state of composting in italy - christian garaffa

THE STATE OF COMPOSTING IN ITALY

20th Annual National Composting ConferenceSeptember 22-24, 2010

Ottawa, Ontario

Christian Garaffa – Novamont S.p.A.

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Presentation Outline

• General figures about composting and residential food waste collections in Italy

• How it works (bins, vehicles, frequencies…)

• Captures & purity

• Financial aspects

• A few words about Novamont

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Collecting organic waste in Europe: main legal drivers

1. The revised WFD1 requires Member States to:• Take measures to encourage the separate

collection of biowaste for composting and AD.• Recycle 50% of all waste from households by 2020

1. The Landfill Directive2 requires Member States to:• Divert from landfill 65% of biowaste by 2016• Pretreat all waste before landfilling

1Directive 2008/98/EC2Directive 99/31/EC

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Collecting organic waste in Europe: main legal drivers

1. The revised WFD1 requires Member States to:• Take measures to encourage the separate

collection of biowaste for composting and AD.• Recycle 50% of all waste from households by 2020

1. The Landfill Directive2 requires Member States to:• Divert from landfill 65% of biowaste by 2016• Pretreat all waste before landfilling

1. Italian Legislation3 requires to:source segregate 65% of all MSW by the end of 2012

1Directive 2008/98/EC2Directive 99/31/EC3D.Lgs 152/2006

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Composting in italySeparate collection: trend 2004 - 2008

Met

ric to

nnes

* 1,

000

Organics Plastics MetalsGlassPaper Wood EEW Bulky waste Textiles Hazardous h.h. waste Other

Source: ISPRA – Waste report 2009

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Composting in italy


Composting of source separated feedstocks in 2008

Potential Treated (residential) Treated (other)

Tonn

es

North Center South Italy

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Composting in italy


Composting 2003 - 2008

Tonn

es

North Center South Italy

8

Composting in italyComposting facilities in 2008

approx 100 facilities above 10.000 tpa

Source: CIC (Italian Composting Consortium)

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Composting in italyPinerolo (near Turin)

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Composting in italyEste (near Venice)

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Composting in italyBassano (near Padova)

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Type of feedstocks composted or digested in 2008

Other feedstocksBiosolids

Yard waste

Food Waste

Composting in italy


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Type of feedstocks 2003 - 2008

Other feedstocksBiosolidsYard wasteFood Waste

Composting in italy


Tonnes

14Source: CIC 2010 (Italian Composting Council)

Num

ber o

f mun

icip

aliti

es

1994 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008

Evolution of SSO programs

In 2010:

2,000 Municipalities

=

20 Million people

=

35% of total population

SSO programs in italy

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SSO programs in Italy

Italy

Canada

Kitchenbin

Outdoorbin

How does the collection system work?

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Kitchen bin Outdoor bins

How does the collection system work?

30 to 40 lt (8 to 10 US gallon) for

single households

120 to 240 lt (30 to 65 US gallon) for multifamily

buildings


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→High breathability & water dissipation→Reduced fermentation & generation of

odours→Clean & hygienic→Reduced yuck factor, higher participation

SSO programs in italyTrend towards vented kitchen bins

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Vented kitchen binsSSO programs in italy

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Food waste collection frequency: two times a weekResidual waste: collected every two weeks or less


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Smaller bins = quick manual tipping and faster collection (up to 2.5 times compared to wheeled carts)


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• Small collection vehicles of 4 to 7 m3 (5 to 9 yd³)• Quick transfers between collection points• No compaction required for food waste• Cheaper capital investment & operation cost• Less consuming & gas powered


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1. Capture & diversion from residual waste


Key Success Factors:

2. Purity of the collected feedstock

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Captures per inhabitant in 2008

Kg

/ inh

ab. *

Yea

r


SSO programs in italyCaptures and Diversion

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MSW composition

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1

% in

wei

ght

Resto RU

Organico

Other fractions

Organics

Captures and DiversionSSO programs in italy

37%37%

Source: ETRA SpA

Total diversion of organics = 78%Total diversion of organics = 78%

Uncaptured organics =Uncaptured organics =8% of residual waste8% of residual waste

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Purity of the collected food waste


Two main factors:1. Bring systems Vs Fetch systems (curbside)

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Two main factors:2. Type of bags used

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< 5% contaminants

between 5% and 10%

between 10% and 15%

1036 analyses in 14 facilities and 42 provinces (december 2008 – july 2010)

Con

tam

inat

ion

%

Source: CIC, Italian Composting Council

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Con

tam

inat

ion

%

Average Contamination % (Provinces with more than 5 analyses performed)

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PE bags 30%

Plastic packaging 30%

Other plastics 15% Metals 5%

Other (nappies) 20%





Average composition of non compostable contaminants

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31



32



33



34Source: ETRA SpA

Con

tam

inat

ion

(% in

wei

ght)

Year

Waste analyses in Bassano del Grappa

SSO programs in italyPurity of the collected food waste

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Res

idue

s at

faci

lity

%

Source: ARPA Veneto 2007, Environmental Protection Agency Veneto Region

Compostable Compostable / PE PE only

Generation of residues according to the type of bag used

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• Recent study (March 2010) from the Region of Lombardy • Total 9.000.000 inhabitants• 1546 Municipalities including Milan

– About 850 with SSO curbside scheme– 300 with road containers also for organics – 250 with road containers without organics

• Web based waste data collection system• Accurate survey on validated data

from all municipalities

Economics


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Modello di raccoltaCassonetti

Porta a porta

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Road containers

Curbside

Collection scheme

Economics


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Curbside ISSO scheme

Road containers

Avg. % recycling rate

53,2 % 30,5 %

Overall waste araisings per capita (kg/year)

383 424

Overall norrmalized costs

€ 69,31 € 74,45

Mean Mean±SD Mean±1,96*SD

30,5%

53,2%

30,5%

53,2%

Road containersCurbside0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Diversion (%

)

30,5%

53,2%


Economics

39

Curbside ISSO scheme

Road containers

Avg. % recycling rate

53,2 % 30,5 %

Overall waste araisings per capita (kg/year)

383 424

Overall norrmalized costs

€ 69,31 € 74,45

Mean Mean±SD Mean±1,96*SD

€ 74,45

€ 69,31

€ 74,45

€ 69,31

Road containersCurbside€ 30

€ 40

€ 50

€ 60

€ 70

€ 80

€ 90

€ 100

€ 110

Overall standardized costs

€ 74,45

€ 69,31


Economics

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% Diversion rate Vs. collection and treatment costs

€ 0

€ 10

€ 20

€ 30

€ 40

€ 50

€ 60

€ 70

€ 80

€ 90

<20% (20%;30%] (30%;40%](40%;50%](50%;60%] (60%;70%] >70%% Diversion rate

€/eq

uiv

inh.

yea

r

Disposal/treatment

Collection

SSO programs in italyEconomics

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Perspectives• Growth of AD due to public incentives (5 mln tons

capacity are expected in 2020)• Increasing plant size for new facilities (50.000+ tons)• Organics collection expected to double by 2015 (from

3.5 to 7 mln tons)• Quality issues are increasingly being adressed• Supermarkets are introducing certified compostable

bags to be re-used in SSO programs

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About Novamont and MaterBi resin

Novara: R&D and Headq.

Terni: Production

Italian company est.1989European Inventor of the year 2007

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Renewable resources

Sustainable tailor made applications

Solutions to specific issues in the end of life

Technologies with a low environmental impact


Certified according to European and American Standards

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/vantaggi.html

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/caratteristiche.html

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/esempi.html

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/esempi.html

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/vantaggi.html

http://www.bluinteractive.it/lavori/provanovamont/ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/caratteristiche.html

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• Systemic vision & approach (compostability as a solution to specific end of life issues)

• Supporting the development of SSO programs

• Collaborating with – Local Authorities– Waste operators– Waste consultants– Retailers

• Promoting synergies between private and public sector (e.g. Municipalities & Retailers)


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Thank You

Christian [email protected]+39 0321 699 693

state of composting in italy - christian garaffa

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