stephan a. graham stanford university€¦ · tres pasos fm cerro toro fm punta barrosa long-term...
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Source-‐to-‐Sink in the Stra/graphic Record
Capturing the Long-Term, Deep-Time Evolution of Sedimentary Systems
Stephan A. Graham | Stanford University
Brian W. Romans | Chevron Energy Technology Co.
Jacob A. Covault | USGS Energy Resources Division
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time
• spatial and temporal resolution diminished, but long-term (>104 yr) landscape evolution can be evaluated
• stratigraphic surfaces vs. geomorphic surfaces -- paleogeographic reconstructions are time-averaged representations of landscapes
• sources lost to erosion over long time scales, but integrated analysis (with new technologies) can address the nature of long-gone landscapes
• when sink becomes source (S2S2S …); tectonic recycling especially relevant in foreland basin systems
• applying insights from LGM-to-present S2S studies to ancient
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Source-to-Sink at ‘Time Zero’
• production and transport of sediment in net-erosional source areas
• transfer of mass to net-depositional sinks (sedimentary basins)
• spatial configuration of sediment routing on full display
• emphasis on quantifying rates of erosion, transfer, and storage (101-103 yr) SOURCE
TRANSFER ZONE / SINK
TERMINAL SINK
S2S at time zero permits robust investigation of forcings: climatic fluctuation, sea-level changes, oceanographic conditions, tectonics (activity/geometry), etc.
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time
As We Scroll Back Through Geologic Time …
• source area modified; removed completely as mass is transferred
• sinks in transfer zone might be preserved in long-lived S2S systems; terminal sinks only segment remaining (if anything) when tectonic regime changes
• temporal resolution diminishes (degree of time-averaging increases)
• direct to inferential
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time
As We Scroll Back Through Geologic Time …
In some cases, this is all that is left of an ancient S2S system
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
• source area modified; removed completely as mass is transferred
• sinks in transfer zone might be preserved in long-lived S2S systems; terminal sinks only segment remaining (if anything) when tectonic regime changes
• temporal resolution diminishes (degree of time-averaging increases)
• direct to inferential
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time
As We Scroll Back Through Geologic Time …
But … the opportunity to document long-term landscape evolution exists only in the deep-time record
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
• source area modified; removed completely as mass is transferred
• sinks in transfer zone might be preserved in long-lived S2S systems; terminal sinks only segment remaining (if anything) when tectonic regime changes
• temporal resolution diminishes (degree of time-averaging increases)
• direct to inferential
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time -- Preservation
Cartoon depicts a long-lived (>10s m.y.) S2S system along a basin margin (prior to significant tectonic regime change). Increasing preservation potential from source to transfer zone to terminal sinks.
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time -- Preservation & Approaches
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
Cartoon depicts a long-lived (>10s m.y.) S2S system along a basin margin (prior to significant tectonic regime change). Increasing preservation potential from source to transfer zone to terminal sinks.
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Sediment-Routing Configuration in Stratigraphic Record
3D seismic-reflection has allowed us to slice through stratigraphy in map view
Mitchell et al. (2009)
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Sediment-Routing Configuration in Stratigraphic Record
Fonnesu (2003)
We are beginning to analyze the morphology of these time-averaged landscapes more quantitatively
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time -- Preservation & Approaches
Chronostratigraphic (Paleogeographic) Surface
Cartoon depicts a long-lived (>10s m.y.) S2S system along a basin margin (prior to significant tectonic regime change). Increasing preservation potential from source to transfer zone to terminal sinks.
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Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Exhumation
Thermochronology uses the fossil record of heat flow to determine rates of exhumation.
Ehlers (2005)
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Coupled U-‐Pb-‐He Detrital Thermochronology
Zircon (U-‐Th)/He Tc ~ 170-‐190°C
Rapidly-‐cooled Paleogene volcanic source
Young volcanic input
Par/ally buried/recycled (?) sediment
sources
Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Exhumation
Fosidick et al. (in prep) Determining the age of a detrital grain, the depositional age, and the thermal history of the grain can help constrain interpretations of exhumation timing and, thus, general source-to-sink characteristics
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Cassel and Graham (in prep)
Integrated analyses combining isotope paleoaltimetry, geochronology, and sedimentological characterization improve landscape reconstructions by quantifying ancient elevations
Cassell et al. (2009)
Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Changes in Elevation
Paleoelevation from orographic control on isotope fractionation
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Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Changes in Drainage Divide
Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (~150-100 Ma)
late Coniacian-Campanian (~87-70 Ma)
Cenomanian-early Coniacian (~100-87 Ma)
interpreted drainage divide
eastern limit of distinct source terrane
Changes in composition and age of detrital material preserved in sink used to interpret changes in geomorphology of source
U-Pb dating of detrital zircons
Surpless et al. (2006)
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axial channel belt
tributary
Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Sediment Routing
Romans et al. (2011)
Hubbard et al. (2008)
Sandstone composition, especially when combined with detailed strat characterization and other provenance methods, can provide insights into sediment-routing configuration.
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Dorotea Fm
Tres Pasos Fm
Cerro Toro Fm
Punta Barrosa
Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- Source Area Proximity & Basin Configuration
Romans et al. (2011)
Detrital zircons constrain timing of thrust sheet emplacement -- introduction of gravel to basin and significant change in shape
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SOURCE
TRANSFER ZONE / SINK
TERMINAL SINK
Information about sediment routing pathways, fluxes between segments, and forcings -- as derived from modern (LGM-present) S2S studies -- informs our interpretations of the record.
Quaternary S2S as Analog for Deep Time
biases
Questions about whether the modern snapshot of Earth’s S2S systems are important -- Should we compare only to other highstand times? Should we compare only to other icehouse times? Etc.
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Romans et al. (2009)
“gray beds” in
SBB
Insights from Quaternary S2S Studies
Romans et al. (2009)
Investigation of frequency/magnitude of sedimentation events that build stratigraphy leads to questions:
How does depositional morphology (and thus preserved strat architecture) vary as a function these relationships?
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Quaternary S2S systems can be used to improve one of our main tools for interpreting the deep-time record -- conceptual models.
Insights from Quaternary S2S Studies
Covault et al. (2007)
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Source-to-Sink in Deep Time
Paleo-S2S investigation requires combining analysis of how the detritus piled up (stratigraphic characterization) AND the nature of the detritus itself (composition, age, thermal history, etc.)
Concepts about signal transfer/propagation, material fluxes at different timescales, influence of episodicity/intermittency, etc. coming from the S2S community are changing the way we think about the development of the stratigraphic record.