+ e+te-intve 7$n&$) 0) me7'*>at< )*e%*="95 E*e-en -'v1+ ninc) m() /e+ent=) 7?%?7 #$%%(),9 e78i*$n8$) I$ann0)* P>$-a)* me7+e>et=)en -?&?) e)*(m$+</(t<+ e+te-intve, a-i +e'%ta G" 0vi .a+e)*4tinai *a%(n&$-Ct/(t"99

3. Lt2! %))6-kA -e%e)*te) (++am$- t?%t0net0ne- -$%ai )*a-a)*(va+ -a.c)$+atan a #= #$%%()$- a* e+)= -e%e)*te)

>a&/(%at -%<ni-()ai, n0v )*e%int 6>a%t%e)4i :$uc>e%,9M Aac>eni A+e%t9 0) -i)e m0%t0-en 6aen4iRu&$+#,9G Au%ai E--e>a%&9! 0) 6a##a%$"M R<+u- e mun-a e+)= -?tet0en m(% )*<+tam ;e7 -e++ /e78e*4ni, >$78 a* 0) ! -?*?tti i&=)*a-$t i++et=en !4en v07*=&i- a -%<ni-a A+e%t t?%t0net'%()a

t?-0+ete)en me7'*>at< #$%%()nate-int>et=" Nem tu&/u-, >$nnan n8e%te in#$%m(ci<it, &e a )*'%iai #$%4%()$- min&en e)eten me7e%=)'ti- A+e%t (++'t()ait"

A* 9 0) -?*?tti anti<->iai t?%t0netet a 3a+te% Kance++(% (+ta+ '%t .e "eo Antio/hene c'm %?4vi& mun-a t(%78a+/aV 3a+te% va+<)*'n+e7 R$7e% >e%ce7 -ance++(%a v$+t" S*e%0n8 mun-a, &e te+e van>a)*n$) in#$%m(ci<--a+ a* i&=)*a- anti<->iai e)em0n8ei%=+ 0) int0*m0n8ei%=+"M

4t=+ -e*&=&=en F ami-$% :$uc>e% mun-(/a v07et 0% F Je%u*)(+emne- S*a+a&in (+ta+ t?%t0nt vi)*4)*a><&'t()(t me7e+=*= ut$+)< 0vti*e&i7 F e78et+en /e+ent=) +atin #$%%()un- T1%$)*i 3i+m$) Historia $e2rum in &arti"us +ransmarinis 3estarum, ame+8 a* !9 0) G -?*?tti i&=)*a-$t ?+e+i #e+"M 3i+m$) nem)$--a+ 5 e+=tt )*1+etett Ke+eten" 3a+<)*'n+e7 78e%me--0nt me7tanu+t a%au+ 0) 7?%?71+, ma/&:%ancia$%)*(7a uta*$tt, >$78 ma7a)a )*int -0.*0)t -a./$n" M t(/(n t0%t vi))*a Pa+e)*tin(a, 0)

751()& e m I" -?t" !" ."752A B$nni Corpusan a&t(- -i"753A B$nni Corpusan a&t(- -i"754Z<na%a)* >a)*n$) a )*(*a& e+)= 0veive+ -a.c)$+atan" ()& e m I" -?t" " ." ;ana))*0)* ve%)e) -%<ni-(/a

-ev0) 0) /e+ent0-te+en an8a7$t )*$+7(+tat a B$nni Corpusan /e+ent me7" P%$&%$m$)* /e+ent=) -?+tem0n8eit a $e2/uei des Historiens des Croisades -?*?+te"

755:$%&'t()an in &aestine &igrims' +e:t !o/iety, 9" -?t"756()& e m I" -?t" " ."757()& e m, I" -?t" " ."758()& e m I" -?t" " ."759()& e m I" -?t" " ."760()& e m I" -?t" " ."761

;e7/e+ent in $e/uei"762;e7/e+ent in $e/uei" ()& e m I" -?t" 49" ." 3i+m$) -%$n$+<7i(/(%<+ +()& Steven)$n2 Crusaders in the0ast, 5M45" .", a t0ma a+a.$), >ite+e) #e+&$+7$*()a"

5

nem )$--a+ vi))*at0%0)e ut(n t1%$)*i #=e).e%e) +ett, ma/& 0) -?*?tt a -i%(+8)(7 -ance++(%a" v$+t a -0)=i I3" Ba+&uin -i%(+8 neve+=/e" 94en t1%$)*i 0%)e--0 neve*t0- -i, G54an, miut(n nem)i-e%1+t me7)*e%e*nie a .(t%i(%-ai )*0-et, R<m(a uta*$tt, 0) $tt >a+t me7 G e+=tt" M!4en -e*&ettmve me7'%()(>$*, 0) 54%a e#e/e*te a* e+)= ti*en>(%$m -?n8vet" E70)* mun-(/(t ma7(va+ vitteR<m(a, 0) >a+(+(i7 &$+7$*$tt %a/ta" 3i+m$) a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at +e'%()(n(+ #=-0nt A+e%t%a 0) -i4)e m0%t0-en A7ui+e%)4i Ra/mun&%a, a 3esta Bau&%i4#0+e v(+t$*at(%a 0) :$uc>e%4%a t(ma)*-$&$tt" A* 0) -?*?tti i&=)*a-%a :$uc>e% a #= #$%%()a, (% Kance++(% 3a+te% mv0=+ i) me%'tett" 3i+m$)c)a- ann8iva+ 7a*&a7't$tta #$%%()ai an8a7(t, >$78 )*em0+8e) /e++e7 ane-&$t(-at -?*?+t a -i%(+8$-%<+,i++etve a -e+eti e78>(*a-%<+, 0) T1%$)*%<+ )*$+7(+t in#$%m(ci<--a+" A* 0) a -e+et%e va+< vi))*at0%0)e-?*?tti i&=)*a-%a a -i%(+8)(7 i%att(%(%a 0) e78 e+ve)*ett -i%(+8-%<ni-a v(*+at(%a t(ma)*-$&$tt" E*0%t a*É)*a-4S*'%i(va+ -a.c)$+at$) in#$%m(ciat<a-" M4t<+ a* (+ta+a me7?%?-'tette)em0n8e-%=+ 0) t?%t0neti )*e%e.+=-%=+ i*a+ma) 0) /<+0%te)1+t)07%e va++< in#$%m(ci<--a+ %en&e+-e*ett"A &(tum$- a*$nan -i))0 *ava%$)a-, 0) e78e) e)ete-en -imutat>at<an t0ve)e-" e>et, >$78 e78 -$4%ai m()$+< '%ta e+e e*e-et a -0*i%ata" 3i+m$) a +e7na78$ -?*0.-$%i t?%t0net'%<- e78i-e" Ne-i i)vanna- e+='t0+etei, .+" nem -e&ve+i a* e78>(* #e+etti vi+(7i e++en=%*0)t, &e a--$% i) #0-e*i ma7(t, ami-$%)*em0+8e) e++en)07ei%=+ '%, .+" He%ac+iu) .(t%i(%-(%<+ va78 6$u%tena84i Á7ne)%=+, (% min&-etten me740%&eme+t0- v$+na -%iti-(/(t" Ott t0ve&, a>$+ nem (++ %en&e+-e*0)0%e me7#e+e+= in#$%m(ci<" S*0+e) +(t<4-?% eme% v$+t, me70%tette -$%a na78 e)em0n8eine- /e+ent=)070t, 0) a t?%t0ne+em $-4$-$*ati ?))*e4#1770)eit" St'+u)a +0n8e7%e t?%= 0) nem n0+-1+?*i a >um$%t )em" ;un-(/(<+ a%%a +e>et -?vet-e*tetni,>$78 3i+m$) ?+c), ec)1+ete), )*e%etet%e m0+t< eme% +e>etett" ;()i- #= mve a ,eet t?rténete, ame+8S*a/# in Bit%i- a%a t?%t0net'%()(n a+a.u+tV )a/n$) e+ve)*ett, (% a -?vet-e*= )*(*a& t?%t0net'%<i, -?*4t1- 3it%8 Ja-a i) >a)*n(+t(- m07 e*t a -?n8vet"

N8u7at$n !4en e+-0)*1+t e78 +atin <oytatás T1%$)*i 3i+m$) -%<ni-(/(>$* 0) e>>e* -0)= m07>$**(t$+&$tta-"M5 A <oytatás /<*an, t(%78i+a7$) m, va+<)*'n+e7 a*$n a* e+ve)*ett mun-(n a+a.u+,ame+8 a* 1tinerarium $egis $i/ardi e+)= -?tet0ne- i) a+a.u+ )*$+7(+t, ) ame+8 a* G4t=+ a >a%ma&i- -e4%e)*te) >a&/(%ati7 te%/e&= i&=)*a-$t #$7/a (t"M A* <#%ancia n8e+ven -0)*1+t #$+8tat()$- na78$ .%$4+0m(t /e+entene-" A ti*en>a%ma&i- )*(*a& &e%e-a t(/(n 3i+m$) +?rténet0t a #%ancia -i%(+8 e78i- a+attva4+</a +e#$%&'t$tta" N0>(n8 %0)*>e* ma78a%(*at$-at #*?tt, 0) evett a mun-(a -0te) 0%t0- -$mment(4%$-at i)" E*ut(n e+-0)*'tette a #$+8tat()t, ame+8 a ti*en>a%ma&i- )*(*a&a i) (tn8C+i-" E*t a mun-(t e4ve*et= )*avai%<+ (+ta+(an a* 0stoire d'0ra/es n0ven i)me%i-" K?%1+e+1+ aan a* i&=en e78 i*$n8$)Kinc)ta%t< Be%n(t -ivitt -e+et%e e78 #$+8tat()t, ame+8 !4i7 e)*0+i e+ a* e)em0n8e-et, ) ame+8 '%()tE%n$u+na-, Ie+ini Ba+ian e78i- +$va7/(natu+a/&$n't$tta-" E -0t #$%&'t() -?*e+i -a.c)$+atan (++ e784m())a+, )*(m$) -0*i%at$) .0+&(n8u- +0te*i-, ame+8e-en a*$nan $+8an va%i(ci<- )*e%e.e+ne-, ame4+8e-et >(%$m c)$.$%t%a $)*t>atun- a* G4!G" -?*?tti i&=)*a-%a v$nat-$*<an" ;a m(% +e>etet+enme7m$n&ani, me+8i- i) a* e%e&eti -0*i%at, me%t min&e78i- c)$.$%tan vanna- $+8an e.i*<&$-, ame4+8e- nem #$%&u+na- e+= a t?ien" A +e7e+#$7a&>at< ma78a%(*at a*, >$78 e**e+ a* i&=)*a--a+ -a.4c)$+at$)an min&e78i- -0*i%at E%n$u+ e78 e+ve)*ett mun-(/(n a+a.u+" K0t)07-'v1+ E%n$u+t<+ )*(%ma*i-a* G" m(/u) e+)e/ei e)em0n8e- e+)= -0*=+ )*(%ma*< +e'%()a, ame+8 Be%n(t E%n$u+/(an ta+(+>at<2 a*?))*e) m #$7+a+-$*i- a* Ie+ine- 178eive+ 0) t? )*emtanC +e'%()(t ta%ta+ma**a, ami a%%a mutat,>$78 a )*e%*= a* Ie+ine- >(*a n0.0>e* ta%t$*$tt" E #$+8tat()$- ?))*e))071-en me7'*>at< #$%%()$-,&e nem t(%78i+a7$)a-" 78 tni-, E%n$u+ 7$n&$)an #e+/e78*ett min&ent, amenn8i%e a* Ie+ine- i%(nti.(%t$) e+#$7u+t)(7a e*t me7en7e&te" A* e+)= #e/e*ete- -%$n$+<7iai )$%%en&/e i*$n8ta+an2 e*e- mint>a?))*e#1770)te+en me7#i78e+0)e-=+ 0) vi))*aem+0-e*0)e-=+ (++n(na-"M9

A %?vi& Li"eus de 0:pugnatione +errae !an/tae per !aadinum, ame+8et e78e)e- 6$77e)>a++4i Ru&$+#4na- tu+a/&$n'tana-, +e'%/a, >$78an #$7+a+ta e+ S*a+a&in Pa+e)*tin(t" ;in&en i*$nn8a+ an7$+ a )*e%*=,a-i n0>(n8 0vve+ a +e'%ta- ut(n -0)*'tette e+ mun-(/(t" A )*e%*= c)$&(+/a a +$va7%en&e-et, -1+?n?)en atem.+$m$)$-at 0) ta.intat$)an >a++7at >e+8te+en c)e+e-e&etei-t=+, u78ana--$% a%(t)(7$) T%i.$+i)*iRa/mun& i%(nt" Je%u*)(+em $)t%$m(%<+ e78 )*emtanC, e78, $tt me7)ee)1+t -at$na e+e)*0+0)0t i++e)*tie mv0e"MM

763;" Sa++$c> -ia&()a"764A* 1tinerarium a Stu) (+ta+ -ia&$tt R$++) Se%ie)4en /e+ent me7"765

A* 0stoire d'0ra/es a $e/uei4en /e+ent me7" E%n$u+4t ;a) at%ie a&ta -i" A -0%&0)t ;a) at%ie #e/ti -i a+a.$4)an a* E%n$u+4>$* '%t e+=)*av(an 0) 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 4" ."766 J" Steven)$n a&ta -i a R$++) Se%ie)4en"

5

A -i%(+8)(7na- van n0>(n8 -0)=i t?%t0net'%</a, a-i- t$v(i in#$%m(ci<--a+ )*$+7(+na-, .+" a His2toria $egni Hierosoymitani, ame+8 6a##a%$ #$+8tat()a, a* Annaes de a +erre !ainte 0) e78 %?vi& Historia$egum Hierosoymitanorum"M A m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at t?%t0net0t Deui+4i O&$ .e Ludo%i/i V11 pro2

fe/tione in 5rientum c'm mve t(%78a+/a -ime%'t=enV e* a na78$n e+even 0) e%=)en e+='t0+ete) e)*(m$4+< a/$) e78i- Ctit(%)(t<+ )*(%ma*i-, a-i Atta+i(i7 uta*$tt ve+e" R?vi&een t(%78a+/a a t0m(t 3esta <ri2deri/i c'm mv0en :%ei)in7eni Ott<, a-i ma7a i) %0)*e)e v$+t a* e+=a&$tt e)em0n8e-ne-, i++etve Su47e%MG a V11* La8os éete c'm mun-(an" Am%$i)e L'0stoire de a 3uerre !ainte c'm -?+tem0n8e 0) a*1tinerarium $egis $i/ardi u78an 0%inti- a >a%ma&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$t, &e c)a- -0)ei, m()$&+a7$) in4#$%m(ci<--a+ %en&e+-e*ne-"M!

S$- n8u7ati -%<ni-() mun-(/(an )*e%e.e+ne- a +atin Ke+et%e v$nat-$*< #e/e*ete-, a* an7$+ ;a+4me)u%8i 3i+m$)n(+, Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e-n0+ 0) a >a%ma&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%atta+ #$7+a+-$*< t?%t04net'%<-n(+" E*e- -?*?tt -e++ me7em+'teni a #%ancia Lem+$u4i Si7ee%tet 0) #$+8tat<it, va+amint T$4%i7n8 R<e%tet, a* $+a)* R$mua+&$t, 6%em$nai Sica%&$t 0) m()$-at" A +e7/e+ent=)e a n$%mann O%4&e%icu) 3ita+i), a-ine- a* 5G" 0vve+ v07et 0%= -%<ni-(/a te+e van a Ten7e%entC+%a v$nat-$*< in#$%m(4ci<--a+, -1+?n?)en É)*a-4S*'%i(va+ -a.c)$+atan"

O%&e%icu)na- i*$n8(%a v$+ta- a%(tai va78 %$-$nai a* anti<->iai n$%mann$- -?*?tt" S*(m$) t?%4t0nete n8i+v(nva+<an +e7en&a, &e )$- )*em.$nt<+ me778=*= 0) )*(m$) $+8an a&at$t i) -?*?+, ame+8m()>$+ nem ta+(+>at<"

A -$%ae+i +eve+e- -?*1+ a +e7#$nt$)aa- a .(.ai +eve+e*0)en ta+(+>at<-" A 3II" a/$) 0) III" K$n4%(& -?*?tti +eve+e*0) #0n8t vet a m()$&i- -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%a" :ennma%a&t a -e+eten 0+= +atin -iv(+<4)(7$- n0>(n8 +eve+e i)"5 A Ke+et >(%$m e78>(*i int0*m0n80ne- ma%a&t #enn a* i%att(%a2 a S*ent)'%0, a /$*a#(te+i S** ;(%ia4a.(t)(70 0) a S*ent (*(%4a.(t)(70" A J$>annita %en& i%att(%ait c)a-nem te+/e4)en i)me%/1-, &e a tem.+$m$)$-0t c)a- %it-a 0) -?*vetett uta+()$-<+" K$%+(t$*$tt )*(man vanna- vi4+(7i i%at$- i), ame+8e- a #%an- (++am$- i%t$-178+eteive+ #$7+a+-$*na-" Kie70)*'t= in#$%m(ci<-%au--an>atun- a .(.ai i%att(%a-an, a -e%e)-e&e+mi 178e-%=+ a .i)ai, ve+encei 0) 7en$vai i%att(%a-<+)*e%e*>et1n- a&at$-at"9 A /e%u*)(+emi Assises -0)= '%<&$tt, ) een )*e%e.e+ne- a ti*en-ette&i-)*(*a&<+ )*(%ma*< Assises4- i)"M

É%&e-e) #e+/e78*0)e-et >a78$tt >(t%a Pa+e)*tin(<+ -0t uta*< a ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a&<+" Saeu+#,a-i va+<)*'n+e7 an7$+ v$+t, 0) 4en +(t$7atta me7 a* $%)*(7$t, va+amint a n0met 1%*u%7i J(n$),a-i 94en /(%t $tt"

>. A)b %))6-kA ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a& e+=%e>a+a&t(va+ n= a* a%a #$%%()$- )*(ma" A )*(*a& e+)= #e+0ve+ -a.c)$+at4

an, a &ama)*-u)*i 178e-en In a+4Ka+(ni)*'%aG t(ma)*-$&un-, a* 0)*a-4)*'%iai 178e-en a+4A*'m4'%a! 0) a D*)a*'%(va+ -a.c)$+atan In a+4A*%a-G me7+e>et=)en *ava%$) mun-(/(%a" S*(m't>atun-

767A Historia $egni Hier , a* M* 3* H* !s"4en /e+ent me7, a* Annaes de a +erre !ainte4et R?>%ic>t a&ta -i a* Ar/i2%es de '5rient Latinen, 0) a Historia $egnum K$>+e%n(+ a Meanges4an /e+ent me7"

768O&$ va78 Eu&e) &e Deui+ -?n8v0t a[ue% a&ta -i ut$+/(%a, :%ei)in7i Ott< 3está4/(t H$#mei)te% a* M* 3* H*!s" C/ )$%$*at(an" Su7e% mv0ne- ninc) /< -ia&()a"

769L" Pa%i) a&ta -i a* Am%$i)e4t" 0te*i- e78 an7$+ #$%&'t() Hue%t 0) a ;$nte >a)*n$) /e78*eteive+"770

E -%<ni-()$- mveine- a -ia&()(%<+ +()& e m, II" -?t" Bi"iográfia"771O%&e%icu) m(i7 +e7/$ -ia&()a e P%0v$)t40"772A*in $* H* <*4en 0) 7i"adi 0pistoae4an Ja##02 Bi"iothe/a /e+ent me7"773A *?m0t a* $* H* <*4en a&t(- -i, a t?i -1+?n#0+e -%<ni-(-an ta+(+>at<"774A 6a%tu+ai%e)4%e+ -a.c)$+atan +()& e m II" -?t" Bi"iográfiá /(t" A +e7t?et ?))*e#$7+a+/a R?>%ic>t a $egestá4

an"775A .(.ai +eve+e- in M* &* L* Nem -?*?+t0- m07 te+/e)en a* $+a)* +ev0+t(%a- an8a7(t" A +0te*= -ia&()$-%<+ ?)*4

)*e#$7+a+< 6a>en2 i* m*, 54" ."776A* Assises4t a $e/uei4en -?*?+t0-" A t0m(t me7vitat/a a ;$nte2 <euda Monar/hy, !4" ." 0) L%anc4

+au&e2 i* m*, .a))im"777An7$+ #$%&'t() 0) -ia&(), &* &* +* !*, " 0) 9" -?t"778

()& e m I" -?t" " ."779()& e m I" -?t" " ."780Ninc) te+/e) -ia&()a" Je+ent=) %0)*+eteit e+em*i 6a>en, in 6ourna Asiati4ue, !59"

5

e*en -'v1+ -0)=i )*e%*=- i&0*etei%e, ame+8e- e+ve)*ett -%<ni-(-<+ )*(%ma*na-" Ren&e+-e*0)1n-%e(++ U)*(ma in ;un-i&G #e+ec)1+>etet+en 0%t0- em+0-i%ata" U)*(ma )ai*a%i >e%ce7 v$+t, !94en)*1+etett" Ne78ven>(%$m 0ve) -$%(an c)a+(&i vi)*(+8 -?vet-e*t0en )*(m*t0-, 0) 0+ete -i+encven>(4%$m 0v0ne- >(t%a+ev= %0)*0t #=-0nt Dama)*-u)*an t?+t?tte, (% $+8-$% E78i.t$man 0) Di/a%a-i%4an i) i&=*?tt" N$>a c)e+)*?v= te%m0)*et v$+t, ) a )*em0+8e) >)07 mit )em )*(m't$tt ne-i, e+v?+= 0)$-$) #0%#i, /< -at$na v$+t, ).$%teme% 0) '%<" Kit( a+4idti\% 5ktatás pédákon keresztD c'men i)me%tmem$(%/(an ninc) i&=%en&, e78 ?%e7 eme% vi))*aem+0-e*0)eit ta%ta+ma**a, ame+8e-et )en-i )em e+4+en=%*?tt, u78ana--$% na78$n e+even -0.et a& a -$% a%a 0) #%an- a%i)*t$-%at(ina- 0+et0%=+" 6)a-nemu78ani+8en 0+0n- a ).an8$+ In D*)ua/% Ri>+a >tazások c'm +e'%()a, a-i G4en uta*$tt (t a Je%u4*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7$n"G

S*a+a&in .(+8a#ut()a %en7ete7 '%<t me7i>+etett, e*e- -?*1+ a +e7/e+ent=)ee- a* i)*#a>(ni Im(& a&4D'n,G5 Ba>( a&4D'n in Sa&&(&G 0) a BustFn a28am', Busztán; korszakok t?rténetének kert8eG9 c'm mn0vte+en )*e%*=/e" Im(& a&4D'n )*e+&*)u- ti)*tvi)e+= v$+t I%a-an, a-i $nnan NC% a&4D'n )*$+7(+at(a(++t, 0) 54t<+ S*a+a&in tit-(%a +ett" S*(m$) mvet '%t, me7'%ta t?e- -?*?tt a )*e+&*)u-$-, va+amintS*a+a&in >($%Cina- t?%t0net0t" E* ut<it )*inte te+/e) e70)*0en (tvette AC S(ma 0) e* a +e7>ite+e4)e #$%%() S*a+a&in 0+et0%=+" Ren&-'v1+ &')*e), $n8$+u+t, ne>0*-e) )t'+u)an '%t" GG4t<+ Ba>( a&4D'ni) S*a+a&in -?%n8e*et0>e* ta%t$*$tt S*a+a&in%<+ '%t, e78)*e%, t?m?% 0+et%a/*a GG4i7 #=-0nt a* (+ta+a>a++$tta-$n a+a.u+ 0) a*$n, amit a&&i7 a* i&=.$nti7 ma7(t<+ a vi))*aem+0-e*= S*a+a&int<+ >a++$tt" E*4ut(n a*$nan m(% 0.. $+8an me7'*>at<, mint Im(& a&4D'n" A Busztánt A+e..<an '%t(- !M4!4en" A* i)*+(m ?))*e#$7+a+< t?%t0nete, ame+8 #=+e7 A+e..<va+ 0) E78i.t$mma+ #$7+a+-$*i-, &e $+8anin#$%m(ci<-at i) ta%ta+ma*, ame+8e-et -1+?nen c)a- In a' Ta// -0)=i 0) te+/e)e t?%t0net'%()(an+e>et me7ta+(+ni" e>et, >$78 min&-0t mun-a e78 e+ve)*ett )'ita #$%%()$n a+a.u+t" A t?i -$%t(%) t?%4t0n0)*t, a+4:a&i+t, a+4Saianit 0) In a&4Da%>ant c)a- i&0*ete-=+ i)me%/1-"GM

A ti*en>a%ma&i- )*(*a& +e7na78$ t?%t0net'%</a a m$)*u+i In a+4A)*'%, a-i M4an )*1+etett 0)554an >a+t me7" A* = ,Fmi at2+a-FGh c'm mun-(/a m() n0ven T?%t0ne+mi ?))*e#$7+a+< a mu)*4+im vi+(7 t?%t0nete, ame+8>e* -$%(i 0) -$%t(%) )*e%*=- mveine- 7$n&$) 0) -%iti-ai v(+$7at()(t v047e*te e+" ;e7+e>et=)en %?vi&en '% a* e+)= -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at%<+ 0) a ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a& e+e/0%=+" A )*(4*a& v070%=+ '%va #=-0nt a S*a+a&in -?%n8e*et0en 0+= )*e%*=-%e t(ma)*-$&i-, (% = i) >$**(te)* n04>(n8 )*em0+8e) vi))*aem+0-e*0)t" Ami a )*(*a& -?*e.0t i++eti, ame+8%=+ e78et+en /e+ent=) mu)*+im)*e%*= )em '%t F C78 tni-, e%e&eti an8a7$t >a)*n(+t #e+" I&=%en&/e -i#$7()$+>at<, nem neve*i me7 #$%4%()ait, 78a-%an (ta+a-'t/a a* (tvett t?%t0nete-et, Zan7'4.(%ti 0%*e+meine- me7#e+e+=en" T1%$)*i 3i+m$)4>$* >a)$n+<an a*$nan = i) v0%e+i t?%t0net'%<, a-i i78e-e*ett me70%teni a* (+ta+a +e'%t e)em0n8e- )*04+e)e /e+ent0)0t i)" ;()$&i- mve, A moszui ata"égek t?rténete, nem 0%t0-e) '%(), tu+a/&$n-0..en min4&en -%iti-(t n0+-1+?*= &ic)>imnu)*, &e een i) vanna- m()>$+ #e+ nem +e+>et= in#$%m(ci<-"G

A* a+e..a Arany"ányák c'm mun-(/(t c)a- a )*unnita )*e%*=- =)07e) 0) me7+e>et=)en e+#$7u+t i&0*etein -e4%e)*t1+ i)me%/1-" (t>at<an na78 /e+ent=)07 mun-a v$+t, ma7(an #$7+a+ta a* e70)* mu)*+im t?%t04ne+met, -1+?n?) #i78e+met )*ente+t A+e..<na-" A #ennma%a&t i&0*ete-=+ a%%a +e>et -?vet-e*tetni,>$78 u78ana*t a #$%%()t >a)*n(+ta, mint a Busztán, &e m07 a+a.$)aan"GG A* a+e.. Ha+a Aeppói krónika c'm mvet, >$))*C, e78)*e%en 0) vi+(7$)an

781U)*(m(va+ -a.c)$+atan a Hitti4#0+e #$%&'t()t >a)*n(+$m An Ara"2!yrian 3enteman2 e* a* e%e&eti )*?ve77$n&$)a tanu+m(n8$*()(n a+a.u+, mint De%en$u%7 G!9" 0vi -ia&()a" P$%te% an7$+ #$%&'t()a a De%en$u%74v(+t$*at$n a+a.u+"

782In D*)ua/% te+/e) )*?ve70t %i7>t #$%&'t()(an c)a-nem 0vve+ e*e+=tt a&t(- -i ei&enen, Lau&e#%$84Dem$n8ne) -0)*'ti a #%ancia #$%&'t()t, 0) >ama%$)an me7/e+eni- R" B%$a&>u%)t an7$+ #$%&'t()a" A $e/uei -?*?+%0)*+ete-et e+=+e"

783Im(& a&4D'n mvei%=+ +()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 949" ." AC S(ma >$))*an i&0* Im(& a&4D'n mvei4=+"

784Sc>u+ten) a&ta -i a* a%a )*?ve7et 0) me7/e+ent, in Recuei+" Je78*eteimen a &* &* +* !"4en me7/e+ent an7$+#$%&'t()%a >ivat-$*$m2 e* a -0t -ia&() e78ev0te+0ve+ )*1+etett"

7856a>en a&ta -i, in Buetin de '1nstitute 5rienta .amas"786

()& 6a>en2 La !yrie du Nord, 949" ."787A -ia&()$-%<+ +()& e m I" -?t" " ." 9" )*" /e78*et"788()& 6a>en, i* m*, 9949" ."

55

ta a S*'%iai ;i>(+8 ,róniká /(t, a #$%&'t()an te%et en7e&ve )*enve&0+8e) >a*a#ia))(7(na-"G 9 t(/(nS*emat c$nn0ta+e, a* anti<->iai Assises #$%&'t</a, '%t e78 -%<ni-(t, ame+8 a ti*en-ette&i- )*(*a&$t i+4+et=en ;(t0n 0) Le%7e+8en a+a.u+, &e >$**(te)* (++ami i%att(%<+ )*(%ma*< in#$%m(ci<-at i)"G9 N0>(n80vve+ -0)= a* Cn" Ki%(+8i T?%t0net'%< e78 $+8an -%<ni-(t '%t, ame+8et min&m(i7 nem a&ta- -i"GM A ti4*enne78e&i- )*(*a& e+e/0n E&e))*ai 3a>%am -ance++(% '%t e78 $mes ,rónikát, ame+8 na78/(<+ ;(t0na+a.u+, &e )$- $+8an in#$%m(ci<t i) ta%ta+ma*, ame+8ne- a #$%%()(t nem i)me%/1-"G

H. S'V) %))6-kA )*'% #$%%()$- -?*?tt a +e7/e+ent=)e S*'%iai ;i>(+8 Viágt?rténete"GG L$n&$), +e+-ii)me%ete) t?%t04

net'%< v$+t, c)a- na78$n e%=) e+='t0+et 0+t enne a i*(ncia- e++en" O+8an )*'% #$%%()$-at em+'t, ame+8e-m(%a min& e+ve)*te-, 0) i)me%t a* F! -?*?tti .e%i<&u)%a v$nat-$*<an a*$n$)'t>atat+an a%a#$%%()t, ame+8et C78 tni-, In a+4A)*'% i) i)me%t"

-?%1+ e78 i)me%et+en e&e))*ai .a. '%t n0vte+en )*'% -%<ni-(t, een 0%t0-e) in#$%m(ci<- van4na- E&e))*(%<+ 0) )*(m$) $+8an a&at, ame+8 n8i+v(nva+<an ;i>(+8t<+ )*(%ma*i-"G! A ti*en>a%ma&i-)*(*a& v07e #e+0 AC+ :a%(&*) Le%7e+8, i)me%te nev0n Ba% He%aeu), '%t e78 vi+(7t?%t0netet, ame+8 ati*en-ette&i- )*(*a&$t #=-0nt ;i>(+8%a 0) In a+4A)*'%%a t(ma)*-$&va t(%78a+/a, &e van enne e78 )$%.e%*)a 0) e780 #$%%()<+ )*(%ma*< in#$%m(ci< i)"G

. E(",b %))6-kE -$%%a+ -a.c)$+atan a* e78et+en #$nt$), *)i&< #$%%() Tu&e+ai Ben/(min >tazása" A )*e%*= 7$n&$4

)an e)*(m$+ a )*'%iai *)i&< -$+<ni(-%<+, a<+ a* i&==+, ami-$% MM 0) -?*?tt -?%euta*ta a:?+&-?*i4ten7e% me&enc0/0t"G

L%C* #$%%()$- c)a- L%C*ia 0) a )*$m)*0&$) $%)*(7$- t?%t0nete )*em.$nt/(<+ 0%&e-e)e-, e*e-et ati*enn8$+ca&i- )*(*a&an ?))*e78/t?tt0-, 0) 3r)z ,rónika c'men a&t(- -i"G

Ó)*+(v n8e+ven +0te*i- D(nie+ H07umen$)* ZarándoataV D(nie+ 4en +(t$7at$tt e+ Pa+e)*tin(4a"G5

3anna- 0)*a-i sagá-, ame+8e- -1+?n?)en Si7u%& -i%(+8 -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at(va+ #$7+a+-$*na-, e*e-4en a +e7en&() %0)*+ete- -?*?tt vanna- 0%&e-e) t?%t0ne+mi in#$%m(ci<- i)"G

804In $e/uei"805In $e/uei"806A -0*i%at 3e+enc0en van, a ;e+-ita -?n8vt(%an"807A $e/uei4en a&t(- -i"8086>a$t #$%&'t$tta #%anci(%a, 0) a&ta -i"809T%itt$n #$%&'t()(an me7/e+ent a -%<ni-a e+)= %0)*e 6ourna of the $oya Asiati4ue !o/iety, +()& e m I" -?tet,

" ."" A te+/e) )*'% n8e+v )*?ve7et 6>a$t a&ta -i, in Corpus !/riptorum 5rientaiuman"810a++i) Bu&7e #$%&'t$tta an7$+%a, 0) a&ta -i"811A&+e% -ia&()a"812B%$))et -ia&()a"813

;me &e K>it%$$ #$%&'t$tta #%anci(%a" A )*+(v )*?ve7e-et nem $+va)tam" S*int0n = #$%&'t$tta )*+(v<+ a %? 4vi& &igrimage of the A""ess 0uphrosyne c'm mvet"814E*e-et ?))*e#$7+a+/a Riant2 Les 0:peditions des !/andina%es c'm mve"

59

3. %P((e+,k

A 5ttV!2 @-t

A >att'ni c)at(%<+ -i)e4na78$ te%/e&e+emen min& a +atin, min& a* a%a #$%%()$- e)*(m$+na-,e+e)*0+0)1- a*$nan nem min&i7 e78e>an7*<" A !!4" $+&a+$n me7.%<(+tam a c)ata e78e#1747=, -?vet-e*ete) 0) va+<)*'n +e'%()(t n8C/tani, &e em+0-e*tetnem -e++ a* $+va)<t a* e+t0%= v0+em04n8e-%e i)" Sa/n(+at$) m<&$n $+8an )*e%*=, a-i /e+en v$+t a c)at(an, e+te-intve e78 Te%ence va78 Te%%i4cu) nev tem.+$m$)t<+ F a-i %?vi& +eve+et '%t, i++etve n0>(n8 mu)*+imt<+ F =-et AC S(ma i&0*i F,c)a- -ett= v$+t" E%n$u+, Ie+ini Ba+ian #e78ve%n?-e, a-i va+<)*'n+e7 u%(va+ ta%t$tt a--$% i), ami-$% a*me7)*?-?tt, va+amint a S*a+a&in -')0%et0>e* ta%t$*< Im(& a&4D'n" E%n$u+ e%e&eti e+e)*0+0)0t a*$nanme7v(+t$*tatt(- Kinc)ta%t< Be%n(t 0) T1%$)*i 3i+m$) mun-(/(na- t$v(i #$+8tat<iV Im(& a&4D'n e+e4

)*0+0)e .e&i7, (% n0>a na78$n e+even, 78a-%an in-( )*<n$-ia), mint)em .$nt$)" A v(+)(7$) .i++a4nat$- e+e)*0+0)e, ame+8 a+4A#&a+t<+, S*a+a&in #i(t<+ -e%1+t In a+4A)*'%>$*, na78$n 0%*0-+ete), &e na478$n %?vi&"

A* 0stoire d'0ra/es a* e78et+en #$%%(), ame+8 vi+(7$)an -im$n&/a, >$78 Lui&$ -i%(+8 -0t -1+?n ta4n(c)$t ta%t$tt a c)ata e+=tt" E78et A--$nan, va+<)*'n+e7 /C+iu) e+)e/0n 0) e78et S*e.><%i(an, /C+iu)m()$&i-(n e)te" T%i.$+i)*i Ra/mun& min&-0t a+-a+$mma+ #e+)*<+a+t, 0) a -0t e)*0&et i&0*i a* 0stoire,-0t)07-'v1+ vi))*aa&va )*avaina- +0n8e70t" e>et a*$nan, >$78 a* 0stoire t0ve&, ami-$% a*t (++'t/a, a*a--$ni tan(c)$t a--$% >'vt(- ?))*e, ami-$% T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/a me71*ente, S*a+a&in e+#$7+a+ta Ti0%i()v(%$)(t" U78ani) S*a+a&in c)a- m()$&i-(n %e77e+ v$nu+t e Ti0%i()a, 0) Ra/mun& a--$ni e)*0&04en nem i) em+'ti Ti0%i()t, e78)*e%en c)a- v0&e-e*= )t%at07i(t /ava)$+" E%n$u+ F Kinc)ta%t< Be%n(t -i4a&()(an F mit )em tu& a* e+)= tan(c)-$*()%<+" Be%n(t va+<)*'n+e7 C78 v0+te, Ra/mun& a -0t e)*0&etu78ana*$n a tan(c)1+0)en m$n&ta e+" A .e 0:pugnatione i) me7em+'ti a m()$&i- >a&itan(c)$t" In a+4A)*'% tu&$tt Ra/mun& m()$&i- e)*0&0%=+, 0) c)a-nem a*$--a+ a )*ava--a+ a&/a a*t vi))*a, mint a*E)t$i%e &dE%ac+e), E%n$u+ 0) a .e 0:pugnatione" 78 i*t$n (++'t>at/u-, Ra/mun& #i78e+me*tette a t(%)ait,(% Im(& a&4D'n C78 tu&ta, >$78 t(ma&()t )1%7etett, 0) -0)=i )*e%*=-, O%$)*+(n)*'v Ric>(%& -')04%et0=+, a-i- u)i7nani Lui&$ .(%t/(n (++ta-, (%u+())a+ v(&$+t(- Ra/mun&$t" Am%$i)e 0) a* 1tinerari2um $egis $i/ardi a*t i78e-e*ne- e+>itetni, >$78 Ra/mun& a S*a+a&inna+ t?%t0nt me7e78e*0) miatt >a784ta ma7(%a a )e%e7et" Ha)$n+< v(& (++ a 7en$vaia-na- a .(.(>$* '%t +eve+0en 0) -0)= a )*'% Ba% He4%aeu)n(+ i)"

Im(& a&4D'n )*e%int T%i.$+i)* 7%<#n0/(va+ Ti0%i()an $tt v$+ta- a #iai i)" E%n$u+ a*$nan a*t m$n&4 /a, Ra/mun& n078 m$)t$>a#ia ve+e e781tt mene-1+t me7 a c)atame*=%=+, 0) a 7en$vaia- +eve+e )*<+ a747$&a+mu-%<+, ami-$% a c)ata e+=tti tan(c)-$*()$n a*t m$n&t(-, an8/u- me7ment0)0%e a-a%na- menni"

Lui&$ -i%(+8 a tem.+$m$) L0%a%& -0%0)0%e ment e+ S*e.><%i(<+" E%%e vi+(7$)an uta+ a* 0stoire 0)E%n$u+ i), &e e*t i78e-)*i- e+-?&?)'teni a .e 0:pugnatione )*e%*=/e, a-i va+ami+8en $-<+ )$>a)ema-a%/a -(%>$*tatni a tem.+$m$)$-at, +e7a+(i) e%%e uta+, >$78 t? >e+8en na78$n vi))*a#$7$ttan n8i4+at-$*i- %<+u-" Ra/mun&na-, mint a vi&0- u%(na- v$+t a #e+a&ata, >$78 tan(c)$t a&/$n a -?veten&= Ct4v$na++a+ -a.c)$+atan, 0) = a Hatt'n$n (t ve*et=t v(+a)*t$tta" E* a v(+a)*t() )*e%enc)0t+enne- i*$4n8u+t, 0) -0)= 1%1781+ )*$+7(+t Ra/mun& e++en)07eine-, a-i- (%u+<na- min=)'tett0-" A 7en$vaia- +e4ve+0en 0) a /$>annit(- -?%+eve+0en >at (%u+<%<+ van )*<, a-i- +(t>at<an Ra/mun& +$va7/ai v$+ta- F a*e78i-ne- a$&iceu) va78 euciu) v$+t a neve F, a-i- e+(%u+t(- v$+na S*a+a&inna- a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7tit-ait" A*t >i)*em, (%u+()u- 0..en e>>e* a .$nt>$* -?t>et=2 va+<)*'n+e7 aan (++t, >$78 me7m$n&4t(- S*a+a&inna-, me+8i- utat v(+a)*t$tt(- a -e%e)*t0n8e-" Ne>0* e+-0.*e+ni, >$78 -0)= mi m()>a)*n$) in#$%m(ci<t /uttat>atta- v$+na e+ a )*u+t(nna-" ;in& a* 0stoire, min& E%n$u+ Ra/mun&$t -(%4>$*tat/a, >$78 Hatt'n e+=tt t($%$*$tt a )e%e7" Ra/mun& C78 tu&ta, >$78 v$+t $tt e78 -Ct, &e a*t -i)*(4%a&va ta+(+t(-" A .e 0:pugnatione )*e%*=/e a+a.$)aan '%/a +e a t?%t0netet" A*t (++'t/a, a* e+==%)en +ev=Ra/mun& +e a-a%t /utni a t<>$*, &e a >(tv0&et a+-$t< tem.+$m$)$- m(% nem '%ta- t$v(menni" Ra/4mun&%a na78 >at())a+ v$+t a -i%(+8 e+>at(%$*()a, >$78 t($%$**ana- +e 0) #e+-i(+t$tt2 WE+ve)*t1n-X;ive+ a*$nan m(% me7>$*t(- a &?nt0)t, att<+ a t0ve) me778=*=&0)t=+ >a/tva v(+a)*t$tta -i a t($%>e4

5M

+8et, >$78 $tt v'* van" Im(& a&4D'n +e'%/a, >$78 menn8i%e ?%1+t S*a+a&in a -e%e)*t0n8e- >a&m$*&u+a4tai +(tt(n"

A t($% >e+8e i*$n8ta+an" A .e 0:pugnatione, a* 1tinerarium 0) Am%$i)e a #a+ut ;a%e)ca+ci(na-va78 ;a%e)ca++i(na- neve*i F ta+(n a K>an $# ;e)-ene> =%*i e nevet_ F m'7 Im(& a&4D'n 0) Ba>( a&4D'n ui/(na- m$n&/a a #a+ut, ame+8 a m$)t i) me7+0v= Ct me++ett #e-)*i-, Hatt'n )*a%vait<+ -0t m0%4#?+&%e &0+n8u7at%a" A* a%a )*e%*=- >att'ni va78 >ittini c)at(t em+e7etne-, 0) vi+(7$)an +e'%/(-, a v074)= e)em0n8e-%e Hatt'n )*a%vain(+ -e%1+t )$%" A* Annaes de +erre !ainte -a%neatini c)at(%<+ e)*0+ a*a*Ka%ne' Hatt'n, Hatt'n )*a%vai"G9 E%n$u+ )*e%int a c)at(t Tie%i()t<+ +07v$na+an 9 m0%#?+&%e v'vt(-,ami a* Ct$n -" -i+enc m0%#?+&et /e+entett"

Im(& a&4D'n )*e%int a )*a%ac0n '/()*$- a menete+= -e%e)*t0n8e-%e -e*&te- +=ni, 0) $n8$+'t/a a t?%4t0netet a**a+, >$78 c)1t?%t?-%e te)*i a* e)em0n8t, >$78 a c)ata i&=.$nt/(t min&en-0..en .0nte-%e te4>e))e" E%n$u+ 0) a* 0stoire a*t (++'t/a, a -e%e)*t0n8e- v$nu+() -?*en )C+8$) ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&te-"Nem tu&ni, mi-$% 78C/t$tt(- #e+ a $*<t$t" In a+4A)*'% )*e%int e78 mu)*+im ?n-0nte) v0+et+en1+ $-$*4ta a t1*et, 0) Im(& a&4D'nne+ e78et0%tene- aan, a t* m07 t$m$+t, ami-$% /C+iu) 40n %e77e+ e+-e*4&=&?tt a c)ata" Im(& a&4D'n 0%*0-+ete) -0.et #e)t a* 0/)*a-ai mu)*+im t($%%<+, a>$+ im(&-$*ta- 0)0ne-e+te- a -at$n(-" In a+4A)*'% )*e%int a c)ata %e77e+0n a #%an- 78a+$7)(7 me7.%<(+t +e/utni a v'*4>e*" Im(& a&4D'n )*e%int a +(n7$- miatt nem /ut>atta- e+=%e a v'* #e+0" A .e 0:pugnatione a*t (++'t/a, a78a+$7)(7 F ame+8 e+-1+?n1+t a +$va7$-t<+, 0) a -i%(+8 .a%anc)(%a )em v$+t >a/+an&< en7e&e+me)-e&ni,u78ani) a -at$n(- m(% >a+&$-+$tta- a )*$m/C)(7t<+ F e78 t?men #e+v$nu+t a &$m%a, a>$+ min&4ann8iu-at me7?+t0-" E%n$u+ e**e+ )*emen a*t m$n&/a, me7a&t(- ma7u-at, (% Ra/mun& ?t +$va7/a#e+-e%e)te S*a+a&int, 0) -0%t0-, >$78 min&et ?+/0- me7" e>et)07e), >$78 e* v$+t a*, amit a /$>annit(-(%u+()na- neve*te- +" #enn, >a(% E%n$u+ e+=a&()(an a%%<+ i) +e>et )*<, >$78 -?n8?%1+et=+ -0%t0- a+$va7$- a 78$%) >a+(+t" Ba>( a&4D'n c)a- ann8it m$n&, a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 -0t %0)*%e $)*+$tt, a* e78i-etF va+<)*'n+e7 a 78a+$7)(7$t F -?%e#$7ta a t*, 0) a* eme%e-et me7?+t0-, m'7 a m()i- c)$.$%t$t, a-i%(+8 -?%0 t?m?%1+t +$va7$-at e+#$7t(-" A mu)*+im #$%%()$- min& a*t (++'t/(-, mie+=tt a #%an- +$va47$-%a t(ma&ta- v$+na, +e*a/+$tt e78 .(%via&a+ e78 mame+u- 0) e78 -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7 -?*?tt, ame+8ena mame+u- F a-it a -e%e)*t0n8e- t0ve)en a )*u+t(n #i(na- >itte- F e+e)ett"

E%n$u+ )*e%int, ami-$% a -i%(+8 +(tta, >$78 +em0)*(%$+/(- a 78a+$7)(7$t, a*t m$n&ta Ra/mun&na-,t(ma&/ana- a )*a%ac0n$-%a" ;int a te%1+et u%a, Ra/mun& v$+t a me7#e+e+= )*em0+8 enne- a v07%e>a/t(4)(%a, 0) e78 i+8en t(ma&() v$+t a )e%e7 )*(m(%a a* e78et+en +e>et=)07 a -it?%0)%e" E)*e%int ninc) a+a./aa -0)=i -e%e)*t0n8 '%<-, a 7en$vaia- 0) a -i%(+8 a%(tai (+ta+ Ra/mun& (%u+()(%<+ )*<+< v(&a)-$&(4)$-na- 0) a*$-na- a mu)*+im v(&a-na- )em, ame+8e- )*e%int Ra/mun& 78(v(n vi)e+-e&ett v$+na"Ta-' 178e) +0.0)e, ame++8e+ (ten7e&te a mu)*+im$- -?*?tt Ra/mun&$t, ma/& nem en7e&te vi))*a a>a%cme*=%e, a+(t(ma)*tani +(t)*$tt a mu)*+im v(&a-at, (% Im(& a&4D'n me7em+'ti, Ra/mun& c)a.atana78 ve)*te)07e-et )*enve&ett" E%n$u+ a*t (++'t/a, Ra/mun& c)a- a--$% mene-1+t e+ a c)at(<+, ami-$%+(tta, a -i%(+8 >e+8*ete %em0n8te+en v$+t, 0) nem v$+t +e>et=)07e a me7ment0)0%e" A .e 0:pugnationea*t '%/a, Ba+ian 0) S*i&<ni Ra/na+& Ra/mun&&a+ e781tt mene-1+t e+, &e nem $c)(t-$*i- %0)*+ete-e,mint Im(& a&4D'n" E%n$u+ a%%a uta+, >$78 -1+?n4-1+?n mene-1+te- e+, 0) e* a va+<)*e%, me%t a )e4%e7 m() 0) m() %0)*0en v$+t a >e+81-" A* ut<iata+(n n0>(n8 tem.+$m$))a+ e781tt t?%t0- (t a* e+4+en)07 v$na+(t, a-i-ne- a mene-1+0)0%=+ Te%ence )*(m$+ e" A .e 0:pugnatione %0)*+ete) e+e)*0+0)ee#e/e*=&i- a**a+, >$78 Ra/mun& e+mene-1+" A )*e%*=t i*$n8(%a Ra/mun& e78i- eme%e tu&<)'t$tta at?%t0nte-%=+"

Im(& a&4D'n )*e%int Ra/mun& t(v$*()a ut(n a -i%(+8 0) +$va7/ai #e+>C*<&ta- a >att'ni &$m%a, e+4>a78va +$vai-at ame+8e- ta+(n me7)ee)1+te- 0) '78 #e+e)+e7e))0 v(+ta-" ;e7/e78*i, >$78 mi+8ene%=t+ene- a -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7$- a +$vai- n0+-1+" In a+4A)*'% a*t '%/a, me7.%<(+t(- #e+ve%ni )(t%ai-at a&$m tete/0n, &e c)a- a -i%(+80t )i-e%1+t #e+(++'taniu-" Ami-$% e+#$7t(- a +$va7$-at, 78a+$7$)an v$+ta-,0) na78$n -i v$+tame%1+ve" ;in&-0t #$%%() )*e%int Ta-' )*e%e*te me7 a -e%e)*tet" A+4A#&a+ e+e)*0+04)e a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 ut$+)< .e%cei%=+ )*<+, m'7 In a+4K(&i)C a**a+ a %0)*+ette+ =v'ti i)me%etein-et,>$78 e%=) )*0+ t(ma&t &0+en, ami-$% a mu)*+im$- a v07)= t(ma&()t in&'t$tt(-"

S*a+a&in )(t%(an a c)ata ut(n t?%t0nte-%=+ c)a-nem te+/e)en e78e>an7*< m<&$n )*<+ E%n$u+, a*0stoire 0) Im(& a&4D'n, va+amint In a+4A)*'%" Ninc) $-un- -0te+-e&ni )em a Lui&$ -i%(+8na- a&$ttita+%<+ )*<+< t?%t0net >ite+e))070en, )em aan, >$78 6>ti++$n Ra/na+&$t S*a+a&in )a/(t -e*0ve+ ?+teme7"

815,arne a karit &u(+i) a+a-/a"

5

A -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7 m0%et0%=+ e+t0%=e- a* a&at$-" A Historia $egni Hierosoymitani +$va7$t em+'ta -i%(+8)(7<+" T$v(( #=t II" Hen%i- -i%(+8 #i*etett, e*en -'v1+ a )e%e77e+ v$+t tu%-$.$+ 0)5 #=) 78a+$7)(7, ame+8=+ #=t Hen%i- #i*etett" E*e- a* a&at$- n8i+v(nva+<an tC+*<a-" A* 1ti2nerarium ?))*e)en #=%=+ te)* em+'t0)t, &e va+<)*'n+e7 e* i) tC+ na78 )*(m" :e+te>et=en ?))*e)en +$va7 v$+t a )e%e7en, e=+ 4at Hen%i- (++'t$tt -i" A* 0stoire d'0ra/es a* e78i- -0*i%atan a*e70)* )e%e7et ! #=%e ec)1+i, 0) 4%e e78 m()i-an" A /$>annit(- +eve+e a%%<+ )*(m$+ e, >$78-" e*e% +$va7 e)ett e+, va78 e)ett #$7)(7a, 0) mene-1+t me7" E%n$u+ a*t (++'t/a, Anti<->iai Ra/4mun& 9 va78 M +$va7$t >$*$tt ma7(va+ a -0*i%at$- $+va)ata e+t0%=" Te%ence )*e%int M tem.+$m$)e)ett e+ a c)at(an, 0) )*inte )en-i )em mene-1+t me7" A Wn$)X )*<t >a)*n(+/a, ami a%%a i) uta+>at, >$78e)et+e7 c)a- = mene-1+t me7 e78e&1+" A /$>annit(- +eve+e 4%a te)*i- a tC+0+=- )*(m(t" A 78a+$7)(7nem +e>etett $+8an na78 +0t)*(mC, >$78 e78 +$va7%a t?, mint t'* 78a+$7$) -at$na /u))$n, 0) i*$n8(4%a )$--a+ -eve)een +e>ette- #=n0+" A tu%-$.$+ -?nn8+$va))(7 +0t)*(ma +e>etett, &e ta4+(n enn0+ i) -eve)een v$+ta-, 0) nem /(t)*$tta- &?nt= )*e%e.et a* 1t-?*eten" S*a+a&in )e%e7e va+a4mive+ na78$ +e>etett a -e%e)*te)e-0n0+, &e ninc)ene- %<+a me7'*>at< a&at$-" Im(& a&4D'n +$va)%<+ 0) %en7ete7 ?n-0nte)%=+ e)*0+V e* i) tC+*< a&at, (% -?*e+ )em ann8i%a, mint a* 9 , ame-4-$%(%a a -e%e)*t0n8 )e%e7et ec)1+i" Ba>( a&4D'n m07 e*en i) tC+me78, ami-$% a*t '%/a, 5 -e%e)*4t0n8 e)ett e+, 0) 5 e)ett #$7)(7a :e+t0te+e*>et/1-, >$78 S*a+a&in )e%e70ne- ?))*+0t)*(ma #=%e %C7$tt, 0) e*t &u**a)*t$tt(- #e+ a* ?n-0nte)e- 0) a )*?vet)07e)e- c)a.atai ta+(n #=%e" A -0t)e%e7, a* a&at$- )*e%int a +e7na78$a- -?*0 ta%t$*$tt, ame+8e-et a-(% a -e%e)*t0n8e-, a-(% a mu)*+i4m$- -$%(an va+a>a i) -i(++'t$tta-, enne- e++en0%e nem +e>etett )*< t? eme%%=+, mint 9 -e4%e)*t0n8%=+ 0) G mu)*+im%<+" A -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7$- /$an #e+ v$+ta- #e78ve%e*ve, mint (%me+8i-mu)*+im -at$na, &e a mu)*+im -?nn8+$va))(7 i*$n8(%a /$ #e78ve%e--e+ %en&e+-e*ett, mint a tu%4-$.$+$- 0) a mu)*+im 78a+$7)(7 i) +e7a+( $+8an /<+ v$+t e++(tva, mint a -e%e)*t0n8"

A SATÁ$AL KASOLATOS FŐ FORRÁSOK A Kd$ETKEZŐK

F)!k %))6-kE%n$u+, 994" ."V 0stoire d'0ra/es, II, M4!" ."V .e 0:pugnatione, G4G" ."V 1tinerarium $egis $i2

/ardi 4" ."V Pete%$%$u7>4i Bene&e-, II, 4" .", ame+8 ma7(an #$7+a+/a a 7en$vaia- .(.(>$* '%t+eve+0t 0) a tem.+$m$) Te%ence +eve+0tV Am%$i)e, Pa%i) -ia&" M4" c$+"V An)e%t2 3esta <rideri/i,ame+8en me7ta+(+>at< a /$>annit(- +eve+e A%c>ima+&>$*V Historia $egni Hierosoymitani, 9495" ."V

Annaes de a +erre !ainte, G" ."

A)b %))6-kBa>( a&4D'n, &* &* +* !*, 4M" ."V In a+4A)*'%, M!4MGG" .", ame+8 ma7(an #$7+a+/a a+4A#&a+ +e'%(4

)(t a c)at(%<+V AC S(ma, M4G!" .", ame+8en me7van Im(& a&4D'n te+/e) e+e)*0+0)e a c)at(%<+ 0)%0)*+ete- Ba>( a&4D'nt=+ 0) ;u>amma& In a+4K(&i)Ct<+" S*'%iai ;i>(+8n(+ i) me7ta+(+>at< e78 %?vi&e)*(m$+< a c)at(%<+, III" " .", 0) e78 >$))*a, &e .$ntat+an +e'%() Ba% He%aeu)n(+, Bu&7e #$%&"545" .", ame+8en a )*e%*= ?))*e-eve%i S*ii++a -i%(+8n=t T%i.$+i)*i E)c>iva 7%<#n0va+" A S*'%iai ;i4>(+8 ?%m0n8 v(+t$*at(an 5!M45!G" ." 0) a Lant*ta7i Ki%a-$)*n(+ 4" ." .$ntat+an$- a e)*(4m$+<-" A )*'% 0) ?%m0n8 e+e)*0+0)e- min& (%u+<nata%t/(- Ra/mun&$t" Ba+&in2 $aymond 111 of +ripo2is 94M" .", na78$n a+a.$)an vi*)7(+/a a -1+?n?*= #$%%()$-at 0) Ra/mun& )*e%e.0t"

5G

2b+2()6%2

;e7/e78*0)2 a i+i$7%(#ia e m I" -?tet0t e70)*'ti -i, 0) nem ta%ta+ma* $tt m(% me7em+'tett mve-et" A %?vi4&'t0)e- a*$n$)a-"

I. EREETI FORRÁSOK1. F))6-("f&te/,!"ekB$%7$, :" Da+2 .ipomata &isana, Pi)a, M9"Demet%ac$.$u+$), A" K"2 Bi"iothe/a 0//esiasti/a, i.c)e, GMM"<ornmanna !?gur , -?tet K$..en>(7a, G9FG5"Ha+.>en, R" F P$u.a%&in, R"2 Chroni4ues des Comtes d'An8ou, P(%i*), !5"Li"er 6urium $eipu"i/ae 3enuensis Ric$tti -ia&", 5 -?tet, Monumenta Historiae &atriae, T$%in$, G9F

G9";a%c>e7a8, P" F ;ai++e, E"2 Chroni4ue des 0gises d'An8ou, P(%i*), GM!";u%at$%i, " A"2 Anti4uitates 1taia/ae, M -?tet, ;i+(n<, 5GF"$e/uei des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, -?tet, P(%i*), G4G5, Een me7van a* Assises de 6é2

rusaem 0) a Lignages de 6érusaem i) $* H* C* Lois"Reinau&, ;"2 0:traits des Historiens Ara"es, in ;ic>au&2 Bi"ioth94ue des Croisades, II" -?t" P(%i*),

G!"Ta#e+, L" " :" F T>$ma), L" ;"2 >rkunden zur ateren Handes und !taatsges/hi/hte der $epu"ik Vene2

dig, 5 -?tet, B0c), G9MFG9"

3. Lt2! ,- ?%)!@2 %))6-kAm%$i)e2 L'0stoire de a 3uerre !ainte Pa%i) -ia&" P(%i*), G!"

Annaes Barenses, in M* 3* H* !s", 9" -?t" Annaes Bene%entani, in M* 3* H* !s*; 5" -?t" Annaes de +erre !ainte R?>%ic>t -ia&", Ar/hi%es de '5rient Latin, " -?t" P(%i*), GG" Annaes Her"ipoenses, in M* 3* H* !s*; M" -?t" Annaes &aidenses, in M* 3* H* !s*; M" -?t" Annaes $omani, in M* 3* H* !s*; 9" -?t" Annaes !* $ud"erti !ais"urgensis, in M* 3* H* !s*; !" -?t"An)e%t2 3esta <rederi/i 1mperatoris in 0:penditione !a/ra, in M* 3* H* !s*, in usum s/hoarum, G!" "

-?t"A%n$+&, 1ec-i2 Chroni/a !a%orum, in M* 3* H* !s*; in usum s/hoarum, GMG" " -?t"Bene&e-, Pete%$%$u7>4i2 3esta $egis Henri/i 11* Stu) -ia&", -?t" R$++) Se%ie), $n&$n, GM"Be%n(t, S*t", 6+aivau a.(t/a2 0pistoae, in M* &* L*; G" -?t"Bu%c>a%&, Si$n4>e78i2 .es/ription of the Hoy Land Stea%t, #$%&", in &* &* +* !* " -?t" $n&$n,

G!M"6ae)a%iu), Hei)te%ac>4i2 .iaogus Mira/uorum St%an7e -ia&", -?t" K?+n, G9"Cartuaire de Notre .ame de Chartres dE.in$i) 0) ;e%+et -ia&", 5 -?t" 6>a%t%e), G9FG99"Cartuaire de !ainte Marie 6osaphat K$>+e% -ia&" $e%ue de '5rient Latin, " -?t" Len#, G!!"Cartuaire du !aint !épu/re R$*i`%e -ia&", P(%i*), G!"Cartuaire 3énéra de '5rdre des Hospitaiers De+avi++e e R$u+ -ia&", -?t" P(%i*), G!F!"Cartuaire 3énéra de '5rdre du +empe DdA+$n -ia&", P(%i*), !5"Chroni/on Maurinia/ense, in $* H* <*, " -?t"Chroni/on !an/ti Ma:entii, ;a%c>e7a8 0) ;ai++e, i* m* Chroni/on Vindo/inense, ;a%c>e7a8 0) ;ai++e, i* m*Dan&$+$2 Chroni/on Venetum, in ;u%at$%i2 $erum 1tai/arum !/riptores, " -?t".e 0:pugnatione +errae !an/tae per !aadinum Li"eus Stu) -ia&", R$++) Se%ie), $n&$n, G9"E%n$u+2 Chroni4ue d'0rnou et de Bernard e +résorier ;a) at%ie -ia&", P(%i*), G"

5!

0stoire d'0ra/es, in $* H* C* 5//*; " 0) " -?t"Eu&e), +()& O&$3esta Am"azien/ium .ominorum, Ha+.>en4P$u.a%&in, i* m* 3esta Consuum Andega%orum, Ha+.>en4P$u.a%&in, i* m* 3estes des Chiprois, in $* H* C* Arm* " -?t"Historia .u/um Veneti/orum, in M* 3* H* !s*, " -?t"Historia $egni Hierosoymitani, in M* 3* H* !s*, G" -?t"Historia $egum Hierusaem Latinorum, K$>+e%2 Méanges pour ser%ir 'histoire de '5rient Latin, I" -?t"

P(%i*), !M"Historia 7eforum 7eingartensis, in M* 3* H* !s* " -?t"Ie+in2 Le Li%re de 6ean d'"ein, in $* H* C* Lois, " -?t"1tinerarium &eregrinorum et 3esta $egis $i/ardi Stu) -ia&", R$++) Se%ie), $n&$n, GM" J(n$), Sa+i)u%82 Historiae &ontifi/ais 4uae !upersunt ane P$+e -ia&", O#$%&, !" J(n$), 1%*u%7i2 .es/ription of the Hoy Land Stea%t #$%&", in &* &* +* !*, 9" -?t" $n&$n, G!M"a/$), 3II" #%ancia -i%(+82 eve+e-, in $* H* C*, 9" 0) M" -?t"an&$+#$, J%"2 Historia Medioanensis, in ;u%at$%i2 $erum 1tai/arum !/riptores, 9" -?t"eve+e- Ama+%i- -i%(+8, a tem.+$m$) na78me)te%e-, a tem.+$m$) %en& 0) m() ten7e%entC+i ti)*t4

)07vi)e+=- +eve+ei, in $* H* <*, 9" 0) M" -?t"Lignages d'5utremer , in $* H* C* Lois, " -?t"

Mira/ua !an/ti Leonardi, Aa* !s" N$v", 5" -?t"Ne/roogia &anormitana in-e+mann -ia&", <ors/hungen zur deuts/hen 3es/hi/hte, G" -?t" L?ttin7en,

GG"O&$ Eu&e) Deui+4i2 .e &rofe/tione Ludo%i/i V11 in 5rientem a[uet -ia&", P(%i*), !!"O)$%n2 .e 0:pugnatione Ly:"onensi, in Stu)2 Memorias of the $eign of $i/hard 1 , R$++) Se%ie), $n4

&$n, GM"Ott<, :%ei)in7i, .1).?-2 Chroni/a H$#mei)te% -ia&", in M* 3* H* !s*, in usum s/hoarum, !" 9" -?4

tet"Ott<, :%ei)in7i, .1).?-2 3esta <rideri/i 1mperatoris Sim)$n -ia&", in M* 3* H* !s*, in usum s/hoarum,

!" M" -?tet"Ott$ &e Sanct$ B+a)i$2 Chroni/a H$#mei)te% -ia&", in M* 3* H* !s", in usum s/hoarum, !" " -?4

tet"Pa)*-(+, II", .(.a2 0pistoae, in M* &* L", M5" -?t"&assiones !an/ti +hiemonis, in $* H* C* 5//*, 9" -?t"P0te%, Dia-<nu)2 Chroni/a attenac> -ia&", in M* 3* H* !s*, " -?t"&igrimage of !ea-uf to 6erusaem a c+i#t$ni .1).?- #$%&", in &* &* +* !*, " -?t" $n&$n, G!M"Ra+.>, 6$77e)>a++4i, Chroni/on Angi/anum Steven)$n -ia&", R$++) Se%ie)" $n&$n, G9"R<e%t, T$%i7n84i2 Chroni4ue De+i)+e -ia&", -?t" R$uen, GFG5"R$7e%, H$ve&eni2 Chroni/a Stu) -ia&", -?t" R$++) Se%ie), $n&$n, GMGFG"R$mua+&, Sa+e%n<i2 Chroni/on A%n&t -ia&", in M* 3* H* !s* !" -?t"Ru&$+#, Dicet<i2 5pera Histori/a Stu) -ia&", R$++) Se%ie), $n&$n, GM"Su7e%, Saint4Deni) a.(t/a2 3esta Ludo%i/i /ognomine 3rossi 0) Historia goriosi regis Ludo%i/i V11* ;$+i4

nie% -ia&", P(%i*), GG"Su7e%, Saint4Deni) a.(t/a2 5pera &e +a ;a%c>e -ia&", P(%i*), GM"3a+te%, a Kance++(%2 Bea Antio/hena, in $* H* C* 5//*, 9" -?tet"3i+m$), Nan7i)4i2 3esta Ludo%i/i V11 , in $* H* <* " -?t"3i+m$), S*e%*ete)2 .iaogus Apoogeti/us i+ma%t -ia&", $e%ue Ma"ion, P(%i*), !"3i+m$), S*e%*ete)2 Vita !ugerii, in Su7e%2 5pera +()& #enn"3i+m$), T1%$)*i2 .ie ateinis/he <ortsetzung atin #$+8tat() Sa++$c> -ia&" i.c)e, !5"Vita Ae:andri 111 , in ie% P$nti#ica+i), " -?t"Vita !an/ti Bernardi, in M* &* L*; G9" -?t"ia+&2 7i"adi 0pistoae, in Ja##02 Bi"iothe/a $erum 3ermani/arum, I" -?t"

>. Gö)ö( %))6-k

6>%8)$+an, P0te% mi+(n<i 0%)e-2.e !an/to !piritu

, in M* &* 3*

, " -?tet"Kinnam$)*, I$ann0)*2 0pitome Historiarum, in C* !* H* B*, B$nn, G5M"Eu)*t%ati$)*, ni-aiai 0%)e-2 A !zentéekr#, in Demet%ac$.$u+$)*2 Bi"iothe/a 0//esiasti/a, I" -?t,

5

Ne$.>1t$)*2 .e Caamitati"us Cypri Stu) -ia&", R$++) Se%ie) $n&$n, GM" A* 1tinerarium $egis$i/ardi eve*et=/e-0nt"

Ni-0ta)* K>$niat0)* Ac$minatu)2 Historia, in C* !* H* B*, B$nn, G59"P>$-a)*, I$ann0)*2 A Brief .es/ription Stea%t #$%&", in &* &* +* !*, 9" -?t" $n&$n, G!M"P%$&%$m$)*, T>e$&<%$)*2 &oemata, v(+$7at(), in M* &* 3*, 55" -?tet 0) in $* H* C* 3* " -?t"

. A)b %))6-kAC :i%()*2 Nemes szó Lu8a%& -ia&", in Un L%an& ;alt%e &e) A))a)in), 6ourna Asiati4ue, " )$%$4

*at, !" -?t" P(%i*), G"AC S(ma2 ,ét kert k?ny%e" R0)*+etein $* H* C* 5r* " 0) 9" -?tet0enV te+/e) -ia&(), Kai%<, G4

G" e>etne- $+8an >ivat-$*()$-, ame+8e- a* $* H* C* -ia&()%a v$nat-$*na-AC+ ;a>()*in, $észetek, in $* H* C* 5r* 5" -?teten"A+4A*'m'2 A"rege 6a>en -ia&" a 6ourna Asiati4ue 5" -?tet0en" P(%i*), !"Ba>( a&4D'n in Sa&&(&2 i#e $# Sa+a&in L$n&e% #$%&"", &* &* +* !*, 5 -?t" $n&$n, G!"Bu)tan a+4/amd, +i /amd taa%i> a* *am]n" 6a>en -ia&", Buetin d'0tudes 5rientaes de '1nstitute de

.amas, " 0) G" -?t" Dama)*-u)*, !5G"In a+4Ti-ta-(2 ,itF" a2fahrG Muzumán dinasztiák t?rténeteV Ama% #$%&" P(%i*), !"In D*)ua/%2 Voyage a* a%a )*?ve7et %i7>t a&ta -i" ei&en, G9"In ;u/a))*a%2 0gyiptomi é%k?ny%ek, %0)*+etein $* H* C* 5r* 5" -?t"Im(& a&4D'n, a+4:at> a+4u))] an&)e%7 -ia&" ei&en, GGG" R0)*+eteit i&0*i AC S(ma, i* m* Kam(+ a&4D'n2 Aeppói ,rónika t$v(i %0)*ete-et B+$c>et #$%&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, 5" 0) " -?t"

P(%i*), G!9FG!G";a-%'*'2 0gyiptom t?rténete B+$c>et #$%&", $e%ue de '5rient Latin, G4" -?t" P(%i*), !F!"S*it in a+4D*)au*'" R0)*+ete- a* $* H* C* 5r* 5" -?tet0en"U)*(ma in ;un-i&2 Auto"iography Hitti -ia&" An Ara"2!yrian 3enteman of the Crusades, Ne

$%-, !!"Zettersteen Chroni/e, An$n8m$u) 6>%$nic+e K" 3, Zette%)teen -ia&" ei&en, !!"

H. d)/,!"c -'V)c ()*' ,- '-2? %))6-k Anonymous !yria/ Chroni/e N0vte+en2 S*'% K%<ni-a" A* e70)* )*?ve7et 6>a$t a&ta -i" C* !* C* 5*

5" -?tet a* i&0*ete-en Chron* Anon* !yr*F-0nt )*e%e.e+" A >ivat-$*()$- a T%itt$n4#0+e #$%&'t()%a v$4nat-$*na-, +()& e m I" -?t" Bi+i$7%(#ia, 5" .", >a m()-0.. ninc) #e+t1ntetve"

Ben/(min, Tu&e+ai2 Voyages A&+e% -ia&", $n&$n, !"Le%7e+8 .a.2 0desszai Máté króniká8ának foytatása, in $* H* C* Arm*, " -?t"Le%7e+8, I3", -at>$+i-$)*2 0égia 6eruzsáem eestér#, in $* H* C* Arm" " -?t"3r)z ,rónika, in B%$))et2 Histoire de a 3éorgie" J$)e.> en J$)>ua en ;ei%2 ,rónika Bie++a+$t*-8 #$%&", -?t" $n&$n, G59"Ne%)*e)* Sn$%>a+i, -at>$+i-$)*2 0égia 0dessza eestér#, in $* H* C* Arm, " -?t"3a*u+, a* O%v$)2 3yász2eégia Marasi Baduinró, in $* H* C* Arm" " -?t"

. S'+6# ,- !)#,( k)?!2k6kD(nie+ H07umen$)*2 Vie et &9erinage de .anie; Hégoum9ne $usse &e K>it%$$ #$%&" 1tinér* $usses

en 5rient; !o/iété de '5rient Latin, Len#, GG!"P`+e%in7e en Pa+e)tine &e +dAe))e Eu.>%$)8ne, P%ince))e &e P$+$t)- &e K>it%$$ #$%&" $e%ue de

'5rient Latin, 5" -?t" P(%i*), G!M" Agrip of Noregs ,onungas?gum ;unc> -ia&", in !aminger ti det Norske <oks !prog og Historie, "

-?t" O)+$, G5"!igurdar !aga 6orsaafara ok "roedra Hans in <ornmanna !?gur , " -?t"

II. MOERN Mg$EKAe+, :" ;"2 3éographie de a &aestine, -?t" P(%i*), !55F!5G"A++en, " E" D"2 History of the 3eorgian &eope, $n&$n, !5"A+mei&a, :" &e2 Historia de &ortuga, -?t" 6$im%a, !F!M"An)e+me &e +a 3ie%7e ;a%ie P" &e Lui$u%)2 Histoire 3eneaogi4ue et Chronoohi4ue de a <ran/e, !

-?t" P(%i*), MF55"Ba+&in, ;" "2 $aymond 111 of +ripois and the <a of 6erusaem, P%incet$n, !5M"

5

Be+, A"2 A* WA+m$>a&)X )*<ci--, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam"Be%n>a%&i, " v$n2 K$n%a& III, i.c)e, GG5"B%$))et, ;" :"2 Histoire de a 3éorgie, S*ent.0te%v(%, G!"B%$ne, E" L"2 Literary History of &ersia, -?t" $n&$n, !MF!5"6a>en, 6"2 In&i70ne) et 6%$i)0), !yria, 9" -?t" P(%i*), !5"6a>en, 6" N$te) )u% +d>i)t$i%e &e) 6%$i)a&e) et &e +dO%ient +atin, Buetin de a <a/uté des Lettre de

!trass"ourg, !9"6a).a%, E"2 Die K%eu**u7)u++en Eu7en) III, Neues Ar/hi% des 3eses/haft, 9" -?t" Hann$ve%, !"6ate, J" "2 A La8 6%u)a&e%, Byzantion, M" -?t" , Ne $%-, !5"6$&e%a, E2 .e/aden/ia y .esapari/ión de os Amora%ides en 0spaa" Za%a7$*a, G!!"6$)ac-, H" K$n%a& IIId) Ent)c>+u)) *um K%eu**u7, Mitteiungen des 1nstituts fDr ?sterrei/his/he 3e2

s/hi/htsfors/hung, 59" -?t" B0c), !"6ui))a%&, 62 Les !eigneurs du &uiset" O%+0an), GG"6u%*$n, H" &e2 La $9ge du +empe" P(%i*), GGM"DdA+$n, L" A" ;" J" A"2 a ;$%t &dO&$n &e Saint4Aman&, $e%ue de '5rient Latin, " -?t" P(%i*),

!"De+avi++e +e R$u+, L"2 Les Hospitaiers en +erre !ainte et Chypre, P(%i*), !"De+i)+e, "2 Mémoire sur es 5pérations <inan/i9res des +empiers, P(%i*), GG!"Di, P"2 W;a%$nite)X, )*<ci--, in 3acant4;an7en$t2 .i/tionnaire de +héoogie Cathoi4ue"D$&u, L"2 Histoire des 1nstitutions Monar/hi4ues dans e $oyaume Latin de 6érusaem" P(%i*), G!"D$)it>eu), /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a2 ha;a<9 `< ;i: j: h<al[= D9;<[9<m_aX:;:, Bu-a4

%e)t, 9"E%&mann, K"2 De% K%eu**u7)7e&an-e in P$%tu7a+, Historis/he Zeits/hrift, " -?t" ;1nc>en, !5"Le%u++i, E"2 0tiopi in &aestina" R<ma, !5"L+ee%, H"2 &apst 0ugen 111 " J0na, !5M"L%anc+au&e, ;"2 i)te &dA))i)e) %em$nt%ant au .%emie% R$8aume &e J0%u)a+em, in Méanges &au

<ournier , P(%i*), !!"Ha7enme8e%, H"2 Chronoogie du $oyaume de 6érusaem, P(%i*), !"Hamme%, J" v$n2 Histoire de '5rdre des Assissins #%ancia #$%&"" P(%i*), G55"He%t*$7, E"2 .ie <rauen auf den <Drstentronen der ,reuzfahrerstaaten" Z1%ic>, !9" J$>n), 6" N"2 T>e 6%u)a&e%)d Attem.t t$ 6$+$ni*e Pa+e)tina an& S8%ia, 6ourna of the $oya Centra

Asian !o/iety, " -?t" $n&$n, !5" J$%an)$n, E"2 T>e 6%u)a&e $# Hen%8 t>e i$n, Medie%a 0ssays presented to 3* 7* +hompson, 6>ica7$,

!5G"K$>+e%, 62 Un nu$veau %0cit &e +dinventi$n &e) Pat%ia%c>e) A%a>am, I)aac et Jac$ g He%$n, $e2

%ue de '5rient Latin, " -?t" P(%i*), G!M"K17+e%, B"2 !tudien zur 3es/hi/hte des z-eiten ,reuzzuges, Stutt7a%t, GMM"a ;$nte, J" I"2 T>e $%&) $# 6ae)a%ea in t>e .e%i$& $# t>e 6%u)a&e), !pe/uum, " -?t" 6am%i&7e,

;a))", !"a ;$nte, J" I"2 T>e $%& $# e Pui)et $n t>e 6%u)a&e), !pe/uum, " -?t" 6am%i&7e, ;a))", !"a ;$nte, J" I"2 T>e $%&) $# Si&$n, Byzantion, " -?t" Ne $%-, !"a ;$nte, J" I"2 T$ >at etent a) t>e B8*antinc Em.i%e t>e )u*e%ain $# t>e 6%u)a&in7 State)_, By2

zantion, " -?t" B%1))*e+, !5"ane P$$+e, S"2 !aadin, $n&$n, G!G"e uien, ;"2 5riens Christianus, 5 -?t" P(%i*), "uc>ai%e, A"2 Louis V1 e 3ros" P(%i*), G!";a%ine)cu, 6"2 e P%ht%e Jean, Buetin de a !e/tion Histori4ue de 'A/ademie $oumaine " -?t" Bu-a4

%e)t, !5";a%tin, A02 e) .%emie%) .%ince) c%$i)0) et +e) S8%ien) /ac$ite) &e J0%u)a+em, 6ourna Asiati4ue G"

)$%$*at, " 0) 5" -?t" P(%i*), GGGFGG!";e+vi++e, ;"2 La Vie des +empiers, P(%i*), !9";u)i+, A"2 A* WAi+aX, )*<ci--, in 0n/y/opaedia of 1sam"Nau, :"2 e c%$i)0 +$%%ain, L$&e#%$8 &e A)c>a, 6ourna Asiati4ue !" 0v#" " -?t" P(%i*), G!!"

Neumann, L"2 Bernhard %on Cair%au: und die AnfInge des z-eiten ,reuzzuges" Hei&e+e%7, GG"

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steven runciman - a keresztes hadjáratok története 2

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