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6STATE OF LITERACY

Figures ! Maps " Tables/Statements # Notes

98

6State of Literacy

Literacy level and educational attainment are vital indicators of development in a society. Attainment of universal primary education is one of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations to be achieved by the year 2015. Planning Commission has also targeted in the eleventh Five Year Plan to increase literacy rate of persons of age 7 years or more to 85% and reducing gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage points by 2011-12. Literacy rate and educational development are considered to be key variables a�ecting demographic indicators like fertility, mortality (especially infant mortality) rate and migration. It greatly contributes in improving quality of life, particularly with regard to life expectancy, infant mortality, learning levels and nutritional levels of children. Higher level of literacy and educational development lead to greater awareness on the one hand and help people in acquiring new skills on the other.

LITERATES AND ILLITERATES

!e number of literates and illiterates aged seven and above in India as per the provisional population totals of Census 2011 is 778,454,120 and 272,950,015 respectively. !ere has been a marked improvement in the proportion of literates in the last decade. Literates in 2011 constitute 74 per cent of the total population aged seven and above as compared to 65 percent in 2001. On the other hand, illiterates form 26 per cent of the total population in 2011 as compared to 35 percent in 2001. In absolute terms, 217,700,941 additional persons have become literate during the decade 2001-2011. A signi"cant milestone reached in Census 2011, is that the total number of illiterates has come down from 304,146,862 in 2001 to 272,950,015-a decline of 31,196,847 persons. Before analysing further trends, it would be apt to discuss certain underlying concepts and de"nitions regarding Literacy in the Census of India.

As per provisional population

totals of Census 2011, literates

constitute 74 per cent of the total

population aged seven and above

and illiterates form 26 per cent.

A significant milestone reached

in Census 2011 is that a decline

of 31,196,847 among illiterates is

noted.

State of Literacy

PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS – INDIA 99

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Literates and Illiterates- Concept

Information on literacy is canvassed regarding every individual in the Census. For the purposes of Census, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate. In the Censuses prior to 1991, children below "ve years of age were necessarily treated as illiterates.

!e age limit was raised to 7 years based on the advice of experts that the ability to read and write with understanding is not ordinarily achieved until that age. It was, therefore decided at the 1991 Census that all children in the age group 0-6, would be treated as illiterate by de"nition and the population aged seven years and above only would be classi"ed as literate or illiterate. !e same criterion has been retained in the Censuses of 2001 and 2011. It should be clearly understood that it is not necessary that to be treated as literate, a person should have received any formal education or acquired any minimum educational standard.

LITERACY RATE - DEFINITION

In earlier Censuses up to 1981, it was customary to work out the literacy rate taking into account the total population. Since literacy rate is more meaningful if the sub-population in the age group 0-6 is excluded from the total population, it was decided in 1991 to calculate literacy rate for the population seven years and above. !e same concept has been retained in all Censuses since 1991.

!e literacy rate taking into account the total population in the denominator has now been termed as ‘crude literacy rate’, while the literacy rate calculated taking into account the 7 and above population in the denominator is called the e�ective literacy rate. !e formula for computing crude literacy rate and e�ective literacy rate are as follows:

Number of Literate persons X 100 Crude Literacy Rate = _________________________________________

Total Population

Number of Literate persons aged 7 and above X 100 Effective Literacy Rate = _________________________________________

Population aged 7 and above

E�ective literacy rate and literacy rate have been used interchangably in this chapter.

LITERATES AND ILLITERATES BY GENDER

‘Educate one man, you educate one person, but educate a woman and you educate a whole civilisation’.

-Mahatma Gandhi

As per the provisional population totals of Census 2011, out of the provisional total population of 1,210,193,422, the number of persons aged seven years and above is 1,051,404,135. Out of this, 778,454,120 are literates and 272,950,015 are illiterates. !ere has been an increase of 186,504,094 persons in the age group seven years and above during 2001-2011, while 217,700,941 additional persons have become literate during the decade.

100

A signi"cant milestone reached in Census 2011, is that the total number of illiterates has come down from 304,146,862 in 2001 to 272,950,015 in 2011, showing a decline of 31,196,847 persons.

One of the interesting features of Census 2011 is that out of total of 217,700,941 literates added during the decade, females (110,069,001) out number males (107,631,940). A reverse trend was noticed during 1991-2001. !e decadal increase in number of literates among males is of 31.98 percentage points while the corresponding increase in case of females is of 49.10 percentage points.

A notable feature is that out of the total decrease of 31,196,847 in the number of illiterates, the females (17,122,197) out number males (14,074,650). !e above two changes are a clear indication of the fact that the gender gap in literacy is shrinking in the country. !is trend of rising female literates will have far reaching consequences on the development of society.

Figure 25 gives a comparative picture of literacy and illiteracy in the country in 2001 and 2011 censuses.

Table 2 presents the total population, child population in the age group 0-6, literates and literacy rates for the country and the States and Union Territories as reported at the Census, 2011.

Statement 19 gives the number of literates and illiterates among the population aged seven years and above in absolute "gures for India at the 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

" Statement 19

Number of literates and illiterates among population aged 7 years and above and their change-India : 2001 and 2011

Literates/Illiterates Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4

Population (aged 7 and above)

2001 86,49,00,041 44,72,14,823 41,76,85,218

2011 1,05,14,04,135 54,07,72,113 51,06,32,022

Increase in 2011 over 2001 18,65,04,094 9,35,57,290 9,29,46,804

Literates

2001 56,07,53,179 33,65,71,822 22,41,81,357

2011 77,84,54,120 44,42,03,762 33,42,50,358

Increase in 2011 over 2001 21,77,00,941 10,76,31,940 11,00,69,001

Illiterates

2001 30,41,46,862 11,06,43,001 19,35,03,861

2011 27,29,50,015 9,65,68,351 17,63,81,664

Increase in 2011 over 2001 -3,11,96,847 -1,40,74,650 -1,71,22,197

Note:

# Notes

1. See notes behind ‘Figures at a

Glance’.

It is encouraging to note that out

of total of 217,700,941 literates

added during the decade, females

(110,069,001) out number males

(107,631,940).

Out of total decrease of

31,196,847 in number of

illiterates, the females

(17,122,197) out number males

(14,074,650).

State of Literacy


Figure 25

Share of Literates and lliterates: Census 2001 and 2011

LITERACY RATE- TRENDS

!e e�ective literacy rate for India in Census 2011, works out to 74.04 percent. !e corresponding "gures for males and females are 82.14 and 65.46 per cent respectively. !us three-fourth of the population of aged 7 years and above is literate in the country. Four out of every "ve males and two out of every three females in the country are literate. !e country has continued its march in improving literacy rate by recording a jump of 9.21 percentage points during 2001-2011. !e increase in literacy rates in males and females are in the order of 6.88 and 11.79 percentage points respectively. However, e�orts are still required to achieve the target of 85 per cent set by the Planning Commission to be achieved by the year 2011-12.

An extremely positive development in the present decade is that the gap of 21.59 percentage points recorded between male and female literacy rates in 2001 Census has reduced to 16.68 percentage points in 2011. !ough the target set for the year 2011-2012 by the Planning Commission of reducing the gap to 10 percentage points has not been achieved, it is heartening that the reduction has been to the order of almost 5 percentage points.

Statement 20 presents the e�ective literacy rate for the country by persons, males, females and the male-female gap since 1951.

65%

35%

26%

74%

Literacy rate has surged forward

from 64.83 per cent in 2001 to

74.04 per cent in 2011 showing

an increase of 9.21 percentage

points.

The literacy rate for males and

females works out to 82.14

per cent and 65.46 per cent

respectively. The increase in

literacy rate in males and

females during 2001-2011 is

in the order of 6.88 and 11.79

percentage points respectively.

Literates Illiterates

2001 2011

102

" Statement 20

Literacy rate in India : 1951-2011

# Notes

1 Literacy rates for 1951, 1961

and 1971 Censuses relate to

population aged five years and

above. The rates for the 1981,

1991, 2001 and 2011 Census

relate to the population aged

seven years and above.

2 The 1981 Literacy rates exclude

Assam where the 1981 Census

could not be conducted. The

1991 Census Literacy rates

exclude Jammu & Kashmir.

Figure 26

Literacy rate: 1951-2011

Census

Year

Persons Males Females Male-Female gap

in literacy rate

1 2 3 4 5

1951 18.33 27.16 8.86 18.30

1961 28.3 40.4 15.35 25.05

1971 34.45 45.96 21.97 23.98

1981 43.57 56.38 29.76 26.62

1991 52.21 64.13 39.29 24.84

2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 21.59

2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 16.68

.80

90Persons

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

RC

EN

T

Persons

Males

Females

Male-Female gap in literacy rate

0

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

PE

R

CENSUS YEAR

State of Literacy


Statement 21 provides the crude literacy rate for India by sex during 1901-2011. !e literacy rate designated as crude literacy rate in this Statement has been computed with total population as base without removing the mandatory illiterate population aged 0-4 or 0-6 from the denominator. !e crude literacy rate from 1901 onwards show a consistent increase both for males and females.

" Statement 21

Crude literacy rate in India by sex : 1901 to 2011

# Notes

1. Figures upto 1941 are for

undivided India

2. Figures for 1981 excludes

Assam as 1981 Census could

not be conducted in this State

due to disturbed conditions.

3. Figures for 1991 census do not

include Jammu & Kashmir, as

no census was held in the State


Glance’.

!e improvement in crude literacy rate has been phenomenal (48.22 percentage points) in post independent India. !e corresponding increase in case of males has been of 46.32 percentage points and among females it is of 49.69 percentage points. !e crude literacy rate has increased by almost 10 percentage points during the last decade. It surged forward by 12 percentage points in case of females while there was an increase of 8 percentage points in male crude literacy rate during the last decade. !e gap in crude literacy rates of males and females has decreased from 18.09 percentage points in 2001 to 14.23 percentage points in 2011.

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1901 5.35 9.83 0.60 - - -

1911 5.92 10.56 1.05 0.57 0.73 0.45

1921 7.16 12.21 1.81 1.24 1.65 0.76

1931 9.5 15.59 2.93 2.34 3.38 1.12

1941 16.1 24.9 7.30 6.6 9.31 4.37

1951 16.67 24.95 7.93 0.57 0.05 0.63

1961 24.02 34.44 12.95 7.35 9.49 5.02

1971 29.45 39.45 18.69 5.43 5.01 5.74

1981 36.23 46.89 24.82 6.78 7.44 6.13

1991 42.84 52.74 32.17 6.61 5.85 7.35

2001 54.51 63.24 45.15 11.67 10.5 12.98

2011 64.32 71.22 56.99 9.81 7.98 11.84

Census Year Crude literacy rate Change in Percent points

Figure 27

Crude literacy rate by sex: 1901-2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

Person

Males

Females

s

CENSUS YEAR

PERCENT

104

LITERACY TRENDS IN EAG STATES

Statement 22(a) presents the e�ective literacy rate for eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States and non EAG States. It is evident from this Statement that the literacy rate for all three categories of person, male and female has been higher in non EAG States as compared to EAG States in the three Censuses of 1991, 2001 and 2011. However, it is satisfying to note that change in percentage points of literacy rate in EAG States is higher for all three categories during 2001-2011 as compared to non EAG States which indicates that EAG States are catching up with non EAG States.

" Statement 22(a)

Effective Literacy Rate in EAG and Non EAG States

Statement 22(b) presents the male-female gap in e�ective literacy rate for EAG and non-EAG States for Censuses of 1991, 2001 and 2011. It may be observed that the male female gap in literacy is declining at faster pace in EAG States. !e decline is of 5.92 percentage points in EAG States as compared to 4.38 percentage points in case of non-EAG States during 2001-2011.

" Statement 22(b)

Male-Female Gap in Effective Literacy Rate

It is heartening to note that the percentage increase in number of literates is remarkable in all the EAG States. Bihar (74.83 per cent), Jharkhand (59.24 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (56.40 per cent) have shown the highest rise. Rajasthan (40.68 per cent) and Chhattisgarh (39.61 per cent) are in the middle and Madhya Pradesh (38.73 per cent), Uttarakhand (37.05 per cent) and Orissa (36.68 per cent) bring up the rear.

P M F P M F P M F

India 52.21 64.13 39.29 64.83 75.26 53.67 74.04 82.14 65.46

Non EAG States 60.09 70.34 49.2 70.64 79.25 61.53 78.24 84.76 71.42

1991 2001 2011

EAG States 41.65 56 25.68 57.22 70.09 43.21 68.86 78.96 57.99

# Notes





Glance’.

# Notes





Glance’.

1991 2001 2011

India 24.85 21.59 16.68

Non EAG States 21.14 17.72 13.34

EAG States 30.32 26.89 20.97

State of Literacy


" Statement 22(c)

Effective Literacy Trends in EAG States 2001-2011

Rank India/State/

Union Territories#

No, of Literates

in 2011

No, of Literates

in 2001

Absolute increase

in the No. of

Literates

2001-2011

Percentage increase

in the number of

literates

2001-2011

1 2 3 4 5 6

INDIA 77,84,54,120 56,07,53,179 21,77,00,941 38.82

1 Bihar 5,43,90,254 3,11,09,577 2,32,80,677 74.83

2 Jharkhand 1,87,53,660 1,17,77,201 69,76,459 59.24

3 Uttar Pradesh 11,84,23,805 7,57,19,284 4,27,04,521 56.40

4 Rajasthan 3,89,70,500 2,77,02,010 1,12,68,490 40.68

5 Chhattisgarh 1,55,98,314 1,11,73,149 44,25,165 39.61

6 Madhya Pradesh 4,38,27,193 3,15,92,563 1,22,34,630 38.73

7 Uttarakhand 69,97,433 51,05,782 18,91,651 37.05

8 Orissa 2,71,12,376 1,98,37,055 72,75,321 36.68

Figures at a Glance'

# Notes


Glance’.

OTHER STATES/UTS

!e other States and Union Territories showing substantial percentage increase in number of literates are Dadra and Nagar Haveli (119.46), Daman & Diu (75.63 per cent) Arunachal Pradesh (62.95 per cent), Meghalaya (56.99 per cent) and Jammu & Kashmir (50.71 per cent).

Statement 22(d) gives population aged seven and above, the absolute number of literates in 2011, and their decadal absolute and percentage di�erence between 2001-2011. !e percentage decadal increase in population aged seven years and above during 2001-2011 is 21.56 per cent while the corresponding increase in the number of literates in this age group is of 38.82 per cent. !e absolute increase in number of persons aged seven years and above is 186,504,094 whereas the corresponding increase in number of literates is 217,700,941. !us, preliminary trend indicates that a majority of the children who attained the age of seven are literate. In addition, persons in the age-group 7 and above category and illiterate in Census 2001 have become literate. However, this observation would have to be further investigated when age-wise data on literacy and children attending school are available.

106

" Statement 22(d)1

Population aged 7 and above, literates in 2011 and their decadal difference and percentage decadal difference during 2001-2011

# Notes


Glance’.

State/

UT

Code

India/State/

Union Territory #

Population aged 7

and above 2011

Decadal difference in

population aged 7

and above 2001-2011

1 2 3 4

INDIA 1,05,14,04,135 18,65,04,094

01 Jammu & Kashmir 1,05,40,284 18,82,387

02 Himachal Pradesh 60,92,645 8,07,882

03 Punjab 2,47,62,666 35,75,496

04 Chandigarh # 9,36,733 1,51,711

05 Uttarakhand 87,87,908 16,58,591

06 Haryana 2,20,55,357 42,46,330

07 NCT of Delhi # 1,47,82,725 29,49,067

08 Rajasthan 5,81,16,096 1,22,59,910

09 Uttar Pradesh 16,98,53,242 3,52,79,949

10 Bihar 8,52,22,408 1,90,29,962

11 Sikkim 5,46,611 83,955

12 Arunachal Pradesh 11,79,852 2,87,755

13 Nagaland 16,94,621 -5,737

14 Manipur 23,68,519 4,00,989

15 Mizoram 9,25,478 1,80,639

16 Tripura 32,26,977 4,64,220

17 Meghalaya 24,08,185 5,57,342

18 Assam 2,66,57,965 45,00,512

19 West Bengal 8,12,35,137 1,24,73,162

20 Jharkhand 2,77,28,656 57,39,654

21 Orissa 3,69,11,708 54,65,858

22 Chhattisgarh 2,19,56,168 46,77,281

23 Madhya Pradesh 6,20,49,270 1,24,83,461

24 Gujarat 5,28,89,452 97,50,839

25 Daman & Diu # 2,17,031 79,405

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 2,93,657 1,13,366

27 Maharashtra 9,95,24,597 1,63,17,096

28 Andhra Pradesh 7,60,22,847 99,84,697

29 Karnataka 5,42,74,903 86,06,441

30 Goa 13,18,228 1,16,528

31 Lakshadweep # 57,341 5,782

32 Kerala 3,00,65,430 20,17,202

33 Tamil Nadu 6,52,44,137 1,00,73,618

34 Puducherry # 11,16,854 2,59,668

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 3,40,447 29,076

State of Literacy


" Statement 22(d)2

Population aged 7 and above, literates in 2011 and their decadal difference and percentage decadal difference during 2001-2011

# Notes


Glance’.

Percentage

decadal

difference

2001-2011

Number of

literates

2011

Decadal

difference in

number of

literates

2001-2011

Percentage

decadal

difference

2001-2011

State/

UT

Code

India/State/

Union Territory #

5 6 7 8 1 2

21.56 77,84,54,120 21,77,00,941 38.82 INDIA

21.74 72,45,053 24,37,767 50.71 01 Jammu & Kashmir

15.29 51,04,506 10,62,885 26.30 02 Himachal Pradesh

16.88 1,89,88,611 42,31,641 28.68 03 Punjab

19.33 8,09,653 1,66,408 25.87 04 Chandigarh #

23.26 69,97,433 18,91,651 37.05 05 Uttarakhand

23.84 1,69,04,324 48,10,647 39.78 06 Haryana

24.92 1,27,63,352 30,98,588 32.06 07 NCT of Delhi #

26.74 3,89,70,500 1,12,68,490 40.68 08 Rajasthan

26.22 11,84,23,805 4,27,04,521 56.40 09 Uttar Pradesh

28.75 5,43,90,254 2,32,80,677 74.83 10 Bihar

18.15 4,49,294 1,30,959 41.14 11 Sikkim

32.26 7,89,943 3,05,158 62.95 12 Arunachal Pradesh

-0.34 13,57,579 2,25,256 19.89 13 Nagaland

20.38 18,91,196 5,15,280 37.45 14 Manipur

24.25 8,47,592 1,86,147 28.14 15 Mizoram

16.80 28,31,742 8,09,643 40.04 16 Tripura

30.11 18,17,761 6,59,886 56.99 17 Meghalaya

20.31 1,95,07,017 54,91,663 39.18 18 Assam

18.14 6,26,14,556 1,54,18,155 32.67 19 West Bengal

26.10 1,87,53,660 69,76,459 59.24 20 Jharkhand

17.38 2,71,12,376 72,75,321 36.68 21 Orissa

27.07 1,55,98,314 44,25,165 39.61 22 Chhattisgarh

25.19 4,38,27,193 1,22,34,630 38.73 23 Madhya Pradesh

22.60 4,19,48,677 1,21,20,927 40.64 24 Gujarat

57.70 1,88,974 81,374 75.63 25 Daman & Diu #

62.88 2,28,028 1,24,124 119.46 26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

19.61 8,25,12,225 1,85,46,282 28.99 27 Maharashtra

15.12 5,14,38,510 1,15,04,187 28.81 28 Andhra Pradesh

18.85 4,10,29,323 1,05,94,361 34.81 29 Karnataka

9.70 11,52,117 1,66,555 16.90 30 Goa

11.21 52,914 8,231 18.42 31 Lakshadweep #

7.19 2,82,34,227 27,48,539 10.78 32 Kerala

18.26 5,24,13,116 1,18,88,571 29.34 33 Tamil Nadu

30.29 9,66,600 2,70,233 38.81 34 Puducherry #

9.34 2,93,695 40,560 16.02 35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

108

EFFECTIVE LITERACY RATES IN STATES/UTS BY GENDER

Kerala ranks "rst in the country with a literacy rate of 93.91 per cent, closely followed by Lakshadweep (92.28 per cent) and Mizoram (91.58 per cent). Bihar with a literacy rate of 63.82 per cent ranks last in the country preceded by Arunachal Pradesh (66.95 per cent) and Rajasthan (67.06 per cent). Among the major States, Maharashtra (82.91 per cent) comes a#er Kerala, followed by Tamil Nadu (80.33 per cent). !e States and Union Territories with literacy rates below the National average (74.04 per cent) are Jammu and Kashmir in the North, Rajasthan in the West, Andhra Pradesh in the South, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh in Central, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa in the East and Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the North-East of the country. Ten States and Union Territories viz., Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman & Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have achieved literacy rate of above 85 per cent, the target set by Planning Commission for the year 2011-2012. !e States and Union Territories, which have literacy rate below the National average in respect of all the three categories i.e., persons, males and females are Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Kerala holds the "rst rank in the country in female literacy with 91.98 per cent. Rajasthan (52.66 per cent) has recorded the lowest female literacy rate preceded by Bihar (53.33 per cent). Similarly, the States and Union Territories with female literacy rate below the National average (65.46 per cent) are Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Lakshadweep (96.11 per cent) holds the "rst rank in the country with respect to male literacy rate. Kerala (96.02 per cent) ranks second. Bihar (73.39 per cent) has recorded the lowest literacy rate in case of males preceded again by Arunachal Pradesh (73.69 per cent). !e States and Union Territories with literacy rates below the National average for males (82.14 per cent) are Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Maps 14 to 19 depicts e�ective literacy rate for persons, males and females for 2001 and 2011 censuses.

Statement 23 presents States and Union Territories arranged in descending order according to the 2011 literacy rate for persons, males and females separately.

Ten States and Union Territories

viz., Kerala, Lakshadweep,

Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman &

Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT

of Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar

Islands have achieved literacy

rate of above 85 per cent, the

target set by the Planning

Commission to be achieved by

2011-2012.

State of Literacy


110

" Statement 23(1)

Ranking of States and Union Territories by literacy rate: 2011

# Notes


Glance’.

India/State/

Union Territory #

Literacy

rate

1 2 3

1 Kerala 93.91

2 Lakshadweep # 92.28

3 Mizoram 91.58

4 Tripura 87.75

5 Goa 87.40

6 Daman & Diu # 87.07

7 Puducherry # 86.55

8 Chandigarh # 86.43

9 NCT of Delhi # 86.34

10 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 86.27

11 Himachal Pradesh 83.78

12 Maharashtra 82.91

13 Sikkim 82.20

14 Tamil Nadu 80.33

15 Nagaland 80.11

16 Manipur 79.85

17 Uttarakhand 79.63

18 Gujarat 79.31

19 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 77.65

20 West Bengal 77.08

21 Punjab 76.68

22 Haryana 76.64

23 Karnataka 75.60

24 Meghalaya 75.48

25 Orissa 73.45

26 Assam 73.18

27 Chhattisgarh 71.04

28 Madhya Pradesh 70.63

29 Uttar Pradesh 69.72

30 Jammu & Kashmir 68.74

31 Andhra Pradesh 67.66

32 Jharkhand 67.63

33 Rajasthan 67.06

34 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95

35 Bihar 63.82

Rank Persons

State of Literacy


Statement 23(2)

Ranking of States and Union Territories by literacy rate and sex : 2011

India/State/

Union Territory #

Literacy

rate

India/State/ Union

Territory #

Literacy

rate

1 4 5 1 6 7

1 Lakshadweep # 96.11 1 Kerala 91.98

2 Kerala 96.02 2 Mizoram 89.40

3 Mizoram 93.72 3 Lakshadweep # 88.25

4 Goa 92.81 4 Tripura 83.15

5 Tripura 92.18 5 Goa 81.84

6 Puducherry # 92.12 6 Andaman & Nicobar Islands

# 81.84

7 Daman & Diu # 91.48 7 Chandigarh

# 81.38

8 NCT of Delhi # 91.03 8 Puducherry

# 81.22

9 Himachal Pradesh 90.83 9 NCT of Delhi # 80.93

10 Chandigarh # 90.54 10 Daman & Diu

# 79.59

11 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 90.11 11 Nagaland 76.69

12 Maharashtra 89.82 12 Himachal Pradesh 76.60

13 Uttarakhand 88.33 13 Sikkim 76.43

14 Sikkim 87.29 14 Maharashtra 75.48

15 Gujarat 87.23 15 Tamil Nadu 73.86

16 Tamil Nadu 86.81 16 Meghalaya 73.78

17 Manipur 86.49 17 Manipur 73.17

18 D d & N H li# 86 46 18 Punjab 71 34

Males RankRank Females

18 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 86.46 18 Punjab 71.34

19 Haryana 85.38 19 West Bengal 71.16

20 Nagaland 83.29 20 Gujarat 70.73

21 Karnataka 82.85 21 Uttarakhand 70.70

22 West Bengal 82.67 22 Karnataka 68.13

23 Orissa 82.40 23 Assam 67.27

24 Punjab 81.48 24 Haryana 66.77

25 Chhattisgarh 81.45 25 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 65.93

26 Madhya Pradesh 80.53 26 Orissa 64.36

27 Rajasthan 80.51 27 Chhattisgarh 60.59

28 Uttar Pradesh 79.24 28 Madhya Pradesh 60.02

29 Assam 78.81 29 Andhra Pradesh 59.74

30 Jharkhand 78.45 30 Arunachal Pradesh 59.57

31 Jammu & Kashmir 78.26 31 Uttar Pradesh 59.26

32 Meghalaya 77.17 32 Jammu & Kashmir 58.01

33 Andhra Pradesh 75.56 33 Jharkhand 56.21

34 Arunachal Pradesh 73.69 34 Bihar 53.33

35 Bihar 73.39 35 Rajasthan 52.66

112

EFFECTIVE LITERACY RATE- DECADAL VARIATION

Kerala, Mizoram, Lakshadweep and Tripura are the consistent forerunners for both Census 2001 and Census 2011. Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Dadra and Nagar Haveli showed improvement in rank by more than 5 points in Census 2011 over the previous decade. Of the States/Union Territories that showed signi�cant improvement, Dadra and Nagar Haveli improved the most from thirtieth rank to nineteenth rank by 11 points. Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan showed decrease in rank by more than 4 points from the Census 2001. Of these States, Punjab decreased the most from ��eenth rank to twenty-�rst rank slipping down by 6 points. Literacy rate in 2001 showed an increase of 9.21 percentage points for the country as a whole. �e States and Union Territories that have recorded decadal di�erence of 10 percentage points in literacy rate of 2001-2011 are Dadra & Nagar Haveli (20.02 per cent), Bihar (16.82 per cent), Tripura (14.56 per cent), Jharkhand (14.07 per cent), Nagaland (13.52 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (13.45 per cent), Sikkim (13.39 per cent), Jammu & Kashmir (13.22 per cent), Meghalaya( 12.92 per cent), Arunachal Pradesh (12.61 per cent), Orissa(10.37 per cent) and Gujarat( 10.17 per cent). Literary rates for persons at Census of India, 2001 & 2011, by States and Union Territories have been presented in �gure-28. Statement 24 presents ranking of States and Union Territories by literacy rate of 2001 and 2011 along with decadal di�erence.

State of Literacy


Statement 24

Ranking of States and Union Territories by literacy rate : 2001 and 2011

2001 2011 2001 2011

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INDIA 64.83 74.04 - - 9.21

01 Jammu & Kashmir 55.52 68.74 32 30 13.22

02 Himachal Pradesh 76.48 83.78 11 11 7.30

03 Punjab 69.65 76.68 15 21 7.03

04 Chandigarh # 81.94 86.43 5 8 4.49

05 Uttarakhand 71.62 79.63 14 17 8.01

06 Haryana 67.91 76.64 19 22 8.73

07 NCT of Delhi # 81.67 86.34 6 9 4.67

08 Rajasthan 60.41 67.06 29 33 6.65

09 Uttar Pradesh 56.27 69.72 31 29 13.45

10 Bihar 47.00 63.82 35 35 16.82

11 Sikkim 68.81 82.20 17 13 13.39

12 Arunachal Pradesh 54.34 66.95 33 34 12.61

13 Nagaland 66.59 80.11 20 15 13.52

14 Manipur 69.93 79.85 22 16 9.92

15 Mizoram 88.80 91.58 2 3 2.78

16 Tripura 73.19 87.75 13 4 14.56

17 Meghalaya 62.56 75.48 27 24 12.92

18 Assam 63.25 73.18 25 26 9.93

19 West Bengal 68.64 77.08 18 20 8.44

20 Jharkhand 53.56 67.63 34 32 14.07

21 Orissa 63.08 73.45 26 25 10.37

22 Chhattisgarh 64.66 71.04 23 27 6.38

23 Madhya Pradesh 63.74 70.63 24 28 6.89

24 Gujarat 69.14 79.31 16 18 10.17

25 Daman & Diu # 78.18 87.07 9 6 8.89

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 57.63 77.65 30 19 20.02

27 Maharashtra 76.88 82.91 10 12 6.03

28 Andhra Pradesh 66.64 75.60 21 23 8.96

29 Karnataka 60.47 67.66 28 31 7.19

30 Goa 82.01 87.40 4 5 5.39

31 Lakshadweep # 86.66 92.28 3 2 5.62

32 Kerala 90.86 93.91 1 1 3.05

33 Tamil Nadu 73.45 80.33 12 14 6.88

34 Puducherry # 81.24 86.55 8 7 5.31

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 81.30 86.27 7 10 4.97

State/

UT Code

India/State/

Union Territory #

Literacy rate Rank Decadal

difference

in literacy

rate

! Notes


Glance’.

114

" Figure 28

State and Union Territories# by Literacy 2011

55 52

60.47

53.56

60.41

54.34

47.00

67.66

67.63

67.06

66.95

63.82

J & K h i

Andhra Pradesh

Jharkhand

Rajasthan

Arunachal Pradesh

Bihar 2001

2011

64.83

63.08

63.25

64.66

63.74

56.27

55.52

74 04

73.45

73.18

71.04

70.63

69.72

68.74

INDIA

Orissa

Assam

Chhattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

57.63

68.64

69.65

67.91

66.64

62.56

77.65

77.08

76.68

76.64

75.6

75.48

74.04

Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

West Bengal

Punjab

Haryana

Karnataka

Meghalaya

76 88

68.81

73.45

66.59

69.93

71.62

69.14

82.2

80.33

80.11

79.85

79.63

79.31

M h ht

Sikkim

Tamil Nadu

Nagaland

Manipur

Uttarakhand

Gujarat

78.18

81.24

81.94

81.67

81.3

76.48

76.88

87 07

86.55

86.43

86.34

86.27

83.78

82.91

Daman & Diu #

Puducherry #

Chandigarh #

NCT of Delhi

Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

Himachal Pradesh

Maharashtra

90.86

86.66

88.8

73.19

82.01

93.91

92.28

91.58

87.75

87.4

87.07

- 20 40 60 80 100

Kerala

Lakshadweep #

Mizoram

Tripura

Goa

a a & u #

20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Sta

te

/ U

nio

n t

errit

orie

s#

State of Literacy


EFFECTIVE LITERACY RATE- GENDER GAP

At the National level, the male-female gap for Census 2001 stood at 21.59 whereas for Census 2011 it is only 16.68. �e decadal di�erence in literacy rates for males and females stands at 6.88 and 11.79 percentage points respectively, indicating a substantial improvement in respect of females. In Census 2001, in 12 States and Union Territories, the male-female gap was higher than the National average and for 23 States and Union Territories, it was below the National average. In Census 2011, in 11 States, the male female gap is higher than the National average and for 24 States and Union Territories, it is below the National average. �e North-Eastern States of Meghalaya and Mizoram and Kerala from the South have reported minimum di�erentials in male-female gap in Census 2011 as well as in Census 2001. Mizoram had also reported the lowest di�erential even during 1991 Census followed by Kerala and Meghalaya. �ese States are consistent forerunners since decades. It is interesting to note that although average literacy rate in Meghalaya (75.48 per cent) is not high the male-female gap (3.39 percentage points) in literacy rate is lowest. Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir are at the bottom, showing huge gap in male-female di�erentials in literacy both at 2001 and 2011 Censuses. �e States and Union Territories which have achieved male-female gap of literacy rate of 10 percentage points or below, the target set by the Planning Commission to be achieved by year 2011-2012, are Punjab, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Lakshadweep, Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Male-Female literacy gap for States and Union Territories as per Census 2001 & 2011 has been presented in �gure-29. Statement 25 presents literacy rate and decadal di�erence in literacy rate by sex for 2001-2011.

The gap of 21.59 percentage

points recorded between male

and female literacy rates in

2001 Census has reduced to

16.68 percentage points in 2011.

Planning Commission has set up

target of reducing this gap to 10

percentage points by the year

2011-2012.

The States/Union Territories

which have achieved male-

female gap in literacy rate of

10 percentage points or less

are Punjab, Chandigarh, NCT of

Delhi, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura,

Meghalaya, Lakshadweep, Kerala

and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

116

Statement 25(1)

Literacy rates and decadal difference in literacy rates by sex : 2001-2011

! Notes


Glance’.

Males Females

1 2 3 4 5

INDIA 75.26 53.67 21.59

01 Jammu & Kashmir 66.60 43.00 23.60

02 Himachal Pradesh 85.35 67.42 17.93

03 Punjab 75.23 63.36 11.87

04 Chandigarh # 86.14 76.47 9.67

05 Uttarakhand 83.28 59.63 23.65

06 Haryana 78.49 55.73 22.76

07 NCT of Delhi # 87.33 74.71 12.62

08 Rajasthan 75.70 43.85 31.85

09 Uttar Pradesh 68.82 42.22 26.60

10 Bihar 59.68 33.12 26.56

11 Sikkim 76.04 60.40 15.64

12 Arunachal Pradesh 63.83 43.53 20.30

13 Nagaland 71.16 61.46 9.70

14 Manipur 79.54 60.10 19.44

15 Mizoram 90.72 86.75 3.97

16 Tripura 81.02 64.91 16.11

17 Meghalaya 65.43 59.61 5.82

18 Assam 71.28 54.61 16.67

19 West Bengal 77 02 59 61 17 41

Gap in

literacy

rate

State

/UT

Code

India/State/Union Territory # 2001

19 West Bengal 77.02 59.61 17.41

20 Jharkhand 67.30 38.87 28.43

21 Orissa 75.35 50.51 24.84

22 Chhattisgarh 77.38 51.85 25.53

23 Madhya Pradesh 76.06 50.29 25.77

24 Gujarat 79.66 57.80 21.86

25 Daman & Diu # 86.76 65.61 21.15

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 71.18 40.23 30.95

27 Maharashtra 85.97 67.03 18.94

28 Andhra Pradesh 70.32 50.43 19.89

29 Karnataka 76.10 56.87 19.23

30 Goa 88.42 75.37 13.05

31 Lakshadweep # 92.53 80.47 12.06

32 Kerala 94.24 87.72 6.52

33 Tamil Nadu 82.42 64.43 17.99

34 Puducherry # 88.62 73.90 14.72

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 86.33 75.24 11.09

State of Literacy


Statement 25(2)

Literacy rates and decadal difference in literacy rates by sex : 2001-2011

! Notes


Glance’.

Males Females Males Females

6 7 8 9 10 1 2

82.14 65.46 16.68 6.88 11.79 INDIA

78.26 58.01 20.25 11.66 15.01 01 Jammu & Kashmir

90.83 76.60 14.23 5.48 9.18 02 Himachal Pradesh

81.48 71.34 10.14 6.25 7.98 03 Punjab

90.54 81.38 9.16 4.40 4.91 04 Chandigarh #

88.33 70.70 17.63 5.05 11.07 05 Uttarakhand

85.38 66.77 18.61 6.89 11.04 06 Haryana

91.03 80.93 10.10 3.70 6.22 07 NCT of Delhi #

80.51 52.66 27.85 4.81 8.81 08 Rajasthan

79.24 59.26 19.98 10.42 17.04 09 Uttar Pradesh

73.39 53.33 20.06 13.71 20.21 10 Bihar

87.29 76.43 10.86 11.25 16.03 11 Sikkim

73.69 59.57 14.12 9.86 16.04 12 Arunachal Pradesh

83.29 76.69 6.60 12.13 15.23 13 Nagaland

86.49 73.17 13.32 6.95 13.07 14 Manipur

93.72 89.40 4.32 3.00 2.65 15 Mizoram

92.18 83.15 9.03 11.16 18.24 16 Tripura

77.17 73.78 3.39 11.74 14.17 17 Meghalaya

78.81 67.27 11.54 7.53 12.66 18 Assam

82.67 71.16 11.51 5.65 11.55 19 West Bengal

78 45 56 21 22 24 11 15 17 34 20 Jharkhand

State

/UT

Code

India/State/

Union Territory #

2011 Gap in

literacy

rate

Decadal difference

in literacy rates

78.45 56.21 22.24 11.15 17.34 20 Jharkhand

82.40 64.36 18.04 7.05 13.85 21 Orissa

81.45 60.59 20.86 4.07 8.74 22 Chhattisgarh

80.53 60.02 20.51 4.47 9.73 23 Madhya Pradesh

87.23 70.73 16.50 7.57 12.93 24 Gujarat

91.48 79.59 11.89 4.72 13.98 25 Daman & Diu #

86.46 65.93 20.53 15.28 25.70 26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

89.82 75.48 14.34 3.85 8.45 27 Maharashtra

75.56 59.74 15.82 5.24 9.31 28 Andhra Pradesh

82.85 68.13 14.72 6.75 11.26 29 Karnataka

92.81 81.84 10.97 4.39 6.47 30 Goa

96.11 88.25 7.86 3.58 7.78 31 Lakshadweep #

96.02 91.98 4.04 1.78 4.26 32 Kerala

86.81 73.86 12.95 4.39 9.43 33 Tamil Nadu

92.12 81.22 10.90 3.50 7.32 34 Puducherry #

90.11 81.84 8.27 3.78 6.60 35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

118

" Figure 29

Male Female gap in Literacy Rate, Census 2001, 2011

12.9

10.9

8.3

18.0

14.7

11.1

Tamil Nadu

Puducherry #

Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

2001

2011

15.9

14.7

11.0

7.9

4.0

19 0

19.9

19.2

13.0

12.0

6.5

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Goa

Lakshadweep #

Kerala2011

20.5

16.5

11.9

20.6

14.3

25 5

25.8

21.9

21.2

31.0

19.0

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Daman & Diu #

Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

Maharashtra

3 4

11.5

11.5

22.3

18.0

20.9

5.8

16.7

17.4

28.4

24.8

25.5

Meghalaya

Assam

West Bengal

Jharkhand

Orissa

Chhattisgarh

14 1

6.6

13.3

4.3

9.1

3.4

20.3

9.7

19.4

4.0

16.1

Arunachal Pradesh

Nagaland

Manipur

Mizoram

Tripura

Meghalaya

10 1

27.8

19.9

20.1

10.9

14.1

12.6

31.8

26.6

26.6

15.6

NCT of Delhi

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Sikkim

ory

#

14.2

10.2

9.1

17.6

18.6

10.1

17.9

11.8

9.6

23.7

22.8

Himachal Pradesh

Punjab

Chandigarh #

Uttarakhand

Haryana

te a

nd

Un

ion

Te

rrit

20.323.6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Jammu & KashmirSta

t

Percent

Sta

te

/ U

nio

n t

errit

orie

s#

State of Literacy


EFFECTIVE LITERACY RATE- A COMPARISON WITH NATIONAL SAMPLE

SURVEY ORGANISATION (64TH ROUND)

�e e�ective literacy rate returned in Census 2011 is 74.04 per cent while the same reported by NSSO (64th Round) is 71.70 per cent. �e two �gures are comparable considering the fact that the latter was conducted in 2007-08.

�e gap in male literacy rate between the Census and the Survey is only of 1.64 percentage points. NSSO reports 80.50 per cent, while the Census 2011 puts the �gure at 82.14 per cent.

�e di�erence in the female literacy rate as reported by the two sources is slightly higher at 3.16 percentage points. �e �gure reported by NSSO is 62.30 per cent while Census returned a �gure of 65.46 per cent.

120

Statement 26(1)

Comparison of literacy rates of Census 2011 with National Sample Survey (64th round) by Gender

All the States/UTs in the country are showing increase in literacy rate in the Census 2011 as compared to NSSO except the North Eastern States of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. Besides these, Daman & Diu is also showing lower literacy rate in Census 2011.

Statement 26 compares the literacy rate by gender as per Census 2011 and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), 64th round, 2007-2008.

! Notes


Glance’.

Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5

INDIA 74.04 82.14 65.46

01 Jammu & Kashmir 68.74 78.26 58.01

02 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.60

03 Punjab 76.68 81.48 71.34

04 Chandigarh # 86.43 90.54 81.38

05 Uttarakhand 79.63 88.33 70.70

06 Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77

07 NCT of Delhi # 86.34 91.03 80.93

08 Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66

09 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26

10 Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33

11 Sikkim 82.20 87.29 76.43

12 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 73.69 59.57

13 Nagaland 80.11 83.29 76.69

14 Manipur 79.85 86.49 73.17

15 Mizoram 91.58 93.72 89.40

16 Tripura 87.75 92.18 83.15

17 Meghalaya 75.48 77.17 73.78

18 Assam 73.18 78.81 67.27

19 West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16

20 Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21

21 Orissa 73.45 82.40 64.36

22 Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59

23 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02

24 Gujarat 79.31 87.23 70.73

25 Daman & Diu # 87.07 91.48 79.59

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 77.65 86.46 65.93

27 Maharashtra 82.91 89.82 75.48

28 Andhra Pradesh 67.66 75.56 59.74

29 Karnataka 75.60 82.85 68.13

30 Goa 87.40 92.81 81.84

31 Lakshadweep # 92.28 96.11 88.25

32 Kerala 93.91 96.02 91.98

33 Tamil Nadu 80.33 86.81 73.86

34 Puducherry # 86.55 92.12 81.22

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 86.27 90.11 81.84

Sl .No India/State/Union Territory # Literacy Rate

2011 Census

State of Literacy


Statement 26(2)

Comparison of literacy rates of Census 2011 with National Sample Survey (64th round) by Gender

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2

71.70 80.50 62.30 2.34 1.64 3.16 INDIA

67.70 77.70 57.10 1.04 0.56 0.91 01 Jammu & Kashmir

80.40 87.70 73.20 3.38 3.13 3.40 02 Himachal Pradesh

76.10 81.30 70.40 0.58 0.18 0.94 03 Punjab

82.80 87.10 77.00 3.63 3.44 4.38 04 Chandigarh #

76.00 85.70 66.60 3.63 2.63 4.10 05 Uttarakhand

73.50 82.90 62.70 3.14 2.48 4.07 06 Haryana

85.20 91.40 77.30 1.14 -0.37 3.63 07 NCT of Delhi #

61.70 75.80 46.60 5.36 4.71 6.06 08 Rajasthan

66.20 76.80 54.70 3.52 2.44 4.56 09 Uttar Pradesh

58.10 69.90 45.00 5.72 3.49 8.33 10 Bihar

83.90 88.70 78.50 -1.70 -1.41 -2.07 11 Sikkim

70.50 76.20 64.30 -3.55 -2.51 -4.73 12 Arunachal Pradesh

91.60 94.60 88.30 -11.49 -11.31 -11.61 13 Nagaland

83.00 89.90 75.60 -3.15 -3.41 -2.43 14 Manipur

95.90 97.00 94.80 -4.32 -3.28 -5.40 15 Mizoram

78.40 83.10 73.40 9.35 9.08 9.75 16 Tripura

92.60 93.80 91.50 -17.12 -16.63 -17.72 17 Meghalaya

83.80 89.10 78.00 -10.62 -10.29 -10.73 18 Assam

75 60 82 20 68 60 1 48 0 47 2 56 19 West Bengal

Sl .No India/State/

Union Territory #

Literacy Rate Difference between 2011

census and National Sample

SurveyNational Sample Survey

(64th

round)

75.60 82.20 68.60 1.48 0.47 2.56 19 West Bengal

64.60 76.40 51.40 3.03 2.05 4.81 20 Jharkhand

68.30 76.90 59.70 5.15 5.50 4.66 21 Orissa

71.00 80.50 61.00 0.04 0.95 -0.41 22 Chhattisgarh

70.40 79.90 59.60 0.23 0.63 0.42 23 Madhya Pradesh

74.90 84.60 64.40 4.41 2.63 6.33 24 Gujarat

93.00 96.30 88.10 -5.93 -4.82 -8.51 25 Daman & Diu #

72.50 87.10 51.50 5.15 -0.64 14.43 26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

80.90 88.20 73.40 2.01 1.62 2.08 27 Maharashtra

63.50 72.30 54.90 4.16 3.26 4.84 28 Andhra Pradesh

71.20 79.30 62.90 4.40 3.55 5.23 29 Karnataka

82.40 87.60 77.20 5.00 5.21 4.64 30 Goa

91.20 96.40 85.80 1.08 -0.29 2.45 31 Lakshadweep #

93.90 96.20 91.80 0.01 -0.18 0.18 32 Kerala

80.00 88.00 72.30 0.33 -1.19 1.56 33 Tamil Nadu

86.00 91.70 79.90 0.55 0.42 1.32 34 Puducherry #

85.90 90.30 80.90 0.37 -0.19 0.94 35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

122

ILLITERATES AT STATE/UT LEVEL

�e absolute number of illiterates decreased by 31,196,847 during the last decade. �e maximum, contribution in this decrease has come from Uttar Pradesh (7,424,572) followed by Bihar (4,250,715). �ese two States together account for 37.43 per cent of the total decrease in illiterates. �e other major States showing sizeable decrease in number of illiterates are West Bengal (9.44 per cent), Gujarat (7.60 per cent), Maharashtra (7.15 per cent), Karnataka (6.37 per cent), Tamil Nadu (5.82 per cent), Orissa (5.80 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (4.87 per cent) and Jharkhand (3.96 per cent).

�e States where number of illiterates has increased are Rajasthan (3.18 percent), Chhattisgarh (0.81 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh (0.80 per cent). In absolute terms the number of illiterates in Rajasthan increased by 991,420 followed by Chhattisgarh 252,116 and Madhya Pradesh 248,831.Statement 27 gives the number of illiterates, decadal decrease in illiterates and percentage contribution in its decrease during 2001-2011 at the State/Union Territory level.

MALE ILLITERATES AT STATE/UT LEVEL

�e absolute number of male illiterates has decreased by 14,074,650 during the decade 2001-2011. It is encouraging to note that in all the States and Union Territories except Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Daman & Diu, the number of male illiterates has decreased. Even in the States/UTs where the number of male illiterates has increased, the increase is not sizeable in absolute terms. �e States which have contribution of more than !ve percentage points in decadal decrease are Uttar Pradesh (26.22 per cent), Bihar (14.84 per cent), Gujarat (7.39 per cent), West Bengal (6.80 per cent), Maharashtra and Karnataka (5.86 per cent) each. Statement 28 presents State level !gures of male illiterates in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, the decadal decrease in male illiterates and the percentage contribution in their decrease.

FEMALE ILLITERATES AT STATE/UT LEVEL

It is encouraging to note that the number of female illiterates has gone down by 17,122,197 during 2001-2011. However, the number of female illiterates has increased in Rajasthan (929,566), Madhya Pradesh (192,536), Chhattisgarh (173,719) and Mizoram (895). �e States which have contributed signi!cantly in decreasing the number of female illiterates are Uttar Pradesh (21.81 per cent), Bihar (12.63 per cent), West Bengal (11.61 per cent), Maharashtra (8.21 per cent),), Gujarat (7.77 per cent), Tamil Nadu (7.31 per cent) , Karnataka (6.79 per cent), Orissa (6.76 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (5.41 per cent).Statement 29 presents the State/ Union Territory level !gures of female illiterates in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, the decadal decrease in female illiterates and the percentage contribution in their decrease.

State of Literacy


Statement 27

Number of illiterates, decadal decrease in illiterates and percentage contribution in decrease : 2001, 2011

2001 2011

1 2 3 4 5 6

INDIA 30,41,46,862 27,29,50,015 -3,11,96,847 100.00

01 Jammu & Kashmir 38,50,611 32,95,231 -5,55,380 1.78

02 Himachal Pradesh 12,43,142 9,88,139 -2,55,003 0.82

03 Punjab 64,30,200 57,74,055 -6,56,145 2.10

04 Chandigarh # 1,41,777 1,27,080 -14,697 0.05

05 Uttarakhand 20,23,535 17,90,475 -2,33,060 0.75

06 Haryana 57,15,350 51,51,033 -5,64,317 1.81

07 NCT of Delhi # 21,68,894 20,19,373 -1,49,521 0.48

08 Rajasthan 1,81,54,176 1,91,45,596 9,91,420 -3.18

09 Uttar Pradesh 5,88,54,009 5,14,29,437 -74,24,572 23.80

10 Bihar 3,50,82,869 3,08,32,154 -42,50,715 13.63

11 Sikkim 1,44,321 97,317 -47,004 0.15

12 Arunachal Pradesh 4,07,312 3,89,909 -17,403 0.06

13 Nagaland 5,68,035 3,37,042 -2,30,993 0.74

14 Manipur 5,91,614 4,77,323 -1,14,291 0.37

15 Mizoram 83,394 77,886 -5,508 0.02

16 Tripura 7,40,658 3,95,235 -3,45,423 1.11

17 Meghalaya 6,92,968 5,90,424 -1,02,544 0.33

18 Assam 81,42,099 71,50,948 -9,91,151 3.18

19 West Bengal 2,15,65,574 1,86,20,581 -29,44,993 9.44

20 Jharkhand 1,02,11,801 89,74,996 -12,36,805 3.96

21 Orissa 1,16,08,795 97,99,332 -18,09,463 5.80

22 Chhattisgarh 61,05,738 63,57,854 2,52,116 -0.81

23 Madhya Pradesh 1,79,73,246 1,82,22,077 2,48,831 -0.80

24 Gujarat 1,33,10,863 1,09,40,775 -23,70,088 7.60

25 Daman & Diu # 30,026 28,057 -1,969 0.01

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 76,387 65,629 -10,758 0.03

27 Maharashtra 1,92,41,558 1,70,12,372 -22,29,186 7.15

28 Andhra Pradesh 2,61,03,827 2,45,84,337 -15,19,490 4.87

29 Karnataka 1,52,33,500 1,32,45,580 -19,87,920 6.37

30 Goa 2,16,138 1,66,111 -50,027 0.16

31 Lakshadweep # 6,876 4,427 -2,449 0.01

32 Kerala 25,62,540 18,31,203 -7,31,337 2.34

33 Tamil Nadu 1,46,45,974 1,28,31,021 -18,14,953 5.82

34 Puducherry # 1,60,819 1,50,254 -10,565 0.03

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 58,236 46,752 -11,484 0.04

Sate/

UT

Code

India/State/Union Territory # Number of illiterates Decadal

decrease in

number of

illiterates (4-3)

Percentage

contribution

in decrease

! Notes


Glance’.

124

Statement 28

Number of male illiterates, decadal decrease in male illiterates and percentage contribution in decrease : 2001-2011

2001 2011

654321

056,47,04,1-153,86,56,9100,34,60,11AIDNI 100.00

01 Jammu & Kashmir 15,34,904 12,14,295 -3,20,609 2.28

87.0954,90,1-966,18,2821,19,3hsedarP lahcamiH20

95.2281,46,3-967,41,42159,87,72bajnuP30

04 Chandigarh # 61,588 48,929 -12,659 0.09

06.0568,48-532,91,5001,40,6dnahkarattU50

14.2448,83,3-542,11,71980,05,02anayraH60

07 NCT of Delhi # 8,26,769 7,10,625 -1,16,144 0.83

44.0-458,16290,55,85832,39,75nahtsajaR80

22.62978,09,63-440,46,48,1329,45,12,2hsedarP rattU90

48.41226,88,02-290,85,81,1417,64,93,1rahiB01

61.0307,22-978,63285,95mikkiS11

70.0755,9-072,26,1728,17,1hsedarP lahcanurA21

08.0616,21,1-008,64,1614,95,2dnalagaN31

13.0782,34-743,06,1436,30,2rupinaM41

50.0304,6-524,92828,53maroziM51

00.1679,04,1-045,82,1615,96,2arupirT61

43.0212,84-883,67,2006,42,3ayalahgeM71

98.2223,60,4-209,29,82422,99,23massA81

08.6314,75,9-669,13,27973,98,18lagneB tseW91

16.4620,94,6-811,76,03441,61,73dnahkrahJ02

36.4152,15,6-434,27,23586,32,93assirO12

65.0-793,87708,04,02014,26,91hragsittahhC22

04.0-592,65628,74,26135,19,16hsedarP ayhdaM32

93.7066,93,01-694,21,53651,25,54tarajuG42

25 Daman & Diu # 10,835 11,633 798 -0.01


68.5701,42,8-490,54,25102,96,06arthsarahaM72

22.4535,39,5-967,10,39403,59,89hsedarP arhdnA82

68.5913,52,8-034,12,74947,64,55akatanraK92

61.0268,22-610,84878,07aoG03

31 Lakshadweep # 1,979 1,142 -837 0.01

05.1815,01,2-764,96,5589,97,7alareK23

10.4607,36,5-529,10,34136,56,84udaN limaT33

34 Puducherry # 48,638 42,978 -5,660 0.04


Sate/

UT

Code

India/State/Union Territory # Number of male illiterates Decadal decrease

in number of

male illiterates (4-3)

Percentage

contribution

in decrease

! Notes


Glance’.

State of Literacy


Statement 29

Number of female illiterates, decadal decrease in female illiterates and percentage contribution in decrease : 2001 -2011

2001 2011

654321

INDIA 19,35,03,861 17,63,81,664 -1,71,22,197 100.00

01 Jammu & Kashmir 23,15,707 20,80,936 -2,34,771 1.37

58.0445,54,1-074,60,7410,25,8hsedarP lahcamiH20

17.1369,19,2-682,95,33942,15,63bajnuP30

04 Chandigarh # 80,189 78,151 -2,038 0.01

78.0591,84,1-042,17,21534,91,41dnahkarattU50

23.1374,52,2-887,93,43162,56,63anayraH60

07 NCT of Delhi # 13,42,125 13,08,748 -33,377 0.19

34.5-665,92,9405,09,23,1839,06,32,1nahtsajaR80

18.12396,33,73-393,56,92,3680,99,66,3hsedarP rattU90

36.21390,26,12-260,47,98,1551,63,11,2rahiB01

41.0103,42-834,06937,48mikkiS11

50.0648,7-936,72,2584,53,2hsedarP lahcanurA21

96.0773,81,1-242,09,1916,80,3dnalagaN31

14.0400,17-679,61,3089,78,3rupinaM41

10.0-598164,84665,74maroziM51

91.1744,40,2-596,66,2241,17,4arupirT61

23.0233,45-630,41,3863,86,3ayalahgeM71

24.3928,48,5-640,85,24578,24,84massA81

16.11085,78,91-516,88,31,1591,67,33,1lagneB tseW91

34.3977,78,5-878,70,95756,59,46dnahkrahJ02

67.6212,85,11-898,62,56011,58,67assirO12

10.1-917,37,1740,71,34823,34,14hragsittahhC22

23 Madhya Pradesh 1,17,81,715 1,19,74,251 1,92,536 -1.12

77.7824,03,31-972,82,47707,85,78tarajuG42

25 Daman & Diu # 19,191 16,424 -2,767 0.02


12.8970,50,41-872,76,71,1753,27,13,1arthsarahaM72

28 Andhra Pradesh 1,62,08,523 1,52,82,568 -9,25,955 5.41

97.6106,26,11-051,42,58157,68,69akatanraK92

61.0561,72-590,81,1062,54,1aoG03

31 Lakshadweep # 4,897 3,285 -1,612 0.01

40.3918,02,5-637,16,21555,28,71alareK23

13.7742,15,21-690,92,58343,08,79udaN limaT33

34 Puducherry # 1,12,181 1,07,276 -4,905 0.03


Sate/

UT

Code

India/State/Union Territory # Number of female illiterates Decadal decrease

in number of

female illiterates (4-3)

Percentage

contribution

in decrease

! Notes


Glance’.

126

LITERATES BY RANGE

In Census 2001, only one State had reported literacy rate below !"y per cent and had a share of eight per cent of the country’s total population and 5.55 per cent of country’s total literates. It is really satisfying to note that in Census 2011 none of the State/Union Territory has reported literacy rate below sixty per cent. �e number of the States and Union Territories having more than eighty per cent literacy rate in Census 2001 was eight. �is has increased to 15 at the Census 2011.

�ere was only one State having male literacy rate in the range of the !"y-sixty per cent in Census 2001, accounting for 8.13 per cent of the country’s male population. It is heartening to note that in Census 2011, in all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate is above seventy per cent. �e number of States and Union Territories having male literacy of seventy per cent and above was twenty nine in Census 2001 covering seventy one per cent of population. �e corresponding number for Census 2011 is thirty !ve covering cent per cent country’s male population.

�ere were seven States/ Union Territories having female literacy rate in the range of !"y per cent and below and had a share of thirty three per cent of the country’s total female population whereas in Census 2011, the corresponding number stands at zero. Census 2011 marks the decade when the country achieved more than !"y per cent literacy for females in all States. �e number of States and Union Territories having female literacy of seventy per cent and above was only eight in Census 2001 covering around !ve per cent of population. �e corresponding number for Census 2011 is as high as twenty one covering more than thirty seven per cent female population.

Statement 30 presents comparable !gures for population and literates in absolute numbers and in percent for 2001 and 2011 Censuses by Range of literacy rates.

�e state of Literacy in India as per the provisional population totals of Census 2011 presents a highly encouraging picture. �e highlights have been the decline of the number of illiterates and the increase in the number of literates across the country. �e most encouraging trend has been the narrowing down of the gender gap in literacy. �ough a detailed analysis would reveal more contours, a prima facie inference is that a large proportion of the children born a"er 2001 are becoming literate. A note of caution has however to be struck. A few States have shown a tendency to slip back into illiteracy a"er having attained a certain level of literacy. �is slide back has to be arrested and the momentum to be sustained in order to achieve the cherished goal of universal literacy.

State of Literacy


128

Statement 30(1)

Percent distribution of population and literates by literacy rates : 2001

! Notes


Glance’.

Absolute Percentage Absolute Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6

Total 35 1,02,87,37,436 100.00 56,07,53,179 100.00

0-39.99 0 0 0 0 0

40-49.99 1 8,29,98,509 8.07 3,11,09,577 5.55

50-59.99 5 20,46,05,908 19.89 9,28,92,460 16.57

60-69.99 15 51,37,04,153 49.94 28,25,48,663 50.39

70-79.99 6 17,72,08,962 17.23 11,57,67,590 20.65

80+ 8 5,02,19,904 4.88 3,84,34,889 6.85

Total 35 53,22,23,090 100.00 33,65,71,822 100.00

0-39.99 0 0 0 0 0

40-49.99 0 0 0 0 0

50-59.99 1 4,32,43,795 8.13 2,06,44,376 6.13

60-69.99 5 10,85,67,360 20.40 6,05,26,451 17.98

70-79.99 15 26,40,21,622 49.61 16,86,19,038 50.10

80+ 14 11,63,90,313 21.87 8,67,81,957 25.78

Total 35 49,65,14,346 100.00 22,41,81,357 100.00

0-39.99 2 5,28,15,506 10.64 1,45,95,545 6.51

40-49.99 5 11,11,19,354 22.38 3,84,32,641 17.14

50-59.99 11 21,20,03,198 42.70 9,83,09,138 43.85

60-69.99 9 9,57,96,591 19.29 5,46,87,516 24.39

70-79.99 5 79,47,954 1.60 50,92,919 2.27

80+ 3 1,68,31,743 3.39 1,30,63,598 5.83

Number of States/

Union Teritorries

Population Literates

PERSONS

MALES

FEMALES

Range of

Literacy

rate

Share of Country

2001

State of Literacy


Statement 30(2)

Percent distribution of population and literates by literacy rates : 2011

! Notes


Glance’.


Number of States/

Union Teritorries

Population Literates

Range of

Literacy

rate

Share of Country

2011


7 8 9 10 11 1

PERSONS

35 1,21,01,93,422 100.00 77,84,54,120 100.00 Total

0 0 0 0 0 0-39.99

0 0 0 0 0 40-49.99

0 0 0 0 0 50-59.99

Union Teritorries

7 50,35,70,434 41.61 29,00,11,725 37.25 60-69.99

13 45,33,19,144 37.46 29,84,64,809 38.34 70-79.99

15 25,33,03,844 20.93 18,99,77,586 24.40 80+

MALES

35 62,37,24,248 100.00 44,42,03,762 100.00 Total

0 0 0 0 0 0-39.99

0 0 0 0 0 40 49 990 0 0 0 0 40-49.99

0 0 0 0 0 50-59.99

0 0 0 0 0 60-69.99

8 24,30,56,719 38.97 15,96,35,766 35.94 70-79.99

27 38,06,67,529 61.03 28,45,67,996 64.06 80+

35 58,64,69,174 100.00 33,42,50,358 100.00 Total

FEMALES

, , , , , ,

0 0 0 0 0 0-39.99

0 0 0 0 0 40-49.99

7 24,23,41,224 41.32 11,78,82,205 35.27 50-59.99

7 12,57,27,539 21.44 7,03,68,122 21.05 60-69.99

12 18,88,85,027 32.21 12,27,52,234 36.72 70-79.99

9 2,95,15,384 5.03 2,32,47,797 6.96 80+

130

" Map 14

Effective Literacy Rate, 2001 (States/Union Territories)

Arunachal Pradesh

54.3

INDIA

Effective Literacy Rate, 2001

(States/Union Territories)

Effective Literacy Rate

Jammu & Kashmir55.5

Punjab69.7

Rajasthan60.4

Gujarat69.1

Maharashtra76.9

Goa82.0

Karnataka66.6

Kerala90.9

Tamil Nadu73.5

Andhra Pradesh60.5

Chhattisgarh64.7

Orissa63.1

Tripura73.2Jharkhand

53.6

(P)Puducherry81.2

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep86.7

Andaman & Nicobar Islands81.3

Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu78.2

Himachal Pradesh76.5

Chandigarh81.9 Uttarakhand

71.6Haryana67.9

Uttar Pradesh56.3

Dadra & Nagar Haveli57.6

West Bengal68.6

Madhya Pradesh63.7

Sikkim68.8

Bihar47.0

NCT of Delhi81.7

Meghalaya62.6

Assam63.3

Mizoram88.8

Manipur69.9

Nagaland66.6

75 80 8570

National Average : 64.8

0100 50050

Kilometres

State of Literacy


" Map 15

Effective Literacy Rate, 2011 (States/Union Territories)

Arunachal Pradesh67.0

INDIA

Effective Literacy Rate, 2011


Effective Literacy Rate

Jammu & Kashmir68.7

Punjab76.7

Rajasthan67.1

Gujarat79.3

Maharashtra82.9

Goa87.4

Karnataka75.6

Kerala93.9

Tamil Nadu80.3

Andhra Pradesh67.7

Chhattisgarh71.0

Orissa73.5


67.6

(P)Puducherry86.5

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep92.3


Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu87.1



79.6Haryana76.6

Uttar Pradesh69.7


West Bengal77.1

Madhya Pradesh70.6

Sikkim82.2

Bihar63.8

NCT of Delhi86.3

Meghalaya75.5

Assam73.2

Mizoram91.6

Manipur79.8

Nagaland80.1

75 80 8570


0100 50050

Kilometres

132

" Map 16

Effective Male Literacy Rate, 2001 (States/Union Territories)

Effective Male Literacy Rate


INDIA

Effective Male Literacy Rate, 2001


Jammu & Kashmir66.6

Punjab75.2

Rajasthan75.7

Gujarat79.7

Maharashtra86.0

Goa88.4

Karnataka76.1

Kerala94.2

Tamil Nadu82.4

Andhra Pradesh70.3

Chhattisgarh77.4

Orissa75.3


67.3

(P)Puducherry88.6

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep92.5


Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu86.8



83.3Haryana78.5

Uttar Pradesh68.8


West Bengal77.0

Madhya Pradesh76.1

Sikkim76.0

Bihar59.7

NCT of Delhi87.3

Meghalaya65.4

Assam71.3

Mizoram90.7

Manipur79.5

Nagaland71.2

80 85 9075


0100 50050

Kilometres

State of Literacy


" Map 17

Effective Male Literacy Rate, 2011 (States/Union Territories)


INDIA

Effective Male Literacy Rate, 2011


Effective Male Literacy Rate

Jammu & Kashmir78.3

Punjab81.5

Rajasthan80.5

Gujarat87.2

Maharashtra89.8

Goa92.8

Karnataka82.8

Kerala96.0

Tamil Nadu86.8

Andhra Pradesh75.6

Chhattisgarh81.5

Orissa82.4

Tripura92.2

Jharkhand78.5

(P)Puducherry92.1

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep96.1


Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu91.5



88.3Haryana85.4

Uttar Pradesh79.2


West Bengal82.7

Madhya Pradesh80.5

Sikkim87.3

Bihar73.5

NCT of Delhi91.0

Meghalaya77.2

Assam78.8

Mizoram93.7

Manipur86.5

Nagaland83.3

80 85 9075


0100 50050

Kilometres

134

" Map 18

Effective Female Literacy Rate, 2001 (States/Union Territories)


INDIA

Effective Female Literacy Rate, 2001


Jammu & Kashmir43.0

Punjab63.4

Rajasthan43.9

Gujarat57.8

Maharashtra67.0

Goa75.4

Karnataka56.9

Kerala87.7

Tamil Nadu64.4

Andhra Pradesh50.4

Chhattisgarh51.9

Orissa50.5

Tripura64.9

Jharkhand38.9

(P)Puducherry73.9

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep80.5


Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu65.6



59.6Haryana55.7

Uttar Pradesh42.2


West Bengal59.6

Madhya Pradesh50.3

Sikkim60.4

Bihar33.1

NCT of Delhi74.7

Meghalaya59.6

Assam54.6

Mizoram86.7

Manipur60.1

Nagaland61.5

60 65 7055


0100 50050

Kilometres

Effective Female Literacy Rate

State of Literacy


" Map 19

Effective Female Literacy Rate, 2011 (States/Union Territories)


INDIA

Effective Female Literacy Rate, 2011


0100 50050

Kilometres

Effective Female Literacy Rate

Jammu & Kashmir58.0

Punjab71.3

Rajasthan52.7

Gujarat70.7

Maharashtra75.5

Goa81.8

Karnataka68.1

Kerala92.0

Tamil Nadu73.9

Andhra Pradesh59.7

Chhattisgarh60.6

Orissa64.4


56.2

(P)Puducherry81.2

(P)

(P)

(P)

Lakshadweep88.2


Indira Point

Barren I.(India)

Narcondam I.(India)

BAY OF BENGAL

INDIAN OCEAN

ARABIAN SEA

Daman & Diu79.6



70.7Haryana66.8

Uttar Pradesh59.3


West Bengal71.2

Madhya Pradesh60.0

Sikkim76.4

Bihar53.3

NCT of Delhi80.9

Meghalaya73.8

Assam67.3

Mizoram89.4

Manipur73.2

Nagaland76.7

60 65 7055


state of literacy - education for all in india...state of literacy provisional population totals –...

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