steel, a sustainable material - jisf

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Steel, a sustainable material

Toshio Isohara

Nippon Steel Corporation

The 9th Asia Steel Forum in Year 2019

September 19, 2019

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September 19, 2019© 2019 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION. All Rights Reserved.

Asia Steel Forum 2019

Circulation of steel: production and recycling

Iron is reduced from iron ore with coal to produce steel and CO2.

Once reduced, steel maintains its property even after recycling.

ガラス（ｼﾙﾌﾟﾗｽ）／新日化

超軽量複合鋼板／先端研・探索超撥水表面鋼板／先端研・探索ＭＥＲＳ／ＥＰＣ・探索

リアクトル（磁性薄帯）／鉄

高周波低損失

低損失・高トルク・高回転

10μm

デバイス実装（高温対応）／NSMAT

接合、（ナノNi）

配線、（EX1）

電極（Tiバリヤ）

シリカフィラー（高流動性）

インバーター（SiC)／NSMAT

PCU

高効率・低損失、高耐熱性、小型・軽量化

③ﾊﾟﾜｰｴﾚｸﾄﾛﾆｸｽ①Ｌｉ二次電池

自動車用PEFC

②燃料電池

モータ電磁／鉄

燃料電池（触媒)／先端研・探索

燃料電池（ｾﾊﾟﾚｰﾀ)／Ti

二次電池負極／新日化

二次電池ｹｰｽ／鉄、NSSC,NSMAT

各種取組あるものの多くは後発

BF scrapironore

EAF

BOF

Fe2O3 Fe

CO2

coal

CNippon Steel

steel

products

final

products

Fe Fe Fe Fe

Fe

http://www.worldautosteel.org/aviation-and-auto-sectors-look-to-lightweighting/

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Life Cycle Thinking

Life cycle thinking is very important.

Steel is often the best choice thinking of the whole life cycle.

Production Use Disposal

Recycling

Life cycle

total

steel

steel steel

steel

Eco-

friendly?

Eco-

friendly!

Also important

Also importantenvironm

enta

l im

pact

hig

hla

w

Often

highlighted

Nippon Steel


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Environmental impact

in production

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CO2 emission of steel in production

In the production phase of steel, iron making process is the

most significant step in green house gas emission.

Carbon Trust: International Carbon Flows (2011)

Iron

making

CO

2e

mis

sio

n

https://www.carbontrust.com/media/38362/ctc791-international-carbon-flows-steel.pdf

https://www.carbontrust.com/media/38362/ctc791-international-carbon-flows-steel.pdf

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990

757

173

230

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

Carbon Fiber(CFRP)

Aluminium

Advanced HighStrength Steel

Mild Steel

CO2 emission per functionally equivalent autopart [kg-CO2 eq / autopart]

CO2 emission in production

CO2 emission in production per same performance component is low in steel

compared to other light-weight materials.

Environmentally friendlyWorld Auto Steel


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Environmental impact

in use

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Weight per strength (vehicle)

Steel is becoming lighter and lighter.

Now, steel is lighter than aluminium per strength.

0 10 20 30

自動車用軟鋼板（270MPa）

自動車用普通鋼板（440MPa）

自動車用高張力鋼板（780MPa）

自動車用超高張力鋼板…

アルミニウム合金

チタン合金

マグネシウム

ガラス繊維強化プラスチック

熱硬化性CFRP（迅速成型, …

Density per strength [kg/Nm]

HSS

AHSS

Arthur D. Little (2014)

Steel (270 MPa)

Steel (440 MPa)

Steel (780 MPa)

Steel (1,470 MPa)

Aluminium alloy

Titanium alloy

Magnesium alloy

GFRP

CFRP (CFRTS, Vf=0.6)

Environmentally friendly

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Theoretical strength of steel is very high.

Future steel might be far more stronger than now.

Strength of materials

theoreticalstrength

Carbon fiber(PAN)

Carbon fiber(pitch)CFRP

AutomobileStrand

wireSteelcord

Pianowire

Steel

Aluminiumalloy

Cupperalloy

Concrete(compression)

Engineeringplastics

Carbon fiber(CFRP)

Nippon Steel (2009)

Strength [MPa] Environmentally friendly

http://www.metalbulletin.com/events/download.ashx/document/speaker/7769/a0ID000000X0kDSMAZ/Presentation

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High performance steel products

reduce CO2 emission in use phases

Some of high performance steel products contributed

to the reduction of CO2 emission in the world.

Japan Iron and Steel Federation

Transformer

Train

Automobile

Ship

Boiler pipe

for power plant

Transformer

Boiler pipe

for power plantShip

AutomobileReduction of CO2 emission

in use in Japan in 2015 [kt]

Reduction of CO2 emission

in use outside Japan in 2015 [kt]

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CO2 emission in production becomes significant in low emission vehicles.

CO2 emission in life cycle (vehicle)

EEA Signals 2017

conventional

vehicle

(Petrol)

battery

electric

vehicle

(EU ave.)

conventional

vehicle

(Diesel)

battery

electric

vehicle

(Renewable)

Vehicle

production

and disposal

CO2

exhaust

emission Fuel

production

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/signals-2017




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Recycling of materials

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Open-loop recycling

Nippon Steel (2017)

cascade

recycling

thermal

recycling

materialrecycling

chemicalrecycling

Closed-loop recycling

natural

resources

material

production

final product

production

use in

societyend-of-life

land fill

end of material life

Open-loop and closed-loop in recycling

Most of the recycling is open-loop, degrading its property.

Steel is recycled “closed-loop”, fully substitutional to the primary steel.


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1. Easy sorting

Steel sticks to magnet, most other materials do not.

2. Low environmental impact in recycling process

Steel scrap is easily recycled by re-melting.

3. Existence of economical recycling system

Steel scrap is traded as a steel material worldwide.

4. Refinable in recycling

Most impurities in steel scrap can easily be removed.

Requirements for sustainable recycling

Steel meets all these requirements for closed-loop recycling.

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Metal Refining

Fe Al Mg Ti

Gas

phase

Slag

phase

Metal

phase

Ni Co

SnCu

Mo

Pb Zn

Cr

NbB

VAl

Mn

Mg

CaCeTi Si

Ca

Mg

Zn

Fe Ni

Co

Sn

Cu

Mo

Ca

FeNi

Co

Sn

Cu

Mo

MgZn

FeNi

Co

Sn

Cu

Mo

Mn Mn MnB B B

Ti TiSi Si Si

Ce Ce CePb PbPb

Nb Nb Nb

Cr Cr CrV V V

Al Al

removable elements

Most impurities in steel are removed by oxidization since iron is NOT easily oxidized.

Other metals can to a large extent be removed by magnetic separation.

Hiraki, Xin, Nakajima, Matsubae, Nakamura and Nagasaka (2012)

trapped elements

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Recycling in construction (UK)

Most of the steel is recycled in construction. Others, not.

SteelConstruction.info, https://www.steelconstruction.info/File:B_Fig10_2013.png#filelinks


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Circulation of steel in the world

Loss 0.03 Bt

year 2015


Bureau of International Recycling aisbl

Bt: billion ton per year

30,000,000,000 tIn-house Scrap

Manufacturing

Scrap

1.2 Bt0.6 Bt

Steel is accumulated year by year, without loss, and circulated.

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How should we calculate

the effect of recycling?

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Recycling effect of material

CO2 emission is calculated from cradle to gate in most materials.

How about in steel, where scrap is recycled again and again?

Natural

resources

Material

production

Product

manufacturing

Use of

product

End-of-life

of product

Recycling of material

?

Cradle to gate

Nippon Steel


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1.00 0.20+ 0.16+

1.00 0.81+ 0.65+

= 0.55

Multiple recycling (e.g. 3rd cycle)

Steel

production

CO2

emission

Primary production

from natural resources

Secondary productions

from scrap recycling

CO2 emission =1.0 (primary production), 0.25 (secondary production)R (scrap recovery rate) = 0.9, Y (recycling yield) = 0.9

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ･･･ ∞

CO

2em

issio

n / X

pr

Life cycle

Xpr

Xre

X

yield = 0.9, recycling rate = 0.9,

Xre = 0.25Xpr

= emission in primary production

= emission

in secondary

productions

= emission in life cycle average

CO2 emission in multiple recycling

CO2 emission in life cycle average converges to a value in multiple recycling.

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

高炉電炉電炉電炉電炉

CO

2e

mis

sio

n in

pro

du

ctio

n

Life cycle

Conventional calculation

Primary

Steel

Recycled

Steel

Recycled

Steel

Recycled

Steel

Recycled

steel

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

高炉電炉電炉電炉電炉

CO

2e

mis

sio

n in

life

cycle

…

Calculation with recycling

RecycleSteel Steel Steel Steel Steel

Life cycle

CO2 emission in multiple recycling

In closed-loop recycling, there is no difference in primary and recycled steels.

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Global warming potential of

hot-dip galvanized steel sheet (world average)

GW

P

[cra

dle

to

ga

te =

10

0]

100

80

60

40

20

0

-10

-20worldsteel, Life cycle inventory study, May 2018, P23

CO2 emission of steel including recycling

Recycling effect is big.

CO2 emission of recycled product is far less than those without recycling.

gateto

gate

up-

stream

by-product

life cycle

recycling

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November 19, 2018


Long-term vision for climate change mitigation

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Steel stock in the future

Muller, et.al, “Patterns of Iron Use in Societal Evolution”,

Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45

“Sustainable steel: at the core of a green economy”,

World Steel Association, 2012

Relationship between GDP per capita

and steel stock per capitaTransition of steel stock per capita

Steel stock saturates at about 10 t/capita in developed countries.

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Steel demand and production

Steel production from iron ore is still necessary in the future.

How should we make it?

294

682

1118

4.0 7.0 10.0

16.2

26.8

37.9

12.2 14.0

12.0

5.6

15.5

29.7

73.8

97.7

111.8

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

2031

2033

2035

2037

2039

2041

2043

2045

2047

2049

2051

2053

2055

2057

2059

2061

2063

2065

2067

2069

2071

2073

2075

2077

2079

2081

2083

2085

2087

2089

2091

2093

2095

2097

2099

人口（右軸：億人）

蓄積総量（左軸：億t）

粗鋼生産量（右軸：億t）

スクラップ利用量（右軸：億t）

銑鉄生産量（右軸：億t）

一人当たり蓄積量（右軸：t/人）

2015

2050

2100

2015 2050year

population, billion12

7.4

9.8

68

2100

110

29.4

steel stock, billion ton

1.62

2.68

3.79

1.221.40

1.20

0.56

1.55

2.97

pig iron production, billion ton

0.41.0steel stock per capita, 10 ton/capita

10

8

6

4

2

0

11.2Japan Iron and Steel Federation


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Innovative Technologies - COURSE50

In COURSE50, iron ore is also reduced with hydrogen

and CO2 is removed by an innovative absorption system.

COURSE50, http://www.jisf.or.jp/course50/tecnology01/

http://www.jisf.or.jp/course50/tecnology02/

Fe (Iron)

H2 (Hydrogen)

Fe2O3 (Iron Ore)

+ C (Coke)

CO2

+ H2O (Stem)

CO2 removal with an

innovative absorption system

Blast Furnace

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Time course for the zero-carbon steel

Development of technologies specific to iron & steel sector 2100

COURSE50 H2 reduction in BF (internal H2)

Super COURSE50 H2 reduction in BF (external H2)

H2 reduction iron making H2 reduction without using BF

CCS Recovery of CO2 from BF gas, etc.

CCU Adding value to CO2 from steel plant

Development of common fundamental technologies for society

Zero-emission electricity Zero-emission electricity through nuclear, renew ables, etc.

Carbon-free H2 Low cost, large quantity production w ith nuclear and renew ables

CCS/CCU cheap storage, location, adding value, etc.

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

introduction

開発

introductionR&D

R&DStepping up

Stepping up introductionR&D

introductionR&D

introductionR&D

R&D

実機化開発 introductionR&D

introductionR&D

COURSE50 is the first step to the zero-carbon steel.

Japan Iron and Steel Federation (2018)


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Activities for promotion

of the sustainability of steel

by JISF

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Activities by JISF

1. Development of Standards: JIS 20915 and JIS Q 20915

2. Development of PCRs for EPD referring ISO 20915, including recycling effect

3. Life cycle inventory data collection and disclosure of the average data.

4. Promotions in video, conferences, seminars, etc.







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Thank you for your attention !

steel, a sustainable material - jisf

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