stem cells and its application
TRANSCRIPT
Stem cells and its application
_PRESENTATION BY
:RONAK ANTALA
BASIC INTRODUCTION
Stem cells are undiffrentiated biological cells
that can differentiate into specialized cells and
can divide {through mitosis} to produce more
stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, there are two broad types of
stemcells: 1 ) embryonic stem cells.
2) adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are isolated from inner
cell mass of blastocysts .
Adult stem cells are found in various tissues.
Stem cells act as repair system for body,
replenishing adult tissues.
In a developing embryo, stem cells can
differentiate into all the specialized cells_
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
Also maintain the normal turnover of
regenerative organs, such as blood, skin or
intestinal tissues.
Sources of autologous stem cells in humans. 1} Bone marrow ,which requires extraction by harvesting
(typically the femur )
2} Adipose tissue,[LIPID CELLS] which require extraction by liposuction
3} Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis wherein blood is drawn from donor and passed through a machine that extract stem cells and return other portion of blood to donor
It can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth
Autologous harvesting involves lowest risks, also one can bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Properties of stem cells
The classical defination of stem cells requires that it possess two properties:
Self renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division
Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
Thus stem cells should be pluripotent or totipotent thus to give rise to any mature cell type.
Although multipotent or unipotentprogenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells.
These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult
cells (e.g epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to
pluripotent capabilities.
Scientist carried out experiments, using different sets of
transcription factors and carried out experiments using
cells from human foreskin
Best example is first cloned animal DOLLY THE
SHEEP.(somatic cell nuclear transfer)
Difference between totipotent
,multipotent, pluripotent
Totipotent cells can form all cells type in a body plus extra embryonic or placental cells.
Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell division after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
Pluripotent cells can give rise to all cell type that make up the body embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent
Multi potent cells can give rise to more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells ; adult stem cells & cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent .
Disease or condition where stem cell treatment is being investigated.
Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Osteoarthritis
Stroke & traumatic brain injury repair
Wound healing
Anti-cancer
Replace missing teeth
Spinal cord injury
Heart infraction
Application
Stem cells treatment is widely used in brain
damage cancer, spinal cord injury ,
heamatopoiesis.
Deafness blindnes and vision impairment ,
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis graft vs. host
disease
Crohn’s disease , Neural and behavioral
birth defects diabetes, orthopedics wound
healing infertility
Spinal cord injury [ MSCs] mesenchymal
stem cells have the capacity to differentiated
into neurons and glial cells after injecting at
the spinal injury site.
In Liver disease like acute liver failure or end
stage liver disease.
Osteoarthritis - by using athroscopic in
treating cartilage defect.
Muscular dystrophy , autisms ,diabetes.
Therapy based on stem cells.
Stem cells therapy is the use of stem cells to
treat or prevent a disease or condition.
Bone marrow transplantation is a form of
stem cell therapy that has been used for many
years.
No stem cells therapies other than bone
marrow transplant are widely used.
Research is underway to develop sources of
stem cells and to treat diabetes , heart
disease and other condition.
Medical uses
For 30 years bone marrow have been used to
treat cancer patients with condition such as
leukaemia and lymphoma ;
During chemotherapy, most growing cell are
killed by cytotoxic agent
Another stem cells therapy called Prochymal
was conditionally approved in canada for
acute graft vs- host disease in children who
are unresponsive to steroids
Ten things to know about stem cELLS
1] There are different types of stem cells –each with their own purpose .
2] A single stem cell treatment will not work on a multitude of unrelated disease or condition.
3] Currently there are very few widely accepted stem cells therapies.
4] Just because people say stem cells helped them doesnot mean they did.
5] A large part of why it takes time to develop new therapies is that science itself is a long and difficult process.
6] To be used in treatment, stem cells will have
to be instructed to behave in specific way .
7] Just because stem cells came from your body
doesn't mean they are safe.
8] There is something to loose by trying an
unproven treatment .
9] An experimental treatment offered for sale is
not the same as clinical trial.
10] Stem cells science is constantly moving
forward.
Thank You