stemming aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (gnvc) in malawi and...
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Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (GnVC) in Malawi and Zambia
to improve food and nutrition security in the smallholder farming families.
pag. 2
Acute Microbiological Phycotoxins Some phytotoxins Mycotoxins
Anthropogenic contaminants Pesticide residues Food additives
High
Low
Kuiper-Goodman,1998 pag. 3
Rating health risks from foods - acute
High
Low
Chronic Mycotoxins
Anthropogenic contaminants Some phytotoxins Unbalanced diet Phycotoxins Food additives Pesticide residues Microbiological
Kuiper-Goodman,1998 pag. 4
Rating health risks from foods - chronic
Acute
Microbiological
Phycotoxins
Some phytotoxins
Mycotoxins
Anthropogenic contaminants
Pesticide residues
Food additives
High
Low
Chronic Mycotoxins
Anthropogenic contaminants Some phytotoxins Unbalanced diet Phycotoxins Food additives Pesticide residues Microbiological
Kuiper - Goodman, 1998 pag. 5
Mycotoxins: important food contaminants
Mycotoxin/Aflatoxins: What are they?
Fusaríum sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Penicillium sp.
Alternaria sp.
Claviceps sp.
• secondary fungal metabolites
• biological function: “weapons” against hosts and competitors
• > 400 mycotoxins are known today
• Cause an array of health effects
pag. 7
Mycotoxins: important food contaminants
Aflatoxins....
Environment (Temp., humidity/moisture, insect damage…)
Host (almost any kind of food)Fungi
Contamination
pag. 9
Mycotoxins: biosynthesis
Change in temperature due to climate change according to the IPCC (2007) report.
Developed world sub-Saharan Africa
pag. 11
Control possible?
Poor handling practices
pag. 13
Do we have the luxury to throw away?
Export - OK
SURVEY [n = 140, various food commodities - HPLC-FLD (Malawi)]
EU legislation
Consumed locally
Matumba et al 2015. Food Control,51, 236-239.
Import- OK
ag. 16
Impact of regulations on local consumers
The need for Forex
High
Low
pag. 18
Contributing to stunting?
Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (GnVC) in Malawi and Zambia
to improve food and nutrition security in the smallholder farming families.
OUR INTERVENTION
1) To assess, validate and further develop promising pre and post harvest technologies
2) Document and disseminate successfully tested practices
3) To advocate for conducive national and regional policies and regulatory frameworks for stemming Aflatoxin
Research Foci
Evaluation of the effect of residue incorporation on pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination
Evaluation of effect of number of rows per ridge on aflatoxin contamination
Evaluation of the effect Mandela cork drying method on aflatoxin contamination
Evaluation of kennel sizing and Hand sorting on partitioning aflatoxin into various shelled groundnut grade sizes
Evaluation of effect of tie/box
Double row vs Single row
Yield
Mean difference =0.8±0.2 (M±E), P<0.001
Pod Mass
Mean difference =0.3±0.05 (M±E),P<0.001
Percentage of mature pods
Mean difference =7.7±3.3 (M±E), P=0.028
Aflatoxin content
Mean difference=2.5±25.7 (M±E), P=0.922
Residual Effect?
• By hand• Not deep• What's the
effect?
Mould prevalence
Mean difference =19.3±4.4 (M±E), P<0.001
Insect damage
Mean difference =19.3±4.4 (M±E), P<0.001
Aflatoxin
Mean difference=19.4±18.6 (M±E), P=0.302
Limitation of the study
Effect of drying not elucidated!
The Mandela cork drying..
• Introduced in Zambia and Malawi > 10yrs ago
• Unpopular amongst farmers• Reason include:
– Livestock destruction – Arson– Theft
• Farmer led evaluation of its efficacy in reducing aflatoxin in progress
EFFECTIVE HAND SORTING: REDUCING AFLATOXINS
Financially supported by the European Union through a PEAPARD Project ‘Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (GnVC)’