state standard – 1.0 students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. this includes...
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
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Definition:
And say “the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, equals L”
This says that the values of f(x) get closer and closer to the number L as x gets closer to the number a (from either side)
lim ( )x a
f x L
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Example 1
Find the Limit of f(x) for these three cases:
a a rnn
11
3
3
3
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
x
x
x
a f x
b f x
c f x
2
2
2
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Example 2
Find the Limit of f(x) for these four cases:
3
3
3
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) (3)
x
x
x
a f x
b f x
c f x
d f
2
2
2
DNE
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Example 3
Find the Limit of f(x) for these four cases:
2
2
2
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) (2)
x
x
x
a f x
b f x
c f x
d f
1
3
DNE
1.5
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–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 543
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
1
2
5
4
3
Example 4
Find the Limit of f(x) for these three cases:
- ∞
+ ∞
DNE
2
2
2
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
x
x
x
a f x
b f x
c f x
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Example 5
Find the Limit of f(x) for these three cases:
0
0
0
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
x x
x x
x x
a f x
b f x
c f x
+ ∞
+ ∞
+ ∞
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Example 6
Find the Limit of f(x) for these two cases:
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
x
x
a f x
b f x
-1
4
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Example 7
Find the Limit of f(x) for these two cases:
) lim ( )
) lim ( )
x
x
a f x
b f x
+ ∞
-2
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WS on Limits
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Pg. 102
4 – 9
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
![Page 13: State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649eb25503460f94bb90d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Example 1
a a rnn
11
+ ∞
+ ∞
0
+ ∞
DNE
-1
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Example 2
– ∞
– ∞
2
– ∞
1
2
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Example 3
0
0
DNE
0
0
DNE
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–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 543
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
1
2
5
4
3
DNE
0
+ ∞
DNE
0
– ∞
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
![Page 18: State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649eb25503460f94bb90d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Example 1
Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
a a rnn
11
0.75 0.90 0.99 ?0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.25
x approaches 1
from the LEFT
x approaches 1
From the RIGHT
= 1
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-0.1 -0.05 -0.001 0 0.001 0.05 0.1
f(x)
x
Example 2
Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
a a rnn
11
100 400 1x106 ? 1x106 400 100
x approaches +∞
from the LEFT
x approaches +∞
From the RIGHT
= +∞20
1limx x
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1.95 1.995 1.999 2 2.001 2.015 2.1
f(x)
x
Example 3
Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
a a rnn
11
63.20 63.92 63.998 ? 64.001 64.24 65
x approaches 64
from the LEFT
x approaches 64
From the RIGHT
2
2
16 64lim
2x
x
x
= 64
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Pg. 103
15 – 20
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-1.1 -1.05 -1.001 -1 -0.999 -0.95 -0.8
f(x)
x
Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
a a rnn
11
-9 -19 -999 ? 1001 21 6
x approaches –∞
from the LEFT
x approaches +∞
From the RIGHT
= DNE1
2lim
1x
x
x
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
![Page 24: State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649eb25503460f94bb90d7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Example for case 1:
Ex for case 2:= 16
0lim16x
= 85
lim8x = 2
2limx
x
= -44
limx
x
Ex for case 3:
= 322
3limx
x
= 9
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Limit Laws Suppose that c is a constant:
lim ( )x a
f x
and lim ( )x a
g x
lim[ ( ) ( )] lim ( ) lim ( )x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x
Sum and Difference:
lim[ ( ) ( )] lim ( ) lim ( )x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x
Product:
lim ( )( )lim
( ) lim ( )x a
x ax a
f xf x
g x g x
Division:
lim[ ( )] lim ( )x a x a
cf x c f x
Scalar Mult.:
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Example 1a
Find the Limit:
2
2lim 3 5 4x
x x
2
2 2 2lim3 lim 5 lim 4x x x
x x
2
2 2 23lim 5lim lim 4
x x xx x
23 2 5(2) 4
3(4) – 10 + 4 = 6
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Example 1b
Find the Limit: 3
23
5 4lim
2x
x x
x
3
2
3 5(3) 4
3 2
27 15 4
9 2
16
7
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Example 2
Find the Limit:
( ) 7f x x
3) lim ( )
xa f x
3 7
4
2( )g x x
4) lim ( )
xb g x
24
16
3) lim ( ( ))
xc g f x
( 3 7)g
16
2(4)
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Pg. 111-112
1 – 9
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Evaluate the limit.
= 3/2
4
2 1) lim
3x
xb
x
1
2) lim
1x
xa
x
= 9
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
![Page 32: State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649eb25503460f94bb90d7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Example 1
Find:
Functions with the Direct Substitution Property are called continuous at a. However, not all limits can be evaluated by direct substitution, as the following example shows:
2
1
1lim
1x
x
x
1
( 1)( 1)lim
1x
x x
x
= 1+11
lim 1x
x
= 2
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Example 2
Find the Limit:
22
2lim
4x
x
x
2
1( 2)lim
( 2)( 2)x
x
x x
2
1lim
2x x
1
22
1
4
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Example 3
Find the Limit: 2
24
5 4lim
2 8x
x x
x x
4
( 4)( 1)lim
( 4)( 2)x
x x
x x
4
1lim
2x
x
x
4 1
4 2
1
2
3
6
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0lim
( 2 2)x
x
x x
Example 4
Find the Limit:
0
2 2limx
x
x
2 2
2 2
x
x
0
2 2lim
( 2 2)x
x
x x
2
40
1lim
2 0 2x 1
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
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0lim
( 5 5)x
x
x x
Example 5
Find the Limit:
0
5 5limx
x
x
5 5
5 5
x
x
0
5 5lim
( 5 5)x
x
x x
5
100
1lim
0 5 5x 1
5 5
1
2 5
5
5
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Pg. 112
11 – 29 odd
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Evaluate the limit.
= DNE
2
4
2 32) lim
4x
xb
x
2
1
2 1) lim
1x
x xa
x
= 16
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
![Page 40: State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649eb25503460f94bb90d7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
If a function f is not continuous at a point c, we say that f is discontinuous at c or c is a point of discontinuity of f.
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Most of the techniques of calculus require that functions be continuous. A function is continuous if you can draw it in one motion without picking up your pencil.
A function is continuous at a point if the limit is the same as the value of the function.
This function has discontinuities at x=1 and x=2.
It is continuous at x=0, x=3, and x=4, because the one-sided limits match the value of the function
1 2 3 4
1
2
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jump infinite oscillating
Essential Discontinuities:
Removable Discontinuities:
(You can fill the hole.)
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Removing a discontinuity:
3
2
1
1
xf x
x
has a discontinuity at .1x
Write an extended function that is continuous at .1x
3
21
1lim
1x
x
x
2
1
1 1lim 1 1x
x x xx x
1 1 1
2
3
2
3
2
1, 1
13
, 12
xx
xf x
x
Note: There is another discontinuity at that can not be removed.
1x
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Removing a discontinuity:
3
2
1, 1
13
, 12
xx
xf x
x
Note: There is another discontinuity at that can not be removed.
1x
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Example
Find the value of x which f is not continuous, which of the discontinuities are removable?
2( )
xf x
x x
( 1)
x
x x
1
1x
0x Removable discontinuity is at:
Where as x – 1 is NOT a removable discontinuity.
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Continuous functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, divided and multiplied by a constant, and the new function remains continuous.
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WS
1 – 10, 13 – 17 odd
Pg. 133
1-6, 10-12, and 15 – 20
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–1–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 543
4
1
2
3
5
6
9
8
7
10Describe the continuity of the graph.
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State Standard – 1.0 Students demonstrate knowledge of limit of values of functions. This includes one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at infinity.
Objective – To be able to find the limit of a function.
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Definition: The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f(x) if either
orlim ( )x
f x L
lim ( )x
f x L
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Case 1: Same Degree
2
2
6 2 1
5 3
x xy
x
Case 2: Degree smaller in Numerator
2
2 3
1
xy
x x
Case 3: Degree smaller in Denominator
22 3
7
xy
x
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Example 1
Case 1: Numerator and Denominator of Same Degree
2
2
5 8 3lim
3 2x
x x
x
Divide numerator and denominator by x2
2
2
8 35
lim2
3x
x x
x
0 0
05 0 0
3 0
5
3
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Example 2
Case 2: Degree of Numerator Less than Degree of Denominator
3
11 2lim
2 1x
x
x
Divide numerator and denominator by x3
2 3
3
11 2
lim1
2x
x x
x
0 0
00 0
2 0
0
2 0
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Example 3
Case 3: Degree of Numerator Greater Than Degree of Denominator
22 3lim
7 4x
x
x
Divide numerator and denominator by x
32
lim4
7x
xx
x
0
0 2
lim7x
x
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Example 4
a) b)3
3 2
4 3lim
8 2 1x
x
x x
3
2
4 7lim
2 3 10x
x x
x x
3
3
34
lim2 1
8x
x
x x
0
0 0
4
8
1
2
2
74
lim3 10
2x
xx
x x
0
0
4
lim2x
x
0
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Example 5
Find the Limit:
22 1lim
3 5x
x
x
2/ x
2
12
lim5
3x
x
x
2
3
2/ x
/ x/ x
2 0lim
3 0x
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Example 6
Find the Limit: 24 5lim
2 1x
x
x
2/ x
2
54
lim1
2x
x
x
21
2
2/ x
/ x/ x
4 0lim
2 0x
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WS 1 – 8
and
Pg. 147
11 – 18, and 20 – 22
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Solve and show work!
4 5
5
4 1
lim1
2x
x x
x
0 0
00 0
2 0
0
2 0
5
4 1lim
2 1x
x
x
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State Standard – 4.1 Students demonstrate an understanding of the derivative of a function as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function.
Objective – To be able to find the tangent line.
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Definition of a Tangent Line:
–1–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 543
4
1
2
3
5
6
9
8
7
10
PQ
Tan
gent
Lin
e
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Slope:
a x
P(a,f(a))
Q (x,f(x))
x – a
f(x) – f(a)
( ) ( )PQ
f x f a
x am
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Definition The tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(a,f(a)) is the line through P with the slope:
Provided that this limit exists.
( ) ( )limx a
f x f a
x am
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Example 1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y=x2 at the point (2,4).
2
2
(2)lim
2x
x f
x
2 2 4
( ) ( )limx a
f x f a
x am
2
2
4lim
2x
x
x
2
( 2)( 2)lim
2x
x x
x
Use Point Slope
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 4 = 4(x – 2)
y – 4 = 4x – 8
+4 +4
y = 4x – 4
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Provided that this limit exists.
( ) ( )limx a
f x f a
x am
For many purposes it is desirable to rewrite this expression in an alternative form by letting:
h = x – a
Then x = a + h
0
( ) ( )limh
f a h f a
hm
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0
( ) ( )limh
f a h f a
hm
Example 2
Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola at the point (3,1).
3x
y
0
(3 ) (3)limh
f h f
hm
0
31
3limh
hh
0
3 33 3lim
h
hh h
h
0
3limh
hh
h
0lim
(3 )h
h
h h
0
1lim
3h h
1
3
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 1 = -1/3(x – 3)
y – 1 = -1/3x + 1
+1 +1
y = -1/3x + 2
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0
( ) ( )limh
f a h f a
hm
Example 3
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x2 at the point (3,9).
0
(3 ) (3)limh
f h f
hm
2
0
(3 ) 9limh
h
h
0
(3 )(3 ) 9limh
h h
h
2
0
9 6 9limh
h h
h
2
0
6limh
h h
h
0lim 6h
h
6
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 9 = 6(x – 3)
y – 9 = 6x – 18
+9 +9
y = 6x – 9
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0
( ) ( )limh
f a h f a
hm
Example 4
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x2–4 at the point (1,-3).
0
(1 ) (1)limh
f h f
hm
2 2
0
(1 ) 4 1 4limh
h
h
0
(1 )(1 ) 4 3limh
h h
h
2
0
1 2 1limh
h h
h
2
0
2limh
h h
h
0lim 2h
h
2
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – -3 = 2(x – 1)
y + 3 = 2x – 2
-3 -3
y = 2x – 5
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Pg. 156
5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7 – 10, 11a, 12a, 13b, and 14b
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State Standard – 4.0 Students demonstrate an understanding of the derivative of a function as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function.
Objective – To be able to find the derivative of a function.
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limx c
f x f c
x c
is called the derivative of at .f c
We write: 0
limh
f a h f af a
h
“The derivative of f with respect to a is …”
There are many ways to write the derivative of y f x
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f x “f prime x” or “the derivative of f with respect to x”
y “y prime”
dy
dx“dee why dee ecks” or “the derivative of y with
respect to x”
df
dx“dee eff dee ecks” or “the derivative of f with
respect to x”
df x
dx“dee dee ecks of eff of ecks” or “the derivative
of f of x”( of of )d dx f x
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Example 1
Find the derivative of the function f(x) = x2 – 8x + 9 at the number ‘a’.
0
( ) ( )lim'( )h
f a h f a
hf a
2 2
0
( ) 8( ) 9 ( 8 9)limh
a h a h a a
h
2 2 2
0
2 8 8 9 8 9limh
a ah h a h a a
h
2
0
2 8limh
ah h h
h
0lim 2 8h
a h
2 8a
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Example 2
Find the derivative of the function
0
( ) ( )lim'( )h
f x h f x
hf x
0
( ) 9 9limh
x h xx h x
h
2 2
0
( 9 9 ) ( 9 )( 9)( 9)
limh
x xh x h x xh xx x h
h
2 2
0
9 9 9lim
( 9)( 9)h
x xh x h x xh x
h x x h
0
9lim
( 9)( 9)h x x h
9( ) x
xf x
(x – 9) (x – 9)
(x +h – 9)
(x +h – 9)
9
( 9)( 9)x x
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Pg. 163
13 – 17