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Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Series Editor Kursad Turksen, Ph.D. [email protected] For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7896

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Page 1: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine978-1-4939-1001...Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Series Editor Kursad Turksen, Ph.D. kursadturksen@gmail.com For further volumes:

Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine

Series EditorKursad Turksen, [email protected]

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/7896

Page 2: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine978-1-4939-1001...Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Series Editor Kursad Turksen, Ph.D. kursadturksen@gmail.com For further volumes:

Mariusz Z. RatajczakEditor

Adult Stem Cell Therapies: Alternatives to Plasticity

Page 3: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine978-1-4939-1001...Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Series Editor Kursad Turksen, Ph.D. kursadturksen@gmail.com For further volumes:

ISSN 2196-8985 ISSN 2196-8993 (electronic)ISBN 978-1-4939-1000-7 ISBN 978-1-4939-1001-4 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1001-4Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947333

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita-tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor-mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth-odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica-tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica-tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica-tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

EditorMariusz Z. RatajczakStem Cell InstituteJames Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA

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Preface

The field of regenerative medicine is searching for stem cells that can be safely and efficiently employed in the regeneration of damaged organs. The ideal stem cell type would be pluripotent stem cells, which, according to their definition, have a broad potential to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers (meso-, ecto-, and endoderm). However, true pluripotent/multipotent stem cells in adult tissues are extremely rare and are still waiting to be tested in the clinic. In the meantime, various types of stem cells isolated from adult tissues are being employed in several in vivo experiments and in clinical trials aimed at regeneration of damaged organs (e.g., myocardial infarction, liver damage, ischemic kidney failure, or stroke). There is also mounting evidence that stem cells secrete a variety of growth factors, cyto-kines, chemokines, and bioactive lipids that regulate their biology in an autocrine/paracrine-manner and orchestrate interactions with the surrounding microenviron-ment. In addition to soluble factors, cells also secrete microvesicles (MVs), which are small, spherical membrane fragments shed from the cell surface or secreted from the endosomal compartment that seem to play an important and underappreci-ated role in improving the function of damaged organs. Such cell-derived paracrine signals may explain why the final therapeutic benefits are similar when applying different types of stem cells.

This book is focused on stem cells isolated from adult tissues and the various potential mechanisms involved in their therapeutic effects. The first chapter pro-vides a general overview of the various stem cells isolated from embryonic and adult tissues that are endowed with pluri/multipotential differentiation potential and their advantages and limitations in clinical applications. In chapter 2, we describe the potential mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of adult stem cells, with special emphasis on a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells. Human umbilical cord blood is a promising source of stem cells, and this topic will be reviewed in the third chapter. Dr. Ewa Zuba-Surma et al. discuss various types of stem cells that are present in this promising source of cells for therapeutic applications. It has been postulated for many years that hematopoietic stem/pro-genitor cells express the CD34 antigen. Dr. Sonoda et al. focus on a population of CD34-negative cells that possess broader hematopoietic potential, and, as his group

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proposes, is a population of the most primitive hematopoietic stem cells. The full hematopoietic potential of these cells is revealed after intra-bone injection. For more than forty years, hematopoietic stem cells isolated from bone marrow and, more re-cently, mobilized peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood have been employed to treat patients suffering from several malignant and non-malignant hematological and metabolic disorders. In the footsteps of hematologists, cardiologists have also tried to employ various types of cells to treat patients suffering from heart infarct or chronic heart insufficiency. This important issue is discussed by Dr. Wojciech Wojakowski et al. in chapter 5.

In the following chapter, Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Latif and Dr. Yuri Klyachkin discuss important mechanisms involved in the trafficking of stem cells during heart infarct, with special emphasis on the role of bioactive lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) in the mobilization of stem cells from hema-topoietic tissues and their homing to injured myocardium. Another important clinical area with a research focus on stem cells is neurology. Dr. Cesar V. Borlongan et al. presents an overview of the potential applications of various types of stem cells in neurology. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that changes in trafficking of stem cells may also be involved in some psychiatric disorders, and this novel and excit-ing field is presented by Dr. Jerzy Samochowiec and Dr. Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur. Another important clinical area for stem cell therapies is dermatology, particularly in patients that are suffering from extensive skin burns. Dr. Justyna Drukala and Dr. Julia Borowczyk explore the involvement of local epidermal stem cells and mobilized stem cells circulating in peripheral blood.

An important clinical area for potential stem cell therapies is prematurely born neonates. In these youngest of patients, a potential source of stem cells is their own umbilical cord blood. This novel application of stem cells in neonatology is presented by Dr. Bogusław Machaliński. In the past few years, it has been pro-posed that ovaries contain stem cells that are the precursors of oocytes. Dr. Deepa Bhartiya et al. examine the concept that ovarian surface epithelium contains a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells that are precursors of oocytes. Next, Dr. Dong-Myung Shin et al. addresses the molecular mechanisms that explain the quiescent state of very small embryonic-like stem cells. Reversal of this state is an important issue in broadly applying these cells in the clinic. Dr. Giovanni Camusi et al. and Dr. Peter Quesenberry et al. discuss the poten-tial role of membrane-derived microvesicles in cell-to-cell communication and their potential involvement in organ regeneration. Besides soluble factors, cell membrane-derived vesicles are responsible for several beneficial effects of stem cell therapies. The final chapter presented by Dr. Jerzy Kawiak et al. is focused on changes in the profile of circulating stem cells during systemic sepsis. The num-ber and profile of the phenotypes of various types of stem cells that are mobilized into peripheral blood in this stress situation as well as a profile of some factors that affect their trafficking may be of novel prognostic value.

There are many individuals that I wish to thank, without whose efforts this book would not have been possible. First and foremost, a special thanks goes to all the authors who wrote chapters and shared with readers their experience and novel

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research. These individuals are recognized experts in the various areas of stem cell research. I would also like to thank Dr. Kursad Turksen and our acquisitions editor, Ms. Aleta Kalkstein, for their patience, encouragement, and valuable help. It was an intellectual pleasure to work with them on this book.

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Contents

1 Regenerative Medicine and the Search for Pluripotent/Multipotent Stem Cells ............................................................................ 1Mariusz Z. Ratajczak

2 Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Regenerative Medicine—Adult Tissue-Derived Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells and Harnessing Paracrine Signals of Adult Stem Cells ........................ 19Magda Kucia, Malwina Suszynska, Janina Ratajczak and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak

3 Cord Blood Stem Cells............................................................................. 35Marta Adamiak, Zbigniew Madeja and Ewa K. Zuba-Surma

4 Human CD34-negative Hematopoietic Stem Cells ............................... 53Yoshiaki Sonoda

5 Cell Therapies in Cardiology .................................................................. 79Wojciech Wojakowski, Agata Czekaj and Michał Tendera

6 Mechanisms Regulating Trafficking of Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease ............................................................................ 95Yuri Klyachkin and Ahmed Abdel-Latif

7 Stem Cell Therapies in Neurology .......................................................... 117Naoki Tajiri, Meaghan Staples, Sandra Acosta, Mibel Pabon, Travis Dailey, Yuji Kaneko and Cesar V. Borlongan

8 Stem Cell Compartment in Acute Psychotic Syndromes ..................... 137Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur and Jerzy Samochowiec

9 Skin Regeneration and Circulating Stem Cells ..................................... 163Julia Borowczyk and Justyna Drukała

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10 Stem Cell Therapies in Neonatology ...................................................... 179Bogusław Machaliński

11 Pluripotent Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells in Adult Mammalian Gonads ................................................................................. 191Deepa Bhartiya, Seema Parte, Hiren Patel, Sandhya Anand, Kalpana Sriraman and Pranesh Gunjal

12 Molecular Signature of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells .......... 211Hyunsook Kang, Jisun Lim, Jinbeom Heo, Jaeho Jeong, YongHwan Kim and Dong-Myung Shin

13 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue/Organ Regeneration .............. 231Maria Chiara Deregibus, Alessandra Iavello, Ciro Tetta and Giovanni Camussi

14 Extracellular Vesicles and Tissue Organ Regeneration ........................ 245P. Quesenberry, J. Aliotta, M. Dooner, D. Chatterjee, B. Ramratnam, L. Goldberg, M. Del Tatto, M. Pereira, A. Sorokina and S. Wen

15 Stem Cells in Infection and Sepsis .......................................................... 251Tomasz Skirecki, Grażyna Hoser and Jerzy Kawiak

Index ................................................................................................................ 265

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Contributors

Ahmed Abdel-Latif Department of Cardiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Sandra Acosta Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Marta Adamiak Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophys-ics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

J. Aliotta Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Sandhya Anand Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

Deepa Bhartiya Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

Cesar V. Borlongan Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Julia Borowczyk Laboratory of Cell & Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian Uni-versity, Krakow, Poland

Giovanni Camussi Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

D. Chatterjee Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Agata Czekaj Third Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Kato-wice, Poland

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Travis Dailey Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

M. Del Tatto Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Maria Chiara Deregibus Department of Medical Sciences and Translational Cen-ter for Regenerative Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

M. Dooner Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Justyna Drukała Laboratory of Cell & Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian Uni-versity, Krakow, Poland

L. Goldberg Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Pranesh Gunjal Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

Jinbeom Heo Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Grażyna Hoser Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, The Centre of Medical Postgradu-ate Education, Warsaw, Poland

Alessandra Iavello Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Jaeho Jeong Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Uni-versity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Yuji Kaneko Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neu-rosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Hyunsook Kang Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Jerzy Kawiak Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, The Centre of Medical Postgradu-ate Education, Warsaw, Poland

YongHwan Kim Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Yuri Klyachkin Department of Cardiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical Uni-versity, Szczecin, Poland

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Magda Kucia Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Univer-sity of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Jisun Lim Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Uni-versity of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Bogusław Machaliński Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

Zbigniew Madeja Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophys-ics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

Mibel Pabon Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neu-rosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Seema Parte Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

Hiren Patel Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

M. Pereira Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

P. Quesenberry Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

B. Ramratnam Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Janina Ratajczak Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Uni-versity of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Mariusz Z. Ratajczak Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Jerzy Samochowiec Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

Dong-Myung Shin Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiol-ogy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Tomasz Skirecki Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, The Centre of Medical Postgrad-uate Education, Warsaw, Poland

Yoshiaki Sonoda Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan

A. Sorokina Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

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Kalpana Sriraman Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India

Meaghan Staples Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Malwina Suszynska Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Naoki Tajiri Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neu-rosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Michał Tendera Third Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Ciro Tetta Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

S. Wen Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Wojciech Wojakowski Third Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Sile-sia, Katowice, Poland

Ewa K. Zuba-Surma Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Bio-physics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

Contributors

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About the Editor

Mariusz Z. Ratajczak, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sci. d.h.c is the Henry M. and Stella M. Hoenig Endowed Chair in Cancer Biology and the Director of the Stem Cell Institute at the University of Louisville’s James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Kentucky, USA. Dr. Ratajczak earned his M.D. at the Pomeranian Medical Univer-sity in Szczecin, Poland, and his D.Sci. and Ph.D. in hematopoietic transplantation at the Center for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Warsaw, Poland. He com-pleted fellowships at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, USA. Dr. Ratajczak is an internationally known specialist in the field of adult stem cell biology. He is section editor of Leukemia and Blood Cancer Journal, and he is a member of the editorial board for Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cells, and Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. He also has published numerous books and more than 400 peer-reviewed publica-tions and is a frequent speaker at conferences worldwide.