∗ SSL was listed in 1990 as a threatened stock

∗ In 1997, the population was separated into two stocks based on genetic information according to where they fell relative to the 144° W longitude.

∗ The stock to the west was designated the western stock (wSSL) and listed as endangered while the stock to the east (eastern stock) remained listed as threatened.

Steller Sea Lion (SSL)

Table 1: Ranking of different hypotheses that caused the decline and those inhibiting recovery of the Steller Sea Lion

Hypotheses Understanding in 2000

Understanding in 2007

Understanding in 2010

Decline Recovery Decline Recovery Decline Recovery Environmental change

Possible Possible Possible Potent. high Likely Likely

Indirect fisheries effects

Possible Possible Possible Potent. high Likely Likely

Direct human-related

Likely Possible Likely Unlikely Yes Unlikely

Predation Sharks Possible Possible Unlikely Unlikely No No Killer

Whales Possible Possible Unlikely Possible Possible Possible

Disease Possible Possible Unlikely Unlikely Unlikely Unlikely Contaminants Possible Possible Unlikely Possible Possible Possible Source: Adapted from tables 2.3-4 and 2.3-5 [22] and table 4.8 [14].

Stellar Sea Lion

Pollock

Cod

Atka mackerel

High estimate

Low estimate

Economics benefits of wSSL conservation measures vs. cost of fishery closures

∗ Canary and Yelloweye are found along the West Coast

∗ Species are long-lived and historically, they were fished both commercially and recreationally

∗ Under MSFCMA, there is no longer a directed fishery but the fish are often caught unintentionally as bycatch in the west coast groundfish trawl fishery (e.g., sole, flounder, lingcod, black cod, 90 species in total).

Canary and Yelloweye Rockfish

∗ E.g., members of the United Catcher Boats Association get together to strategize before the season starts. ∗ “If one area is really hot for canary rockfish…we’ll draw

lines around that hotspot and agree not to fish there. So we have closure zones that are generated by the boat captains themselves.”

∗ Fishermen have an incentive to innovate. ∗ “People have been experimenting with different net

styles in order to become more selective in their catch, because we know that individually we can benefit”

What are the fishermen saying about the catch share program?

Mangroves

6

Mangroves are carbon rich forests

7 Source: Donato et al. 2011, Nature Geoscience April 3, 2011

High/central/low are based on soil carbon assumptions

Supply curves for carbon offsets

What if you targeted your offsets for other ancillary benefits?

Figure SI 4. Mangrove species richness, by country. Compiled using data from IUCN (2010).

a. Birds b. Endangered birds

c. Amphibians d. Reptiles

Figure SI.5. Bird, endangered bird, amphibian, and reptile species richness associated with mangroves, by country. Compiled using data from BirdLife International (2011) and IUCN (2010).

Cost differences

Added costs are on the order of less than 30 cents per ton CO2.