Statement analysisStatement analysis

Presented Presented

By By

Prof. Shadia AbdelkaderProf. Shadia Abdelkader

At the end of this lecture every At the end of this lecture every student will able to:student will able to:

●●Define statement analysis.Define statement analysis.

●●Differentiate between its types.Differentiate between its types.

●●Identify its purposes and uses.Identify its purposes and uses.

●●Apply its steps.Apply its steps.

●●Utilize its advantages and limitation.Utilize its advantages and limitation.

Statement:Statement: is an important basic element in any is an important basic element in any attempt to build a scientific body of attempt to build a scientific body of knowledge.knowledge.

Analysis:Analysis: is one approach to theory building.is one approach to theory building.In analysis one clarifies ,refine and In analysis one clarifies ,refine and sharpens concept, statement, and sharpens concept, statement, and theory.theory.

Definition:

It is a process of examining It is a process of examining statements to determine if the statements to determine if the

statement is useful, informative, and statement is useful, informative, and logically correct.logically correct.

So what is statement analysis?

Rational Statement:Rational Statement: Each statement describes some type of Each statement describes some type of

relationship between or within the relationship between or within the concepts of the statement. It is the concepts of the statement. It is the

skeleton of theoryskeleton of theory

Non rational Statement :Non rational Statement : It is the theoretical and abstract It is the theoretical and abstract definition of the concepts at the definition of the concepts at the statement. It is the way by which the statement. It is the way by which the theorist clarifies the meanings in the theorist clarifies the meanings in the theory. theory.

Types:

●●Associational.Associational.

● ● Causal.Causal.

● ● Deterministic.Deterministic.

● ● Probabilistic.Probabilistic.

● ● Theoretical.Theoretical.

Relational Statement

Non Relational Statement

ExistenceAbstract

operational

● ● Identifies a concept or an Identifies a concept or an object and claims its object and claims its Existence e.g. affect is Existence e.g. affect is claimed to exist.claimed to exist.

● ● It Provides background and It Provides background and explanation before to explanation before to positioning relationships.positioning relationships.

Existence

Describes the characteristics Describes the characteristics of a concept.of a concept.

● ● Descriptive.Descriptive.

● ● Stipulative.Stipulative.

● ●OperationalOperational

Definition/Abstract

Descriptive Definition :

Describe the accepted

meaning for term already use

Stipulative Definition :

Describe the term that has a scientific use

within the theory.

Operational Definition :

includes the specific means for measuring or testing

Each scientific termwithin the theory

● ● Classify statement.Classify statement.● ● Examine the relationship between Examine the relationship between concepts.concepts.● ● Provide information about Provide information about structure and function of statement.structure and function of statement.● ● Determine any defectsDetermine any defects● ● Correct and modify the statement.Correct and modify the statement.● ● Build a new theory.Build a new theory.

Purposes and uses:

Steps of Statement Steps of Statement AnalysisAnalysis

1- Select the statement

2- Simplify the statement

Short Managable Simple

3- Classify the statement

4- Examine conceptswithin the statement

Steps Of Statement Steps Of Statement Analysis Analysis (cont.,)(cont.,)

5- Specify relationship

Type Sign Symmetry

6- Examine the logic

7- Determine testability

11-- Select the statementSelect the statement

Select a statement from a familiar theorySelect a statement from a familiar theory

● ● Specify purpose of analysisSpecify purpose of analysis.. ● ● Select a major or a prominent rather Select a major or a prominent rather

than insignificant statementthan insignificant statement.. ● ● Careful Reading of the theory as well Careful Reading of the theory as well

as the statement/s. Review of literatureas the statement/s. Review of literature . .

Simplify the statementSimplify the statement

•Simplifying the statement is needed Simplifying the statement is needed for 2 reasonsfor 2 reasons::

•The problem of elaborative verbal The problem of elaborative verbal concepts must be must be reduced concepts must be must be reduced

to manageable statementsto manageable statements..•The second problem is complexity The second problem is complexity

where one concept may be linked to where one concept may be linked to several others simultaneouslyseveral others simultaneously

22 - -Simplify the statement Simplify the statement (If 2 conditions)(If 2 conditions)

Carefully, reduce the statement into Carefully, reduce the statement into simplesimple , ,

shorter, manageable statementsshorter, manageable statements..

Environment

Agents

Workplace

worker

22 - -Simplify the statement Simplify the statement (cont.,)(cont.,)

Environment

worker

Workplace

worker

worker

Environment

Workplace

Agent

33 - -Classify the statementClassify the statement

There are 3 basic classifications of There are 3 basic classifications of statementstatement::

A- Existence statementA- Existence statement..

B- Definition statementB- Definition statement..

C- Relational statementC- Relational statement..

Existence statementExistence statement

•Claims existence of concepts It Does Claims existence of concepts It Does not define or indicate their not define or indicate their

characteristicscharacteristics..

•Example: there is a phenomenon called Example: there is a phenomenon called occupational diseasesoccupational diseases..

•Can be accurate or inaccurateCan be accurate or inaccurate..

B-Definition statementB-Definition statement

●● DescriptiveDescriptive

●● StipulativeStipulative

●● Operational statementsOperational statements

Descriptive DefinitionsDescriptive Definitions

●●Explains the accepted meaning for Explains the accepted meaning for the term that already in usethe term that already in use..

●●It explains the term in other words It explains the term in other words that already understood by the that already understood by the

readerreader . .

●●It could be considered accurate e.g It could be considered accurate e.g Kitten is the offspring of adult Kitten is the offspring of adult

female catfemale cat..

Stipulative DefinitionStipulative Definition

•It is specifically formulated only for It is specifically formulated only for use in the way the author or use in the way the author or

researcher has decreed. For example researcher has decreed. For example ‘ for the purpose of this study a ‘ for the purpose of this study a

kitten shall be defined as any kitten shall be defined as any healthy female offspring of a healthyhealthy female offspring of a healthy

female cat that is less than 8 weeks female cat that is less than 8 weeks oldold..

Operational DefinitionOperational Definition

•Includes the specific means for measuring Includes the specific means for measuring or testing each scientific term within itor testing each scientific term within it. .

•An operational definition must be precise An operational definition must be precise so that if it is used repetitively it will give so that if it is used repetitively it will give

an objective results. For example ‘ For the an objective results. For example ‘ For the purpose of the study a kitten any healthy purpose of the study a kitten any healthy

female offspring of a healthy female cat female offspring of a healthy female cat weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no less than 3 days or more than 12 days oldless than 3 days or more than 12 days old..

Classify the statement Classify the statement (cont.,)(cont.,)

C- Relational statementC- Relational statement::

•Specify relationships between conceptsSpecify relationships between concepts..

•May be well supported empirically and logically so It May be well supported empirically and logically so It

functions as a law or an axiom within the theoryfunctions as a law or an axiom within the theory..

•May be less well supported empirically and logically so May be less well supported empirically and logically so

It serve as a proposition or empirical generalizationIt serve as a proposition or empirical generalization..

•May be unsupported hypothesisMay be unsupported hypothesis..

44 - -Examine the concepts within the Examine the concepts within the statementstatement

•Identify concepts by scanning the Identify concepts by scanning the statement for the major expressed statement for the major expressed

ideasideas..•● ● Determine the definition of Terms that Determine the definition of Terms that

reflect the conceptsreflect the concepts

● ● Determine if concepts as they are defined Determine if concepts as they are defined are theoretically validare theoretically valid

● ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are Determine if concepts as they are defined are used consistently used consistently throughout the discussionthroughout the discussion

55 - -Specify relationships by type, Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetrysign, and symmetry

Specify relationships by type, sign, and Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetrysymmetry

Specify relationships by typeSpecify relationships by type

Conditional

Time order

Necessary

Probabilistic

Concurrent

Causal

TYPES

•Use symbols to diagram relationships.

5.25.2-- Specify relationships by signSpecify relationships by sign

Positive Positive relationshiprelationship

Negative Negative relationshiprelationship

Inferred Inferred relationshiprelationship

Unknown Unknown relationshiprelationship

Concepts vary Concepts vary in the same in the same direction.direction.

Concepts vary Concepts vary in different in different direction.direction.

Derived Derived logically from logically from the first two the first two statement.statement.

As one concept As one concept increases or increases or decreases so decreases so does the other.does the other.

As one concept As one concept increases , the increases , the other decrease.other decrease.

Since both A Since both A and Gc are and Gc are related to H , related to H , they are related they are related to each other.to each other.

AA HH HH GcGc A GcA Gc

Specify relationships by symmetrySpecify relationships by symmetry

SymmetricalSymmetrical AsymmetricalAsymmetrical

Two ways relationshipTwo ways relationship One way relationshipOne way relationship

Each concept affect the otherEach concept affect the other Relationship only goes from one Relationship only goes from one concept to the next but is never concept to the next but is never reciprocated.reciprocated.

Example: High attachment scores Example: High attachment scores were associated with low anxiety were associated with low anxiety scores and high anxiety scores scores and high anxiety scores were associated with low were associated with low attachment scores.attachment scores.

Example: Anxiety is negatively Example: Anxiety is negatively related to group cohesiveness.related to group cohesiveness.

At Ax At Ax

Ax GcAx Gc

Examine the logicExamine the logic

•Examine the logic for originExamine the logic for origin..

•Examine the logic for Examine the logic for reasonablenessreasonableness..

• Examine the logic for adequacyExamine the logic for adequacy..

Examine the logic Examine the logic for originfor origin

•Is the statement constructed deductively or Is the statement constructed deductively or inductivelyinductively??

•If it is deductive in origin its logic is adequateIf it is deductive in origin its logic is adequate..

•If it is inductive in origin logic can’t be judged If it is inductive in origin logic can’t be judged except after empirical support and comparison to except after empirical support and comparison to

existing knowledgeexisting knowledge..

Examine the logic for reasonablenessExamine the logic for reasonableness

•Is the statement seems reasonableIs the statement seems reasonable??

•Is the statement gives what we already know Is the statement gives what we already know on the subjecton the subject??

•Does the statement makes sense in the light of Does the statement makes sense in the light of existing knowledgeexisting knowledge??

Examine the logic for adequacyExamine the logic for adequacy

•Draw a simple diagram labeling Draw a simple diagram labeling concepts by letters or numbers and concepts by letters or numbers and determine types and signs that are determine types and signs that are

relevantrelevant..

Advantages of statement analysisAdvantages of statement analysis • Examine relationships systemically.Examine relationships systemically.

• Examine the structure and function of Examine the structure and function of statements.statements.

• Discover other linkages important to Discover other linkages important to theoretical examination.theoretical examination.

limitations of statement analysislimitations of statement analysis

• Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart from the whole theory.from the whole theory.

• Loss of valuable information.Loss of valuable information.

• Difficulty determining logic of statementDifficulty determining logic of statement

Utilization of statement Utilization of statement analysisanalysis

• Education.Education.

• Practice.Practice.

• Research.Research.

• Theory development.Theory development.