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TRANSCRIPT
Carbonaceous aerosols over China - review of observations, emissions and climate forcing
Linpeng Wanga, Xuehua Zhoua*, Yujie Maa, Zhaoyu Caoa, Ruidong Wua, Wenxing Wangab
a. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Ji’nan, Shandong Province, China
b. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Table S1 Data sources of organic and element carbons concentrations in PM2.5 used in analysisLocation Sampling Dates Sampling Description Analytical
method
PM2.5
(µg/m3)
OC
(µg/m3)
EC
(µg/m3)
References
Beijing (E116.17°-117.12°,N39.56°-40.65°)
Beijing 1 Jul. 1999-Sep. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) TOR 115 21.5 8.7 He et al. 2001
Jul. 1999-Sep. 2000 urban (Tsinghua University) 127 29.1 10.1
Jul.-Sep. 1999 urban (Chegongzhuang) 74$ 13.42 6.27
Sep.-Oct. 1999 urban (Chegongzhuang) 111.6 28.79 10.23
Nov. 1999-Mar. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) 175.9 31.49 11.08
Mar. 2000-May. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) 88.6 18.21 6.67
Beijing 2 11-18 Jan. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) TOR 160.5 43.2 7.8 Yang F. et al. 2005
15-22 Feb. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 208.4 37 12
08-15 Mar. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 137.8 26.6 6.4
15-22 Mar. & 05-12
Apr. 2001
urban (Chegongzhuang) 99.2 16.3 6.6
14-21 Jun. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 105.4 18.7 9.1
12-19 Jul. & 09-16
Aug. 2001
urban (Chegongzhuang) 83.3 15.4 6.9
20-27 Sep.& 04-11
Oct. 2001
urban (Chegongzhuang) 79.4 19.3 9.4
08-15 Nov. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 105.2 22.6 11.9
Beijing 3 Aug. 2001-Sep. 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) LTT 96.55 22.86 10.26 Duan et al.2006
Autumn 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 79.8 23.15 10.39
Winter 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 122.09 32.23 11.34
Spring 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) 76.41 19.58 10.09
Summer 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) 88.99 14.94 8.4
Aug. 2001-Sep. 2002 urban (Tsinghua University) 106.94 28.8 9.58
Beijing 4 Jul.-Aug. 2001 urban (BNU) thermograv
imetry
104.1 17.1 4.9 Dan et al.2004
Jul.-Aug. 2001 rural (Pinggu) 121.7 10.3 4.5
Dec. 2001 urban (BNU) 257.6 41.2 31.6
Dec. 2001 rural (Miyun Reservoir) 683.1 72.6 37
Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (BNU) 99.4 11.5 5.2
urban (CS) 86.7 9.3 6.6
urban (YH) 86.8 11.2 5.3
Corresponding author: Xuehua Zhou, E-mail: [email protected], telephone: 86-531-88364896
Jun.-Jul. 2002 average 91.1 10.7 5.7
Dec. 2002 urban (BNU) 151.4 36.6 12.9
Dec. 2002 urban (CS) 171.7 36 9.8
Dec. 2002 urban (YH) 180 37.5 21.9
Dec. 2002 average 168.8 36.7 15.2
Mar. 2003 urban (BNU) 80.2 12.6 7.2
Mar. 2003 rural (Miyun Reservoir) 76.1 15.5 7.9
Beijing 5 23 Jul.-02 Aug. 2002 urban TMO 144.9 12.4 5.4 He et al. 2004
Beijing 6 Summer 2002,
Summer 2003
urban (BNU) thermograv
imetry
77.3 11.5 5.2 Sun et al. 2004
urban (Capital Steel Company) 82.2 9.3 6.6
urban (Yihai Garden) 75.4 11.2 5.9
Winter 2002, Winter
2003
urban (BNU) 135.7 33.2 11
urban (Capital Steel Company) 140.8 36.3 9.8
urban (Yihai Garden) 182.2 37.5 21.9
Beijing 7 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (IAP, CAS) TOR 126.5 27.2 7.1 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 urban (IAP, CAS) 117.2 17.2 4.6
Beijing 8 17 Jul.-2 Aug. 2004 rural (Shangdianzi) TOT 66 5.07 1.26 Yan et al. 2012
7-20 Feb. 2004 rural (Shangdianzi) 76.9 19.11 4.33
Beijing 9 May-Oct. 2001-2004 urban (RCEES/BNU) thermograv
imetry
104.00 11.29 5.30 Kim et al. 2006
other months 2001-
2004
urban (RCEES/BNU) 168.00 37.82 18.70
Beijing 10 Mar. 2005-Feb. 2006 urban TOR 118.50 24.50 8.19 Yang et al. 2011b
Beijing 11 29 Jun.-2 Aug. 2005 rural (Hei Shan Zhai) TOR 68.00 8.20 4.90 Pathak et al. 2011
Beijing 12 1-30 Jul. 2005-2007 suburban (Beijing Forestry
University)
TOR 97.48£ 20.47 4.84 Wang et al. 2009
15 Dec.-15 Jan. 2005-
2007
115.94£ 37.10 6.36
Beijing 13 2008 urban (Tsinghua University) TM 109.97£ 19.1 8.45 Yang et al. 2011a
rural (Miyun) 61.99£ 9.96 4.52
Gansu (E103.68°,N36.13°;E101.1°,N38.30°)
Jinchang 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Jinchang Meteorological
Bureau)
TOR 105.8 23 5 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 60.4 8.1 1.6
Lanzhou 18 Jun.-17 Jul. 2006 surburban (Lanzhou) TOR 65.00 6.60 2.90 Pathak et al. 2011
Inner Mongolia (E106.52°-122.27°,N37.47°-43.60°)
Ordos Sep. 2005 urban nn 51.81 12.80 2.46 Wang et al. 2012
Tongliao 3 Mar.-31 May 2005 rural-sand (Horqin sand land) nn 104.30 14.8 3.2 Shen et al. 2007
Wusumu 30 Aug.-9 Sep. 2005 rural high-mountain lake area TOR 64.50 15.50 2.31 Han et al. 2008
5-14 Jan. 2006 115.60 28.60 3.20
12 Jun.-21 Jul. 2006 50.70 8.70 1.40
2
21 Apr.-15 May 2007 71.40 8.10 1.81
Average 66.60 11.80 1.85
Jilin (E128.47°,N42.40°;E125.30°,N42.40°)
Changchun 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Jilin University) TOR 140.5 39.2 13.5 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 59.6 12.5 2.9
Mt. Changbai 23 Jul.-28 Jul. 2007 forest area TOT 38.80 4.90 0.50 Li et al. 2010
Shaanxi (E108.90°,N34.20°;E109.80°,N38.30°)
Yulin 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Shaanxi Desert Institute) TOR 150.6 32.5 9.2 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 50.5 13.7 3.3
Xi'an 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (IEE) TOR 375.2 102.3 21.6 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 130.8 27.3 7
Xi'an 2 Sep. 2003 urban (IEE) TOR 105.96£ 24.90 8.30 Cao et al. 2005
Oct. 2003 148.12 £ 39.40 13.10
Average 133.73£ 34.10 11.30
Nov. 2003 215.64£ 52.40 12.10
Dec. 2003 292.83£ 81.70 15.20
Jan. 2004 256.63£ 63.90 10.10
Feb. 2004 200.83£ 48.60 12.00
Average 243.70£ 61.90 12.30
Xi'an 3 1-31 Dec. 2006 urban T/O 149.7§ 23.7 4.6 Shen et al. 2009
Shandong (E116.95°-120.30°,N36.00°-36.67°)
Qingdao 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Chinese Ocean University) TOR 127.9 26.6 6.3 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 30.1 5 1.4
Ji'nan Mar.-May 2006 urban (Shandong University) TOT 143.25 15.76 3.25 Yang et al. 2012
Jun.-Aug. 2006 129.04 14.99 3.08
Sep.-Nov. 2006 134.89 23.96 4.49
Dec. 2006-Feb. 2007 204.89 35.75 5.74
Average 148.71 22.19 4.1
Mar.-May 2006 rural (Miaopu Park) 93.46 13.44 2.8
Jun.-Aug. 2006 69.56 9.3 3.19
Sep.-Nov. 2006 93.21 22.5 5.27
Dec. 2006-Feb. 2007 146.8 35.24 5.67
Average 97.59 20.2 4.33
Shanxi (E112.53°,N37.88°)
Taiyuan Dec. 2005 urban (The Shanxi Province
Meteorological Science Research
Institute)
TOT 216.7 25.4 4.7 Meng et al. 2007
Jan. 2006 194.5 11.8 4.7
Feb. 2006 82.4 28.9 4.8
Average 193.4 38.9 5
Tianjin (E117.15°-117.35°,N39.07°-39.10°)
Tianjin 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Nankai University) TOR 179.4 38.9 8.5 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 103.2 16.5 3.7
3
Tianjin 2 28 Dec. 2006-31 Jan.
2007
urban TOR 206.60 41.40 8.00 Li et al. 2009
suburban (industrial site) 248.20 61.50 9.30
Coastal (Tanggu District) 215.60 36.70 6.90
Tianjin 3 6-24 Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) TOR 144.60 33.80 9.10 Gu et al. 2011
Tianjin 4 1-31 Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) T/O 124.4 30.7 7.9 Gu et al. 2009
Tianjin 5 1-25 Apr. 2008 urban(ABLOS) TOR 107.50 14.40 5.30 Gu J.X.et al. 2010
1-25 Jul. 2008 87.00 10.20 5.51
1-25 Oct. 2008 111.00 20.20 6.52
1-25 Jan. 2008 133.70 22.90 5.63
Tianjin 6 Sep. 2009-Feb. 2010 urban (SZ environmental
monitoring station of Tianjin.)
TOR 144.00 12.40 3.70 Li et al. 2012
urban (TT meteorological
observatory tower of Tianjin.)
117.00 13.90 4.90
suburban (DongLi monitoring
station site)
129.00 17.40 4.30
Average 124.00 14.50 4.30
Xinjiang (E86.63°-88.97°,N42.76°-44.13°)
Urumqi Feb.-Mar. 2007 urban nn 187 71.51 6.6 Li et al. 2008
Chongqing (E106.42°-106.53°,N29.48°-29.83°)
Chongqing 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Chongqing Academy of
Environmental Sciences)
TOR 311.8 76.7 16.6 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (Chongqing Academy of
Environmental Sciences)
116.3 25.1 8
Chongqing 2 Mar. 2005-Feb. 2006 urban (Jiangbei Distric) TOR 128.99 30.13 6.39 Yang et al. 2011b
urban (Dadukou District) 133.7 33.71 6.42 ¤ Yang et al. 2011b ,
Zhao et al. 2010
background (Beibei District ) 126.1 29.43 4.67 ¤ Yang et al. 2011b
Fujian (E118.09°-119.32°,N24.40°-26.10°)
Fuzhou Apr. 2007-Jan. 2008 urban (Wusibei Gulou Distric,
Ziyang Jin'an District)
TOR 44.33 8.5 2.17 Xu et al. 2012
Spring 49.78 10.47 2.08
Summer 23.58 5.28 1.95
Autumn 44.14 7.71 2.15
Winter 59.81 10.54 2.51
Xiamen 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Xiamen University) TOR 70.2 16.5 5 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 25.2 4.8 1.4
Xiamen 2 Jun.-Aug.2009 peri-urban (Jimei university) TOT 62.26 9.65 2.2 Zhang et al. 2012
Sep.-Nov. 2009 83.75 14.03 3.02
Dec.2009-Feb.2010 108.91 23.61 4.24
Mar.-May2010 89.72 13.63 2.25
Xiamen 3 Apr. 2009-Jan. 2010 suburb (Jimei University) TOT 63.88 15.81 2.74 Zhang F.W.et al.
2011urban (Xianyue residential area) 72.12 19.28 3.3
4
urban (Lulian hotel in Haicang
District)
74.8 19.73 3.49
Guangdong (E112.53°-113.94°,N22.27°-23.64°)
Guangzhou 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 industial (Huangpu) TOR 104 23.3 11 Cao et al. 2003
urban (Zhongshan University) 90.5 17.8 6
bankground (Longgui) 138.6 31.7 10.4
105.9 22.6 8.3
Guangzhou 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Huangpu) TOR 101.7 20 7.9 Cao et al. 2004
urban (Zhongshan University) 66.3 13.1 4.6
background (Longgui) 78.2 17 6.5
Average 78.1 15.8 5.9
Guangzhou 3 Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
urban source nn 70.6 17.57 ‡ 4.4 Hagler et al. 2006
Guangzhou 4 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Zhongshan Uinversity) TOR 156 41.1 14.5 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 49.1 10.6 3.2
Guangzhou 5 15-27 May 2004 suburban (Wan Qing Sha) TOR 59.00 14.90 10.50 Pathak et al. 2011
Guangzhou 6 2 Jul.-13 Aug. 2004 urban (Zhongshan Uinversity) TOR 52.38£ 15.4 5 Huang et al. 2005
urban (Ji'nan University) 56.45£ 16.2 5.5
urban (Nanyayuan in Tianhe) 44.70£ 15.6 8.6
roadside (Xingang West Road) 88.66£ 17.2 5
roadside (Tianshou Road) 80£ 19.2 7.4
roadside (Mingyue 2 Road
Guangzhou Dadao)
69.58£ 16.7 8.2
industrial (Shayong in Huangpu) 111.27£ 39.5 5.2
industrial (Shihua) 101.32£ 23 8.2
industrial (Xinweixin village in
Huangpu)
65.87£ 16.6 6.6
Total average 73.70£ 19.9 6.6
Guangzhou 7 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 semi-rural (Baiyun) TOR 90.85 30.61 9.47 Wang et al. 2006
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Liwan) 91.4 29.5 9.45
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Haizhu) 103.35 36.95 16.85
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Tianhe) 104.58 31.53 11.87
Guangzhou 8 11-25 Oct. 2004 urban (Guangdong Provincial
Environmental Monitoring Center)
T/O 102.9 22.40 7.10 Andreae et al. 2008
Guangzhou 9 16 Aug. 2006-9 Aug.
2007
urban (Sun Yat-sen University) TOR 42.4 7.1 4 Huang et al. 2010
Guangzhou 10 Dec.2008-Feb.2009 urban (Guangzhou Institute of
Geochemistry)
T/O 81.70 17.50 4.10 Yang et al. 2011b
Guangzhou 11 28 Aug.-21 Sep. 2008 rural (Wangqingsha) TOT 80.2 7.78 2.38 Ding et al. 2012
10 Nov.-9 Dec. 2008 103 22.5 4.29
Zhuhai 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 59.3 12.2 5 Cao et al. 2003
Zhuhai 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 31 5.4 1.9 Cao et al. 2004
Zhongshan Oct. and Dec. 2002, urban nn 46.5 10.50‡ 2.5 Hagler et al. 2006
5
Mar. and Jun. 2003
Conghua Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
background nn 36.8 9.07‡ 1.4 Hagler et al. 2006
Shenzhen 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb.2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 60.8 13.20 6.1 Cao et al. 2003
Shenzhen 2 Jun-Jul 2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 47.1 7.60 4.2 Cao et al. 2004
Shenzhen 3 Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
urban nn 47.1 11.14‡ 3.9 Hagler et al. 2006
Shenzhen 4 Summer 2004 urban TOR 34.9 7.2 2.1 Niu et al. 2006
Winter 2004 urban 99 20.3 12.7
Mt. Dinghu 2-10 Aug.2006 forest area TOT 30.80 5.30 0.70 Li et al. 2010
Hainan (E108.82°,N18.67°)
Jianfengling 1 16 Apr.-18 May 2004 background TOT 13 3.1 0.4 Luo et al. 2010
Jianfengling 2 20-26 Nov. 2007 forest area (Jianfengling Tropical
Forests Nature Reserve)
TOT 18.00 2.40 0.20 Li et al. 2010
Hongkong (E113.86°-114.36°,N22.10°-22.47°)
Hongkong 1 Nov. 2000-Feb. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) TMO 50.92 9.45 5.8 Ho et al. 2006 b
urban (Kwun Tong) 57.38 10.16 5.05
bankground (Hok Tsui) 42.37 5.52 1.36
Jun.-Aug. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) 32.71† 7.96 6.12
urban (Kwun Tong) 28.73† 5.61 4.33
bankground (Hok Tsui) 10.5† 1.49 0.42
Hongkong 2 6 Nov. 2000-26 Oct.
2001
urban (Tsuen Wan) TOR 37.06 8.7 5.374 Louie et al. 2005
bankground (Hok Tsui) 25.94 4.215 1.687
Hongkong 3 6 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 60.4 10.6 6.1 Cao et al. 2003
urban (Baptist University) 48.5 8.4 4.4
bankground (Hok Tsui) 41.3 6.3 1.9
Average 54.5 9.6 4.7
Hongkong 4 1 Jan.-30 Jun. 2002 bankground (Hok Tsui) nn 33 3.77 2.3 Cohen et al. 2004
Hongkong 5 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 40.1 6.3 3.9 Cao et al. 2004
Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Baptist University) 30.8 5.6 3.2
Jun.-Jul. 2002 background (Hok Tusi) 15.8 3.4 0.7
Hongkong 6 26 Nov.-31 Dec. 2002 rural/coastal site (Tai O) TOT 41.30 12.4 1.7 Cheung et al. 2005
Hongkong 7 Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
background (Tap Mun ) nn 28.7 4.93‡ 0.8 Hagler et al. 2006
Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
Downwind of urban source (Tung
Chung )
32.5 6.29‡ 2
Oct. and Dec. 2002,
Mar. and Jun. 2003
urban source (Central and western) 34.3 6.64‡ 1.9
Hongkong 8 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 64 11.2 5.8 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (Polytechnic University) 40.1 7.3 3.6
Hongkong 9 7 Apr.-12 May 2004 urban (Kowloon Peninsula) TOT 37.5 7.2 3.7 Zhang Z.S.et al.
20117 Apr.-12 May 2004 background (Hok Tusi) 30.8 4.8 1.3
6
Hubei (E114.20°,N30.50°)
Wuhan 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (CUG) TOR 166.6 38.2 8.4 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (CUG) 70.8 14.2 3
Hunan (E112.70°,N27.30°)
Mt. Heng 15 Mar.-31 May 2009 mountain site TOT 40.7 3.01 0.54 Zhou et al. 2012
Jiangsu (E118.76°-118.82°,N32.05°-32.07°)
Nanjing 1 Feb. 2001 urban (Nanjing University) T/O 67.02£ 15.63‡ 3.33 Yang H. et al. 2005
Sep. 2001 urban (Nanjing University) 46.88£ 10.81‡ 4.01
Feb. 2001 suburan (Purple Mountain
Observatory )
80. 50£ 14.19‡ 2.88
Nanjing 2 Jun.2007-May 2008 urban nn 98.8 15.7 10.4 Chen et al. 2010
Shanghai (E121.10°-121.70°,N30.83°-31.45°)
Shanghai 1 5 May 1999-20
Mar.2000
urban (Hainan Road) TOR 67.6 15.43 6.77 Ye et al. 2003
Summer 35.85 13.07 5.71
Autumn 67.78 17.28 6.97
Winter 93.91 17.59 8.07
20 Mar.1999-
27Mar.2000
urban (Tongji University) 62.4 14.34 6.21
Spring 61.66 16.1 5.27
Summer 36.8 9.62 4.61
Autumn 64.77 15.22 6.81
Winter 88.57 16.4 8.16
Shanghai 2 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Donghua University) TOR 151.1 28.6 8.3 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 52.2 13.3 2.9
Shanghai 3 5 May-6 Jun. 2005 suburban TOR 67.00 16.90 10.00 Pathak et al. 2011
Shanghai 4 Autumn 2005 urban (Yan-chang campus of
Shanghai University in Zha-bei
district)
TOR 106.4 21.8 3.9 Feng et al. 2009
Winter 2005 93.4 16.7 2.3
Spring 2006 113.5 14.1 3.1
Summer 2006 50.2 7.2 1.9
Annual 90.3 14.7 2.8
Autumn 2005 suburban area (the Environmental
Monitoring Station (EMS) of Jia-
ding district)
113.3 25.8 3.8
Winter 2005 88 16.1 2.3
Spring 2006 113.1 16.4 3.3
Summer 2006 66.9 11.4 2.7
Annual 95.5 17.5 3
Shanghai 5 13-15 Jun. 2006 forest area (Dongping National
ForestPark, Chongming)
TOT 89.20 9.90 1.60 Li et al. 2010
Shanghai 6 12-27 Apr. 2006 urban (Fudan University) TOR 47.3 8.4 3.7 Hou et al. 2011
7
1-21 Aug. 2006 15.1 3.8 1.1
13-29 Oct. 2006 36.1 6.5 2.1
5-21 Jan. 2007 65.4 10.9 4.4
Shanghai 7 Apr. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) TOR 62.14 7.14 4.06 Wang et al. 2010b
urban (Baoshan) 105.15 11.28 4.96
Jul. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 44.02 5.53 3.41
urban (Baoshan) 72.8 8.94 3.99
Oct. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 71.47 7.8 3.49
urban (Baoshan) 78.46 11.59 4.66
Jan. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 84.65 13.18 4.93
urban (Baoshan) 97.68 16.02 5.13
Average urban (Xujiahui) 64.17 8.1 3.91
urban (Baoshanl) 88.49 11.91 4.69
Yunnan (E98.50°,N25.00°)
Tengchong 09 Apr.-23 May 2004 backgound TOT 60.8 16.8 4.2 Luo et al. 2010
Zhejiang (E119.73°-121.42°,N28.66°-30.31°)
Hangzhou 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Hangzhou Environmental
Monitoring Station)
TOR 168.6 30.6 9.3 Cao et al. 2007
3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 90.6 17.1 3.6
Hangzhou 2 2006 suburban and urban TOR 77.5 13.7 5.90¥ Bao et al. 2010
Lin'an 1 16-29 Aug. 2004 background nn 40.1# 6.41 1.87 Yan et al. 2012
15 Jan.-3 Feb. 2005 background 71.7# 15.58 3.89
Lin'an 2 02 Apr.-23 May 2004 backgound TOT 83.5 12 3 Luo et al. 2010
Taizhou 4-13 Jul. 2006 urban (LQ) TOT 37.55 7.75 2.77 Gu Z.P.et al. 2010
4-13 Jul. 2006 north e-waste park (FL-HS) 49.61 8.94 2.86
7-15 Jan. 2007 urban (LQ) 108.91 22.08 5.59
7-15 Jan. 2007 southeast e-waste park (FL-LV) 153.88 35.74 6.97
Average 97.93 19.58 6.08
Standard deviation 66.09 14.40 4.57
Notes:
$ evaluated; §PM1.0 instead of PM2.5; * PM1.8 instead of PM2.5, #PM2.1 instead of PM2.5;
£PM2.5 mass concentration calculated by mass concentration and percentage of OC/TCM in PM2.5
†summer PM2.5 concentrattion calculated by the (total mass concentration-winter mass concentration)
‡ OC calculated by OM/1.4 or 1.6,
¤EC calculated by the percentage of EC and PM2.5 mass
¥EC=TC-OC
Analytical methods:
TOR, the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method;
TOT, thermal-optical transmission(TOT)
TMO ,the selective thermal manganese dioxide oxidation ( TMO)
T/O, thermal/optical aerosol carbon analyzer
LTT, a laboratory two-step thermal procedure
8
TM, a thermal method (TM)
Abbreviation: IAP, Institute of Atmospheric Physics; CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences; RCEES, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences;
BNU, Beijing Normal University; IEE, Institute of Earth Environment; ABLOS, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observation Station; CUG, China
University of Geoscience.
9
Table S2 Data sources of organic and element carbons concentrations in PM10 used in analysisLocation Sampling Dates Sampling Description Analytical
method
PM10
(µg/m3)
OC
(µg/m3)
EC
(µg/m3)
References
Beijing (E116.31°-116.37°,N39.51°-40.32°)
Beijing 1 8 Sep.-30 Nov. 2002 urban (Tsinghua University) TOR 154.5 20.4 6.6 Duan et al. 2005
Beijing 2 15 Mar.-13 Apr. 2004 urban TOR 187.8 17.47# 8.83# Zhang et al. 2009
Beijing 3 Jan. 2004 urban nn 172.6 21.2 8.9 Hang et al. 2007
Beijing 4 Jan. 2004 six sites average (4 urban, a
suburban and a background))
nn 153.00 24.71‡ 6 Xie et al. 2008
Apr. 2004 295.00 23.57‡ 7
Jul. 2004 164.00 13.57‡ 3.2
Oct. 2004 166.00 27.57‡ 5.4
Beijing 5 1-30 Jul. 2005-2007 suburban (Beijing Forestry
University)
nn 151.13* 30.78 8.14 Wang et al. 2009
15 Dec.-15 Jan. 2005-
2007
197.17* 51.81 10.42
Beijing 6 Summer 2006 urban (Peking University) LTT 133.00 9.9 9 Van Pinxteren et al.
2009Summer 2006 suburban (Yufa) 112.00 9.5 8.5
Gansu (E94.68°,N40.15°;E105.85°,N36.00°)
Dunhuang 2006-2007 rural TOR 158.5 26.7 3.6 Zhang et al. 2012
Gaolanshan 2006-2007 rural TOR 187.1 19.1 3.8 Zhang et al. 2012
Hebei (E115.60°,N39.13°)
Gucheng 2006-207 semi-urban TOR 253.8 38.5 11 Zhang et al. 2012
Henan (E113.68°,N34.78°;E114.31°,N34.80°)
Kaifeng 23 Feb.-1 Mar. & 14-20
Apr. & 12-18 Sep. 2005
urban nn 123 13.9 15.44¥ Wu et al. 2009
Zhengzhou 2006-2007 urban TOR 271.3 29.2 9.2 Zhang et al. 2012
Inner Mongolia (E106.52°-111.48°,N37.47°-40.87°)
Ordos Sep. 2005 urban nn 89.12 19.87 3.80 Wang et al. 2012
Liaoning (E120.84°-127.60°,N38.90°-44.73°)
Shenyang Aug. & Sep. 2001 &
Apr. 2002
five sites average (4 urban, 1
rural )
thermograv
imetry
189.50 43.49 10.45¥ Xu et al. 2007
Fushun 1 Jul. 2002 five sites average (4 urban, 1
rural)
thermograv
imetry
161.22 29.51 3.53¥ Xu et al. 2007
Huludao May 2003 & Jan. 2004 four sites average (3 urban, 1
rural )
thermograv
imetry
273.39 22.51 15.13¥ Xu et al. 2007
Fushun 2 Jan.-Feb. 2006 & Jan.
2007
five sites average (4 urban and
1 urban background)
TOR 140.4 23.86§ 17.17§ Kong et al. 2012
Sep. 2006 & Sep. 2007 TOR 103.2 12.36§ 9.35§
Apr. 2006 TOR 147.1 13.72§ 11.69§
Dalian 2006-2007 urban TOR 156.8 20.2 5.3 Zhang et al. 2012
Longfengshan 2006-2007 rural TOR 81.8 15.9 2.3 Zhang et al. 2012
Shaanxi (E106.30°-110.08°,N33.58°-35.10°)
10
Xi'an 1 Sep.2003 urban (IEE, CAS) TOR 217.65£ 29.6 11 Cao et al. 2005
Oct.2003 248.53£ 50.7 17.2
Average 240£ 43.2 15
Nev.2003 357.14£ 67.5 19.8
Jan.2004 389.81£ 80.3 16.1
Feb.2004 573.84£ 98.7 26.8
Average 465£ 93 22.7
Xi'an 2 22 Dec. 2006-21 Jan.
2007
urban (Xi'an Jiaotong
University)
TOT 455.00 63.60 7.20 Huo et al. 2010
1-29 Apr. 2007 384.10 29.40 7.70
1-31 Jul. 2007 227.10 19.30 5.50
15 Oct.-12 Nov. 2007 415.90 49.70 7.00
Average 366.60 39.80 6.80
Xi'an 3 2006-2007 urban TOR 328.5 42.6 12.7 Zhang et al. 2012
Baoji 10-15 Feb. 2008 urban TOR 433.00 74.00 17.00 Wang et al. 2010a
1-6 Apr. 2008 urban 448.00 51.00 20.00
suburban 296.00 26.00 7.10
Mt. Hua 27 Mar.-29 Apr. 2009
(non dust storm)
moutain site TOR 71.00 4.9 1.2 Wang et al. 2011
Shandong (E117.01°,N36.70°;E117.10°,N36.27°)
Ji'nan 1999-2000 urban (five sites average) nn 156 16.8 5.5¥ Feng et al. 2004
Mt. Tai 27 Mar.-29 Apr. 2009
(non dust storm)
mountain site TOR 159.00 13 2.8 Wang et al. 2011
Tianjin (E117.15°-117.35°,N39.07°-39.22°)
Tianjin 1 1-25 Apr. 2008 urban (ABLOS) TOR 196.50 32.90 9.63 Gu et al. 2010
1-25 Jul. 2008 156.60 11.20 5.71
1-25 Oct. 2008 203.40 33.20 7.43
1-25 Jan. 2008 228.10 46.10 12.70
Tianjin 2 1-31Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) T/O 224.60 46.90 11.80 Gu et al. 2009
Tianjin 3 Sep. 2009-Feb. 2010 urban (SZ) TOR 201.00 23.10 5.20 Li et al. 2012
urban (TT) 215.00 27.40 6.20
suburban (DongLi monitoring
station)
221.00 33.60 6.50
urban (HeXi monitoring
station)
227.00 30.30 6.30
suburban(BeiChen monitoring
station)
246.00 37.00 7.10
urban(HeBei environmental
protection bureau)
283.00 34.40 6.10
urban (HongQiao monitoring
station)
256.00 36.40 5.80
urban (HeDong) 285.00 42.10 4.90
Average 243.00 32.60 6.10
11
Xinjiang (E87.97°,N47.01°)
Akdala 26 Jul. 2004-10 Mar.
2005
background (on the north
margin of the Zhungaer Basin)
TOR 9.86£ 2.9 0.35 Qu et al. 2008
Chongqing（E106.40°-107.34°，N29.14°-29.84°）Chongqing 1 11-20 Apr. 2006 urban (Gaojiahuayuan) thermograv
imetry
310.2 56.1 8 Ye et al. 2007 a
urban (Guanyinqiao) 297.1 73.4 11.2
urban (Xinshancun) 283.1 57.5 10.8
urban (Yangjiaping) 261.5 67.1 11.9
urban (Linjiangmen) 238.8 48.8 9.7
urban (Tianshengqiao) 221 47.5 5.9
urban (Yudong) 204.9 40 6.9
urban (Nanping) 203.9 39.7 7
urban (Lianglu) 195.1 42.8 5.9
suburban (Jinyun Mountain) 142.3 16.8 2.9
Chongqing 2 13 Apr. & 16-19 Apr. &
7-11 Nov. 2006
urban (Guanyinqiao) nn 297.1 73.4 11.2 Ye et al. 2007 b
urban (Yangjiaping) 275.1 71.9 10.2
urban (Xinshancun) 356.5 64 9.5
urban (Gaojiahuayuan) 333.4 60.5 8
urban (Linjiangmen) 252.7 57.3 11.4
urban (Tianshenglu) 220.3 54.1 6.2
urban (Lianglu) 204.6 50.9 6.8
urban (Yuxinjie) 258.1 48.6 6.8
urban (Nanping) 234.4 45.4 6.6
Average 268.7 57.5 8.3
suburban (Jinyun Mountain) 130.6 21.7 3.1
Guangdong (E113.24°-113.82°,N22.27°-23.39°) Guangzhou 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Huangpu, industial) TOR 167 32.6 12.1 Cao et al. 2003
urban (Zhongshan University) 138.2 23.3 8.1
bankground (Longgui) 203.4 38.4 13.3
Average 161.7 29.4 10.4
Guangzhou 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Huangpu) TOR 164.2 28.5 10.5 Cao et al. 2004
Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Zhongshan University) 102.7 7.8 5.9
Jun.-Jul. 2002 background (Longgui) 129.5 24.7 8.8
Average 124.7 22.2 7.8
Guangzhou 3 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 semi-rural (BY) TOR 138.42 37.94 10.06 Wang et al. 2006
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (LW) 142.57 34.8 12.7
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (HZ) 144.52 39.48 19.78
2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (TH) 152.09 39.5 12.77
Guangzhou 4 Daytime 5-25 Jul. 2006 urban (Guangdong
Environmental Protection
Bureau)
nn 89.4 8.39 3.84 Zhang et al. 2010
12
Nighttime 5-25 Jul. 2006 urban 70.3 5.37 3.46
Average 79.85 6.88 3.65
Guangzhou 5 16 Dec. 2008-11 Jan.
2009
urban (Guangzhou
Environment Monitoring
Station)
nn 173 65.8 11.1 Zhang X.M. et al.
2011
4-31 Aug. 2009 80.6 30.4 11.2
Shenzhen 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 83.7 16.4 7.3 Cao et al. 2003
Zhuhai 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 84.1 14.57 6 Cao et al. 2003
Xinken Oct. 2004 suburban LTT 89.3 7 6.1 Gnauk et al. 2008
Panyu 2006-2007 urban TOR 147.4 22.3 7.9 Zhang et al. 2012
Guangxi (E108.35°,N22.82°)
Nanning 2006-2007 urban TOR 98.9 17.9 4 Zhang et al. 2012
Hongkong (E114.17°-114.25°,N22.22°-22.34°)
Hongkong 1 Nov.2000-Feb. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) TMO 83.52 12.02 6.86 Ho et al. 2006
urban (Kwun Tong) 73.11 10.36 5.09
bankground (Hok Tsui) 80.01 5.62 1.48
Jun.-Aug. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) 53.54† 9.48 6.89
urban (Kwun Tong) 39.47† 6.47 4.33
bankground (Hok Tsui) 15.27† 1.68 0.42
Hongkong 2 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 78.4 7 12.7 Cao et al. 2003
urban (Baptist University) 55.7 3.4 7.6
bankground (Hok Tsui) 82.9 3 9.1
Average 73.9 10.5 5.1
Hongkong 3 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 40.8 7.4 4.7 Cao et al. 2004
Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Baptist University) 38.6 6.7 3.9
Jun.-Jul. 2002 bankground (Hok Tsui) 31.9 4.1 1.1
Hunan (E111.71°,N29.17°;E114.20°,N29.63°)
Changde 2006-2007 rural TOR 128.2 13.8 2.7 Zhang et al. 2012
Jinsha 2006-2007 rural TOR 107.40 15.3 3 Zhang et al. 2012
Sichuan (E104.06°,N30.67°;E104.04°,N30.65°)
Chengdu 1 8-22 Jan. 2000 six sites average nn 240.07£ 71.3 11.4 Wang et al. 2004
Chengdu 2 2006-2007 urban TOR 235.7 36.3 10.8 Zhang et al. 2012
Tibet (E91.13°,N29.67°)
Lhasa 2006-2007 rural 77.40 21.7 3.8 Zhang et al. 2012
Yunnan (E99.72°,N28.00°)
Zhuzhang Aug. 2004-28 Feb. 2005 background TOR 6.67£ 3.1 0.34 Qu et al. 2008
Zhejiang (E118.34°-120.75°,N29.25°-30.5°) Hangzhou 1 Sep. 2001-Aug. 2002 five sites average (4 urban and
1 background)
TOT 119.2 21.41 4.06 Cao et al. 2009
Spring 107.9 14.03 2.96
Summer 92.9 13.54 2.82
Autumn 136.8 23.64 4.38
Winter 157.2 23.81 4.43
13
Hangzhou 2 2006 suburban and urban TOR 111 13.8 6.5¥ Bao et al. 2010
Lin'an 2006-2007 rural 114.20 15.1 4.3 Zhang et al. 2012
Average 188.86 30.98 8.05
Standard deviation 105.18 20.86 4.66
Notes:
£PM10 calculated by mass concentration and percentage of OC in PM10
†summer PM10 concentrattion calculated by the (total mass concentration-winter mass concentration)
*PM10 mass concentration calculated by the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, which is calculated by mass concentration and
percentage of OC in PM2.5
#OC and EC concentrations calculated by mass concentration of PM10 and percentage of species in PM10
‡OC obtained by OM/1.4
¥EC=TC-OC
§average in the observation period
Analytical methods:
TOR, the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method;
TOT, thermal-optical transmission(TOT)
TMO, the selective thermal manganese dioxide oxidation ( TMO)
T/O, thermal/optical aerosol carbon analyzer
LTT, a laboratory two-step thermal procedure
Abbreviation: IEE, Institute of Earth Environment; ABLOS, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observation Station.
14
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