steven runciman - a keresztes hadjáratok története 1

8/13/2019 Steven Runciman - A keresztes hadjratok trtnete 1.

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A KERESZTES

HADJRATOKTRTNETE

Steven Runciman

OSIRIS KIAD

BUDAPEST, !!!"


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A #$%&'t() a* a+(i -ia&() a+a./(n -0)*1+tSteven Runciman2A History of the Crusades3$+ume) 45, 6am%i&7e Unive%)it8 P%e)), !!9

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TARTALOM

I. Az els keresztes hadjrat s a Jeruzslemi Kirlysg megalaptsa

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II. A Jeruzslemi Kirlysg s a Frank Kelet 110011!"

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TARTALOM

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BIBIOLR:IA


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ELSZ%

E* a -?n8v a* e+)= %0)*e e78 >(%$m-?tete)%e te%ve*ett mun-(na-, ame+8 a -e%e)*4te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0t #$7/a (t ti*ene78e&i- )*(*a&i )*1+et0)0t=+ ti*enne78e&i- )*(4

*a&i >an8at+()(i7, t$v(( a S*ent#?+&?n 0) a-?%n8e*= $%)*(7$- te%1+et0n a+a.'t$tt (++am$4-at mutat/a e" Rem0n8eim )*e%int a m()$&i--?teten a Je%u*)(+emi Ki%(+8)(7 t?%t0net0t,va+amint a K?*e+4Ke+et n0.ei>e* #M*=&= vi4)*$n8(t mutat$m e, ma/& a >a%ma&i- -?tet4

en a* A--$ni Ki%(+8)(7 0) a -0)ei -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at$- t?%t0net0t e)*0+em e+"

:177et+en1+ att$78 a +e7na78)*e%M0) +e7%$manti-u)a -e%e)*t0n8 -a+an&na-va78 a +e7ut$+)< a%(% >a&/(%at$-na- te-int4

/1- a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$-at, min&en#0+e-0.4.en a -?*0.-$% +e7#$nt$)a e)em0n8ei -?*?tt -e++ )*(m$n ta%tanun- =-et" ;ie+=ttme7-e*&=&te- v$+na, a civi+i*(ci< -?*.$nt/a Bi*(nc 0) a* a%a -a+i#(tu) v$+t" ;ie+=ttv07et 0%te- v$+na, e* a -?*0..$nt N8u7at4Eu%e+8e*=&?tt (t" E=+ a* e+t$+$*, >$78 e*t me70%t)1-, nem c)a-

a*$-at a -?%1+m0n8e-et -e++ me70%ten1n-, ame+8e- N8u7at4Eu%anem ta+(n m07 in-( a*$-at a -?%1+m0n8e-et, ame+8e- -?4vet-e*t0en Ke+eten +e>et=v0 v(+t a -e%e)*te)e- e+=%en8$mu+()a, ma/& vi))*a)*$%u+(4)a" A* at+anti t0%)07t=+ ;$n7a*(n-an a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- t?%t0net'%()(na-" Anna- e++en0%e, >$78nem v$+t mente) e+='t0+ete-t=+, ) >$78 m(% e+07 %07en '%ta, Li$n #e/e*etei a $e%ine

and &ac'mM mun-(an m07 ma i) #i78e+met 0%&eme+ne-" /a -e+etM Si% E%ne)tBa%-e% %eme- ?))*e#$7+a+$**( a t0ma-?% i%$&a+m(>$*" A #%ancia 0) n0met-utat()$- )*0+e)e -?%Me- 0) na78$ >a78$m(nn8a+ %en&e+-e*ne-" A -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at$-%


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en a n0met >a78$m(n8$- t$v(viv=/e E%&mann, a-i a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$->$* ve4*et= n8u7ati va++()$) m$*7a+ma-at tanu+m(n8$*ta i7en na78 a+a.$))(77a+" :%ancia4$%)*(7an, a>$nnan a +e7t? -e%e)*te) )*(%ma*$tt, a tu&(%$m-?tete) -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at4t?%t0net0ve+, me+8en F a #%ancia >a78$4m(n8$- )*e++em0en F a tu&$m(n8$))(7, a /< '%()-0)*)07 0) n0mi 7a++ .at%i$ti*mu)e+e78e&i- e78m())a+" ;ana.)(7 a* E78e)1+t ++am$-an tev0-en8-e&i- a -e%e)*te)>a&/(%at$- -utat(n8 -1+#?+&i tu&'vna-, 0) ame+8 a -e%e)*te) >a&/(%at$- te+/e) t?%4t0net0t #e+?+e+i" Na78$n )a/n(+$m, >$78 e&&i7 m07 nem /e+ent me7, '78 e -?tet '%()a4-$% nem tu&tam >a)*n(+ni"

Bi*$n8(%a nem tMni- ?+c) e+/(%()na-, >$78 e78et+en %it t$++#$%7at< ve%)en8%e.%$78-ic)in8 e%=&'tm0n81-et -?nn8en me7v0&>e))0- a t(ma&()$-t$78 t?%t0netet '%/$n, a*a* me7-')0%e+/e #?+/e78e*ni a*$-na- a na478$ e)em0n8e-ne- 0) m$*7a+ma-na- a* e78m()ut(n/(t, ame+8e- me7>at(%$*t(-a* eme%e- )$%)(t" A*t a )*e%*=t, a-i e+07 me%0)*, 0) v(++a+-$*i- e%%e a #e+a&at%a, nema* am'cia e)*-?*ei nem e+07)07e4)e-, va78 e%e&m0n8ei nem >e+8t(++


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&. k'!(

A KERESZT)*+S), SZE*T HEL+EI

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&. -eezetA #uszt$t/ utlat0ss"

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Akk#r- akik Jde'an lesznek- (ussanak a hegyekre.2,t 34-1%5167

K%" u" 5G4an e78 #e%u(%i na.$n Om(% -a+i#a #e>0% tev0/e >(t(n ev$nu+t Je%u*)(4+em v(%$)(a" Pi)*-$), e+n8Mtt %u>(an 0%-e*ett, )e%e7e &u%va, t$.%$n78$) a+a-$-e+80>e* v$nu+t, $&a, a>$nnan /< a%(t/a, ;$>ame& a menn8e eme+-e&ett" A .(t%i4(%-a c)a- n0*te =t, a>$78 $tt (++t, K%i)*tu) )*avai%a 7$n&$+t 0) -?nn8e*ve m$%m$+ta2+(t/(t$- a .u)*t't< ut(+at$))(7$t, ame+8%=+ D(nie+ .%etn0 +e ima)*=4n8e70t" S*$.>%$+ van" Om(% m07i) -iment a ;a%t8%i4$n e+=c)a%n$-(a, m$n&v(n, #0+=, >$78 tC+u*7< -?vet=i ma/&an a* i)*+(mna- -?ve4te+i- a >e+8et, a>$+ im(&-$*$tt" I7a*a +ett" A* e+=c)a%n$-$t va+e+80ne-"

;in&e* a v(%$) me7a&()(na- #e+t0te+ei )*e%int t?%t0nt" A .%$78 a .$7(n8$- t0%/ene- me7, m()-1+?nen a >a+(+ #iai +e)*ne-, &e a Bi+ia n0.ei,

va78i) a -e%e)*t0n8e- 0) a *)i&e* e+=*0-en8en >$**(vette Z$%$a)*te% -?ve4t=it i)V me7ta%t>at/(-, 0) >($%'tat+anu+ >a)*n(+>at/(- )*ent >e+8ei-et, a**a+ a -i-?t0)4)e+, >$78 C/aa-at nem 0.'t>etne-, #e78ve%t nem vi)e+>etne-, 0) +at4na-W e*e-en #e+1+ .e&i7 #i*etni1- -e++ a -1+?n+e7e) #e/a&(+8, " -?t" 9F"."W Ni)*ini +i(), " ." A #$%%()$-%


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met e--$% m(% t?, mint e78 0ve $)t%$m$+t(-" A* $)t%$m>a%can /(%at+an ) e%%e ac0+%a %$))*u+ #e+)*e%e+t a%a$- te>etet+ene- v$+ta- a* C/$nnan >e+8%e>$*$tt e%=&'tm04n8e--e+ )*emen" A v(%$)an a*$nan m(% a+i7 v$+t mit enni, #e+ment= )e%e7%e .e&i7nem )*(m't>atta-" A vi&0- a* a%a$- -e*0n v$+t, ) S*'%ia 0) Pa+e)*tina v(%$)ai i) )$%4%a e+e)te-" A c)()*(%i #+$tta v0&e+me a+att (++< -ai)*a%eiai .a%ti >e+8=%)07et nem )*(4m'tva, a +e7-?*e+ei -e%e)*t0n8 >a&)e%e7 E78i.t$man ta%t$))*C, #(%a&)(7$) 0+et t%a7i-u) c)Cc).$nt/a"I#/C 0veien a%(t/(va+, I$))*a+ v07i7/(%ta a -e+eti m$n$)t$%$-at, a>$+)*ente-%=+ )*(*ta%t$m(n8 0+0%e, 0)min&v07i7 -ita%t$78 a i%$&a+$m )*0t>u++()(>$* #$7na- ve*etni" m a >it m0*4)*a4vC v0&e+me*=/0ne-Q, a>$78an S*$.>%i(ava+< v$+t min&en .%0&i4-(ci(n8 >0t mC+t(n me7t?%t )*'vve+ >a+t me7"5

Nem v$+t eme%i >ata+$m, ame+8 Ram$--a+ -e++ett )*emen0*nie, a n8u7ati %0)* ee e+e.u)*tu+t,(m a -e+eti, >(+a a -$n)tantini .$+iti-(na-, me7ma%a&t" La++i(an, S.an8$+$%)*(7an,A#%i-(an, a t(v$+i B%itanni(an ) v071+ It(+i(an a%(% -i%(+8)(7$- /?tte- +0t%e, mi4-?*en a -e+eti ta%t$m(n8$-at K$n)tantin(.$+8ama%$)anm07 e+-e)e%e&ette e++en-e*0)t v(+t$tt -i" A N8u7at e+)*e70n8e&0)0ve+ S*'%ia -e%e)4-e&=i 0) E78i.t$m -0*mMve)ei e+ve)*'tett0- .iacai-at" A* (++an&< .e%*)a >($%C- e+4v(7t(- a )ivata7$n (t Antii(a 0) a +ian$ni v(%$)$-a ve*et= utat, nem )$--a+-0)= .e&i7 a* Ae))*in Bi%$&a+$m u-()(t -?vet= a%(iai *M%*ava% miatt a*$-$n av?%?)4ten7e%i Ctv$na+a-$n i) me7)*Mnt a :$%7a+$m, ame+8e-et a* e78i.t$mi >a/


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7at$tt t(v$+4-e+eti -e%e)-e&e+em 0)*a-a%a, *)ia )*t8e..0in (t -e%e)ett -?*vet+enCtv$na+at" E* vi)*$nt A+ean&%ia 0) Antiia +a-i)*enm(%i) i%i78-e&ve te-intette- a* e78%e in-( #?+01- -e%e-e&=, #e+-a.a)*-$&$tt v(4%$)%a" A )*'%e-et 0) a* e78i.t$mia-at m07 in-( e+-e)e%'tette a* e%=)en cent%a+i*(+(*)*a-a&()t,0) ame+8et e78 e78eteme) *)inat /a78()(va+ a* i7a* >it #$7a+m(na- t$v(i .$n4t$)'t()a-0nt (+ta+(n$)an e+ +e>etett v$+na #$7a&tatni" 6)a->$78 -0t t0n8e*= i) e++en1-&$+7$*$tt" A )*a-a&(%$-na- nemi7en a-a%$*, +e7#?+/e a)a/(t, e+#$7a&>atat+an #e+t0te+ei- a+a./(nW R(* vi)*$nt t(nt$%'t4>atat+anu+ e++ene*te a me7e78e*0)t" I" e< .(.a .e&i7 a*t ta%t$tta, >$78 nem a* e78e4teme) *)inat$-, >anem S*ent P0te% utat(%$*ni a >itva++()t, )mint, >$78 nem v$+t t1%e+me &ia+e-ti-u) )*=%)*(+>a)$7at()$->$*, ami-et nem 0%tett,>(t '%t e78 &$7mati-u) +eve+et a%%e+8e) (++().$nt a -0%&0)en" A /omus Leo)nisc'men i)me%t i%at, /et nem vett tu&$m()t a vita (%n8a+atai%a+-0&atat(%$*ati)*?ve7e-e" e< .(.a #$%mu+(/a e780%te+mM, -em0n8 >an7v0te+M v$+t, )em 0%te+me4*0)t, )em me 0) ;a%tin )*e%-e)*t0)0en me7/e+ent Histoire de*'giseI3 -?tet0ne- Ba%&8, va+amint I3" 0) 3" -?tet0ne- B%0>ie% (+ta+ '%t #e/e*etei"

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A >at$&i- )*(*a& )$%(n %$))*a%a #$%&u+t a >e+8*et" Iu)tinianu) n8u7ati >($%Ci>$))*an e+>C*a&$)*t(+8 e+#$7+a+ta Anata>%a%(* .e%4*)a >a&ve*0% Pa+e)*tina #?+&/0%e +0.ett, ) ame%%e /(%t, #e+&C+ta a* $%)*(7$t 0) #e+78C/4t$tta a tem.+$m$-at" 6)a- a et+e>emi S*1+et0)4tem.+$m mene-1+t me7, mive+ a e4

/(%ata #?+?tti m$*ai- a >(%$m -i%(+8$-at .e%*)a ?+t?*0-en (%(*$+ta" .%i+i) 940nS>a>%a%(* -?%1+*(%ta Je%u*)(+emet" Za-a%i() .(t%i(%-a a v0%$nt()t e+-e%1+en&= -0)*+ett v$+na #e+a&ni a v(%$)t, a -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7 a*$nan nem v$+t >a/+an&< en7e&e+4me)en me7a&ni ma7(t" ;(/u) 940n, a #a+a-$n e+1+i *)i&e$.>an0)* t?%t0neti a&ataina- -%iti-(/a $%$)*u+V"" -?t" F" .", 0) Bizn% t5rtnete5" -?t" $%$)*u+V, F9" .", a>$+ a )*e%*= ?))*eveti a* a&at$-at 0)me7(++a.'t/a a* i&=.$nt$t"


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%(+8n=/0ne-, a ne)*t$%i(nu) ;e%/emne-" A v(%$) 0) -?%n80-e $+8 m0%t0-en e+.u)*4tu+t, >$78 min& a mai na.i7 nem >eve%te -i" GH(%$m 0vve+ -0)= a .e%*)(- e+=%e4n8$mu+ta- E78i.t$ma, ) e78 0v e+te+t0ve+ me7>($%C e)em0n8eit i) e+e)*0+iW a -?n8v ivata+a&i)a%c .e&i7 nem v$+t e+e7en&=, >$78 e -?+c)?n?4-et vi))*a#i*e))e" A )*'%e- 0) a* e78i.t$mia- me7int c)a- a%%a e)*m0+te-, >$78 )C+8$)a&ei- a* $%t$&$ >ie%a%c>ia -inc)t(%(t t?+ti- #e+"

A >e+8*eten H0%a-+ei$)* va++().$+iti-(/a )em )e7'tett" E+=)*?% a *)i&$m(+8$) /at())a+ v$+t %(, me+8 a*t /?ven&?+4te, >$78 a -?%1+met0+te- %$ma &?nti- a i%$&a+mat" E*0%t a*t(n e+%en&e+te a *)i&$78 -?ve))0- .0+&(4

/(t" A .a%anc)$t .e%)*e nem +e>etett v07%e>a/tani, &e a u*7< -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- /< 1%14

8Anti$->$)* S*t%at07$)*, !F9" ."W S*ee$)*, 5F5" ."WAnon6 4uidi, 5" ."W Chroni%on 0as%hae, F9" ." T>e$.>an0)*, a& ann" , 5 5 ." A et+e>emi m$*ai- e)t0%=+ -e+eti .(t%i(%-(- )*(m$+na-e T>e$.>i+$)*na- '%t +eve+1-en, in ;i7ne2 0atroogia 4ra%%o)Latina, !9" -?t" 5GF5G" c$+"

9A .e%*)a >($%C t?%t0net0%=+ +()& Ku+a-$v)*-i/2 Bizn% t5rtnete, 5" -?t" 55 !" ."W O)t%$7$%)-82 4e)s%hi%hte des "yzantianis%hen !taates, 9F" .", B%0>ie%2 i6 m6!F" ."W Pe%.ice2 +YIm.e%at$%e E%ac+i$, 9GF!" )--" ."

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ne-" A #0+)*i7et )*e%0n8 #$%%()ai m07 )*e%0n8e0 v(+ta-, miim/a%i&(- ?nt?*=4%en&)*e%0t +e%$m$+t(-, ) a* e78%e 78a%a.$&< +a-$))(7 e++(t()(>$* m(% nem v$+ta-e+07)07e)e-" A* '%$tt t?%t0ne+emen a )ivata7i n0.e- C/%a 0) C/%a e+(%a)*t/(- a -?%n8e4*= me7mMve+t te%1+ete-et" A n8$m() m$)t -1+?n?)en e%=) v$+t"

;$>ame& )a/(t$) 0) -iv0te+e) *)enia+it()a t?-0+ete)en me7#e+e+t e*e-ne- a -?%1+4m0n8e-ne-" A )*ent v(%$)an, ;e--(an )*1+etett, a* e78i- +e7na78$ -+(n, a-u%ai)it(- )*e70n8 %$-$na-0nt" Be/(%ta a vi+(7$t 0) me7i)me%-e&ett va++()aiva+" A -e4%e)*t0n8 m$n$#i*iti*mu) -1+?n?)en v$n*$tta, &e a S*ent>(%$m)(7 tan(t nem ta%t$tta?))*ee78e*tet>et=ne- a ti)*ta m$n$tei*mu))a+, amit ann8i%a c)$&(+t a han8f >a78$4m(n8an" A* (+ta+a -ia+a-'t$tt tan't() u78an nem uta)'t$tta e+ te+/e)en a -e%e)*t0n8)047et, &e a ma7a matet)07e) .$+iti-u) v$+t" E*en a&$tt)(47$- e781tte)en tette +e>et=v0, >$78 t'* 0v +e#$%7()a a+att a )emmi=+ +0t%e>$**$n e78i%$&a+mat, me+8 -0)* me7>>$*, >$78 a -$%t(%) a%a$-e+#$7a&/(-, 0) e+07 e78eteme), >$78 me7#e+e+/en a* ut've-ne- e78et+en ve*et=/e, a-i a* e78et+en t?%v0n8, aK$%(n )*e%int -$%m(n8$*" A -e%e)*t0n8)07 0-0t >i%&etett, ame+8et )$>a nem 0%t e+Wa* i)*+(m 0.. e++en-e*=+e7, min&en 7(t+() n0+-1+ a -a%& va++()a v$+t"9

E -a%& m(% ;$>ame& 0+et0en +e)C/t$tt a R(n8 nem tC+ /e+ent=) 0) -ev0))0 )i-e%e) .a+e)*tinai .$%t8(an" A te%/e)*-e&=.$+iti-a ;$>ame& ute+8=%)07i -at$n(- a* i)*+(m -a%& e+)=-e%e)*t0n8 m(%t'%/ai +ette-"

54en AC Ba-%t Om(% -?vette a t%ata+mat te%/e)*tette" E*a+att a m07 min&i7 )*a-4S*'%i(an

14I" B%$Xne2 i6 m" I" #e/e*et15;$>ame&%=+ 0) a* i)*+(m -ia+a-u+()(%at


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ta%t$78 a* a%a inv(*i($%Can )C+8$) ve)*te)07e- 0%t0-,ma/& a >($%C v07e*t0ve+ 7a*&a)(7i $-$-a&te)tet #e+ i) $)*+at$tt, 0) )en4-i )em +e+-e)e&ett, >$78 e+0./en a >a&)e%e7e" A* e70)* i%$&a+m$n a* a #a/ta -ime4%1+t)07 0) .e))*imi*mu) +ett C%%(, me+8 e78 >$))*C 0) -e)e%ve) >($%C ut(n a 78=*te4)e-et 0..C78 >ata+m(a -e%'ti, mint a +e78=*?tte-et" Een a >e+8*eten a c)()*(% a)*'%iai c)a.at$- 0+0n #iv0%0t, T>e$&an >e%ce7 i%(n8't()a a+att ?%m0n8 C/$nc$-a))un t?%*) )e/-/0ne- ve*et0)0ve+ /e+ent=) )*(mC a%a -e%e)*t0n8=+(++t" A m()i-, ve78e) (++$m(n8C c)a.at$t T>e$&1%i$)* ve*ette" %-e*0)1->'%0%e a mu)*+im$- a J$%&(n #e+0 >C*$78 t$v( v0&/e a ta%t$m(n8t" ;iut(n a* antiiai -ate&%(+i)an ta%4t$tt 1nne.i mi)0n a* % -?*en/(%()(0%t -?n8?%7?tt, +ement a ten7e%>e* 0) >a/$78 vi))*at0%/en K$n)tantin(.$+8a" A .a%ttant(- a* $%)*(7$t" A* e%etne- -e%e)*t0n8e- >a$4*() n0+-1+ me7a&t(- ma7u-at" A *)i&at>at%aQW S*ee$)* -i))0 *ava%$) e)*(m$+4;$4(Q" A /a%mC-i c)at(%e$.>an0)* a& ann" , 55F55G" ."2 Ni-0.>$%$)*, 5F" ." S*'%iai ;i4>(+8, " -?t" F" ."W S*ee$)*, F" ."W Eut1->i$)*, !" c$+" A* a%a #$%%()$-at ?))*e#$7+a+/aPe%nice2 i6 m6!FG" ." ()& m07 u$" 5 .", a c)ata >e+8)*'n0%=+"

18H0%a-+ei$)* Cc)C/(na- t?%t0netet S*'%iai ;i>(+8 e)*0+i e+, " -?t" " .", i7a*)(7ta+anu+ v(&$+vaH0%a-+ei$)*t avva+, >$78 t(v$*()a e+=tt -i%a$+ta a )*'%iai v(%$) -inc)t(%(t" A &e#eti*mu)(t me7?%?-'t=

>a78$m(n8t A7a.i$)* i) me7i)m0t+i Kita a+4YUnvan c'mM mun-(/(an, " .", a-i )*e%int H0%a-+ei4$)* a*t m$n&ta v$+na, >$78 nem -1*& I)ten a-a%ata e++en Ni-0.>$%$)*n(+, 5 .", T>e$&C7(va+ -?t?tt v0%#e%t=*= >(*a))(7(%a ve*eti vi))*a a -ata)*t%


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)*ent e%e-+80it, me+8e-et a* 0/ +e.+e a+att a ten7e%.a%t%a -1+&?tt, >$78 K$n)tantin(4.$+8a )*(++'t)(- =-et, ne>$78 i)m0t a >itet+ene- -e*0%e -e%1+>e))ene-" Je%u*)(+emt?, mint e78 0vi7 (++ta a* $)t%$m$t" Kai)*a%eia 0) Da%a 5!4i7 ta%t$tt -i, &e e--$%m(% ma7(n8$)an -1*&?tte-" Ke+et met%$.$+i)*a, Antiia e78 0vve+ -$%(an e+4e)ett, ) a S*ue*i4#?+&)*$%$)t(4van& me++etti m()$&i- &ia&a+ ut(n i%t$-a vett0- a* I%(ni4#enn)'-$t" A* ut$+)< )*(4)*(ni&a -i%(+8, III" Ja*&a7i%& 94i7 ta%t$tta ma7(t H$%()*(nan" E--$% 0%t0- e+ a*a%a$- a Pe%*)a Bi%$&a+$m -e+eti >at(%ait, a* O$)*t 0) a* a#7(n >e78e-et"

5!" &eceme%0en a mu)*+im >a&ve*0%, Am% n078e*e% eme%0ve+ +e%$>antaE78i.t$m$t" Pe%*)ia e+#$7+a+()a et=)en *M%*ava%$), a -$%m(n8*i)*en e>at$+t Penta.$+i)*4a 0) T%i.$+it(ni(a" De A+ean&%i(t nem +e>etett ta%tani, mi-?*en e70)* E78i.t$ma* a%a$- -e*0n v$+t" n$veme%0en a v(%$) -a.itu+(+t" A*$nan m07 e--$% )emve)*ett e+ min&en %em0n8" 4en a* a >'% /(%ta, >$78 Am% -e78ve)*tett +ett, vi))*a4>'vt(- ;e&in(a" K$n)tantin(.$+8


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Am% (+ta+ a+a.'t$tt, Bai+$n me++etti #=v(%$)i7" E--$% Am% vi))*at0%t E78i.t$ma, ):u)*tat me++ett me7ve%te a c)()*(%i e%=-et" Pa%anc)n$-u-, a* ?%m0n8 ;anue+$)* A+e4an&%i(i7 >(t%(+t, 0) mint>$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 +a-$))(7 te+/e) -?*?nn8e+ #$7a&ta -')0%+e4t0t, >$78 vi))*a>


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1. -eezet

Az A'tkrsztus uralma

+/eseng;e ;rak#ztunk #lyan npre- amely nem sza'adt#tt meg.2et4te- m()t" Kic)i v$+t a va+ata+$mv(+t())*(mu-%a c)a- me7-?nn8e1+0)t 0) c)u.a /$*$tt" Antiia /a-$ita .(t%i(%-(/a,S*'%iai ;i>(+8 ?t 0v)*(*a&&a+ -0)=, a +atin -i%(+8)(7$- i&e/0n n0.e =)i >a78$m(4n8(t vi))*>an7$**a, ami-$% e*t '%/a2 a $))*C I)tene, -i e78e&1+ ;in&en>at$78 (+ta+u- me7)*aa&'t)$n enn1n-et a %an0)* '%,a& ann" !, 599" ." " m07 Sat>a), in2 Bi"iothe%a 4rae%a Medii Ae,i, " -?t" 9" )--" ."


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A* e%etne- e78>(*a-na- nem v$+t i+8en >ata+ma) vi+(7i .(%t#$7etet+enn0 tette C/%a4e78e)'t0)1-et

A* i)*+(m )*'%iai 0) .a+e)*tinai te%/e&0)e nem a )ivata7i a%a$- >i%te+en e(%am+(4)(na- e%e&m0n8e v$+t" A >$*" 6)a- a va++()$) *)i&itM +ett, &e a ian$n4>e78)07 0) a ten7e% -?*?tti te%1+eten m07 min&i7 a-e%e)*t0n8 )*e-t(- v$+ta- t?)07en" E78i.t$man a v(+a)*tC*em F )*inte te+/e) e70)*0en -e4%e)*t0n8e- v$+ta-, 0) n$>a a mu)*+im$- )*em0en i) me7-1+?n?*tetett >e+8et #$74+a+t e+, Je%u*)(+em i) -e%e)*t0n8 t?)07M ma%a&t" A .a+e)*tinai -e%e)*t0n8e- c)a-4

5


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-0n8te+ene- v$+ta- me7v(+tani" E78m()t -?vett0- a #anati*mu) C/a >u++(mai, 1+&?4*0)ei 0) -i-0n8)*e%'tett (tt0%0)e-"5A* a()*i&(- 78=*e+me ut(n >e+8%e(++t a %en&,(m na78 -1+?n)07 v$+t a -0t u%a+$m -?*?tt" A* a()*i&(- a ta%t$m(n8$- -$%4m(n8*()(t -ev0)0 e++en=%i*t0-" A -a%av(nuta- ment0n a -e%e)-e&e+em t$v(%a i)0+0n- ma%a&t, c)a->$78 /e+ent=) .iac >'/(n a >e+8i #e/+=&0)t nem )e7'tette e+=" A* a4()*i&(- )*i7$%C mu)*+im$- v$+ta-, mint a* $ma//(&$-, 0) -eve)e t1%e+emme+ vi4)e+tette- a -e%e)*t0n8e- i%(nt" A* = -u+tC%(/u- nem a >e++0n, >anem a >a)$n+e+8e-et, mMv0)*et1-et 0) min4&enna.i )*$-()ai-at e78a%(nt (tvett0- a* a%a$-" A-(%c)a- a* $ma//(&$- i&e/0n,m$)t i) a+-a+ma*ta- -e%e)*t0n8 >ivata+n$-$-at, a-i- a*$nan -ev0) -iv0te++e+ min&ne)*t$%i(nu)$- v$+ta-, 0) =- in-( -e+et%e te-intette-, nem n8u7at%a" A* a()*i&au&va% )$--a+ inte++e-tu(+i)a e(++'t$tt)(7C v$+t, mint a* $ma//(&$-0" Ne)*t$%i(nu4)$--a+ +e#$%&'ttatt(- a* e++eni*mu) c)u.(n S.an8$+$%)*(7an ma%a&t #enn,a>$v( a* $ma//(&$- mene-1+te-"

A -e%e)*t0n8e- )$%a a* a()*i&a u%a+$m a+att nem ment %$))*u+" A mu)*+im '%i* $+8-$% va&u+ t(ma&t(- =-et, &e c)u.(na*0%t, me%t tC+)(7$)an /$*$tt t?%v0n8e--e+"5U78ane* i&= t(/t '%ta a /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-aa -$n)tantin(.$+8i .1).?-ne-, >$78 a mu)*+im >at($%C-an, )a* a%a c)=c)e+0- &1>0en t?)*?% %(t(ma&t a -e%e)*t0n8e-%e, mive+ a*$- -?*tu&$t4tan a* e++en)077e+ %$-$n)*enve*te-, a -a+i#a min&i7 me7t0%'tette a* '78 e)ett -(%$-at"Ta+(n a c)()*(% C/%a me7e%=)?&= >ata+m(t$**(tet4te2 Ne>$78 a ne)*t$%i(nu)$-at, a-i-ne- ninc) m() -i%(+8un-, mint a* a%a$-0, e78-a+a. a+( ve&& a 7?%?7?--e+, a-i-ne- a -i%(+8a min&i7 i) >a&at vi)e+ a* a%a$--a+"Q5

30Die>+ 0) ;a%^ai)2 i6 m659F5G" ."W 6au&e#%$84Dem$m8ne) 0) P+at$n$v2 i6 m6FG" ."31A+4D*)(>i*2 Hrom essz, )*e%-" :in-e+, G" ." a$u%t2 De Tim$t>e$ I, Ne)t$%ian$%um Pat%ia%c>a

55F5" ." emutat/a, mi+8en e#$+8()u- v$+t a ne)t$%i(nu)$-na- a -a+i#a u&va%(an"32Je%u*)(+emi T>e$&$*, in ;an)i Con%iia" " -?t" F

" ."33!54an 0) !4en mu)*+in c)=c)e+0- $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8 tem.+$m$-at &?nt?tt %$ma Ram+(an,

A)*-a+$nan, Kai)*a%ei(an 0) Dama)*-u)*an" A+4;u-ta&i% -a+i#a min&e78i- e)eten )e7't)07et

n8C/t$tt a -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- a* C//(0.'t0)en Eut1->i$)*, 9" c$+"V"

34B(% He%eu) i&0*i A))emani, in Bi"iothe%a +rientais, " -?t" F" ." A t$v(ia-%a Ba+(&*u%'a%au+V " ." :$%&"2 Huti 0) Hu%7$tten, GF!" ()& Nau Les Ara"es Chretiens de Mesopotamie et de

9


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;07i) in-( a -0te*e% a%an8ta++0%n8i a/(n&0--a+ 0) nem a* 0%veive+ 78=*te me7 a-at>>$*, >$78 a i*(n4cia- -$m$+8a t(ma&()t in&'t)a4na- a* a%a$- e++en" I&=-?*en a -e+eti $%t$&$ -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- C/, -1+#?+&i t(m$7a4tata+$m, a* $%t$&$$- .e&i7 na78%aec)1+0)1- me74ti)*te+= /e+eive+ vi)*$n$*t(- /(n8 *a%(n&$-)*(++(), ame+8et K(%$+8 0.'tett, a +atin$- S*M* ;(4%ia4tem.+$m(na- +atin )*e%ta%t()ai 0) a S*ent)'%4tem.+$man )*$+7(+< +atin a.(c(-"N8u7at$n a*$nan nem #e+e&t0- e*t a -?*/(t0-$t, a +e7en&a 0) a >a78$m(n8 .e&i7

/a78$m(n8 i7a*$+ta0) )*ente)'tette a -0)=i #%an- nem*e&0-e- )*(m(%a a Je%u*)(+em #e+etti u%a+mat"59

A Bi*(nci Bi%$&a+$m C//()*1+et0)e a*$nan )$--a+ #$nt$)a v$+t a -e+eti -e%e)*t04n8e-ne-" A -i+ence&i- )*(*a& e+e/0n a i%$&a+$m m07 min&i7 v0&e-e*ni -0n8)*e%1+t"S*ic'+i(t 0) K%0t(t e+>


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m0+8en e>at$+ta- Ki)4*)i(a" A )*(*a& -?*e.0n, #=+e7 T>e$&et=en, C//()*e%ve*t0- 0) C/%a #e+)*e%e+t0- a i*(nci#+$tt(t" H(+a a >a/a& e%e/0ne-, Bi*(nc >ata+ma >ama%$)an me7e%=)?&?tt It(+i(an0) Da+m(ci(an" A ti*e&i- )*(*a& e+e/0n a* a()*i&a Ka+i#(tu) 78$%) >an8at+()na-in&u+t" He+8i &ina)*ti(- -e%1+te- >ata+$m%a, -?*1+1- a +e7/e+ent=)ee- a m$)*u+i 0)a+e..am&(ni&(- 0) a* e78i.t$mi i>)'&i&(- v$+ta-" A >am&(ni&(- na78)*e%M>a%c$)$- 0) u*7< mu)*+im$- v$+ta-, 0) e78 i&=%e minte78 a v0&=()t8a )*e%e.0t i)et?+t?tt0- a i*(nci t(ma&()$--a+ )*emen" A mu)*+im >ata+$m >an8at+()(t a*$n4an nem ta%tatt(- #e+, )=t .$+7(%>($%C-at )*'tva in-( 78$%)'t$tt(-" E .$+7(%4>($%C- )$%(n a* i>)'&i&(- e++en=%*0)1- a+( v$nt(- Pa+e)*tin(t 0) S*'%ia &0+i %0)*0t"A i*(ncia- 78$%)an -i>a)*n(+t(- a >e+8*etet" E+=)*?% am&(ni&a >e%ce7, S*a/# a&4Dau+a min&en >=)ie))07e e++en0%e a i*(nci >a&ve*0%,Ia&)e%e7 0) a %07en)c)()*(%n= t(m$7at()(va+ t%atitt0-, -a%n8C/t()n8i%a van a )*a4a&u+()" A /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a, J(n$) '%t Ni-0.>$%$)*na-, 0) a*t )1%7ette, >$78 mi4e+= /?//?n Pa+e)*tin(a" E* a* (%u+() a*$nan m(% a mu)*+im$- 0-etM%0)0ne- i))$- v$+t" J(n$)t e+#$7t(-, 0) a #e+&1>?&?tt n0. m(7+8(%a vetette"5G

;07 nem v$+t itt a* i&e/e, >$78 J(n$) %em0n8ei va+a))ana-" !4en 0) !G4an Ni-0.>$%$)* a* 0)*a-i >at(%$n v$+t e+#$7+a+va" De !!4en i)m0t &0+%e, e78ene4)en S*'%ia )*'v0e ve*0%e+te )e%e70t" 307i7menete+t a* O%$nt0)* v?+780n, e78m()ut(n #$7+a+ta e+ 0) #$)*t$tta -i a na78v(%$)$-at, Sai*a%t, Ham(t 0) Hum)*t, ma/& (tv(47$tt a ten7e%.a%t>$*, e70)*en T%i.$+i)* -1+v(%$)(i7" E*ut(n i)m0t 0)*a-na- vette Ct4

/(t, n8$m(an +(n7$-an (++t T$%t$)*a, D*)aa+a 0) ata-ia, m'7 >a&ve*0%ei Antii(t 0) A+e..M0%e)e +ett" A* a+e..+ume%7e%2 Un Em.e%eu% B8*antin, Nic0.>$%e P>$ca), G" 0) " #e/e*ete"38Antiiai Ja>/a, in2 06 +6, G" -?t" !! G" ." A* i&=.$nt$t t(%78a+/a R$)*en2 A "ogr5# Basziei)osz %sszr$%$)*u+V, 59" ."


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-iv(+t)(7$-at 0) v0&e+met -a.ta-" E me7a+(*< #e+t0te+e- m(% e+=%evet'tett0- a mu)*4+im >ata+$m v070t S*'%i(an"5!

A+e..< e+e)te e+=tt, a c)()*(%n= 0) )*e%et=/e, a c)()*(% un$-ate)tv0%e, T*imi)*-0)*J(n$) K$n)tantin(.$+8an me778i+-$+ta a c)()*(%t" Ni-0.>$%$)* -e78et+en, e++en4)*enve) eme% v$+t" L8=*e+mei e++en0%e 78M+?+t0- =t K$n)tantin(.$+8an .0n*178iint0*-e&0)ei, -$%%u.t)(7a 0) a* e78>(**a+ #$+8tat$tt ?%?-?) vi)*(+8ai miatt" J(n$), a-i-?*i)me%ten na78)*e%M >a&ve*0% v$+t, min&en ne>0*)07 n0+-1+ e+#$7+a+ta a t%(**a+ i) 0-0t -?t?tt a*(+ta+, >$78 )*a-'t$tt c)()*(%i -e&ve)0ve+" De a Bu+7(%i4(va+ #$+8tat$tt >($%C n078 0vi7 Eu%ata+ma E78i.t$m%a 0) D0+4S*'%i(%a te%4

/e&t -i, 0) !4en m07 Antiia vi))*a#$7+a+()(t i) me7-')0%e+t0-" !4en m(% T*i4mi)*-0)* J(n$) i) a Ke+et%e #i78e+t" ;07 a*$n a* =)*?n e+/ut$tt e70)*en Ke+et4;e*$4.$t(mi(i7, e+#$7+a+ta Ni)*iint, >M0%e)0v0 tette ;$)*u+t, 0) m(% Ba7&a& +e%$>an()(t#$nt$+7atta" De #e+i)me%te, >$78 a #(timi&(- )$--a+ ve)*0+8e)e e++en#e+e-, mint a4()*i&a vet0+8t(%)ai-, 0) a -?vet-e*= tava))*a+ ev$nu+t S*'%i(a" Ni-0.>$%$)* >at 0v4ve+ -$%(i Ctv$na+(t -?vetve v07i7)?.?%t a* O%$nt0)* v?+780n, a ma7(t e++en(++()n0+-1+ me7a&< Hum)*$n 0) a* e%=)*a--a+ evett Baa+e-en (t e78ene)en Dama)*4-u)*a ment, a>$+ >a&i)a%c$t 0) a+(*at$)an )*?vet)07et '70%tene-i" Innen La+i+ea,Ti0%i(), ma/& N(*(%et #e+0 #$+8tatta Ct/(t, 0) e+/ut$tt e70)*en a cae)a%eai .a%t$-i7" Je4%u*)(+em=+ -?vete- 0%-e*te- >$**(, -?n8?%?7ve, >$78 -'m0+/e me7 v(%$)u-at a#$)*t$7at()t(t, ) e78i-et a m()i- ut(n78=*te +e, c)a- a -i-?t=4e%=&&e+, T%i.$+i))*a+ nem '%t" K?*e+e&ett a t0+, e*0%t a c)(4)*(% -0n8te+en v$+t >a&mMve+et0t e78 0v)*a--a+ e+>a+a)*tani" 3i))*aCt$n Antiia#e+0 e+#$7+a+ta a N$)*ai%i4>e78e- -0t na78 v(%(t, Ba%*u/(t 0) S*a>/Cnt, 0) >e+8=%)07et>a78$tt #a+ait -?*?tt" Ha&/(%at(t a*$nan nem tu&ta e#e/e*ni" ! /anu(%/(an >i%te4+en me7>a+t"

E >($%C- a -e%e)*t0n8 Bi*(nci Bi%$&a+mat i)m0t a Ke+et na78>ata+m(v( tett0-";int>$78 e >a%c$- a -e+eti -e%e)*t0n8)07 )*(m(%a a )*aa&u+() %em0n80ve+ -ec)e74tette-, tu+a/&$n-0..en m(% va++()>($%C- v$+ta-" E&&i7 a mu)*+im$- e++eni >($%C-a i%$&a+$m v0&e+m0t )*$+7(+t(-, ) a i*(ncia- )*inte min&enna.i 0+et1- %0)*0ne- te4-intett0- a*$-at" E+=#$%&u+t u78an, &e c)a- %it-(n, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 #$7+8$-at #ana4ti-u) mu)*+im +e78=*=i- a* (tt0%0) 0) a >a+(+ -?*?tti v(+a)*t()%a -0n8)*e%'tett0-, e -e4%e)*t0n8 m(%t'%$-%a a*ut(n na78 ti)*te+ette+ em+0-e*te-" A i*(nci -?*v0+em0n8 nem0%t0-e+te t?%e, >a va+a-i a >itet+en a%a$- e++en, a i%$&a+$m v0&e+m0en e)ett e+,mint >a a -e%e)*t0n8 $+7(%$- e++eni c)at(an +e+te >a+(+(t, 0) a* e78>(* )em tett -14+?n)07et" Enne- e++en0%e min& Ni-0.>$%$)*, min& J(n$) -i/e+entette, >$78 a -e%e)*4t0n8)07 &ic)=)0700%t, a )*ent >e+8e- me7ment0)00%t 0) a* i)*+(m me7)emmi)'t0)00%t-1*&"A )*a%ac0n$- #e+ett a%at$tt 78=*e+met 1nne.e+ve a -$%$)* i) >an7)C+8$*ta e >($%C-

39Sc>+ume%7e%2 i6 m6" #e/e*et"40Sc>+ume%7e%2 L*'pope Byzantine, " -?t" " #e/e*et"41K$n)*tantin$)* P$%.>1%$70nnet$)* B'$%an)*1+etett K$n)tantinV2 $e CeremoniisB$nni -ia&"V,

" -?t" 554555" .", 3$7t )*e%-"V, " -?t" 5945" ." E* a* 1&v?*+0) e+)= '*en va+


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&$tt #(timi&a u%a+-$&< nem en7e&>ette me7 a* a()*i&a -?vete+0)e- me7e%=)?&04)0tW Bi*(nc .e&i7 -e+eti >at(%ait )$--a+ )ee*>et=ne- ta%t$tta, mint a &0+ie-et" A t?4%?-?-t=+ va+< #0+e+m0en II" Ba)*i+ei$)* e+=)*?% %m0n8$%)*(7na- a i%$&a+$m>$*+e7-?*e+e e)= ta%t$m(n8ait anne-t(+ta, ma/& a* $%)*(7 &0+-e+eti te%1+et0t, a v()4.u%a-an >e%ce7)07et #$7+a+ta e+" Ut$* c)at$+t(-"

%m0n8$%)*(7$t -at$nai me7#$nt$+()$- miatt -e++ett e-ee+e*ni" A ta.a)*ta+ata*t mutatta, >$78 a* ?%m0n8 #e/e&e+me-en nem +e>et me7'*ni" B(% -e%e)*t0n8e-v$+ta- 0) )emmi /atta- a mu)*+im te%/e)*-e&0)t=+, e%etne-e- +0v0n m07mu)*+im +ei7(*at(%vi++$n7()$- )$%(n -i&e%1+t, a*?%m0n8 v?+78e-=+ -?nn8en e+ +e>etett /utni Ki)4*)ia )*'v0e" A -at$nai ve*et0) %04)*0%=+ -?nn8e+mM)07 +ett v$+na e++en=%*0) n0+-1+ >a78ni i+8en ve)*0+8e) vi&0-et" P$4+iti-ai+a7 a*$nan nem v$+t )*e%enc)0) +0.0) a* anneiat(%$-at i*(nci >e+8=%)07e- v0&t0-, a >at(%$-$n e+1+na78)*(mC e+07e&et+en +a-$))(7 0+t, ame+8 en7e&et+en)070ve+ ve)*0+8e))0 v(+t,u78ani) a >e+8i #e/e&e+me- i%(nti +$/a+it() nem -?t?tte t?0 =-et, e+-e*&tete>(tv(n&$%$+ni, me7#e%t=*ve a* e70)* i%$&a+mat a t?%v0n8ta7a&() )*e++em0ve+" A -at$4nai )*em.$nt$-at e+=t0%e >e+8e*= -at$nac)()*(%$-n(+ ?+c)e (++am#0%#ia- va+at$78 0+et0t me7ment)e"Ha)$n+atta-" A* 1+&?*tet0)e-ne- a*$nan c)a- a--$% )*a-a&tv07e, ami-$% H(-im me778=*=&0)0v0 v(+t, >$78 = ma7a i)teni e%e&etM u%a+-$&$78 ve*et=>itte)tv0%1- vi)e+-e&0)e a mu)*+im$-at )$--a+ m0+8een me7%(*ta, mint a nemmu)*+im$-at, H(-im a -e%e)*t0n8e-ne- 0) a *)i&


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Krsztus zar'30ka

+>tt lltak a mi l'aink a te kapuid'an-#h Jeruzslem.

2?s#ltr#k 133-37

A *a%(n&$-+() v(78a m0+8en 78?-e%e*i- a* eme%i te%m0)*eten" Ha u78an$tt (++4

>atun-, a>$+ e78-$% a*$- (++ta-, a-i-et ti)*te+1n-, >a +(t/u- )*1+et0)1-, -1*&e+mei-0) >a+(+u- >e+8)*'neit, mi)*ti-u) -a.c)$+ata -e%1+1n- ve+1- 0) e78Ctta+ ti)*te+et1n4-et i) +e%at/u-" S >a na78 eme%e- )*ent0+8ei>e* me))*e #?+&%=+ e+*a%(n&$-$+na-c)$&(+$78ne ?*?n+en0ne- u*7e+8%e, a>$+ >it1- )*e%int I)ten me74)*ente+te a #?+&et"

A -e%e)*t0n8)07 -e*&et0n m07 %it4-(- v$+ta- a *a%(n&$-+at$-" A -$%ai-e%e)*t0n8e- in-( K%i)*tu) i)ten4)070t 0) e78eteme))070t >an7)C+8$*4t(-, mint eme%i te%m0)*et0t, 0) a %ateve%t, m'7 Ha&%ianu) %a%ma&i- )*(*a&an m(% K%i)*tu) )*1+et0)i >e+8e, a et+e>emia%+an7 i) /e+8 v$+t, &e a* O+a/#(- >e780%e, a Let)*em(ni4-e%te 0) amenn8emenete+ >e+80%e i) e+*a%(n&$-$+ta- a -e%e)*t0n8e-" E--$%%a m(% a -e%e)*4t0n8 78a-$%+at %0)*e +ett, >$78 a >'v=- a )*ent >e+8e-et im(&-$*() 0) +e+-i 0%&em4)*e%*0) miatt -e%e))0- #e+"95

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e%e-+8e78M/t0) &ivat/(t, 0) a**a+, >$78 >a*a-1+&te a S*ent u-(c) #e)tette S*M*an8a4-0.et, me7a+a.$*ta a -0)=i na78 -$n)tantin(.$+8i 78M/tem0n8t"

Eu&$-ia c)()*(%n0 .0+&(/(t n8u7ati 0) -$n)tantin(.$+8i *a%(n&$-$- )$%a -?vette"A +uu)t(%78a- eme%em+0-e*et $78 me7n0**ene-e78 )*ent e%e-+80t, )=t e78et4e78et me7 i) a-a%ta- )*e%e*ni $tt>$ni )*ent0+81- )*(m(4%a" A +e7#$nt$)a e%e-+80- a*$nan Ke+eten ma%a&ta-" K%i)*tu) e%e-+80i K$n)tanti4n(.$+8a vite+1-i7 Je%u*)(+emen, a )*ente- e%e-+80i .e&i7 /$(%a )*1+et0)i >e+814-?n v$+ta-" Ki)e e%e-+80- a*$nan e+/ut$tta- N8u7at%a )*e%enc)0) *a%(n&$-$-va78 v(++a+-$*< -e&vM -e%e)-e&=- %0v0n, i++etve mint na78u%a-na- -1+&?tt a/(n&04-$-" Nem)$-(%a )$%%a -e%1+te- a na78$ e%e-+80- i)2 e+= c)a- &a%a-(i-at )*e%e*4t0- me7, ma/& .e&i7 e78et4e78et e70)*en i)" A N8u7at '78 #i78e+t #e+ Ke+et%e" an74%e) .$+7(%ai, a-i- S*ent ;ama)* u//(na- 1)*-e tu+a/&$n$)ai v$+ta-, e+=4ut?+78Ke%e)*te+= S*ent J(n$) >1ve+8-u//(va+ t0%t >a*a, min&en a%(t/(na- -e&ve )*$tt8ant,>$78 me7te-int)e a )*ent te)t0t S*ama%i(an 0) a #e/0t Dama)*-u)*an"9E70)* -?4vet)07e- 0%-e*te- aan a %em0n8en, >$78 ma/& c)a- -e%1+ ne-i- i) va+ami -inc),ta+(n K%i)*tu) v0%0=+ e78 #i$+(n8i, va78 a S*ent Ke%e)*t e78 &a%a/a" N8u7at$n )$%%a0.1+te- a -e+eti )*ente-%=+ va78 0.. a S*ent S'%%$78 e+-1+&>e))0- a*$-%a a )*ent >e+8e-%e, ame4+8e-t=+ nev1-et vett0-"

A N8u7at 0) Ke+et -a.c)$+at(t e+=)e7'tette a ;e&ite%%(neuman m07 min&i7 mM4-?&= -e%e)-e&e+em" I7a*, a -e%e)-e&e+em a N8u7at e+)*e70n8e&0)e miatt e78%e /$4an >an8at+$tt, 0) ami-$% a* ?t?&i- )*(*a& -?*e.0n van&(+ -a+a/itt a* e%e-+80- e%e/0en, 0) ma7a i) #e+#e&e*ett n0>(n8at " +ev0+, inM6 06 L6, " -?t" !")--" c$+"V" S*ent 3ict%iciu) ie% &e au&e Sanct$%um(an >at(%$*$ttan (++'t/a, >$78 a* e%e-+80- e%= 0)-e78e+em >$%&$*$* '%$tt +eve+0t e78 mi+(na8e2 Les +riginesdu Cute des Martyres, !!" ."

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0) a* uta*'%e--e+" I)m0t -a+0* v$+t, a -e%e)*t0n8N8u7at .e&i7 )*e70n8" A -a.c)$+at$- m07)em )*a-a&ta- me7 te+/e)en" A n8u7ati -e4%e)*t0n8e- t$v(%a i) na78 e781tt0%*0))e+ 0) (>'tatta+ 7$n&$+ta- a )*ent >e+8e-%e"Ami-$% G4en I" ;(%t$n .(.(t a**a+ v(&$+t(-, >$78 tC+ a%(t)(7$) a mu)*+im$--a+,vi)e+-e&0)0%e a*t a ma78a%(*at$t a&ta, >$78 en7e&0+8t a-a%t )*e%e*ni a>>$*, >$78 Je4%u*)(+eme a&$m(n8$-at -1+&/?n"

4en A%cu+#, #%an- .1).?- e+4in&u+t Ke+et%e 0) E78i.t$m$n, S*'4%i(n 0) Pa+e)*tin(n -e%e)*t1+ e+/u4t$tt K$n)tantin(.$+8a, ma/& $n4nan >a*a" Uta*()a /< n0>(n8 0vi7ta%t$tt 0) )$- ne>0*)077e+ /(%t"GE4=+ a* i&==+ m() *a%(n&$-$-at i)i)me%1n- n0v )*e%int, .0+&(u+ a .i4-(%&iai Rue4=+ )*(%ma*< 3u+.>8t,Be%cai%e4t a u%7un&iai ;$n4tie%4en4De%=+, 0) a%(t/(t, ai4me%t"!T?%t0netei- a*$nan a*t ta4nC)'t/(-, >$78 c)a- -em0n8 0) me%0)* #0%#ia- %em0+>ett0-, >$78 e+/utna- Je%u*)(+em4e" N=- nemi7en -$c-(*tatt(- me7 a *a%(n&$-+at$t"

A n8$+ca&i- )*(*a&an a *a%(n&$-$- )*(ma me7n=tt" N0>(n8an m07 An7+i()4ttt .1).?-e-0nt >a+t me7" :iata+$n, 4en in&u+t e+ Re+8%e(++'t$tta a %en&et, #e++en&'tette a 7a*&a)(7$t, 0) /< vi4)*$n8t a+a-'t$tt -i H(%Cn a%4Ra)'& -a+i#(va+" A K(%$+8 )e7't)070ve+ a S*ent#?+&?neme+t *(%(n&$->(*a- )*(ma /e+*i, >$78 )$- *a%(n&$- /ut$tt e+ e* i&= t(/t Je%u*)(+em4e, -?*t1- n=- i)" A -e%e)*t0n8 S.an8$+$%)*(7e%)$n an7$+ #$%&'t()(an $+va)>at+a7i$, inAt6 !s6/Cniu) ", /Cniu), " -?t" 545" ."70

i++ia+& H$&$e.$%ic$n/(t B%$Xn+$X #$%&'t$tta an7$+%a, ) a 06 0 /6 !65" -?tete a&/a -?*%e"716$mment$%at$%ium &e 6a)i) Dei ve+ ;$na)ti%i), in T$+e% 0) ;$+inie%2 Itine%a Hie%$)$+8mitana, "-?t" 55" ."

59

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>?+78e- -?*1+ Ct%a -e+t Hi+&a, )v( >e%ce7n=, a-i !!4en Ct-?*en >a+t me7W Ju&it,a/$% >e%ce7n=, I" Ott< c)()*(% )(*i ve*et=- m07 u*7$78 a ti*ene78e&i- )*(*a&an :%ancia$%)*(7M)07e)en me7?%?-'tette a c+un8i-%(+8, ) i7en na78 )*(man *a%(n&$-$+ta- e+ ;$nte La%7an(n8a&a" A -$n)tantin(.$+8i -$%m(n8*at, me+8 amC78 i) >a%a7u&$tt a n$%man4n$-%a, ami0%t (++an&$))*C i&e/e /(%ta- K$n)tantin(.$+8a, ) a v(%$)7a*&a7)(7a 0) c)$&(i +en8M7?*t0- =-et" )*a-i >a*(/u-an )$-at me)0+te- ;ic-+e47%at>%$78 =- neve*t0- a na78 v(%$)t, )=t i&=n-0nt A)7a%&&a+, a* i)tene- +a-e+80ve+ a*$n$)'t$tt(-" ;(% !54an )*$+7(+ta- n$%v07 -at$n(- a i*(nci c)()*(%i>a&)e%e7en, a ti*ene78e&i- )*(*a& e+e/0%e .e&i7 C78 #e+&u**a&t +0t)*(mu-, >$78

74()& B%0>ie%2 L*'%ise e *+rient au Moyen Age, 5455" .", 0) Ee%)$+t2 +rient et +%%ident, " -?t" 4

5" ." em+'ti e*e-et a* uta-at"75Ra&u+.>u) L+ae%, in B$u_uet2 (6 H6 '6, " -?t" ", 5", 9", ", ", G" ." ()& B%0>ie%2 i6 m649, ."W Ee%)$+t2 i6 m694G" ."

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-1+?n a+a-u+atu- v$+t, a >'%e) va%07 =%)07" Enne- a* a+a-u+atna- >ama% evett )*$-(4)(v( +ett, >$78 )*aa&)(7u-at /e%u*)(+emi uta*())a+ t?+t?tt0- e+"K?*1+1- a* e+)=,a-ine- a nev0t i) i)me%/1-, e78 i*$n8$) K$+)-e77% v$+t, a-i !!4en /(%t Je%u*)(+em4en" A +e7>'%e)e va%07 >a%c$), Ha%a+& Ha%&%a&a 54en /ut$tt e+ a S*ent#?+&%e" Ati*ene78e&i- )*(*a& )$%(n )$- n$%v07, i*+an&i 0) &(n a c)()*(%i >a&)e%e7en +e)*$+47(+t n0784?t 0v ut(n m07 e+*a%(n&$-$+t Je%u*)(+eme, mie+=tt a #0+%etett /ava--a+ 7a*4&a7$n vi))*at0%t v$+na 0)*a-i $tt>$n(a" E+e)*0+0)ei-t=+ ?)*t?n?*ve a%(tai- imm(%-i*(%a)$n+et)07e) Ct/a It(+ia i*(nci #enn>at(%$m /$nnan a*t(n a .a%t ment0n +e>e4tett e+0%ni ata-i(t, ) T$%t$)*a me++ett (t+0.ni a #(timi&(- te%1+et0%e" E* v$+t a* e78et4+en >at(%, me+8et a *a%(n&$-na- a Be+7%(&a va78 a* it(+iai Te%m$+ia 0%-e*te ut(n (t-e++ett +0.nie, ) innent=+ a-a&(+8ta+anu+ >a+a&>at$tt Je%u*)(+em #e+0" A )*(%a*#?+&iuta*() +a))C, &e /e+8*et ma78a%(*" 3i-t$% .(.a +eve+e +()& 9" ." 0) a G5" )*" /e78*etV a%%a uta+, >$78 a c)()*(%i >at


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+8e-et c)a- )-an&in(v$- ve>ette- i70n8e" 3$+t e78 na78 )*(++< a* au)*t%iai ;e+-eni)"GA -$n)tantin(.$+8i S(m)$n *a%(n&$-)*(++$* c)at+a-$*ni" m a* )em v$+t %it-a, )em -1+?n?)een -$c-(*at$), >$78 #0%#i4a- e78e&1+, e)et+e7 -ette)0ve+4>(%ma)(va+ v(7/ana- ne-i a* Ctna-" O+8-$% a*0%ta-a&ta- ne>0*)07e-" A H(-im4#0+e 1+&?*tet0)e- i&e/0n e+07 )$- -e++emet+en)077e+

/(%t >$))*a)an Pa+e)*tin(an i&=*ni, enne- e++en0%e a *a%(n&$-(%a&at )$>a nema.a&t e+ te+/e)en" 994en a -e%e)*t0n8e- ve)*0+8e)ne- ta+(+t(- (t+0.ni a mu)*+im>at(%t" iete%t, 6am%ai .1).?-e nem -a.$tt en7e&0+8t a -i+0.0)%e ata-ia -$%4m(n8*(%$m)*(* *a%(n&$-$t -iuta)'t$tta- Je%u*)(+em=+"GII" Ba4)*i+ei$)* 0) un$-a>C7a, T>e$&$78 a >at(%=%?- ve))ene- -i a&$78 v$n/a vi))*a %en&e+-e*0)0t" E+ev0+=+ C78 tMni-, >$78 a c)()*(%n=ne- v$+tati)*tvi)e+=i Je%u*)(+emen i)"G5

A* e##a/ta -e++emet+en)07e- a*$nan vi)*$n8+a7 %it-(- v$+ta-" A ti*ene78e&i- )*(4*a&an a* ut$+)< -0t 0vti*e& -iv0te+0ve+ uta*atat+an ?*?ne (%am+$tt -e+et#e+0, $+8-$% e*%e)0ve+, min&en %en&M 0) %an7C #0%#i 0) n=, #iata+$- 0) ?%e7e- e78a%(nt,een a %(0%=) -$%an -0)*en a%%a, >$78 a-(% 0ve-et i) Ct$n t?+t)ene-" E+i&=*te-K$n)tantin(.$+8an, me7c)$&(+t(- a >ata+ma) v(%$)t, me+8 t'*)*e% na78$ v$+t aN8u7at +e7na78$ v(%$)ain(+, ) +e%att(- a v()*nat E&e))*(a/(t 0) I++0) -?nt?)0tW )*ente-,m(%t'%$- 0) .%(*(t"GA*t(n t$v(mente- Pa+e)*tin(a, N(*(%ete 0) T($% >e7804>e*, a J$%&(n #$+8$* 0) Bet+e>eme, 0) #e+-e%e)t0- Je%u*)(+em )*ent0+8eit" ;in&etme7c)$&(+t(-, min&e78i-n0+ im(&-$*ta-, ma/& mi-$% ta.a)*ta+at$--a+ 7a*&a7$n 0)me7ti)*tu+va a >$))*C Ct ut(n >a*at0%te-, #?+&i/ei- C78 #$7a&t(- =-et, mint K%i)*tu)*a%(n&$-ait, a-i- a +e7)*ente utat tett0- me7"

78O%&e%icu) 3ita+i)2 Historia '%%esiasti%aIII, ", " -?t" " ."79" Riant2 i6 m6" ."80T1%$)*i 3i+m$), 3III, 49" I", G4G" ."W Aim02 Chroni%on, 5" ."813ita iete%ti, in &YAc>0%82 !pi%iegium, !" -?t" 4" ." A* F94en, minte78 >0te*e% %0)*4

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82;i%acu+a Sancti $+#%amni Sen$nen)i), inA%ta !an%torum +rdinis !an%ti Benedi%ti, )aecu+um III,.a%) +" 5G45G" ." iete%t ta+(+-$*$tt $+8an uta*


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*atta+" II" Ba)*i+ei$)* c)()*(%, a ma-e&0*)07e- (%(n tu&ta +eve%ni +(*a&()u-at" 3071+ a c)()*(% 78=4*?ttW te-int0+8e .e&i7 -ita%t$tt e70)*en 94i7, un$-a>C7a, T>e$&a+(4+(i7, ami e78en u%a+-$&(*a v070t i) /e+entette" Ha a ma-e&e$&a+(+a-$% Bi*(ncan -0t e++en)07e) .(%t ma%a&t2 a -?*.$nti -?*i7a*7at()te++en=%*0)e a+att ta%t< u&va%i -+i--, 0) a >a&)e%e7et i%(n8't< neme)i c)a+(&$-, m'7 a*e78>(* min& -0t .(%t%a t(ma)*-$&va i78e-e*ett e78en)C+8$*ni"G9

A+i7 )*en&e%1+t v07)= n8u7a+$m%a a >etven0ve) c)()*(%n=, a-i a* ut$+)< .i++anati7'*$tt a )*(m(%a >$))*C u%a+-$&()t '70%= /$78 .a%anc)n$-u-at -$%$n(**(- c)()*(%%(;i>(+8 >a%c n0+-1+ me7a&ta ma7(t, 0) K$mn0n$)* I*)(-, a >a&ve*0% +ett a c)()*(%"A* e+)= menetet a -at$nai a%i)*t$-%(cia n8e%te"

;int a -$%ae+i i*(nci neme)e- t?)07e, K$mn0n$)* I*)(- i) m()$&7ene%(ci+a7$+ >ata+ma) v(%at 0.'tett, me+8 a Cast)ra Comnennnevet -a.ta ma Ka)*tamuniV" I*)(- 0) #iv0%e, J(n$) ?%?-?+t0- a./u- i%4t$-ait 0) -at$nai te>et)070t, ) min&-etten i*(nci a%i)*t$-%ata c)a+(&a n=)1+te-"I*)(- a >a/&ani $+7(% -i%(+8i c)a+(&e%ce7n=t, J(n$) #e+e)07e .e&i7 a>ata+ma) Da+a))*0ni c)a+(& e78i- ?%?-?)n=/e +ett" 3a78$na, ma7a) -at$nai .$*'cia&)e%e7 t(m$7at()a e++en0%e I*)(- -$%m(n8*at(t (++an&$78 #iC78e%me-e nem v$+t, K$n)tantin Du-a)*t /e+?+te -i ut$78 m0+tat+anna- i*$n8u+t t(%)a&a+mi %an7/(>$*" A -inc)t(% 1%e) v$+t, a >a&4)e%e7 #en8e7et=en e%=), e*0%t K$n)tantin a >a&)e%e7 +0t)*(m(na- c)?--ent0)0en +(t4ta a me7$+&()t" Be+.$+iti-ai )*em.$ntat< i) v$+t" 6)a->$78 a i*(ncit?%t0ne+em e78et+en )*a-a)*(an )em v$+t tan(c)$) 78?n7'teni a i%$&a+$m v0&e%e/0t,0) a* a&$tt e)eten e* a +0.0) v07*ete)ne- i*$n8u+t" Ke+eten vi>a%#e+>=- 781+e-e*4te-, N8u7at$n .e&i7 m(% t$m$+t a* $%-(n"G

A me7e+=*= n0>(n8 0vti*e&en D0+4It(+ia (++amaian *M%*ava% u%a+-$&$tt" A i4*(nci i%$&a+$m >at(%a >ivata+$)an a Ti%%0n4ten7e% .a%t/(n +0v= Te%%acin(t


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*(nc #enn>at$+ a +a-$))(7 t?)070en 7?%?7 v$+t" A n8u7ati .a%t >(%$mna78 -e%e)-e&=v(%$)a, Laeta, N(.$+8 0) Ama+#i n0v+e7 )*int0n a i*(nci c)()*(% >M40%e)e v$+t" A mu)*+im Ke+ette+ e--$% m(% te-int0+8e) -e%e)-e&e+mi #$%7a+mat $4n8$+'t< ama+#ia-na- a #(timi&a >ata)*n(%av(+t a c)()*(% t(m$7at()a, '78 (++an&< -$n*u+(tu)t ta%t$tta- #?nn K$n)tantin(.$+84an" A n(.$+8ia- 0) 7aetaia-, /et 0..C78 -e%e)-e&te- a >itet+ene--e+, -ev0)0ti)*te+t0- a c)()*(%t" D0+4It(+ia e+)= %0)*e a enevent$+ a -e+eti, >$+ a n8u7ati c)()*(% #enn>atat #iv0%, e78 n$%mann -i)neme), Hautevi++e4i Tan-%0& 78e%me-ei, e+#$74+a+t(- a* a.u+iai >e78e-en #e-v= ;e+#i v(%$)(t, 0) $tt >e%ce7)07et a+a.'t$tta-" A >e4+8i i*(nci >ate+8*etet me7$+&/a, na78$>ata+$mma+ #?+%u>(*va -1+&t0- vi))*a" Kat$nai+a7 )emmit nem )i-e%1+t e+0%nie2 an$%mann$- -?nn8e&0n vi))*ave%t0- -i) )e%e70t" Di.+$m(ciai e%=#e)*'t0)ei a*$nane%e&m0n8e)ee- v$+ta-, mive+ a .(.(t, a +$ta%in7iai I" e$*4*(/u-, (m am'7 e%%e v(%ta- e78 -i) a.u+iai v(%$), 6ivitate me++ett, a n$%mann$- %a/4tu- 1t?tte-" A .(.ai )e%e7et )*0tve%t0-, e


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Re%ce70ne-,S*ic'+ia u%(na-Q" E* a* e+i)me%0), me+8en Rama%$)an me7a&t(-ma7u-at, 0) 4%a a* e78et+en i*(nci v(%$) It(+i(an a #=v(%$), Ba%i ten7e%.a%tie%=&/e v$+t" Retet+en1+ va++()i vi4)*(+8>$* ve*ette-" A +atin e78>(*>$* ta%t$*< >$vata%t$*()(%(* -a.c)$+ataina- e+em*0)e )$%(n #$7/u- t(%78a+ni" Anna- e++en0%e, >$78 a c)(4)*(% min&v07i7 me7e78e*0)%e t?%e-e&ett, a ta+(+-$*< -?+c)?n?) -i(t-$*())a+ 0%t v047et, 0) emiatt It(+ia -?*vet+en 0%&e-eit te-intve a t$v(ia-an +e>etet+enn0 v(+tRe$&C7a 0) K$n)tantin Du-a)* >it4ve)e m07 )*entt0 avat()(t i) -i/(%ta"GG

A -$%ae+i i*(nci t?%t0net'%an8at+()a nem)$- /$*$tt Bi*(nc%a" I%a- e78%e na78$ e+)*e70n8e&0)e miatt a vi+(7 na78 -e%e)4-e&e+mi Ctv$na+ai m()>$v( >e+8e*=&te- (t" A t(v$+4-e+eti -e%e)-e&=- (%ui-at imm(%nem Ba7&a& .iacai%a >$*t(-, a>$nnan -$%(an a*$- na78 %0)*0t t$v()*(++'t$tt(-a i%$&a+$ma, 0) a*t(n Ki)4*)ia va78 K$n)tantin(.$+8 -i-?t=i=+ n8u7at%a vitt0-";$)t a 3?%?)4ten7e%en E78i.t$ma mente-, a>$nnan it(+iai -e%e)-e&=>a/e* ve*etett" A m()i-, a Ka)*.i4ten7e%t=+ 0)*a-%a ve*et= Ct4v$na+ )$>a nem v$+t ta%t


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-ai, min& -e%e)-e&e+mi )*em.$ntata+$m, me%t v0&e+metn8C/t$tt a -?*0.4(*)iai a%(%$- e++en"

;$)t a*$nan ?))*e$m+$tt e* a v0&e+em" K?*0.4*)ia n0.ei i)m0t %(t?%>ette- a*=)i civi+i*(ciat$&i- )*(*a&i t?%?- i%$&a+$m %?vi& #?nn(++()a )$%(n civi+i*(+< 0) )tai+i*(+< e%=v$+t *)i(an" A t(v$+i t?%?- n0.e-, mint .0+&(u+ a *)i&< va++()C v$+7ai -a*(%$- 0) a-0)= K'na >at(%vi&0-0n +ete+e.e&ett 0) ne)*t$%i(nu) -e%e)*t0n8 u/7u%$-, #$704-$n8na- i*$n8u+ta- a -u+tu%(+i) #e/+=&0)%e" Tu%-e)*t(n a*$nan a >ete&i- )*(*a&$78 a -?*0.4(*)iai t?%?-?-et i)*+(m >it%e t0%'tett0-" Ett=+ -e*&ve a t?%?-?-D0+n8u7at4*)ia 0) a -e+eti ;e&ite%%(neum #e+0 #$%&'t$tt(- #i78e+m1-et"

A )*(m(ni&(-at a* e+)= na78 mu)*+im t?%?- ve*et=, a 7a*navi&a ;a>mC& m$*&'4t$tta e+, a-i a ti*ene78e&i- )*(*a& e+)= 0vti*e&eien I)*#a>(nta%(i7 0) a>$%0i7te%/e&= i%$&a+mat 0.'tett -i" A mu)*+im vi+(7$t t?%?- )*e%enc)e+$va7$- (%a)*t$tt(-e+ C78, a>$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 Eu%att(- a n0.e) 0) n8u7>atat+an t1%-m0ne-et"54an, ;a>mu& >a+(+a ut(n a t1%-m0ne- #e++(*a&ta- a 7a*navi&(- e++en 0) 4%e in&iai te%1+etei-%e )*$%'t$tt(- vi))*a =-et" 94en Tu7%i+ 07, a &ina)*tia +e7i&=4)e #e/e&e+me ev$nu+t I)*#a>(na, 0) me7tette a Pe%*)i(t$%()*(ni7 te%/e&= i4%$&a+ma )*0->e+80v0, m'7 te)tv0%ei +a*a )*?vet)07et a+-$tva +ete+e.e&te- a* 0)*a-i>at(%vi&0-en, e+i)me%t0- (t8/u- #enn>at$+ a Ke+et0) a N8u7at -i%(+8(v( -$%$n(*t(-, 0) %(%u>(*t(- a +e7#= vi+(7i >ata+mat a -a+i#ava++()i #enn>atim Ina+ ve*ett0-" 4en a i*(ncia- E%*e%umn(+ +e78=*t0- =-et,a -?vet-e*= n0>(n8 0ven a i*(ncia- )*?vet)07e)eit, a 7%C*$-at t(ma&t(- me7"94en v07i7.u)*t't$tt(- Ka%)*t, &e 94an 0) 94en m(% i)m0t %m0n8$%4

89

A -$%ai t?%?- t?%t0ne+em +e7/$ ?))*e#$7+a+()a a* 'n%y%opaedia of .sam Ba%t>$+& (+ta+ '%$ttTu%-)Q c'm)*ava" ()& m07 a* 'n%y%opaedia Britanni%a" -ia&()(an H$ut)ma Se+/u-)Q c'm)*av(t"A La*navi&a ;a>mu&%$+&2 /urkestan do9n to the Mongo .n,asion, G" )--" ."


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)*(7an v$+ta-" 94en -i#$)*t$tt(- ;e+it0n0t" 9!4en e+)= '*en n8$mu+ta- et?%?- c)a.at$- a c)()*(%i te%1+ete- e+)e/0e, S*ea)*teia v(%$)(a"!

Tu7%i+ 07 54an >a+t me7" Bi%$&a+m(na- 0)*a-n8u7ati >at(%vi&0-e =t ma7(tnem na78$n 0%&e-e+te" Un$-a?cc)e 0) uta&/(%ata" ;e7)*a.$%$&ta- a Bi4*(nc e+)e/0e ve*etett .$%t8(-" 4en +e%$m$+t(- a* =)i ?%m0n8 #=v(%$)t, Anit,0) Ka%)* #e/e&e+me, a* ut$+)< #177et+en ?%m0n8 u%a+-$&< a Tau%u)*4>e78)07en +0v=i%t$- #e/0en $+&$7an (ten7e&te #?+&/eit a c)()*(%na-" %m0n8e- e70)* c)a.ata -'4)0%te =t C/ >a*(/(a" 94t=+ -e*&ve a t?%?-?- 0vente me7t(ma&t(- E&e))*a >at(%4e4%=&'tm0n80t, (m e--$% m07 ta.a)*ta+at+an$- v$+ta- a* $)t%$m>a%can" 4an e+4#$7+a+t(- a* Aman$)*4>e78)07 >(7a&)e%e7 +0t)*(m(t, 0) emiatt +e7in-( #e+e+=) v$+t a -ia+a-u+t )C+8$) >e+84*et0%t, 4en me7>a+t, ut(*a))(7$t -?t?tt a>a&)e%e7 #=.a%anc)n$-(va+, R$man$)* Di$7en0))*e+, ) ma7a me++0 eme+te a t%$78 a i%$&a+$m i*4t$n)(7a 0%&e-0en vi))*a -e++ #$7+a+nia %m0n8$%)*(7$t" 6)a->$78 a i*(nci )e%e7m(% nem v$+t a* a na78)*e%M >a&e%=, mint ?tven 0vve+ -$%(an" A ta%t$m(n8i c)a4.at$- a )a/(t -e%1+etei-et )em tu&t(- me7v0&eni a et?%0)e-t=+, c)()*(%i >a&/(%at$-%a.e&i7 v07-0.. nem #ut$tta e%e/1-=+" A*$- a* a%i)*t$-%at(-, a-i-ne- m0*+$va))(7en2 a .%emi`%e P0n0t%ati$n tu%_ue en A)ie

;ineu%" Byzantion, G" -?t" 94" ." ()& m07 ;u-%imin Ha+i+2 /3rkiye /arihi, " -?t",Anadoum &ern.a))am"91au%ent2 i6 m64" .", 6a>en2 i6 m" 45" ."


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5. -eezet

Z6rza(ar Kelete'

+e ha 'relnek is a p#gny#k k:zt- m#st:sszegyCjt:m ket s kezdenek majd

le(#gyni a (ejedelmek kirlynak terhtl.2>zes !-107

A man*i-e%ti c)ata a i*(nci t?%t0ne+em )$%)&?nt= ve%e)07e v$+t" A i*(ncia- nemi) )*0.'t7ett0- a* e)etet" T?%t0n0)*ei- C/%a me7 C/%a #e+e+even'ti- e*t a )*?%n8M na.$t"A -0)=i -e%e)*te)e- )*em0en Bi*(nc e**e+ a c)at(va+ e+ve)*'tette a -e%e)*t0n8)07v0&e+me*=/e c'met" ;an*i-e%t #e+/$7$)'t$tta a N8u7at$t a eavat-$*()%a"!5

A t?%?-?- nem >a)*n(+t(- -i a*$nna+ 78=*e+m1-et" A+. A%)*+(n e+0%te a c0+/(t" Bi4*(nc #e+=+ i*t$)'t$tta ma7(t, 0) e+>(%'t$tta a i*(nci4#(timi&a )*?vet)07 ve)*0+80t i)"A #$7)(7a e)ett c)()*(%t$78 1%'t)e -i %m0n8$%)*(7$t, 0) >$78 #i4*e))en )C+8$) v(+t)(7&'/at" E*ut(n a* O$)*$n tC+i te%1+ete-%e ve*etett >a&/(%at$t, 0)$tt >a+t me7 4en" Ki)4*)i(a m07 #ia 0) ut )em v$nu+t e, .e&i7i%$&a+ma a ;e&ite%%(neumt$* a*$nan )$--a+ te>et)07e)e eme%%e +ett v$+4na )*1-)07" R$man$)* Di$7en0)* a%%a t0%t >a*a, >$78 +eta)*'t$tt(- t%en2 a .%emi`%e P0n0t%ati$n tu%_ue" Byzantion, G" -?t" 545" ." ()& m07 itte-2 Deu 6>a.it%e)

&e +YHi)t$i%e &e) Tu%e) &e R$um" Byzantion, " -?t" G945!" ." A t1%-m0ne-%=+ +()& Ram)a82 Inte%4mitu%e $# Race) in A)ia ;in$% 0ro%6 Brit6 A%ad" " -?t" 545" ." Ja-u$v)*-i/2 A )*e+&*)u- >


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;i>(+8 nem en7e&>ette me7 ma7(na-, >$78 0+eten >a78/a =t, &e R$man$)* >ata+4ma) %$-$nait 0) a%(tait, a-i-et a n0>ai u%a+-$&< anna- i&e/0n =-e*M)070ve+ n8e%tme7 ma7(na-, m0+8en me7%(*ta 0) #e+=)*'tette a* e78-$%i c)()*(% )*?%n8M >a+(+a"Ha%a7/u-at >ama%$)an (%u+())a+ n8i+v(n't$tt(- -i"!9

Ki)4*)ia t?%?- me7)*(++()a 54an -e*&=&?tt me7" A t?%?-?- nem v$+ta- e784)07e)e- 0) )*e%ve*ette-" S*u+e/m(n e78 %en&e*ett )*u+tan(tu)t )*e%etett v$+na +0t%e4>$*ni ;(+i-)(> #enn>at'%e- (%am+()ai, e+)*i7ete+te e78m()tatat+an i) v$+t R$u))e+, ;i4>(+8na- )*1-)07e v$+t %(" E78 -i), i*(ncia-4a&)e%e7et %en&e+t R$u))e+ c)a.atai4>$*, me+8ne- 0+0n a #iata+ K$mn0n$)* I*)(-,a* e+=*= c)()*(% un$-a?cc)e (++t" I*)(- /< v(4+a)*t()na- i*$n8u+t" ma7a 0) ve+e ta%t< #i4v0%e, A+ei$)* $+8an c)a+(& )a%/ai v$+ta-,ame+8 en7e)*te+>etet+en1+ 78M+?+te a Du-a)*4-+(nt" An8/u- u)*'t()a e++en0%e ;i>(+8>$*e70)* u%a+-$&()a i&e/0n >M)07e)e- ma%a&ta-,) min&-etten -iv(+< >a&ve*0%e- v$+ta-" DeI*)(- >M)07e nem e++en)C+8$*>atta R$u))e+c)a+(%&)(7(t" ;07 mie+=tt a i*(nci )e%e7 me741t-?*?tt v$+na a t?%?-?--e+, R$u))e+ 0) c)a.a4tai me7)*e7t0- a )*?vet)07et" A t?%?-?- 0) a#%an-$- e78e)1+t e%=ve+ t(ma&t(- me7 I*)(4-$t, a-ine- a tC+e%=ve+ )*emen )emmi e)0+8e)em v$+t, 0) a )*e+&*)u-$- #$7)(7(a e)ett"

R$u))e+ )*(n&0-ai imm(% n8i+v(nva+(%$me*e% em4e%e v$+t, &e e*e- >M)07e)e- v$+ta- >$**(, /$%$)* B%1enni$)* %0)*+ete) -%


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R$u))e+ a t?%?-?-n0+ i) ve)*e&e+me)e e++en)07ne- tMnt, a--$%a )e%e7et t$$%*$tt>(t, ame--$%(t c)a- +e>etett, 0) na78(t8/a, Du-a)* J(n$) ve*0%+et0ve+ -1+&te c)at(4a" R$u))e+ Am$%i$n me++ett 1t-?*?tt me7 ve+1- 0) -?nn8e&0n +e78=*te =-et, m07 a>a&ve*0%t i) e+#$7ta" R$u))e+ a t?%v0n8e))07 +(t)*at(t me7=%i*en&= v$na-$&< #$7+8(tc)()*(%%( -i(+t$tta -i 0) ev$nu+t K$n)tantin(.$+8a" A-a&(+8 n0+-1+ e+0%te a B$)*.$4%u)* (*)iai .a%t/ait, #e+07ette K>%1)*$.$+i)* Scuta%iV -1+v(%$)(t, ma/& a %$m/ai -?*?ttt($%t ve%t" A -0t)07ee)ett ;i>(+8 a>>$* a >ata+$m>$* #$%&u+t, ame+8 e78e&1+ )e7't4>etett %a/ta" K?vet)07et -1+&?tt a )*e+&*)u- )*u+t(n>$*, S*u+e/m(n>$*" HM0%u%a,;(+i-)(> /a78()(va+ S*u+e/m(n )e7't)07et '70%t a c)()*(%na- a*$-na- a -e+et4a4nat(n8 eme%0ve+ )i-e%1+t e+mene-1+nie 0)evennie ma7(t a* 0)*a-4-e+et%e #e-v= Ama)*i(a" E--$% ;i>(+8 A+ei$)* K$mn0n4$)*t -1+&te ut(na, >$78 +e)*(m$+/$n ve+e" A+ei$)* R$u))e+t tC++icit(+va me7n8e%te a+e7/e+ent=)e -?%n80-e+i t?%?- t?%*)#= t(m$7at()(t 0) me7a&()%a -0n8)*e%'tette =t"R$u))e+ a*$nan $+8an /'%0%e (++ta- e+ att$78 -i4)*aa&'t)(-" 3a+C)* 0vve+ -0)=i i*(nci .$+iti-a t(%78a+()(%a" ;in4&ene)et%e nem )$%$*t(- e t?0 a n$%mann$-at >a&i )*$+7(+at%a, 0) m07 )-an&in(v%$-$nai- i) 78anC)a- v$+ta-" Ett=+ -e*&ve a va%07 te)t=%)07 ta7/ai a %itanniai an7$+4)*()*$- -?*1+ -e%1+te- -i, a-i- ma7u- i) a n$%mann te%/e)*-e&0) )*enve&= a+an8aiv$+ta-"!G

;i>(+8 #0+t a n$%mann$-t$78 0-1+0-en8e .$+iti-(a -e*&/en a N8u7atta+" D0+4It(+ia v074+e7 e+ve)*ett, a >($%C #$+8tat()(t nem i) en7e&>ette me7 ma7(na-" J$>anne) Ita+u)t,a* it(+iai )*1+et0)M #i+$*+ume%47e%2 Deu 6>e#) n$%man&)" (e,ue Histori1ue, " 0v#"

98A va%07 te)t=%)07en )*$+7(+< an7$+$-%e An7+$4Sa$n Immi7%ati$n t$ B8*antium" !eminarium on)dako,ianum!" -?t" 5!4" ."996>a+an&$n2 i6 m6" -?t" 49" .", La82 Les 0apes da I.e!iE%e545" ."

9


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Ki)4*)ia n8u7ati4-?*0.)= %0)*0n e+te%1+=, na78 anat0ma -$%m(n8*$%$)* B$taniat0)* %0)*en )*em0+8e) am'cia&e%e/e )e4%e70en na78 )*(man a+-a+ma*$tt t?%?-?-et, 0) =-et >e+8e*te e+ >e+8=%)07ne- a*$-4an a v(%$)$-a, me+8e-et Ctan a #=v(%$) #e+0 e+#$7+a+t2 K1*i-$)*a, Ni-ai(a, Ni4-$m0&ei(a, K>a+-0&%1)*$.$+i)*a" T?%?- c)a.at$- e+)= '*en -e%1+te- ana78 n8u7at4anat(+8 nem (++t e++en, mi-$%Ni-0.>$%$)* a #=v(%$)a 0%t, >anem -$+$)t$%a v$nu+t" Ott v07%e me7ta+(+ta i7a*i >i4vat()(t" S$--a+ /$an /(%t, mint a +e7t? u-$tt c)()*(%2 n0>(n8 0ven e+1+, -i*(%et=en, 0%)e-i %an7%a eme+-e&ett" E+>a78$tt a))*$n8a, a-$% +e7(/$)a >e%ce7n=/e, a -au-(*u)i )*(%ma*()C A+(niai ;(%ia ?+c)en a t%a&ve*0%e- i) -?vett0-" A Ba+-(n n8u7ati %0)*0n Ni-0.>$%$)*B%1enni$)*, D1%%>a->i$n Du%a**$V -$%m(n8*a&/(%at a*$nanc)a- a--$% 0%t v07et, mi-$% T>e))*(+i(a v$nu+t e78 m()i- t%(+8 u-()(%$%$)*t 0..$+8 -?nn8e4&0n t(v$+'t$tt(- e+ t%


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%a&t 0) me7a+(*$tt v$+t u%a+-$&< a .(t%i(%-a tan(c)(%a -$+$)t$%a v$nu+t 0) 0+ete v0470i7 )*e%*ete) ma%a&t"

A+ei$)* K$mn0n$)* >a%minc>0t 0ven (t u%a+-$&$tt, ) -$%a +e7na78)*e%M (++am4#0%#i/a v$+t" G4en a*$nan C78 +(t)*$tt, >$78 min& ne-i, min& i%$&a+m(na-v07e" A+ei$)* #iata+ v$+t, ta+(n a >a%mincat )em t?+t?tte e, m07i) )$-0vn8i >a&ve*04%i ta.a)*ta+at$t m$n&>at$tt ma7(0na-, 0) (+ta+(an $+8an )*e&ett4ve&ett )e%e7e- 0+0n-e++ett >e+8t(++nia, me+8e- )i-e%e -i*(%ata+$m>$*, 0) >e+8*et0t t$v( e%=)'tette, >$78 a Du-a)*4>(*$78 c)it't)a e++ent0tei-et, ) me7e+=**e (%u+()ai-at" A -1+?n?4*= m0+t$*ta +0t%e, >$78 -ie+07't)e na78%av(78()u-at" Aneme))07, 0) a ma7a) e$)*t()C >ivata+n$-$- e78a%(nt me7'*>atat+an$- v$+ta-"A+ei$)* +0.ten4n8$m$n +e+e.+e*ett e784e78, -$%m(n8a e++en )*=tt ?))*ee)-1v0)t, )(++an&i77a&t e+=%e+(t()a ann(+ i) in-( c)$&(+at%a m0+4ta nem 0%e*>ette i*t$n)(7an"

G4en $+8an (++a.$tan v$+t a i%$&a+$m, >$78 c)a- i7en (t$% va78 i7en $)t$aeme% v(++a+-$*>at$tt a >ata+$m (tv0te+0%e" A -inc)t(% 1%e) v$+t" A* e+=*= u%a+-$&


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i7a*7at()i a..a%(tu)(%a, a >a&)e%e7 0) a #+$tta C//(0.'t0)0%e" Eme++ett .a*a% u&va%tta%t$tt #enn, 0) a >M a+attva+a4tat+an Mn" A+ei$)* a*$nan -0t na78 >i(t m07i) e+-?vetett" A* a*$nna+i )e7't)070%tc)e%0e a+attva+0*-e)en tu&ta- c)a- -a.c)$+at$t ta%tani" A e+/e e)= te%1+ete-en t? v(%$) m07e--$% i) -e%e)*t0n8e- -e*0n v$+t, &e ve*et=i- e78(+ta+(n nem tu&ta- 0%int-e*ni a-?*.$nti -$%m(n8*atta+" A* $%)*(7 na78 %0)*0t, a B$)*.$%u)*t(%$m +e7/e+ent=4)e t?%?- #e/e&e+em -?*1+ a &ani)men&e- Kai)*a%ei(t, S*ea)*tei(t 0) Ama)*i(t i%4t$-$+t(-, ;en71c)e- E%*e%um$t 0) K$+$nei(t ) 6)a-a, a +e7ve)*e&e+me)e, S*m1%4n(t 0) a* 7ei4ten7e% me++0-0t" A t?%?- t?%*)#=- a #$nt$)a v(%$)$- -?%n80-0n vi4)*$n8+a7$) %en&et te%emtette-, &e a vi&0-et m07 min&i7 a t1%-m0n >$%&(- u%a+t(-, a7?%?7 0) ?%m0n8 mene-1+te- .e&i7 c)a- t$v( n?ve+t0- a *M%*ava%t" Ren7ete7 -e4%e)*t0n8 t0%t (t a* i)*+(m va++()%a, ) +a))ac)-(n a))*imi+(+?*" A>e78vi&0-en e784e78 7?%?7 -?*?))07 m07 -ita%t$tt, a n0>(n8 0v)*(*a&&a+ -$%(ana -a..a&e-Q)*


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A* ?%m0n8e- v(n&$%+()a )*e%ve*ette 0) %en&e*ette v$+t" A i*(ncia- (+ta+ -i4)emmi*ett ?%m0n8 #e/e&e+me- Ka..a&e78)07 t(/0-(n" S$- a+attva+a78t(- e+ $tt>$nai-at 0) te+e.1+te- e*e-%ea* C/ -$+a78$tt te%1+ete-et>ama%$)an nem a t?%?-?-, >anem mu)*+im -u%&$- )*(++t(- me7, a-i- A))*'%ia >e784vi&0-0%=+ 0) I%(n 0)*a-n8u7ati %0)*0%=+ 0%-e*te-" A* ut$+)< ?%m0n8 #e/e&e+met, a ma47(t 1)*-0n D(vi&t)a0t=+ )*(%ma*tat< =)i Ba7%ati&a4&ina)*tia ta7/ai i*(n4ci .a%anc)%a 78i+-$+t(- me7 !4en, miut(n = ma7a -1+?n?) -e78et+en)077e+ vetettv07et a -ai)*a%eiai 0%)e- 0+et0ne-" E%%e a* ?%m0n8 #e/e&e+em e78i- %$-$na, Ru.en #e+4+(*a&t, 0) Ki+i-ia 0)*a-n8u7ati >e78vi&0-0n te+e.e&ett +e" Na78/(e* >a)$n+< #e4

/e&e+em)07et >$*$tt +0t%e" Ru.en 0) Hetum &ina)*ti(/a e78a%(nt /e+ent=) )*e%e.et /(t4)*i- a -0)=i t?%t0ne+emen, e--$% a*$nan m07 min&-ett=/1-et e+>$m(+8$)'t$tta a7?%?7?- (+ta+ P>i+a%0t$)*na- neve*ett ?%m0n8 3a>%am"

P>i+a%0t$)* i*(nci )*$+7(+atan (++$tt, R$man$)* Di$7en0)* neve*te -i Le%mani4cea ;a%a)V -$%m(n8*(+8 *M%*ava%$) u%a+ma a+attme7>etne vi))*a)*$%'tani, ami%e m07 nem v$+t #e+-0)*1+ve, 0) a t?%?- ve*04%e-et amC78 i) +e-?t?tt0- a* e78m() -?*?tti vi)*(+8$-, e*0%t a n$%mann t(ma&()vi))*ave%0)0t ta%t$tta )1%7et=ne-" De e* t? i&=e te+t, mint 7$n&$+ta" G n8a4%(n Lui)ca%& R


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ve*et= #=Ct, a 3ia E7natia" It(+ia 178ei >ama%$)an >a*a)*a/a%c$)$- %0v0n .e&i7 +e>et=v0 v(+t T>e))*(+ia #e+ment0)e" B$4emun& G54an >a*ament It(+i(a, &e a -?vet-e*= 0ven at8/(va+ e781tt vi))*at0%t,0) K$%#un(+ )*0tve%t0- a ve+encei #+$tt(t" A >($%C a*$nan c)a- G94en, Ra++0ni(n(+ e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+a-$% 0%t v07et, mive+ e--$% #iai ?))*eve)*te- a*?%?-)07en"

A c)()*(% >ata+ma a* eu%i+a%0t$)* #i4(na- (%u+()a %0v0n )*e%e*te me7 S*u+e/m(n )*u+t(n" E&e))*a G4en e78 t?%?-t?%*)#=, Bu*an .%0&(/a +ett, ma/& !4en a* ?%m0n8 T$%$)* #$7+a+ta vi))*a, a-i ;(4+i-)(> >M0%e)e v$+t" A v(%$)an a %en&et e+einte a #e++e7v(%a e)*(++()$+t t?%?->e+8=%)07 ta%t$tta #enn" E-?*en ;e+it0n0t e78 m()i- ?%m0n8, T$%$)* a.e* >a)$n+itM v$+t" A* $%t$&$$-, a /a-$ita 0) a* ?%4m0n8 e78>(* -?*?tti civa-$&() S*'%ia e70)* 0)*a-i %0)*0t #e+$+87atta" A* ?%m0n8e78>(* -i#e/e*etten ?%1+t a i*(nci >ata+$m >an8at+()(na-" S*'ve)een vett0- a t?4%?- #enn>atet=ent0n8+e7 ti+$) v$+t een7e&ni a n$%mann *a%(n&$-$-atV, >anem .$nt$)an tu&t(-,>$78 S*'%i(an a -e%e)*t0n8 uta*a%c n0+-1+ evette Je%u*)(+emet 0) >ama4%$)an e70)* Pa+e)*tin(t e+#$7+a+ta a >at(%t v0&= A)*-a+$n e%=&/0i7" 94en Dama)*4-u)*t 0) -?%n80-0t i) a)*-a+$ni i%t$-a vette" 4an a #(timi&(- vi))*avett0- Je4%u*)(+emet, &e At)*i* t?>avi $)t%$m ut(n, a mu)*+im +a-$)$-at +em0)*(%$+va C/%ae+M*te =-et" 6)a- a -e%e)*t0n8e- mene-1+te- me7 #a++a+ -?%1+vett ne78e&1-en" A #(4timi&(- a*$nan %?vi&e)en me7t(ma&t(- Dama)*-u)*t, 0) At)*i* -0n8te+en v$+t )e47't)07et -0%ni Tutu) )*e+&*)u- >e%ce7t=+, ;(+i-)(> #iv0%0t=+, a-i te)tv0%e e78et0%t0)04ve+ e78 )*'%iai )*u+tan(tu) -i0.'t0)0ne- te%v0t &0&e+7ette" !4en Tutu) me778i+4-$+tatta At)*i*t 0) a* A+e..


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*)(+em -$%m(n8*$78&i.+$m(ci(/(t e%=&em$n)t%(ci+a7$78 a a%(%$- 0)*a-#e+=+ #en8e7et= %$>amai me7)*Mnte-"

E78%e ve)*e&e+me)e0 v(+t vi)*$nt 6)a-a, S*m1%na t?%?- em'%/e" A #?+&i/ein0+)$--a+ amicien2a Tu7>%a Se+/uci&e"-ourna Asian1ue, 5" -?t" 45" ." Eut>1mi$)*, /e%u*)(+emi .(t%i(%-a G v0470n K$n)tantin(.$+8an v$+t, e--$% -?vet-0nt T>e))*a+$ni-0e ment B$emun&>$*, ma/& utet=en In 6)a-a, 6)a-a #ia" Anna e*t a nevet e784

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6)a-a 0) S*u+e/m(n >a+(+a ut(n A+ei$)* a te%/e)*-e&0)%e i) 7$n&$+>at$tt" K$n)4tantin(.$+8an imm(% i*t$n)(7an v$+t, a* eu%at!4en me7>a+t, 0) >a+(+a ut(n a #iai -?*?tt .$+7(%>($%C %$ant -i" Ett=+ -e*&vet'* 0ven (t a t?%?-?- min&en #i78e+m0t e* a -1*&e+em -?t?tte +e, m'7 v07%e )i-e%1+tme7(++a.$&ni a* ?%?-)07 e+$)*t()(an" E-?*en I%a-an a%a 0) -u%& t?%*)#=- %a47a&t(- ma7u->$* a >ata+mat" S*'%i(an !94en me7>a+t Tutu), #iai .e&i7, a* a+e.4.$78 /a nem )*Mnt me7 te+/e)en, /eta* uta*() e--$%ian na78 ne>0*)07e--e+ /(%t" O%t$- >a+(+(i7 Je%u*)(+emen a -e%e)*4t0n8e-et nemi7en >($%7att(-, /$(%a Pa+e)*tin(an i) n8u7a+$m >$n$+t, -iv0ve,ami-$% a t?%?-?- 0) a* e78i.t$mia- $tt >($%C*ta-" Anate+8*et" A* uta-at e++e.t0- a an&it(-, 0) a >e+8i u%a- min&en -i)v(%$)4an i78e-e*te- a&a+a&


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1. k'!(

A KERESZTES HADJRATME,HIRDET)SE

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&. -eezetSze't ke s sze't F0rG

+,irt 'kessgre ;rni- h#l#tt nin8s semmi j&.2Jeremis !-1%7

;in&en -e%e)*t0n8 (++am .$+7(%(na- a+a.vet= .%$+0m(/a, >$78 van4e /$7a $%)*(47(0%t >a%c$+nia" 3a++()a a 0-e va++()a, a >($%C .e&i7 eme%?+0)t 0) .u)*t't()t /e+ent"A -$%(i -e%e)*t0n8 e78>(*at8(-na- nem v$+ta- -0t)07ei-" A >($%Ct t?me7m04)*(%+()nata%t$tt(-" De a -e%e)*t 78=*e+me ut(n, miut(n a i%$&a+$m (++amva++()a a-e%e)*t0n8)07 +ett, va/$n nem -e++4e .$+7(%aina- #e78ve%t %a7a&nia a* $%)*(7 v0&e+4m0%e

A -e+eti e78>(* a*t ta%t$tta, >$78 nem" Na78 S*ent 3a*u+ e+(tta, >$78 a -at$na-?te+e) en7e&e+me)-e&ni, m07i) C78 v0+te, a-i >($%Can eme%t ?+, Mn(nata /e+041+ >(%$m 0ven (t ta%tivat()a nem >$*$tt )*(4m(%a >'%nevet )em" Ha c)at(an ve)*ett, >a+(+a nem v(+t &ic)=)070%e, ) nem ta%t$tt(-m(%t'%na-, >a a >itet+ene- e++eni -1*&e+emen e)ett e+, a m(%t'% e78et+en #e78ve%eu78ani) >ite +e>etett" A >itet+ene- e++eni >a%c >e+8te+en, (% $+8-$% e+-e%1+>etet+ene)em0n8, a -e%e)*t0n8e- e++eni >a%c -0t)*e%e) Mn v$+t" Bi*(nc t?%t0net0=+ #e+tMn=en>i(n8*i- a t(ma&< >($%C" Iu)tinianu) >a&/(%ataina- c0+/a a* v$+t, >$78 a %et, .e&i7 a +e7t? e)eten c)u.(n a v0%$nt()t a-a%t(- e+-e%1+ni" A* e78i- +e7/e++e74*ete)e i*(nci )*em0+8i)07, Anna K$mn0n0 t?%t0ne+mi mun-(/(an vi+(7$)anme7#$7a+ma*ta, >$78 (%menn8i%e i) 0%&e-e+t0- =t a -at$nai -0%&0)e- 0) (%menn8i4%e i) na78%a ec)1+te at8/a >a&i )i-e%eit, a >($%Ct m07i)c)a- )*078ente+/e) &$+$7na-ta%t$tta, a* ut$+)< e)*-?*ne- a--$%, ami-$% m(% min&en m() c)=&?t m$n&$tt, $+8a)4va+amine-, ami m(% ?nma7(an i) a -u&a%c ei)me%0)e"

110S*ent 3a*u+ GG" +eve+e, inM6 06 465" -?t" G" c$+"111Anna K$mn0n0 v0+em0n80%=+ +()& Buc-+e%2Anna Comnena!4!!" ."


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A n8u7ati (++().$nt e++entm$n&()$) v$+t" S*ent 7$)t$n C78 v0+te, >$78 I)ten .a4%anc)(%a )*aa& >($%C*ni,) a na78 n0.v(n&$%+() ut(n +0t%e/?tt n8u7ati -at$nait(%)a&a+ma- atat+anu+ i7a*$+()t -e%e)te- -e&ve+t i&=t?+t0)1-%e" A +$va7i 78a-$%+at-ia+a-u+< )*a(+8ai, me+8e-et n0.)*e%M e.i-ai a+-$t()$- i) te%/e)*tette-, te-int0+8t)*e%e*te- a -at$na >=)ne-, a 0-e.(%ti .e&i7 v070%v0n8e)en e+ve)*tette me7ec)1+04)0t" A* e78>(* te>etet+en1+ (++t )*emen e*e--e+ a* 0%*e+me--e+" A*t -e*&te -e%e)nite>(t, >$78 a >a%ci -e&vet mi-0.. tu&n( a ma7a /av(%a #$%&'tani" A )*ent >($%C,m() )*(* 0%&e-ei miatt #$+8tat$tt >($%C, me7en7e&>et=, )=t -'v(nat$)+ett" A -i+ence&i- )*(*a& -?*e.0n I3" e< .(.a -in8i+v(n't$tta, >$78 a-i a* e78>(*v0&e+m00%t v'v$tt >a%can e)i- e+, menn8ei /uta+$man %0)*e)1+"5N0>(n8 0vve+ -04)= 3III" J(n$) .(.a a )*ent >($%C (+&$*atait a m(%t'%$- %an7/(%a eme+te, >a >($4%Can e)te- e+, min&en Mn1- $c)(nat$t n8e%t" Pe%)*e a -at$n(na- ti)*ta )*'vMne--e++ett +ennie"I" ;i-+($%Ct, v$+ta- $+8ann8u7ati 7$n&$+-$&a%%$u4i *)inat(n, me+8et a .a.)(7>a&a-$*()t'vta- ?))*e, a* i) me7#$7a+ma*$78 a* e78>(* i*t$)'t)a, >$78 a )*e70n8e- 0-0en 0+>e))ene-"A -?vet-e*= 0v4en e Pu8en me7ta%t$tt *)inat m07 >at(%$*$ttaan #$7+a+t (++()t" e Pu8 .1).?-e,An/$u Lui&$ -in8i+v(n't$tta, >$78 0-e n0+-1+ )en-i nem #$7/a me7+(tni a* U%at,e*0%t min&en-it )1%7etett, +e78en mie+= a 0-e 78e%me-e"GN0>(n8 0vve+ -0)=Na78 3i+m$), Luienne >e%ce7e m07 t$v( ment" A* 4en ?))*e>'v$tt .$itie%)4i*)inat -im$n&ta, >$78 a vit() -0%&0)e-et nem )*aa& #e78ve%e) Ct$n %en&e*ni, >a4nem min&en-$% a* i7a*)(7)*$+7(+tat()>$* -e++ #$+8am$&ni, a-i .e&i7 e %en&e+-e*0)tme7)*e7i, a*t -i-?*?)'t0))e+ -e++ )C/tani" A >e%ce7 0) neme)ei 1nne.0+8e)en a+('%t(- a>at(%$*at$t, ma/& F -?vetve .0+&(/u-at F J(m$% Ra)$n+< t?%4v0n8t ve*etett e i%t$-ain"!A* e78>(*at m07 e--$% i) e+)=)$%an a*0%t 0%&e-e+te am$*7a+$m, me%t me7 a-a%ta ($%C i70n8ev0te+0t=+ 0) .u)*t't()ait


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n0+W Anna K$mn0n0 me71t-?*ve /e78e*te #e+, >$78 m'7 a* = e78>(*a .%($%C)-$&()t a )*ent na.$-$n, a n8u7ati +$va7$- na78>0ten t(4ma&t(- me7 K$n)tantin(.$+8t, )e%e7ei- .e&i7 te+e vanna- #e+#e78ve%*ett, a >a%c$-4an %0)*t vev= #=.a.$--a+"GA .(.(- ta.a)*ta+at$78 a +ai-u)$- )em -'4m0+i- a* e78>(* /avait" A N8u7at >a%ci -e&v0t 0) -at$nai &ic)v(78(t nem +e>etette78-?nn8en e+#$/tani" B?+c)e v$+t vi))*at0%ni a %07i .$+iti-(>$*, 0) a .$7(n8$- e++e4ni >($%C-an +eve*etni e*t a* ene%7i(t"

A n8u7ati $%)*(7$- a mu)*+im ve)*0+8t )$--a+ #en8e7et=ne- v0+t0-, mint a i4*(ncia- a t?%?- >a78t(-, >$78min&en-i )*aa&$n 78a-$%$+/a va++(4)(t" ;e7+e>et, e78e) %(ta%ti -a+i#(- +e4n0*=en )*$78 a* i)*+(m civi+i*(ci$78 e78 i+8en t(ma&()na- e++en(++/$n" ;a%te++ K(%$+8 =)?-, a-i- me7ve%t0- a )*a%ac0n .$%t8(*m(n, a na78 -a+i#a e780%te+mMen u%a+ta a#0+)*i7etet" !4en e-?vet-e*ett >a+(+a n0mi me7-?nn8e1+0)t >$*$tt, mive+ uta+t, e78 >a%c$) -e&vM ve*'%,;u>amma& in Ai Ami% +0.ett )*'n%e, a-it a* a+4;an)*C%, L8=*e&e+me) me++0-n0v4ve+ i++ette-, 0) a ).an8$+$- -?%0en A+man*$%-0nt v(+t i)me%tt0" S.an8$+$%)*(7an a+e7/e+ent=)e -e%e)*t0n8 >ata+$m e$78 ma7(na- a -e78>e+8ne- ne e))0- a/a" ;07!G4an evette Ba%ce+$n(t" ;(% C78 +(t)*$tt, >ama%$)an (t #$7 -e+ni a Pi%eneu)$-$n,&e 4en me7>a+t"5Ha+(+a ut(n a m$>ame&(n u%a+$m >an8at+()na- in&u+t" A#%i4-ai -a+$ te%vei )*e%intt?%t0nt" 4en me7-')0%e+te a -e%e)*t0n8 >e%ce7e-et a >itet+ene- e++eni -at$nai )*?4vet)07e t?m?%'teni" ea+(+(i7, ma/& Na78 Hu7


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)e7't)070%e R$7e% &e T$)ni N$%man&i(at(%aina- -ite%/e)*t0)0t S.an8$+$%)*(7an" 6+un8 0)a .(.a (+&()a -')0%te 7a)c$7ne4i Sanc>$43i+m$)t, ami-$% c)at+a-$*$tt Nava%%ai Sanc4>$* a *a%a7$*ai em'% e++eni t(ma&()(an, t$v(( a a%ce+$nai I" Ra/mun&4Be%en74a%t i) t(m$7att(-, ami-$% &0+ #e+0 )*$%'t$tta a mu)*+im$-at"55A ).an8$+$%)*(7i >itet4+ene- e++eni >($%Ct '78 )*ent >($%Cna- te-intett0-, 0) >ama%$)an a .(.(- i) %0)*tvette- i%(n8't()(an" 54an A%a7$78 S.an8$+$%)*(7 S*ent P0te% e78>(*(>$* ta%t$*i-, -i/e+entet4te, >$78 a -e%e)*t0n8 >a%c$)$- i%t$-a ve>eti- a >itet+ene-t=+ e+>a&/(%at$- m07 min&i7 v$n*$tt(- a -a+an&$%4)*e++emM 0)*a-i +$va7$-at, m'7nem Hue)ca !", 0) Ba%a)t%$ " 0vi e+#$7+a+()av07et vetett e >a&/(%at$- )$%$*at(na-"

A ti*ene78e&i- )*(*a& v070%e i+8 m($%C e)*m0/e (t-e%1+t a 78a4-$%+ata" A -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7$-at 0) -at$n(-at e78%e u*&'t$tt(- a* e78>(*i >at$78 te780- #0+%e -ic)in8e) n0*ete+t0%0)ei-et, in-( uta**ana- a -e%e)*t0n8)07

133B$i))$na&e2 $u nou,eau sur a Chanson de (oand, 4" ." :+ic>e2 L*'urope +%%identae de ??? ==


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>at(%vi&0-ei%e, 0) >a%c$+/ana- a >itet+ene- e++en" S*$+7(+atu-0%t /uta+mu+ %0)*e)1+>et4ne- a vi))*a>($%C-at, 0) neve*te -i a ve*0%e-et" A me7>'v()%a" R0)*en t0n8+e7e) va++()i in&'ttat()t)07i) >a/t$tta =-et, -1+?n?)en a* )*a-4:%ancia$%)*(7(n8 nem*e&0- v(+a)*t$tt e+ a #$)*t$7at< n$m(& =)ei-t=+" I7enc)a- v$n*et=)07, >$78 -e%e)*t0n8i -?te+e*ett)071-ne- e+e7et t0ve m07 &0+vi&04-i #?+&e- i%t$-(a i) /ut>atna-" A* e78>(* i7a*(n e+07e&ett +e>etett a m$*7a+$m te4%e0+8e)e&0)0ve+" 3a/$n nem +e>etne a m$*7a+mat a -e+eti v07vi&0-e-%e i%(n8'tani

139

Ja##e4attenac>2 (egesta, n$" 95", I" -?t" 95" ."1403II" Le%7e+82 i6 h6141U$", 3II", B, G" )--" ."


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1. -eezet

Sze't ter szkla

+En ltalam uralk#dtak a kirly#k-s az uralk#d&k ;geznek igazsg#t.

2lda'eszdek !-%7

A* i)*+(m i0%iai t(ma&()(na- c)i++a.$&()(va+ a .(.a -1+?n?)e ne>0*)07e- n0+4

-1+ -ite%/e)*t>ette e78>(*a >ata+m(t a vi))*a#$7+a+t te%1+ete- #?+0" K$n)tantin a&$4m(n8+eve+e, me+8et a n8u7ati -e%e)*t0n8)07 )*0+e) -?%en F /et t0ve)en F >ite+e)4ne- te-intett, $+8 )$- $%)*(7an i*t$)'t$tta a .(.a vi+(7i #enn>at$78 m(% #e+)em tMnt, ami-$% a* I0%iai4#0+)*i7et i) .(.ai e#$+8() a+( -e%1+t" Nem i) v$+t $+8ane78>(*i >ata+$m S.an8$+$%)*(7an, ame+8 #e+ve>ette v$+na ve+e a ve%)en8t" A -e+etie78>(* a*$nan m()-0nt )*e%ve*=&?tt" A* a+ean&%iai 0) a* antiiai .at%ia%-(tu) Fa* utat a* =)i, na78 >a78$m(n8$--a+ %en&e+-e*= -e+eti e78>(*a- #?+?tt" R


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7(+t(- a %(* )*e%ve*et0t" A #=-0nt a c+un8i 0) a +$ta%in7iai )*e%*ete)e- (+ta+-e*&em0n8e*ett %e#$%m$-at e+=)*?% a R$78 >a+(+a ut(n a* e78>(* a vi+(7i -$%m(n8*atte* ve*ette-"

A +e7in-( vitat$tt -0%&0) a* v$+t, >$78 va/$n Rata+$m%a" A vit(- a*$nan a &$-t%in(+i) -0%&0)e- 0) a va++()i 78a-$%+at %0)*+e4tei -?%1+ %$anta- -i" H$78 e78>(*i te-int0+80t me7)*i+(%&'t)a, a .(.a)(7 e78)07e)'4teni a-a%ta a +itu%7i-u) 78a-$%+at$t" Nemc)a- a vi+(7i .a.)(7 >(*a)$&()(t )*(n&0-$4*$tt me7)*1ntetni .$+iti-ai 0) +e+-i $-$- miatt, >anem a +itu%7i(t 0) a %'tu)t i) me7-'4)0%e+te e78)07e)'teni" E %e#$%m$- v07>e*vite+e +e>et)07e) v$+t N8u7at$n, &e a -e+eti781+e-e*ete- 78a-$%+ata m()-0nt a+a-u+t" Rat(%(n >$))*C i&=n (t vita t(%78a v$+t a -0t #0+ -?*?tt" E--$%ian t?%t0nt, >$78 n04met >at()%a Retet+enn0 v(+ta-"

I3" Se%7iu) .(.a )*i)*tati-u) +eve+e F a .(.a, i++etve a .(t%i(%-(- ei-tat()u--$% at?i .(t%i(%-(na- -1+&?tt >itva++()a F ta%ta+ma*ta afiio1ue)*a/+an&< %(v0)etni a nev0t a .at%ia%-(tu) -$n)4tantin(.$+8i tem.+$maina- &i.tic>$n/ai%a" Bi*(nc )*(m(%a e* a*t /e+entette, >$78 a.(.a a >ite+vi -0%&0)e-en nem $%t$&$, amive+ m07 nem v$nt(- -0t)07e a* e70)*n8u7ati e78>(* i7a*>itM)070t" m a .(.a 0) a n8u7ati e78>(* )*(m(%a, mint>$78n8u7at$n a .(.(t >a78$m(n8$)an a* i7a* >it #$%%()(na- te-intett0-, )$--a+ (+ta+(n$4)a 0%v0n8Mne- 0) me))*e%e mutate* >C*< a.(t/a nem-0)+e-e&ett )*i7$%C >an7C +ev0+en em+0-e*tetni =t, >$78 a* $+&() 0) -?t0) a men84n8e-en 0) a :?+&?n e78e&1+ S*ent P0te%ne- 0) utata+m(an, 0) )1%7ettea .(.(t, >$78 t? e%0++8e+ -0.vi)e+/e a* e78eteme) e78>(* >ata+m(t" Bi*(ncna- %(-e++ett /?nni, >$78 a me7%e#$%m(+t .(.a)(7 nem >a/+i- e##0+e -$m.%$mi))*um$-%a"

143E%%=+ a* 178%=+ +()& ;ic>e+2 Hume%t un& Ke%u+a%i$), " -?t" 4" ." ;() a&at$- ame++ett )*$78fiio1ue )*< 4en, II" Hen%i- -$%$n(*()a-$% -e%1+t a Hi)*e-e78e R


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A )*(*a& -?*e.0n a n$%mann$- +e%$>ant(- D0+4It(+i(t, emiatt -'v(nat$))( v(+t a.(.a 0) a c)()*(% -?*?tti .$+iti-ai )*?vet)07" A me7%e#$%m(+t .(.a)(7 e--$%%a m(%)'-%a )*(++t a )*e%ta%t()%en& e78)07e)'t0)00%t, 0) #e+tett )*(n&0-a v$+t, >$78 me7)*1n4te))e a D0+4It(+i(an mM-?&= 7?%?7 %'tu)C -?*?))07e- )*e%ta%t()%en&/0t, me+8et i&=4-?*en It(+ia4)*e%te )*(m$) m() -?*?))07 i) (tvett, m07 a t(v$+i ;i+(n$nan a .(.a nev0t, amenn8ien c)e%0e Rati%te+en me7>a+t, 0) e**e+ a -?vet)07 min&en >ivata+$) #e+>ata+ma*()(t e+ve)*4tette" ;ive+ a -?vet-e*= .(.a me7v(+a)*t()(%a c)a- e78 0v mC+va -e%1+t )$%, 0) )en-i)em tu&>atta, >$78 .$+iti-(/a mi+8en +e)*, Ke%u++a%i$)* nem v$+t >a/+an&< #$+8tatni at(%78a+()$-at" Hi(a t?%e-e&ett a c)()*(% me7e78e*0)%e, a* in&u+at$- #e+-$%(c)$+?&ten e+t(v$*$tt, &e >a78$tt e78 u++(t a Ha7ia S*$.>ia4)*0-e)e78>(* $+t(%(n, me+8en >at(%$*$ttan e+i)me%te a i*(nci e78>(* $%t$&$i(/(t,vi)*$nt -i-?*?)'tette a .(t%i(%-(t 0) tan(c)a&e+8*et nem v(+t$*$tt, c)a- a* e+-e)e%e&ett)07n=tt"

A* a+ean&%iai 0) /e%u*)(+emi e78>(*a- nem vette- %0)*t a* e)em0n8e-en" A* an4tiiai .(t%i(%-a, III" P0te% >at(%$*$ttan C78 v0+te, >$78 Ke%u++a%i$)* #?+?)+e7e)enne>e*'tette a t(%78a+()t" A* = e78>(*a t$v(%a i) me7ta%t$tta &i.tic>$n/aian a .(.anev0t, 0) nem +(tta )emmi $-(t, >$78 e*en v(+t$*ta))$n" E)et+e7 att$78Ke%u++a%i$)*, a-ine- t?%e-v0)eit P0te% )e/t>ette, ma/& a* antiiai e78>(*-e%1+et #174

!


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7et+en)07e e++en t?%" P0te% va+at(%ain -'v1+ mM-?&?tt" E*e-%e m07 a--$% )em -0n8)*e4%'t>etett v$+na e78)07e) +itu%7i(t, >a t?%t0nete)en a-a%ta v$+na" In-( -'v1+ ma%a&t avit(n"9

A -?vet-e*= 0vti*e& #$+8am(n va+ame+8e)t /avu+ta- a -e+et4n8u7ati -a.c)$+at$-"Ke%u++a%i$)* ;i>(+8t 9!4en e+t(v$+'t$tt(- ti)*t)070=+" R?vi&&e+ e*ut(n a -$n)tan4tin(.$+8i +atin tem.+$m$-at C/%a -in8it$tt(-" D0+4It(+i(an e78%e /e+ent=)e )i-e%e4-et 0%te- e+ a n$%mann$-, a-i- 9! M )*?vet)07e)eine- )*(m't$tta-,0) e+e/0t vett0- anna-, >$78 Bi*(nc me7va+at(+8 c)()*(% e+4t?-0+te, >$78 Retet+en eme% >'%04en (++< Hi+&e%an& '$%$)t 3II" Le%7e+8 n0ven .(.(na- v(+a)*t$tt(-" Le%7e+8 me7v$+t 78=*=&ve .1).?-)07e e+)=)070%=+, e*0%t nem i) -1+&?tt )*i)*tati-u) +eve+et a -e4+eti .(t%i(%-(-na-" ;i>(+8 m07i) $-$)ana- +(tta, >a te)* e78 a%(t)(7$) 7e)*tu)t,0) +ev0+en 7%atu+(+t a* C/ .(.(na-, c0+$*va a0+i %em0n80%e, >$78 )*$%$)a +e)* a-a.c)$+atu-" Le%7e+8, a-i m0+t(n8$+ta e +0.0)t, K$n)tantin(.$+8a -1+&te a 7%a&$78 /e+ent0)t te78en a* $ttani vi)*$n8$-%ama%$)an nem +e>et me7-?*e+'teni Anat($%Ct *)i(%a i) -i +e>etne te%/e)*teni" Bi*(nci a%(taina- -at$nai )e47't)07%e v$+t )*1-)071-" K1+&ene >(t e78 -e%e)*t0n8 +$va7$-a&)e%e7et" S mint>$78 e78>(*i 7$n&$-at -e++ett $%v$)$+ni, e*Ctta+ a.(.a )*em0+8e)en i%(n8'tan( a )e%e7et" 6)a.atai -ive%n0- a >itet+ene-et Ki)4*)i(4$+ a -e+eti -e%e)*t04n8e- +(*$n7()a >(+() a+(*att( )*e+'&1+ne, ) e+i)me%n0- R


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H$78 ;i>(+8 c)()*(% i)me%te4e a .(.a )*(n&0-(t, 0) >a i7en, va/$n mit )*$*4*(, nem tu&/u-" Le%7e+8 u78ani) )$>a)em tu&ta me7va+$%$)*t A+ei$)*K$mn0n$)* v(+t$tta #e+, a .(.a a -i-?*?)'t0)t a* C/ c)()*(%%a i) -ite%/e)*tette" JCniu)4an A+ei$)* +eve+et '%t a .(.(na-, >$78 e+n8e%/e /$78 a .(.a )*?vet)07e) vi)*$n8an (++ a* i)tente+en 0) (%u+< n$%mann$-4-a+" Kita+(+t t?%t0nete- -e%in7te- a .(.a 1)*-e)070%=+ 0) -e%e)*t0n8iet+en)070%=+";M-$% a*t(n a .(.a a+v07*etM .$+iti-(/(na- ma7a )*=tte >(+a+(4+$*$tt, e++en#e+ei menn8ei 't0+etet +(tta- )$%)a ete+/e)1+0)0en"G

G94en, Le%7e+8 >a+(+(na- 0v0en a -e+eti 0) a n8u7ati -e%e)*t0n8)07 vi)*$n8a$+8 #a78$) v$+t, mint a*e+=tt )$>a" A -e+eti c)()*(%t -i-?*?)'tette a .(.a, a-i n8'+tan(t$%'t$tt +e+-ii)me%et+en -a+an&$%$-at -e%e)*t0n8 te)tv0%ei- me7t(ma&()(%a, m'7 a.(.a +e7#= e++en)07e, a n0met -i%(+8 n8'+tan an8a7i t(m$7at()t -a.$tt Bi*(nctdti++$n4)u%4;a%ne4i neme)i c)a+(& #ia-0nt )*1+etett -?4%1+" A %eim)i )*0-e)e78>(* i)-$+(/(a /(%att(-, a>$+ tan'tau*i %en& -0)=ia+a.'t$78 = nem 0%te e en84n8ive+, >$78 >i%te+en e+>at(%$*())a+ e+0.ett 6+un8 m$n$)t$%(a" 4en, Hu7< #=4a.(t i&e/0n tett )*e%*ete)i #$7a&a+mat, a-i #e+i)me%te tan'tv(n8a -0.e))07eit" O&$ e78i&ei7 .%i$% v$+t, ma/& Re+8e*t0-" Ott >ama%$)an #e+#i78e+te- %(, ) G4an3II" Le%7e+8 -ineve*te O)tia '$%$) .1).?-0v0" G 0) G9 -?*?tt .(.ai +e7(tu)v$+t :%ancia$%)*(7an 0) N0met$%)*(7an, ma/& miut(n vi))*at0%t Rivata+(na- ut$+)a+(+$) (78(n =t a/(n+$tta ut


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&(na-, &e a -$n-+(v0 c)a- GG m(%ciu)(an 1+t ?))*e Te%%acin(an, 0) II" O%(n n04ven me7v(+a)*t$tta .(.(na-"!

O%(n -iv(+M ma%a&t a .(.(>$* 0) me778=*=&0)0>e*" Tu&$tt )*i7$%C0) >a/t>atat+an +enni, &e in-( )*e+'& v$+t, 0) +e>et=+e7 -e4%1+te a vit(-at, me%t a*$- -e)e%M)07>e* 0) #e)*1+t)07>e* ve4*et>etne-"

Ne>0* ?%?-)07 ma%a&t %(" 6)a- n$%mann te%1+ete-en0%e*>ette ma7(t i*t$n)(7an, .e&i7 a n$%mann$- ?n*= 0)

me7'*>atat+an )*?vet)07e)e- v$+ta-" RM t(m$7atata+m(t )a/(t #ia, K$n%(& +(*a&()a %en&'tette me7, a-it O%(n c)?n&en u/t$47at$tt" S*1+=>a*(/(an, :%ancia%$)*(7an F na78)*e%M )*e%ve*=-0)*)070ne- -?)*?n4>et=en F O%(n e++en=%*0)e a+( v$nta a* e70)* e78>(*i )*e%ve*etet" S.an8$+$%)*(74an i) na78 v$+t a e#$+8()a, 0) +a))an-0nt a t(v$+ai n8u7ati $%)*(7$- i) e+i)me%t0-=t +e+-i ve*et=/1-ne-" Nem t?%e-e&ett .$+iti-ai >ata+$m%a, mint 3II" Le%7e+8" A vi+(7i>e%ce7e--e+ a +e7me))*emen=-i7 t1%e+me) v$+t, -iv0ve a*$-at, a-i- -i#e/e*etten e+4+en)07e)en vi)e+-e&te- ve+e )*emen" !94%e m(% = v$+t a n8u7ati -e%e)*t0n8)07 +e+4-i i%(n8't


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-e*i- a .(.(t$78 a -$n)tantin(.$+8i +atin 781+e-e*ete- )a/(t )*e%ta%t()%en&/1- )*e%int, )*a4a&$n mM-?&>etne-" Te$+a A+ei$)* a* e++en.(.(t t(m$7at/a" De A+ei$)*e+&?nt?tte, -i a /$ eme%, 0) e+07 va+>$*, >$78 e+#$7a&/a a #enn4>ata nem '%ta me7 a )*i)*tati-u) +eve+et, ta+(n me%t nem a-a%t te$+$n$-a" A /< vi4)*$n8 m07i) >e+8%e(++t" !4en A+ei$)* -?vetei a )*'v0+8e) a%(t)(7 1*enet0ve+ +(4t$7atta- e+ O%(n>$*" Bi*(nc >ivata+$) (++().$nt/a -i$+va)>at< a u+7(%iai 0%)e-, T>e4$.>1+a-t$)* 0%te-e*0)0=+" Sa/n(+-$*$tt afiio1ue)*< Hi)*e-e78e t?%t0nt ei++e)*t0)emiatt, (m ma78a%(*atu+ a*t >$**a #e+, >$78 a +atin te$+at" A .(.(na- a -e+eti e78>(*a- #?+?tti #enn>at(* +e)*(%ma*$tt/a,a* $%$)* P%ae&i) c)()*(%n= )*em0+8e)en e+/?tt e)*(m$+ni a*$-%an&+un7en *Xi)c>enKai)e% A+ei$) I un& Pa.)t U%an II im Ja>%e G!" Byzantinis%he Zeits%hrift, G" -?t" 4" ." A *)inat>at(%$*at(na- #ente i&0*ett )*avai a%%a uta+na-, >$78 II" S*e%7i$)* .(t%i(%-a !4en a* 178et )em*)inat e+0 nem te%/e)*tette, )em a t?i .(t%i(%-(va+ nem tan(c)-$*ta me7, mie+=tt c)e+e-e&ett" A i4e%tu)4#0+e *)inat%e$.>1+a-t$)*0%te-e*0)0t -?*%ea&/a2M6 06 46, " -?t" 49" c$+"

153Sime$n t%a-t(tu)(t -?*+i ei2 $eu .ndits Byzantins sur es Azymites, G94" ." ei -0t)07e

v$n/a Sime$n )*e%*=)070t, mive+ a )*?ve7 #e+te>et=en B%un$&i Se7ni G" 0vi 0%t0-e+0)0%e v(+a)*$+"3i)*$nt ;ic>e+2Amafi und -erusaem im grie%his%hen ir%henstreitc" '%()(an a*t mutat/a -i, >$78 e*en0%t0-e+0) e78 i*$n8$), B%un$ (+ta+ i) .+a7i*(+t a8cu) nevM )*e%*= mMv0%e v(+a)*$+"

5


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7$-%ata+ma 0%*0-e+>et=en >an8at+()na- in&u+t" N0>(n8

/a&)e%e7 -ie70)*1+t a m07 #e+(++'t>at< >a*ai c)a.at$--a+, (m min&e*e-e781tt )em i*$n8u+ta- e+e7en&=ne-" A Duna ment0n v07i7 )*1-)07 v$+t >at(%=%)e4%e7%e a* 0)*a-i a%(%$- t(ma&()aiva+ )*emen" )*a-4n8u7at$n a )*e%e- +(*$n74ta-, a $+7(% a+attva+a a .(.a e#$+8()(t #e+ tu&ta v$+na >a)*n(+ni a -e++= )*(mC >a%c$) t$4$%*()(>$*" O%(n e781tt 0%*ett a c)()*(%%a+" A .(.ai .%$7%am %0)*e +ett, >$78 a ci4va-$&< n8u7ati +$va7$-at )i-e%1+/?n %(venni a t(v$+i, )*ent c0+0%t v'van&< >a%c%a" Ai*(nci -?vete-et #e+-0%t0-, >$78 int0**ene- e)*0&et a* e78e78M+te->e*"

E e)*0&e- nem ma%a&ta- #?nn" De va+itet4+ene-et" Ha a >a&(++'t()t a* e78>(* t(m$7at/a, -ev0) a /< #i*et)07 '70%ete" A -e%e)*t04n8i -?te+e))07 n8$m$78 a >a*at0%= .1).?-?- a -e%e)*t0n8)07 +0t0t0%e**0- ve)*0+8en, 0) '78 m(%i) u*7'vei-et Ke+et%e, >$78 >a%c$+/a4na- a -e%e)*t0n8 >a&)e%e7en"

A .1).?-?- a .(.(va+ e781tt te+/e)en a -1+&?tte- >at()a a+( -e%1+te-" 6%em$n(amenet, a>$+ #$7a&ta a* i#/C K$n%(& >($%C +(t$m(4)a"9

154K$n)tan*i Be%n$+&, a&" ann" !9, " .", He#e+e4ec+e%c_2 Hi)t$i%e &e) 6$nci+e), 9" -?t" " %" 5!45!9" ." ()& m072 ;un%$,Ameri%an Histori%a (e,ie9, " -?t 5455" ."


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2. -eezet

A -lF$(s

+Gallgassat#k rem- kemny sz;Cek-akik t;#l ;agyt#k az igazsgt&l.

2Izajs 46-137

O%(n .(.a !94en n8(% v07e #e+0 0%-e*ett :%ancia$%)*(7a" Au7u)*tu) 940n 3a4

+ence4an v$+t 0) 40n 0%t e Pu8e" Innen +eve+et -1+&?tt a #%ancia .1).?-?-ne- 0)a -?%n8e*= #?+&e-%e, ) n$veme%%e 6+e%m$nt4a >'vta =-et" E--$% &0+ne- vette Ct/(t0) a )*e.teme%t P%$vence4an t?+t?tte, Avi7n$nan, i++etve Saint Li++e)4en" O-t$+ +e%e+80%e, ame+8 m(% -0)*en (++t a *)inat%a"99

t/a )$%(n O%(n /(* 178eie, )*e%ve*ett, /av'4t$tt, &ic)0%t 0) e+ma%a)*ta+t, -ine-4-ine- 0%&eme )*e%int" m uta*()ai -?*en t(v$+a4

i te%vei me7va+etet+en )*(mu-%a"

A c+e%m$nt4i *)inat !9" n$veme% G" 0) G" -?*?tt 78M+0)e*ett" ;inte78 >(%$m4

)*(* e78>(*i )*em0+8 v$+t /e+en, 0) i7en )$-%0tM mun-(t #$+8tatta-" +ta+(n$))(7anme7i)m0te+t0- a +ai-u) inve)*titC%a, a )*im(*a))(7 e++eni &e-%0tum$t,0) >e+8e)e+t0- I)ten tM*)*1net0t" A -$n-%0t 178e-et te-intve2 -i-?*?)'tett0- :1+?. -i4%(+8t >(*a))(7t?%0) 0) 6am%ai .1).?-0t )*im


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.1).?- #e+e+, 0) a >a%c$)$- vi))*at0%te-$% 0%intet+en1+ -e++ ne-i- vi))*a/uttatnia a*$4-at" A >a&/(%at min&en ta7/(na- a -e%e)*t /e+0t -e++ vi)e+nie, e+-?te+e*ett)07e /e+01+-?.en8e v(++(%a v?%?) an8a7a tC+ -$%(n vi))*at0%,va78 m07)em in&u+ e+, -i-?*?)'ti-" Pa.i )*em0+8e- 0) )*e%*ete)e- c)a- .1).?-1-, i+4+etve a.(t/u- en7e&0+80ve+ ve>eti- #?+ a -e%e)*tet" A* i&=)e-et 0) ete7e-et in-( +e-e++ e)*0+ni a %0)*v0te+%=+, &e )en-i )em in&u+>at e+, c)a- >a e+=*=+e7 me7tan(c)-$*4ta +e+-i at8/(va+" Nem e78)*e%Men >a&/(%at$t a* e78>(* #e+178e+i" 3e*et=/e te>(t e78>(*i )*em0+8 -e++, >$78+e78en, a* = +e7(tu)a" A *)inat e78>an7C e+ee78e*0)0ve+ a .(.a e Pu8 .1).?-0tneve*te -i"

;$ntei+4i A&>ema%, e Pu8 .1).?-e a 3a+entin$i) >e%ce7i c)a+(&>$* ta%t$*$tt" K?4*0.-$%C #0%#i v$+t, 0) -i+enc 0vve+ -$%(an m(% e+*a%(n&$-$+t Je%u*)(+eme" Ha&ve4*0%i -ineve*0)0t a**a+ 0%&eme+te -i, >$78 e+)=-0nt /e+ent-e*ett O%(n #e+>'v()(%a";int>$78 a*$nan au7u)*tu)an e Pu8en #$7a&ta O%(nt, 0) min&en i*$nn8a+e)*0+tene-i a -e+eti 178e-%=+, na78$n va+at(%$*$tt a>>$*, >$78 a n0v+e7 .a%anc)n$-)(7a a+att (++< #=neme)e4-et i%(n8't()a a+att ta%t)a"

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