stepping stones - mikhail shapiro - h+ summit @ harvard
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© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Stepping Stones:Ge#ng to enhancement by focusing on disease
Mikhail G. Shapiro, PhDH+ Summit 2010
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Brain-‐machine interfacesBrain reading and uploading
Enhanced learningGreater cogniEve abiliEesGreater sensory powers
Need for mulEple technology breakthrougsHigh performance requirementsHigh safety requirementsLong and expensive investment proposiEon
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Brain-‐machine interfacesBrain reading and uploading
Enhanced learningGreater cogniEve abiliEesGreater sensory powers
Spinal Cord Injury
Epilepsy
Blindness
Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s
Schizophrenia
Deafness
Depression
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Brain-‐machine interfaces
Spinal Cord Injury
ALS
Locked in syndrome
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro John Donoghue et al, Brown University
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
‘mouse’
array
Serruya et al, Nature (2001)
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro Hockberg et al, Nature (2006)
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Very late-‐stage ALS, Locked-‐in
Hundreds to few thousand
ALS, High QuadTens of thousands
Low quad, Paraplegia, Amputees
Hundreds of thousands
Healthy people
EEG NIRS
Reliability
2D cursor & click
Una\ended operaEon
EMG TAP Voice EMG
Tongue, sip&puff, etc.
Speed, Low effort
Wheelchair control
Basic limb control
MulE-‐dimensional device control
Natural feeling
Invisible electronics
Fine limb control (eg digits)
JoysMckEMG, PNS
Super-‐enablement
Must D
eliver
Compe
Mng Techno
logies
Market
millions
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Brain Reading and Uploading
Rare GeneEc Diseases
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
[ ]
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
InspiraEon: Hemoglobin in fMRI
Heeger, Ress. Nat. Rev. Neurosci (2002)
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
LigandHOH
Fe3+
Dopamine
HOH
Fe3+
Shapiro MG et al., Nature Biotechnology (2010)Alan Jasanoff, Frances Arnold, Robert Langer, Gil Westmeyer
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro Car$er N et al., Science (2009)
Adrenoleukodystrophy
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Rare GeneEc Diseases
Parkinson’s
Schizophrenia
Epilepsy
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Enhanced learning
Alzheimer’s
Learning disability
Stroke
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro Williams and Eskandar., Nature Neuroscience (2006)
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Greater sensory powers
Blindness
Deafness
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Blindness Deafness
Boyden ES, et al. Nature Neuroscience (2005) Bi et al. Neuron (2005)
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Success factors for commercial clinical venture
• Addresses a disease not well served by exisEng technology
• High-‐quality science demonstraEng key scienEfic principles
• Technology is a good fit for the problem at hand
• Big clinical market either iniEally or clear path to one
• Ability to get to clinical trials within 1-‐2 years, market 3-‐5 years
• The usual: best people, strong backing, great management
© 2010 Mikhail Shapiro
Brain-‐machine interfacesBrain reading and uploading
Enhanced learningGreater cogniEve abiliEesGreater sensory powers
Spinal Cord Injury
Epilepsy
Blindness
Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s
Schizophrenia
Deafness
Depression
