stem cell and medical apps

7/24/2019 Stem Cell and Medical Apps

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Stem Cell and ItsClinical Implications


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Presented by:

DR.Mahfujun NaharMS Phase-A Resident

Department of Anatomy

BSMMU


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Guided by

Dr. Nahid Farhana minAssistant Professor

Department of Anatomy

BSMMU


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!bjecti"es

Define stem cell

Outline brief history of stem cell research

Mention the types of stem cells based on

potential


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!bjecti"es contd!

Outline the sources of stem cell

"#plain the steps of stem cell therapy

Discuss the health problems that mi$ht be

treated by stem cells


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!bjecti"es %ontd!

Debate for and a$ainst stem cell research

Mention the responsibilities re$ardin$

stem cell issues


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Stem Cells: Definition

- unspeciali&ed

- self rene'al

- can be induced to form specific cell

types


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# stem cell

Self rene$al -maintains the stem cell

pool

% speciali&ed cellsDifferentiation replaces dead or dama'edcells throu'ht the life

(hy self)rene$ ND differentiate*# stem cell


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Clono'enic+ a sin$le "S cell $i(es rise to a colony of

$enetically identical cells) 'hich ha(e the same properties

as the ori$inal cell

,-presses the transcription factor !ct)%

%an be induced to continue proliferatin$ or

to differentiate

ac/s the 0# chec/point in the cell cycle

,S cells spend most of their life cycle in S phase

Don1t sho$ 2 inacti"ation

Properties of stem cell3.


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Stem Cell Mar/ers

c)4it

!ct% A*G%AAA*! POU +amily Protein

CD5%

CD56

Cd%%

CD#55

Nestin


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Cells in suspension are ta''ed

$ith fluorescent mar/ers

specific for undifferentiated

stem cell

abeled cells are sent under

pressure throu'h a small no&&le

and pass throu'h an electricfield

cell 'enerates a ne'ati"e

char'e

if it fluoresces and a positi"echar'e

if it does not.

aser beam

passes

throu'h one cell

F7R!SC,N8

C8I98,D

C, S!R8IN0

Stemcell

S,PR8I!N !F S8,M C,


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istory of

Stem Cell Research


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,n ../) 0ames *homson

isolated stem cells from the

inner cell mass of the earlyembryo1

,n ../) 0ohn Gearhart deri(edhuman embryonic $erm cells

from fetal $onadal tissue

primordial $erm cells!1

istory of

Stem Cell Research


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istory of Stem Cell Research %ontd!

... - +irst Successful human transplant of

insulin-ma2in$ cells from cada(ers

344 - President Bush restricted federal

fundin$ for embryonic stem-cell

research


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istory of Stem Cell Research %ontd!

3445 - 6ar(ard researchers $ro' stem cells

from embryos usin$ pri(ate fundin$1

Asia) 0apan) South 7orea and Sin$apore is

mo(in$ for'ards on stem cell research1


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SCAN Stem Cell Action Network

Stem Cell Research (orld$ide


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0lobal status

On$oin$ debate re$ardin$ use of embryos

United 8ations9 proposal for a $lobal

policy to ban reproducti(e clonin$ only


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Debate in 7S

+ederal fundin$ a(ailable for research usin$the Bush lines only

"S cell lines from /:.:4

Disad(anta$e of Bush stem cell lines9

may ha(e mutations or infections

Pri(ate companies continue to pursue stemcell research

therapeutic cloniin$ mainly


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Stem cell research in other

countries

Great Britain; *herapeutic clonin$ ) use of e#cess

embryos < creation of embryos allo'ed

+rance

; Reproducti(e and therapeutic clonin$banned

Germany

; Use of e#cess embryos and creation ofembr os banned


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8ypes of Stem Cells

based on potential


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8ypes of Stem Cells based on

potentialStem celltype Description ,-amples

*otipotent"ach cell can de(elop

into a ne' indi(idual

%ells from early-= days!embryos

Pluripotent%ells can form anyo(er 344! cell types

Some cells ofblastocyst > to

5 days!

Multipotent%ells differentiated)but can form a numberof other tissues

+etal tissue) cordblood) and adultstem cells


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*his cell

%an form the

"mbryo and placenta

*his cell

%an ?ust form the

embryo

8otipotent

Pluripotent

Multi)potent

+ully mature


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Pluripotent Stem Cellsmore potential to become any type of cell


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Multipotent stem cells

Multipotent stemcells ; limited in

'hat the cells canbecome


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Sources of Stem Cell


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Sources of Stem Cell

"mbryonic stem "S! cells

*issue Adult! stem cells

,nduced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells!

Somatic cell nuclear transfer therapeutic

clonin$!

S f t ll


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Sources of stem cells

embryonic stemcells

blastocyst - a (ery early

embryo

tissue stem cellsfetus) baby and throu$hout life

, b i t ;,S< ll


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,mbryonic stem ;,S< cells:

blastocyst

outer layer of cells

@ trophectoderm

cells inside

@ inner cell mass

embryonic stem cells ta2en from

the inner cell mass

culture in the lab

to $ro' more cells

fluid 'ith nutrients

, b i t ;,S< ll


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,mbryonic stem ;,S< cells:

embryonic stem cells

P7RIP!8,N8

all possible types of speciali&ed

cells

differentiation

8i t ll


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8issue stem cells:

muscles

s2in

surface of the eye brain

breast

intestines $ut!

bone marro'

testicles

8i t ll


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8issue stem cells:

M78IP!8,N8

blood stem cell

found in

bone marro'

differentiation

only speciali&ed types of blood cell9

red blood cells) 'hite blood cells)

platelets

I d d l i t t t ll


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Induced pluripotent stem cell

cell from the body

$enetic repro$rammin$

@ add certain $enes to the cell

induced pluripotent stem iPS!

cell

beha(es li2e an embryonic stem

cell

d"anta'e: no need for embryos=all possible types of

speciali&ed cells

culture iPS cells in the lab

differentiation

I d d l i t t t ll


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Induced pluripotent stem cell ;Contd different types of clonin':

Reproducti(e clonin$

Used to ma2e t'o identical

indi(iduals

ery difficult to do

,lle$al to do on humans

Molecular clonin$

Used to study 'hat a $ene

does

Routinely used in the biolo$y

labs

gene 1

gene2


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Reproducti"e clonin'

remove nucleus

and take the rest of the cell

egg

take the nucleus

(containing DNA)

cell from the body

Clone

identical to the individual

that gave the nucleus Dolly the sheep

Molecular clonin'


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Molecular clonin'

gene 1

gene 2

Make a new piece of DNA

gene 1

gene2

ake DNA out of the nucleus

cell 1 cell 2

gene

1

gene 2

!) "ut new DNA into a test cell and growcopies

gene1

cell divides

Daughter cells

contain same DNA

!enes 1 and 2 have been cloned

gene2

insert newDNA


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Steps of Stem Cell8herapy

Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy


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Definin' the problem

Findin' 8he Ri'ht 8ype of Stem Cell

Match 8he Stem Cell (ith 8he Recipient

Put the stem cells in the ri'ht place

Ma/e 8he 8ransplanted Stem Cells Perform

St f St C ll 8h


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Define the problem

Researchers 'ant to replace dead dopamine

neurons 'ith healthy ones



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Findin' 8he Ri'ht 8ype ofStem Cell

?lastocyst stem cells*

At the time) unable to

differentiate into neurons

Fetal stem cells*+ "#cellentcandidates) ethical problems

dult stem cells*+ 6ard to $et)

too little 2no'n


Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy ; td


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Match 8he Stem Cell (ith 8he Recipient

8eeds a $ood immunonlo$ical match1

Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy ;contd.

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