status report on standardization for energy storage documents/standards...

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Status Report on Standardization for Energy StorageAn Overview of UL 9540 and Other Codes and Standards Impacting Energy Storage

Laurie FlorencePrincipal Engineer for Stationary and Motive BatteriesUL LLC

U.S.-Africa Clean Energy

Standards Program

Leader in Advanced Battery Safety Science

2

Research

Thought Leader

ship

Battery Standards

Testing & Certifi-cation

Design Advisory

UL 1973: Stationary Applications

UL 1974: Repurposed Batteries

UL 2271: Light Electric Vehicles

UL 2272: Electrical Systems for Personal

e-Mobility

UL 2580: Electric Vehicles

UL 9540: Energy Storage Systems

UL 3030: UAVs

Agenda

• Safety of ESSs• Code Development in USA Impacting ESSs

• NFPA 70• NFPA 1, ICC IFC• NFPA 855

• ANSI Standard Development Impacting ESSs• UL 9540• UL 1973• UL 9540A• UL 1974

• Performance of ESSs• PNNL Protocol

Safety of ESSs -Code Development in USA Impacting ESSs

Code Development in USA Impacting ESSs

The

US

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01

4

• Gaps noted in codes & Standards

• DOE ESSWG Codes & Standards Task Group established 2015

• Identified gaps in the current model codes with regard to electrical energy storage systems (ESSs) were identified

• Need for an ESS Installation standard similar to NFPA 853 for fuel cells

• Interim Guide for installation

5

Introduction

Code Development in USA Impacting ESSs

Municipalities, Regional and State Governments rely upon the model codes to regulate the installation of electrical equipment

6

Introduction to Codes

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)

ICC International Fire Code (IFC)

NFPA 1, Fire Code

NFPA 855, ESS Installation Standard

7

US Codes Impacting Energy Storage

NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)

• Article 706 – Energy Storage Systems

• New in 2017 edition

• Article 480 – Storage Batteries

• Article 712 – DC Micro grids

• New in 2017 edition


Updates on NFPA 70, Article 706 for next revision cycle

• All battery related requirements moved to Art. 480

• Listing required now for self-contained and pre-engineered systems

• Clarify energy storage system (ESS) vs UPS


ICC International Fire Code (IFC) 2018

• Significant revisions to Section 1206 to address energy storage systems (specifically battery systems)


Some Limitations Imposed on Energy Storage Systems in the 2018 ICC IFCParameter Limits Exceptions

Threshold Quantities that must comply with Section 1206

70 kWh –20 kWh

Hazard mitigation analysis per 1206.2.3

Size of Individual Array (BESS unit)

50 kWh LA and Ni-Cad technologies, 250 kWh for Listed systems > 250 kWh if Listed, LSF testing & AHJ approval

Separation distances ≥ 3 ft LA and Ni-Cad technologies Listed, LSF testing & AHJ approval

Outdoor separation from exposures

≥ 5 ft Smaller if LSF testing & AHJ approval

MAQs:600 -

200 kWh

LA and Ni-Cad technologies Group H-2 Occupancy Hazard mitigation analysis, LSF testing & AHJ

approvalAHJ – authority having jurisdiction, LSF – large scale fire testing (e.g. 9540A)


Current work underway for ICC IFC:

Refine locations of installation and requirements associated with those locations

• Outdoor Location

• Remote

• Near Exposures

• Indoor Location

• Dedicated use

• Non-dedicated use

• Special Locations

• Rooftop

• Parking Garage

Added new technologies with requirements specific to technology & Reference UL 9540A


NFPA 1, 2018 Edition

52.2 Listings and approvals:

• 1) Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries shall be approved or listed and labeled in accordance with UL1973 or UL 9540

• 2) Battery technologies not covered by item 1 shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL1973 or UL 9540

52.4 A fire risk and failure modes/effects analysis provided to the AHJ and consider the following:

• Safety caps

• Thermal runaway management

• Spill control

• Neutralization

• Ventilation

• Signage

• Seismic protection

• Fire detection

• Fire suppression

• Fire-resistance separation rating; both vertical and horizontal

13


• Systems that need to compliance with Chp. 52:• Lead acid and Ni-Cad: With ≥100 gal (378.5 L) electrolyte in sprinklered bldgs.

• 50 gal (189.3 L) in un-sprinklered bldgs.• Li-ion and Lithium metal polymer: With a ≥7 kWh (25.2 Mega joules) rating• Other technologies: > ten lbs (4.6 kgs)

14

Requirements Flooded LA & Ni-Cad

VRLA Li-ion & Li Metal Polymer

1. Safety caps2. Thermal runaway

mgmt.3. Spill control4. Neutralization5. Ventilation6. Signage7. Seismic Control8. Fire detection

1. Vent caps2. NA3. Required4. Required5. Required6. Required7. Required8. Required

1. Self- resealing flame arresting caps

2. Required3. NA4. NA5. Required6. Required7. Required

1. NA2. Required3. NA4. NA5. NA6. Required7. Required8. Required

NFPA 1


NFPA 855, Standard for Energy Storage System Installation

• Scope: Applies to the design, construction, installation, and commissioning of stationary energy storage systems.”

• At 2nd draft stage – publication planned for 2020

• Reference UL 9540 and UL 9540A

• Has limits for size, separations, etc. in harmonization with ICC IFC

• Requires listing of systems


Some Limitations Imposed on Energy Storage Systems in NFPA 855 Second Draft

Parameter Limits ExceptionsMaximum rated ESS energy

600 kWh -200 kWh

• Lead acid and Ni-Cad technologies for telecom applications meeting NFPA 76, or

• Hazard mitigation analysis, LSF testing and approved by AHJ

Separation distances

≥ 3 ft • LA and Ni-Cad if < 50 Vac or 60 Vdc meeting NFPA 76, or

• LSF testing and AHJ approvalBESS size limitations(Must be UL 9540 Listed)

250 kWh • LA and Ni-Cad, < 50 Vac or 60 Vdc per NFPA 76,or• > 250 kWh if Listed, LSF testing and AHJ approval

Sprinkler density ≥ 0.3gpm/ft2 • Sprinkler lower density, LSF testing, AHJ approval• Alternate systems, LSF testing ,AHJ approval

LSF – large scale fire testing per UL 9540A, AHJ – authority having jurisdiction

Safety of ESSs -ANSI Standard Development Impacting ESSs

Energy Storage Systems and Equipment

• Safety Standard

• Includes energy storage systems that are:

• Standalone to provide energy for local loads

• In parallel with an electric power system / electric utility grid

• Able to perform multiple operational modes

• For use in utility-interactive applications in compliance with IEEE 1547 and IEEE 1547.1

• For use in other applications intended to provide grid support functionality

(May include balance of plant and other ancillary equipment of the system)

UL 9540

Scope

• Safety Standard

• Energy Storage Systems intended for connection to a local or utility grid, and can be used also for standby application

• Electrochemical, Chemical, Mechanical, and Thermal

• ANSI/CAN UL 9540: Bi-national (USA & Canada)

Energy Storage System (ESS)

Stores energy in some form and provides

electrical energy for use when needed

UL 9540

General Electrical Safety and Walk-in Systems

• Walk-in systems

• Safe egress and exit signs

• Sufficient work space per NFPA 70

• Use of guarding, etc. to prevent access to hazardous voltage parts

• Ventilation per ASHRAE 62.1

• Lighting provided within enclosed spaces and per NEC

• Arc flash criteria per NFPA 70E

UL 9540

Safety Analysis and Control Systems

• Safety analysis (e.g. FMEA) of

system required

• Safety components

• Comply with component

safety standards

• Electronic and software

evaluated to functional

safety standards

• Remote controls

• Remote controls cannot

override local controls

• System have means to

disconnect from remote

control

Threat Level

High Med Low

Detectability

Ris

k (

P,S

)

High

Med

Low Low Low Medium

Low Medium High

Medium High Critical

UL 9540

Fire Detection and Suppression

• The level and type of fire detection and suppression dependent upon

• Size

• Technology

• Location of installation

• Local building and fire codes or utility requirements

• Fire Risk Assessment

• NFPA 550 & NFPA 551 guidelines

UL 9540

Utility Grid Interaction

• UL 1741 including its Supplement SA orThe Standard for General Use Power Supplies, C22.2 No. 107.1, including:

• IEEE 1547, 1547.1, 1547A, 1547.1A

• NERC PRC-024-1 as applicable

UL 9540

Energy Storage System Technologies

• Technology specific criteria of UL 9540:

Electro

chem-

ical

Chem-

ical

Mech-

anical Thermal

UL 1973, Light Electric Rail (LER) and Stationary Batteries

Containment of moving parts tests Strength and leakage tests

ANSI CSA FC1UL 2200, CSA C22.2 No. 100Parts suitable for chemical service (e.g. hydrogen), strength and leakage tests

Strength and leakage tests

UL 9540

WARNING:

Hazardous

Voltage Circuits

Arc Flash Warnings

Enclosure Ratings

(Seismic, IP or NEMA

enclosure ratings,

installation limitations,

etc.)m

WARNING: To

Reduce the Risk of

Injury, read

all instructions

Restricted Access

Markings

Code Markings

• NFPA 70 (NEC)

• ICC IFC, NFPA 1

• NFPA 855 (TBD)

Markings and Signage

UL 9540

Electrical Tests:• Functional Safety/reliability evaluation of Electronics• Normal Operations (temperature and check of component

operating parameters under maximum loading)• Dielectric Voltage Withstand• Impulse • Equipment Grounding and Bonding• Insulation Resistance


26

UL 9540

Mechanical Tests:• Containment of Moving Parts

• Over speed qualification• Faulted securement qualification• Blocked shaft qualification• Mechanical failure qualification

• Leakage• Strength

• Hydrostatic• Pneumatic


27

UL 9540Environmental Tests:

• Special Environment Installations• Outdoors installations subject to moisture exposure• Outdoor installation near marine environments• Installation in seismic environments


28

Scope

• Safety Standard for Cells, Modules and Battery Systems

• Non-technology specific and includes specific criteria for:

• Lithium ion

• Nickel

• Lead Acid

• Sodium Beta

• Flow Batteries

• Electrochemical Capacitors (ultracaps)

• Construction & testing (type and routine) criteria

UL 1973

UL 1973

Materials

Enclosures

Safety Analysis

Safety Controls & Functional Safety

Electrical Insulation, Spacings, Grounding and Bonding

30

Construction

UL 1973

Lithium ion Batteries

Nickel Batteries

Lead Acid Batteries

Flow Batteries

Sodium Beta Batteries

Electrochemical Capacitors

31

Construction: technology specific

UL 1973Electrical

• Overcharge

• Short Circuit

• Over discharge Protection

• Imbalanced Charging

• Temperature

• Dielectric Voltage Withstand

• Continuity

• Failure of Cooling/Thermal Stability System

• Strain Relief Tests

Mechanical

• Static Force

• Impact

• Drop Impact

• Wall Mount Fixture/Handle

• Mold Stress

Environmental

• Resistance to Moisture

• Salt Fog

• External Fire Exposure

Single Cell Failure Tolerance (formerly Internal Fire Exposure)

32

Tests

UL 1973Internal Fire Test Proposed Revisions

• Revised name of test to “Single Cell Failure Tolerance”

• Divide the test into two methods:

• Lithium ion method

• Other technology method (applies to solid state lithium metal, sodium beta, lead acid batteries)

• Both methods are single cell failure to determine if there is propagation outside of the DUT enclosure

• Addition of details on cell failure methods in new Appendix F

• Test is essentially a failure of a single cell to determine if there is propagation. (Pass fail criteria: no explosion and no fire propagation outside of the enclosure.)

UL 9540A, Test Methods for Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation within Battery Energy Storage Systems

• Test Method

• Address exception in Fire and Installation Codes for ESS

• In ICC IFC and NFPA 855 as exceptions to size limitations and limitations on separation distances between equipment and structures

LARGE SCALE FIRE TESTING

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UL 9540A

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UL9540A

Cell Level – fail cells through various methods & gather information

Module Level – fail cells in modules and document data/gather information

Unit Level – Conduct testing at unit level with repeat of cell failure in one of the modules in initiating unit and surround with target units

Installation Level – Repeat of Unit level test within test room with sprinkler systems

Several Levels of Testing Involved:

Under development in 2018

Scope • Covers the sorting and

grading process of battery packs, modules, and cells;

• originally used for other purpose such as EV propulsion

• that are intended for a repurposed use application, such as for ESS

• Manufacturing Process Standard

UL 1974

Performance of ESSs

PNNL Protocol

• PNNL-22010 Rev 2, Protocol for Uniformly Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems

• Scope –• identifies general information and

technical specifications relevant in describing an ESS and

• adefines a set of test, measurement, and evaluation criteria with which to express the performance of ESSs that are intended for energy-intensive and/or power-intensive stationary applications

PNNL Protocol

• Stored Energy

• Round-Trip Energy Efficiency

• Response Time

• Ramp Rate

• Reactive Power Response Time

• Reactive Power Ramp Rate

• Internal Resistance

• Standby Energy Loss Rate

• Self-Discharge Rate

Reference performance parameters

PNNL Protocol

• Duty-Cycle Round-Trip Efficiency

• Reference Signal Tracking

• State-of-Charge Excursions

• Energy Capacity Stability

• SOC_volt/var

• SOC_active standby

• Wh_discharge

• Wh_charge

• Wh_net

• Peak Power

Duty cycle performance parameters

PNNL ProtocolApplications Applicable Duty Cycle Metrics

Duty CycleRTE

ReferenceSignal

Tracking

SOCExcursions

EnergyCapacityStability

Peak Shaving X X X

Frequency Regulation X X X X

Microgrid X X X X

PVSmoothing

X X X X

Volt/Var X X X

Renewables (Solar)Firming

X X X X

Power Quality X X X X

Frequency Control X X X X

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